US20080248693A1 - Shieldless, high-speed electrical connectors - Google Patents

Abstract

A shieldless, high-speed electrical connector is disclosed. Such a connector may include a first column of electrical contacts comprising a first arrangement of differential signal pairs separated from one another by first ground contacts, and a second column of electrical contacts adjacent to the first column, the second column of electrical contacts comprising a second arrangement of differential signal pairs separated from one another by second ground contacts. The connector may be devoid of electrical shield plates between the first column of electrical contacts and the second column of electrical contacts. The connector may be capable of transferring differential signals at data transfer rates of at least ten gigabits per second through the connector while producing no more than an acceptable level of cross talk on any of the differential signal pairs.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/610,678, filed Dec. 14, 2006, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/326,061, filed Jan. 5, 2006, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/634,547, filed Aug. 5, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,994,569, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/294,966, filed Nov. 14, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,976,886, which is a continuation-in-part of both U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/990,794, filed Nov. 14, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,692,272 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/155,786, filed May 24, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,652,318. The contents of each of the above-referenced U.S. patents and patent applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• Generally, the invention relates to the field of electrical connectors. More particularly, the invention relates to an electrical connector having linear arrays of electrical contact leads wherein the connector is devoid of electrical shields between adjacent linear arrays.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Electrical connectors provide signal connections between electronic devices using signal contacts. Often, the signal contacts are so closely spaced that undesirable interference, or “cross talk,” occurs between adjacent signal contacts. As used herein, the term “adjacent” refers to contacts (or rows or columns) that are next to one another. Cross talk occurs when one signal contact induces electrical interference in an adjacent signal contact due to intermingling electrical fields, thereby compromising signal integrity. With electronic device miniaturization and high speed, high signal integrity electronic communications becoming more prevalent, the reduction of cross talk becomes a significant factor in connector design.
• One commonly used technique for reducing cross talk is to position separate electrical shields, in the form of metallic plates, for example, between adjacent signal contacts. The shields act to block cross talk between the signal contacts by blocking the intermingling of the contacts' electric fields.FIGS. 1A and 1B depict exemplary contact arrangements for electrical connectors that use shields to block cross talk.
• FIG. 1A depicts an arrangement in which signal contacts S and ground contacts G are arranged such that differential signal pairs S+, S− are positioned along columns101-106. As shown,shields112 can be positioned between contact columns101-106. A column101-106 can include any combination of signal contacts S+, S− and ground contacts G. The ground contacts G serve to block cross talk between differential signal pairs in the same column. Theshields112 serve to block cross talk between differential signal pairs in adjacent columns.
• FIG. 1B depicts an arrangement in which signal contacts S and ground contacts G are arranged such that differential signal pairs S+, S− are positioned along rows111-116. As shown,shields122 can be positioned between rows111-116. A row111-116 can include any combination of signal contacts S+, S− and ground contacts G. The ground contacts G serve to block cross talk between differential signal pairs in the same row. Theshields122 serve to block cross talk between differential signal pairs in adjacent rows.
• Because of the demand for smaller, lower weight communications equipment, it is desirable that connectors be made smaller and lower in weight, while providing the same performance characteristics. Shields take up valuable space within the connector that could otherwise be used to provide additional signal contacts, and thus limit contact density (and, therefore, connector size). Additionally, manufacturing and inserting such shields substantially increase the overall costs associated with manufacturing such connectors. In some applications, shields are known to make up 40% or more of the cost of the connector. Another known disadvantage of shields is that they lower impedance. Thus, to make the impedance high enough in a high contact density connector, the contacts would need to be so small that they would not be robust enough for many applications.
• The dielectrics that are typically used to insulate the contacts and retain them in position within the connector also add undesirable cost and weight.
• Therefore, a need exists for a lightweight, high-speed electrical connector (i. e., one that operates above 1 Gb/s and typically in the range of about 10 Gb/s) that reduces the occurrence of cross talk without the need for separate shields, and provides for a variety of other benefits not found in prior art connectors.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• An electrical connector according to the invention may include first and second linear arrays of electrical contacts. The first linear array may include a first differential signal pair, a first ground contact lead adjacent to the first differential signal pair, and a second ground contact lead adjacent to the first ground contact lead. The second linear array may be positioned adjacent to the first linear array, and may include a second differential signal pair, a third ground contact lead adjacent to the second differential signal pair, and a fourth ground contact lead adjacent to the third ground contact lead. The electrical connector may be devoid of electrical shields between the first linear array and the second linear array. The first linear array may be positioned along a first leadframe assembly and the second linear array may be positioned along a second leadframe assembly.
• The first differential signal pair may be defined by first and second signal contact leads, each of which has a cross-section defining a respective edge and a respective broadside. The broadside of the first signal contact lead may define a length that is at least twice the length defined by the edge thereof. The first and second signal contact leads may be positioned edge-to-edge, and may be edge-coupled to one another.
• The second differential signal pair may be positioned opposite the first and second ground contact leads. The third and fourth ground contact leads may be positioned opposite the first differential signal pair. The second differential signal pair may be defined by third and fourth signal contact leads. The first signal contact lead may be more tightly coupled to the second signal contact lead that it is to either of the third or fourth signal contact leads. The second differential signal pair may be offset with respect to the first differential signal pair in a direction along which the second linear array of electrical contacts extends.
• The first and second signal contact leads may define a gap between the edges thereof. A differential signal in the first differential signal pair may produce an electric field having a first electric field strength in the gap and a second electric field strength near the second differential signal pair. The second electric field strength may be lower than the first electric field strength. A dielectric material may be disposed between the edges of the first and second signal contact leads. The gap may have a gap width that is a function of dielectric material. For example, the dielectric material may be air, and the gap width may be approximately 0.3 to 0.4 mm.
• Such a connector may comprise a first column of electrical contacts comprising a first arrangement of differential signal pairs separated from one another by first ground contacts, a second column of electrical contacts comprising a second arrangement of differential signal pairs separated from one another by second ground contacts, wherein one differential signal pair in the second arrangement of differential signal pairs is a victim differential signal pair, and a third column of electrical contacts comprising a third arrangement of differential signal pairs separated from one another by third ground contacts. The second column may be adjacent to the first column, and the third column adjacent to the second column. The connector may be devoid of electrical shields between the first column and the second column, and between the second column and the third column. The contacts in the first column may be spaced apart from the contacts in the second column by a column-spacing distance of about 1.8-2.0 millimeters, and the contacts in the second column may be spaced apart from the contacts in the third column by the same column-spacing distance. Each of the differential signal pairs may define a gap distance between the electrical contacts that form the pair. The gap distance relative to the column-spacing distance may be such that differential signals with rise times of 200 picoseconds in the six differential signal pairs in the first, second, and third columns that are closest to the victim pair produce no more than 6% worst-case, multi-active cross talk on the victim differential signal pair.
• The connector may be a high-speed connector, i.e. a connector that operates at signal speeds in a range of about one gigabit/sec to about ten gigabits/sec. Such a high-speed connector may comprise a first column of electrical contacts comprising a first arrangement of differential signal pairs each separated from one another by first ground contacts; a second column of electrical contacts comprising a second arrangement of differential signal pairs each separated from one another by second ground contacts, wherein one differential signal pair in the second arrangement of differential signal pairs is a victim pair; and a third column of electrical contacts comprising a third arrangement of differential signal pairs each separated from one another by third ground contacts. The second column may be adjacent to the first column, and the third column may be adjacent to the second column. The connector may be devoid of electrical shields between the first column and the second column, and between the second column and the third column. The first column, the second column, and the third column may be evenly spaced apart from one another by an equal column-spacing distance of about 1.8 to 2 millimeters. Each of the differential signal pairs may define a gap distance between electrical contacts that form each differential signal pair. The gap distance relative to the column-spacing distance may be such that differential signals with rise times of 40 picoseconds in the six differential signal pairs in the first, second, and third columns that are closest to the victim pair produce no more than an acceptable level of worst-case, multi-active cross talk on the victim pair.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIGS. 1A and 1B depict exemplary contact arrangements for electrical connectors that use shields to block cross talk.
• FIG. 2A is a schematic illustration of an electrical connector in which conductive and dielectric elements are arranged in a generally “I” shaped geometry.
• FIG. 2B depicts equipotential regions within an arrangement of signal and ground contacts.
• FIG. 3A illustrates a conductor arrangement used to measure the effect of offset on multi-active cross talk.
• FIG. 3B is a graph illustrating the relationship between multi-active cross talk and offset between adjacent columns of terminals in accordance with one aspect of the invention.
• FIG. 3C depicts a contact arrangement for which cross talk was determined in a worst case scenario.
• FIGS. 4A-4C depict conductor arrangements in which signal pairs are arranged in columns.
• FIG. 5 depicts a conductor arrangement in which signal pairs are arranged in rows.
• FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an array of six columns of terminals arranged in accordance with one aspect of the invention.
• FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an array of six columns arranged in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an illustrative right angle electrical connector, in accordance with the invention.
• FIG. 9 is a side view of the right angle electrical connector ofFIG. 8.
• FIG. 10 is an end view of a portion of the right angle electrical connector ofFIG. 8.
• FIG. 11 is a top view of a portion of the right angle electrical connector ofFIG. 8.
• FIG. 12 is a top cut-away view of conductors of the right angle electrical connector ofFIG. 9 taken along line B-B.
• FIG. 13A is a side cut-away view of a portion of the right angle electrical connector ofFIG. 9 taken along line A-A.
• FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional view taken along line C-C ofFIG. 13A.
• FIG. 14 is a perspective view of illustrative conductors of a right angle electrical connector according to the invention.
• FIG. 15 is a perspective view of another illustrative conductor of the right angle electrical connector ofFIG. 8.
• FIG. 16A is a perspective view of a backplane system having an exemplary right angle electrical connector.
• FIG. 16B is a simplified view of an alternative embodiment of a backplane system with a right angle electrical connector.
• FIG. 16C is a simplified view of a board-to-board system having a vertical connector.
• FIG. 17 is a perspective view of the connector plug portion of the connector shown inFIG. 16A.
• FIG. 18 is a side view of the plug connector ofFIG. 17.
• FIG. 19A is a side view of a lead assembly of the plug connector ofFIG. 17.
• FIG. 19B depicts the lead assembly ofFIG. 19 during mating.
• FIG. 20 is an end view of two columns of terminals in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 21 is a side view of the terminals ofFIG. 20.
• FIG. 22 is a perspective top view of a receptacle in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 23 is a side view of the receptacle ofFIG. 22.
• FIG. 24 is a perspective view of a single column of receptacle contacts.
• FIG. 25 is a perspective view of a connector in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 26 is a side view of a column of right angle terminals in accordance with another aspect of the invention.
• FIGS. 27 and 28 are front views of the right angle terminals ofFIG. 26 taken along lines A-A and lines B-B respectively.
• FIG. 29 illustrates the cross section of terminals as the terminals connect to vias on an electrical device in accordance with another aspect of the invention.
• FIG. 30 is a perspective view of a portion of another illustrative right angle electrical connector, in accordance with the invention.
• FIG. 31 is a perspective view of another illustrative right angle electrical connector, in accordance with the invention.
• FIG. 32 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a receptacle connector.
• FIG. 33 is a flow diagram of a method for making a connector in accordance with the invention.
• FIGS. 34A and 34B are perspective views of example embodiments of a header assembly for a connector according to the invention.
• FIGS. 35A and 35B are perspective views of example embodiments of a receptacle assembly for a connector according to the invention.
• FIG. 36 is a side view of an example embodiment of a connector according to the invention connecting signal paths between two circuit boards.
• FIG. 37 is a side view of an example embodiment of an insert molded lead assembly according to the invention.
• FIGS. 38A-38C depict example contact designations for an IMLA such as depicted inFIG. 37.
• FIG. 39 is a side view of another example embodiment of an insert molded lead assembly according to the invention.
• FIGS. 40A-40C depict example contact designations for an IMLA such as depicted inFIG. 39.
• FIG. 41 depicts example differential signal pair contact designations for adjacent contact arrays.
• FIGS. 42A-D provide graphs of measured performance for adjacent contact arrays such as depicted inFIG. 41.
• FIG. 43 depicts example single-ended signal contact designations for adjacent contact arrays.
• FIGS. 44A-E provide graphs of measured performance for adjacent contact arrays such as depicted inFIG. 43.
• FIGS. 45A-45F provide cross-talk measurements for a single-ended aggressor injecting noise onto a differential pair.
• FIGS. 46A-46F provide cross-talk measurements for a differential pair aggressor injecting noise onto a single-ended contact.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS
• Certain terminology may be used in the following description for convenience only and should not be considered as limiting the invention in any way. For example, the terms “top,” “bottom,” “left,” “right,” “upper,” and “lower” designate directions in the figures to which reference is made. Likewise, the terms “inwardly” and “outwardly” designate directions toward and away from, respectively, the geometric center of the referenced object. The terminology includes the words above specifically mentioned, derivatives thereof, and words of similar import.
I-Shaped Geometry for Electrical Connectors—Theoretical Model
• FIG. 2A is a schematic illustration of an electrical connector in which conductive and dielectric elements are arranged in a generally “I” shaped geometry. Such connectors are embodied in the assignee's “I-BEAM” technology, and are described and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,741,144, entitled “Low Cross And Impedance Controlled Electric Connector,” the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Low cross talk and controlled impedance have been found to result from the use of this geometry.
• As shown inFIG. 2A, the conductive element can be perpendicularly interposed between two parallel dielectric and ground plane elements. The description of this transmission line geometry as I-shaped comes from the vertical arrangement of the signal conductor shown generally at numeral10 between the two horizontal dielectric layers12 and14 having a dielectric constant ε andground planes13 and15 symmetrically placed at the top and bottom edges of the conductor. Thesides20 and22 of the conductor are open to theair24 having an air dielectric constant ε₀. In a connector application, the conductor could include two sections,26 and28, that abut end-to-end or face-to-face. The thickness, t₁and t₂of thedielectric layers12 and14, to first order, controls the characteristic impedance of the transmission line and the ratio of the overall height h to dielectric width w_dcontrols the electric and magnetic field penetration to an adjacent contact. Original experimentation led to the conclusion that the ratio h/w_dneeded to minimize interference beyond A and B would be approximately unity (as illustrated inFIG. 2A).
• Thelines30,32,34,36 and38 inFIG. 2A are equipotentials of voltage in the air-dielectric space. Taking an equipotential line close to one of the ground planes and following it out towards the boundaries A and B, it will be seen that both boundary A or boundary B are very close to the ground potential. This means that virtual ground surfaces exist at each of boundary A and boundary B. Therefore, if two or more I-shaped modules are placed side-by-side, a virtual ground surface exists between the modules and there will be little to no intermingling of the modules' fields. In general, the conductor width w_cand dielectric thicknesses t₁, t₂should be small compared to the dielectric width w_dor module pitch (i.e., distance between adjacent modules).
• Given the mechanical constraints on a practical connector design, it was found in actuality that the proportioning of the signal conductor (blade/beam contact) width and dielectric thicknesses could deviate somewhat from the preferred ratios and some minimal interference might exist between adjacent signal conductors. However, designs using the above-described I-shaped geometry tend to have lower cross talk than other conventional designs.
Exemplary Factors Affecting Cross Talk Between Adjacent Contacts
• In accordance with the invention, the basic principles described above were further analyzed and expanded upon and can be employed to determine how to even further limit cross talk between adjacent signal contacts, even in the absence of shields between the contacts, by determining an appropriate arrangement and geometry of the signal and ground contacts.FIG. 2B includes a contour plot of voltage in the neighborhood of an active column-based differential signal pair S+, S− in a contact arrangement of signal contacts S and ground contacts G according to the invention. As shown,contour lines42 are closest to zero volts,contour lines44 are closest to -1 volt, andcontour lines46 are closest to +1 volt. It has been observed that, although the voltage does not necessarily go to zero at the “quiet” differential signal pairs that are nearest to the active pair, the interference with the quiet pairs is near zero. That is, the voltage impinging on the positive-going quiet differential pair signal contact is about the same as the voltage impinging on the negative-going quiet differential pair signal contact. Consequently, the noise on the quiet pair, which is the difference in voltage between the positive- and negative-going signals, is close to zero.
• Thus, as shown inFIG. 2B, the signal contacts S and ground contacts G can be scaled and positioned relative to one another such that a differential signal in a first differential signal pair produces a high field H in the gap between the contacts that form the signal pair and a low (i.e., close to ground potential) field L (close to ground potential) near an adjacent signal pair. Consequently, cross talk between adjacent signal contacts can be limited to acceptable levels for the particular application. In such connectors, the level of cross talk between adjacent signal contacts can be limited to the point that the need for (and cost of) shields between adjacent contacts is unnecessary, even in high speed, high signal integrity applications.
• Through further analysis of the above-described I-shaped model, it has been found that the unity ratio of height to width is not as critical as it first seemed. It has also been found that a number of factors can affect the level of cross talk between adjacent signal contacts. A number of such factors are described in detail below, though it is anticipated that there may be others. Additionally, though it is preferred that all of these factors be considered, it should be understood that each factor may, alone, sufficiently limit cross talk for a particular application. Any or all of the following factors may be considered in determining a suitable contact arrangement for a particular connector design:
• a) Less cross talk has been found to occur where adjacent contacts are edge-coupled (i.e., where the edge of one contact is adjacent to the edge of an adjacent contact) than where adjacent contacts are broad side coupled (i.e., where the broad side of one contact is adjacent to the broad side of an adjacent contact) or where the edge of one contact is adjacent to the broad side of an adjacent contact. The tighter the edge coupling, the less the coupled signal pair's electrical field will extend towards an adjacent pair and the less towards the unity height-to-width ratio of the original I-shaped theoretical model a connector application will have to approach. Edge coupling also allows for smaller gap widths between adjacent connectors, and thus facilitates the achievement of desirable impedance levels in high contact density connectors without the need for contacts that are too small to perform adequately. For example, it has been found that a gap of about 0.3-0.4 mm is adequate to provide an impedance of about 100 ohms where the contacts are edge coupled, while a gap of about 1 mm is necessary where the same contacts are broad side coupled to achieve the same impedance. Edge coupling also facilitates changing contact width, and therefore gap width, as the contact extends through dielectric regions, contact regions, etc.;
• b) It has also been found that cross talk can be effectively reduced by varying the “aspect ratio,” i.e., the ratio of column pitch (i.e., the distance between adjacent columns) to the gap between adjacent contacts in a given column;
• c) The “staggering” of adjacent columns relative to one another can also reduce the level of cross talk. That is, cross talk can be effectively limited where the signal contacts in a first column are offset relative to adjacent signal contacts in an adjacent column. The amount of offset may be, for example, a full row pitch (i.e., distance between adjacent rows), half a row pitch, or any other distance that results in acceptably low levels of cross talk for a particular connector design. It has been found that the optimal offset depends on a number of factors, such as column pitch, row pitch, the shape of the terminals, and the dielectric constant(s) of the insulating material(s) around the terminals, for example. It has also been found that the optimal offset is not necessarily “on pitch,” as was often thought. That is, the optimal offset may be anywhere along a continuum, and is not limited to whole fractions of a row pitch (e.g., full or half row pitches).
• FIG. 3A illustrates a contact arrangement that has been used to measure the effect of offset between adjacent columns on cross talk. Fast (e.g., 40 ps) rise-time differential signals were applied to each ofActive Pair1 andActive Pair2. Near-end crosstalk Nxt1 and Nxt2 were determined at Quiet Pair, to which no signal was applied, as the offset d between adjacent columns was varied from 0 to 5.0 mm. Near-end cross talk occurs when noise is induced on the quiet pair from the current carrying contacts in an active pair.
• As shown in the graph ofFIG. 3B, the incidence of multi-active cross talk (thicker solid line inFIG. 3B) is minimized at offsets of about 1.3 mm and about 3.65 mm. In this experiment, multi-active cross talk was considered to be the sum of the absolute values of cross talk from each of Active Pair1 (dashed line inFIG. 3B) and Active Pair2 (thin solid line inFIG. 3B). Thus, it has been shown that adjacent columns can be variably offset relative to one another until an optimum level of cross talk between adjacent pairs (about 1.3 mm, in this example);
• d) Through the addition of outer grounds, i.e., the placement of ground contacts at alternating ends of adjacent contact columns, both near-end cross talk (“NEXT”) and far-end cross talk (“FEXT”) can be further reduced;
• e) It has also been found that scaling the contacts (i.e., reducing the absolute dimensions of the contacts while preserving their proportional and geometric relationship) provides for increased contact density (i. e., the number of contacts per linear inch) without adversely affecting the electrical characteristics of the connector.
• By considering any or all of these factors, a connector can be designed that delivers high-performance (i.e., low incidence of cross talk), high-speed (e.g., greater than 1 Gb/s and typically about 10 Gb/s) communications even in the absence of shields between adjacent contacts. It should also be understood that such connectors and techniques, which are capable of providing such high speed communications, are also useful at lower speeds. Connectors according to the invention have been shown, in worst case testing scenarios, to have near-end cross talk of less than about 3% and far-end cross talk of less than about 4%, at 40 picosecond rise time, with 63.5 mated signal pairs per linear inch. Such connectors can have insertion losses of less than about 0.7 dB at 5 GHz, and impedance match of about 100±8 ohms measured at a 40 picosecond rise time.
• FIG. 3C depicts a contact arrangement for which cross talk was determined in a worst case scenario. Cross talk from each of six attacking pairs S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, and S6 was determined at a “victim” pair V. Attacking pairs S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, and S6 are six of the eight nearest neighboring pairs to signal pair V. It has been determined that the additional affects on cross talk at victim pair V from attacking pairs S7 and S8 is negligible. The combined cross talk from the six nearest neighbor attacking pairs has been determined by summing the absolute values of the peak cross talk from each of the pairs, which assumes that each pair is fairing at the highest level all at the same time. Thus, it should be understood that this is a worst case scenario, and that, in practice, much better results should be achieved.
Exemplary Contact Arrangemetns According to the Invention
• FIG. 4A depicts aconnector100 according to the invention having column-based differential signal pairs (i. e., in which differential signal pairs are arranged into columns). (As used herein, a “column” refers to the direction along which the contacts are edge coupled. A “row” is perpendicular to a column.) As shown, each column401-406 comprises, in order from top to bottom, a first differential signal pair, a first ground conductor, a second differential signal pair, and a second ground conductor. As can be seen,first column401 comprises, in order from top to bottom, a first differential signal pair comprising signal conductors S1+ and S1−, a first ground conductor G, a second differential signal pair comprising signal conductors S7+ and S7−, and a second ground conductor G. Each ofrows413 and416 comprises a plurality of groundconductors G. Rows411 and412 together comprise six differential signal pairs, androws514 and515 together comprise another six differential signal pairs. Therows413 and416 of ground conductors limit cross talk between the signal pairs in rows411-412 and the signal pairs in rows414-415. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 4A, arrangement of 36 contacts into columns can provide twelve differential signal pairs. Because the connector is devoid of shields, the contacts can be made relatively larger (compared to those in a connector having shields). Therefore, less connector space is needed to achieve the desired impedance.
• FIGS. 4B and 4C depict connectors according to the invention that include outer grounds. As shown inFIG. 4B, a ground contact G can be placed at each end of each column. As shown inFIG. 4C, a ground contact G can be placed at alternating ends of adjacent columns. It has been found that the placement of a ground contact G at alternating ends of adjacent columns results in a 35% reduction in NEXT and a 65% reduction in FEXT as compared to a connector having a contact arrangement that is otherwise the same, but which has no such outer grounds. It has also been found that basically the same results can be achieved through the placement of ground contacts at both ends of every contact column, as shown inFIG. 4B. Consequently, it is preferred to place outer grounds at alternating ends of adjacent columns in order to increase contact density (relative to a connector in which outer grounds are placed at both ends of every column) without increasing the level of cross talk.
• Alternatively, as shown inFIG. 5, differential signal pairs may be arranged into rows. As shown inFIG. 5, each row511-516 comprises a repeating sequence of two ground conductors and a differential signal pair.First row511 comprises, in order from left to right, two ground conductors G, a differential signal pair S1+, S1−, and two groundconductors G. Row512 comprises in order from left to right, a differential signal pair S2+, S2−, two ground conductors G, and a differential signal pair S3+, S3−. The ground conductors block cross talk between adjacent signal pairs. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 5, arrangement of 36 contacts into rows provides only nine differential signal pairs.
• By comparison of the arrangement shown inFIG. 4A with the arrangement shown inFIG. 5, it can be understood that a column arrangement of differential signal pairs results in a higher density of signal contacts than does a row arrangement. However, for right angle connectors arranged into columns, contacts within a differential signal pair have different lengths, and therefore, such differential signal pairs may have intra-pair skew. Similarly, arrangement of signal pairs into either rows or columns may result in inter-pair skew because of the different conductor lengths of different differential signal pairs. Thus, it should be understood that, although arrangement of signal pairs into columns results in a higher contact density, arrangement of the signal pairs into columns or rows can be chosen for the particular application.
• Regardless of whether the signal pairs are arranged into rows or columns, each differential signal pair has a differential impedance Z₀between the positive conductor Sx+ and negative conductor Sx− of the differential signal pair. Differential impedance is defined as the impedance existing between two signal conductors of the same differential signal pair, at a particular point along the length of the differential signal pair. As is well known, it is desirable to control the differential impedance Z₀to match the impedance of the electrical device(s) to which the connector is connected. Matching the differential impedance Z₀to the impedance of electrical device minimizes signal reflection and/or system resonance that can limit overall system bandwidth. Furthermore, it is desirable to control the differential impedance Z₀such that it is substantially constant along the length of the differential signal pair, i.e., such that each differential signal pair has a substantially consistent differential impedance profile.
• The differential impedance profile can be controlled by the positioning of the signal and ground conductors. Specifically, differential impedance is determined by the proximity of an edge of signal conductor to an adjacent ground and by the gap between edges of signal conductors within a differential signal pair.
• Referring again toFIG. 4A, the differential signal pair comprising signal conductors S6+ and S6− is located adjacent to one ground conductor G inrow413. The differential signal pair comprising signal conductors S12+ and S12− is located adjacent to two ground conductors G, one inrow413 and one inrow416. Conventional connectors include two ground conductors adjacent to each differential signal pair to minimize impedance matching problems. Removing one of the ground conductors typically leads to impedance mismatches that reduce communications speed. However, the lack of one adjacent ground conductor can be compensated for by reducing the gap between the differential signal pair conductors with only one adjacent ground conductor. For example, as shown inFIG. 4A, signal conductors S6+ and S6− can be located a distance d₁apart from each other and signal conductors S12+ and S12− can be located a different distance d₄apart from each other. The distances may be controlled by making the widths of signal conductors S6+ and S6− wider than the widths of signal conductors S12+ and S12− (where conductor width is measured along the direction of the column).
• For single ended signaling, single ended impedance can also be controlled by positioning of the signal and ground conductors. Specifically, single ended impedance is determined by the gap between a signal conductor and an adjacent ground. Single ended impedance is defined as the impedance existing between a signal conductor and ground, at a particular point along the length of a single ended signal conductor.
• To maintain acceptable differential impedance control for high bandwidth systems, it is desirable to control the gap between contacts to within a few thousandths of an inch. Gap variations beyond a few thousandths of an inch may cause an unacceptable variation in the impedance profile; however, the acceptable variation is dependent on the speed desired, the error rate acceptable, and other design factors.
• FIG. 6 shows an array of differential signal pairs and ground contacts in which each column of terminals is offset from each adjacent column. The offset is measured from an edge of a terminal to the same edge of the corresponding terminal in the adjacent column. The aspect ratio of column pitch to gap width, as shown inFIG. 6, is P/X. It has been found that an aspect ratio of about 5 (i.e., 2 mm column pitch; 0.4 mm gap width) is adequate to sufficiently limit cross talk where the columns are also staggered. Where the columns are not staggered, an aspect ratio of about 8-10 is desirable.
• As described above, by offsetting the columns, the level of multi-active cross talk occurring in any particular terminal can be limited to a level that is acceptable for the particular connector application. As shown inFIG. 6, each column is offset from the adjacent column, in the direction along the columns, by a distance d. Specifically,column601 is offset fromcolumn602 by an offset distance d,column602 is offset fromcolumn603 by a distance d, and so forth. Since each column is offset from the adjacent column, each terminal is offset from an adjacent terminal in an adjacent column. For example,signal contact680 in differential pair DP3 is offset fromsignal contact681 in differential pair DP4 by a distance d as shown.
• FIG. 7 illustrates another configuration of differential pairs wherein each column of terminals is offset relative to adjacent columns. For example, as shown, differential pair D2 incolumn701 is offset from differential pair D1 in theadjacent column702 by a distance d. In this embodiment, however, the array of terminals does not include ground contacts separating each differential pair. Rather, the differential pairs within each column are separated from each other by a distance greater than the distance separating one terminal in a differential pair from the second terminal in the same differential pair. For example, where the distance between terminals within each differential pair is Y, the distance separating differential pairs can be Y+X, where Y+X/Y>>1. It has been found that such spacing also serves to reduce cross talk.
Exemplary Connector Systems According to the Invention
• FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a right angle electrical connector according to the invention that is directed to a high speed electrical connector wherein signal conductors of a differential signal pair have a substantially constant differential impedance along the length of the differential signal pair. As shown inFIG. 8, aconnector800 comprises afirst section801 and asecond section802.First section801 is electrically connected to a firstelectrical device810 andsecond section802 is electrically connected to a secondelectrical device812. Such connections may be SMT, PIP, solder ball grid array, press fit, or other such connections. Typically, such connections are conventional connections having conventional connection spacing between connection pins; however, such connections may have other spacing between connection pins.First section801 andsecond section802 can be electrically connected together, thereby electrically connecting firstelectrical device810 to secondelectrical device812.
• As can be seen,first section801 comprises a plurality ofmodules805. Eachmodule805 comprises a column ofconductors830. As shown,first section801 comprises sixmodules805 and eachmodule805 comprises sixconductors830; however, any number ofmodules805 andconductors830 may be used.Second section802 comprises a plurality ofmodules806. Eachmodule806 comprises a column ofconductors840. As shown,second section802 comprises sixmodules806 and eachmodule806 comprises sixconductors840; however, any number ofmodules806 andconductors840 may be used.
• FIG. 9 is a side view ofconnector800. As shown inFIG. 9, eachmodule805 comprises a plurality ofconductors830 secured in aframe850. Eachconductor830 comprises aconnection pin832 extending fromframe850 for connection to firstelectrical device810, ablade836 extending fromframe850 for connection tosecond section802, and aconductor segment834 connectingconnection pin832 toblade836.
• Eachmodule806 comprises a plurality ofconductors840 secured inframe852. Eachconductor840 comprises acontact interface841 and aconnection pin842. Eachcontact interface841 extends fromframe852 for connection to ablade836 offirst section801. Eachcontact interface840 is also electrically connected to aconnection pin842 that extends fromframe852 for electrical connection to secondelectrical device812.
• Eachmodule805 comprises afirst hole856 and asecond hole857 for alignment with anadjacent module805. Thus, multiple columns ofconductors830 may be aligned. Eachmodule806 comprises afirst hole847 and asecond hole848 for alignment with anadjacent module806. Thus, multiple columns ofconductors840 may be aligned.
• Module805 ofconnector800 is shown as a right angle module. That is, a set of first connection pins832 is positioned on a first plane (e.g., coplanar with first electrical device810) and a set of second connection pins842 is positioned on a second plane (e.g., coplanar with second electrical device812) perpendicular to the first plane. To connect the first plane to the second plane, eachconductor830 turns a total of about ninety degrees (a right angle) to connect betweenelectrical devices810 and812.
• To simplify conductor placement,conductors830 can have a rectangular cross section; however,conductors830 may be any shape. In this embodiment,conductors830 have a high ratio of width to thickness to facilitate manufacturing. The particular ratio of width to thickness may be selected based on various design parameters including the desired communication speed, connection pin layout, and the like.
• FIG. 10 is a side view of two modules ofconnector800 taken along the corresponding line shown inFIG. 9.FIG. 11 is a top view of two modules ofconnector800 taken along the corresponding line shown inFIG. 9. As can be seen, eachblade836 is positioned between twosingle beam contacts849 ofcontact interface841, thereby providing electrical connection betweenfirst section801 andsecond section802 and described in more detail below. Connection pins832 are positioned proximate to the centerline ofmodule805 such that connection pins832 may be mated to a device having conventional connection spacing. Connection pins842 are positioned proximate to the centerline ofmodule806 such that connection pins842 may be mated to a device having conventional connection spacing. Connection pins, however, may be positioned at an offset from the centerline ofmodule806 if such connection spacing is supported by the mating device. Further, while connection pins are illustrated in the Figures, other connection techniques are contemplated such as, for example, solder balls and the like.
• Returning now toillustrative connector800 ofFIG. 8 to discuss the layout of connection pins and conductors,first section801 ofconnector800 comprises six columns and six rows ofconductors830.Conductors830 may be either signal conductors S or ground conductors G. Typically, each signal conductor S is employed as either a positive conductor or a negative conductor of a differential signal pair; however, a signal conductor may be employed as a conductor for single ended signaling. In addition,such conductors830 may be arranged in either columns or rows.
• In addition to conductor placement, differential impedance and insertion losses are also affected by the dielectric properties of material proximate to the conductors. Generally, it is desirable to have materials having very low dielectric constants adjacent and in contact with as much as the conductors as possible. Air is the most desirable dielectric because it allows for a lightweight connector and has the best dielectric properties. Whileframe850 andframe852 may comprise a polymer, a plastic, or the like to secureconductors830 and840 so that desired gap tolerances may be maintained, the amount of plastic used is minimized. Therefore, the rest of connector comprises an air dielectric andconductors830 and840 are positioned both in air and only minimally in a second material (e.g., a polymer) having a second dielectric property. Therefore, to provide a substantially constant differential impedance profile, in the second material, the spacing between conductors of a differential signal pair may vary.
• As shown, the conductors can be exposed primarily to air rather than being encased in plastic. The use of air rather than plastic as a dielectric provides a number of benefits. For example, the use of air enables the connector to be formed from much less plastic than conventional connectors. Thus, a connector according to the invention can be made lower in weight than convention connectors that use plastic as the dielectric. Air also allows for smaller gaps between contacts and thereby provides for better impedance and cross talk control with relatively larger contacts, reduces cross-talk, provides less dielectric loss, increases signal speed (i.e., less propagation delay).
• Through the use of air as the primary dielectric, a lightweight, low-impedance, low cross talk connector can be provided that is suitable for use as a ball grid assembly (“BGA”) right-angle connector. Typically, a right angle connector is “off-balance, i.e., disproportionately heavy in the mating area. Consequently, the connector tends to “tilt” in the direction of the mating area. Because the solder balls of the BGA, while molten, can only support a certain mass, prior art connectors typically are unable to include additional mass to balance the connector. Through the use of air, rather than plastic, as the dielectric, the mass of the connector can be reduced. Consequently, additional mass can be added to balance the connector without causing the molten solder balls to collapse.
• FIG. 12 illustrates the change in spacing between conductors in rows as conductors pass from being surrounded by air to being surrounded byframe850. As shown inFIG. 12, atconnection pin832 the distance between conductor S+ and S− is D1. Distance D1 may be selected to mate with conventional connector spacing on firstelectrical device810 or may be selected to optimize the differential impedance profile. As shown, distance D1 is selected to mate with a conventional connector and is positioned proximate to the centerline ofmodule805. As conductors S+ and S− travel from connection pins832 throughframe850, conductors S+, S− jog towards each other, culminating in a separation distance D2 inair region860. Distance D2 is selected to give the desired differential impedance between conductor S+and S−, given other parameters, such as proximity to a ground conductor G. The desired differential impedance Z₀depends on the system impedance (e.g., first electrical device810), and may be 100 ohms or some other value. Typically, a tolerance of about 5 percent is desired; however, 10 percent may be acceptable for some applications. It is this range of 10% or less that is considered substantially constant differential impedance.
• As shown inFIG. 13A, conductors S+ and S− are positioned fromair region860 towardsblade836 and jog outward with respect to each other withinframe850 such thatblades836 are separated by a distance D3 upon exitingframe850.Blades836 are received incontact interfaces841, thereby providing electrical connection betweenfirst section801 andsecond section802. As contact interfaces841 travel fromair region860 towardsframe852, contact interfaces841 jog outwardly with respect to each other, culminating in connection pins842 separated by a distance of D4. As shown, connection pins842 are positioned proximate to the centerline offrame852 to mate with conventional connector spacing.
• FIG. 14 is a perspective view ofconductors830. As can be seen, withinframe850,conductors830 jog, either inwardly or outwardly to maintain a substantially constant differential impedance profile along the conductive path.
• FIG. 15 is a perspective view ofconductor840 that includes twosingle beam contacts849, onebeam contact849 on each side ofblade836. This design may provide reduced cross talk performance, because eachsingle beam contact849 is further away from its adjacent contact. Also, this design may provide increased contact reliability, because it is a “true” dual contact. This design may also reduce the tight tolerance requirements for the positioning of the contacts and forming of the contacts.
• As can be seen, withinframe852,conductor840 jogs, either inward or outward to maintain a substantially constant differential impedance profile and to mate with connectors on secondelectrical device812. For arrangement into columns,conductors830 and840 are positioned along a centerline offrames850,852, respectively.
• FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional view taken along line C-C ofFIG. 13A. As shown inFIG. 13B,terminal blades836 are received incontact interfaces841 such thatbeam contacts839 engage respective sides ofblades836. Preferably, thebeam contacts839 are sized and shaped to provide contact between theblades836 and the contact interfaces841 over a combined surface area that is sufficient to maintain the electrical characteristics of the connector during mating and unmating of the connector.
• As shown inFIG. 13A, the contact design allows the edge-coupled aspect ratio to be maintained in the mating region. That is, the aspect ratio of column pitch to gap width chosen to limit cross talk in the connector, exists in the contact region as well, and thereby limits cross talk in the mating region. Also, because the cross-section of the unmated blade contact is nearly the same as the combined cross-section of the mated contacts, the impedance profile can be maintained even if the connector is partially unmated. This occurs, at least in part, because the combined cross-section of the mated contacts includes no more than one or two thickness of metal (the thicknesses of the blade and the contact interface), rather than three thicknesses as would be typical in prior art connectors (seeFIG. 13B, for example). Unplugging a connector such as shown inFIG. 13B results in a significant change in cross-section, and therefore, a significant change in impedance (which causes significant degradation of electrical performance if the connector is not properly and completely mated). Because the contact cross-section does not change dramatically as the connector is unmated, the connector (as shown inFIG. 13A) can provide nearly the same electrical characteristics when partially unmated (i.e., unmated by about 1-2 mm) as it does when fully mated.
• FIG. 16A is a perspective view of a backplane system having an exemplary right angle electrical connector in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. As shown inFIG. 16A,connector900 comprises aplug902 andreceptacle1100.
• Plug902 compriseshousing905 and a plurality oflead assemblies908. Thehousing905 is configured to contain and align the plurality oflead assemblies908 such that an electrical connection suitable for signal communication is made between a firstelectrical device910 and a secondelectrical device912 viareceptacle1100. In one embodiment of the invention,electrical device910 is a backplane andelectrical device912 is a daughtercard.Electrical devices910 and912 may, however, be any electrical device without departing from the scope of the invention.
• As shown, theconnector902 comprises a plurality oflead assemblies908. Eachlead assembly908 comprises a column of terminals orconductors930 therein as will be described below. Eachlead assembly908 comprises any number ofterminals930.
• FIG. 16B is backplane system similar toFIG. 16A except that theconnector903 is a single device rather than mating plug and receptacle.Connector903 comprises a housing and a plurality of lead assemblies (not shown). The housing is configured to contain and align the plurality of lead assemblies (not shown) such that an electrical connection suitable for signal communication is made between a firstelectrical device910 and a secondelectrical device912
• FIG. 16C is a board-to-board system similar toFIG. 16A except thatplug connector905 is a vertical plug connector rather than a right angle plug connector. This embodiment makes electrical connection between two parallelelectrical devices910 and913. A vertical back-panel receptacle connector according to the invention can be insert molded onto a board, for example. Thus, spacing, and therefore performance, can be maintained.
• FIG. 17 is a perspective view of the plug connector ofFIG. 16A shown withoutelectrical devices910 and912 andreceptacle connector1100. As shown,slots907 are formed in thehousing905 that contain and align thelead assemblies908 therein.FIG. 17 also shows connection pins932,942. Connection pins942connect connector902 toelectrical device912. Connection pins932 electrically connectconnector902 toelectrical device910 viareceptacle1100. Connection pins932 and942 may be adapted to provide through-mount or surface-mount connections to an electrical device (not shown).
• In one embodiment, thehousing905 is made of plastic, however, any suitable material may be used. The connections toelectrical devices910 and912 may be surface or through mount connections.
• FIG. 18 is a side view ofplug connector902 as shown inFIG. 17. As shown, the column of terminals contained in eachlead assembly908 are offset from one another column of terminals in an adjacent lead assembly by a distance D. Such an offset is discussed more fully above in connection withFIGS. 6 and 7.
• FIG. 19A is a side view of asingle lead assembly908. As shown inFIG. 19A, one embodiment oflead assembly908 comprises ametal lead frame940 and an insert moldedplastic frame933. In this manner, the insert moldedlead assembly933 serves to contain one column of terminals orconductors930. The terminals may comprise either differential pairs or ground contacts. In this manner, eachlead assembly908 comprises a column ofdifferential pairs935A and935B andground contacts937.
• As is also shown inFIG. 19A, the column of differential pairs and ground contacts contained in eachlead assembly908 are arranged in a signal-signal-ground configuration. In this manner, the top contact of the column of terminals inlead assembly908 is aground contact937A. Adjacent to groundcontact937A is adifferential pair935A comprised of a two signal contacts, one with a positive polarity and one with a negative polarity.
• As shown, theground contacts937A and937B extend a greater distance from the insert moldedlead assembly933. As shown inFIG. 19B, such a configuration allows theground contacts937 to mate withcorresponding receptacle contacts1102G inreceptacle1100 before the signal contacts935 mate withcorresponding receptacle contacts1102S. Thus, the connected devices (not shown inFIG. 19B) can be brought to a common ground before signal transmission occurs between them. This provides for “hot” connection of the devices.
• Lead assembly908 ofconnector900 is shown as a right angle module. To explain, a set of first connection pins932 is positioned on a first plane (e.g., coplanar with first electrical device910) and a set of second connection pins942 is positioned on a second plane (e.g., coplanar with second electrical device912) perpendicular to the first plane. To connect the first plane to the second plane, eachconductor930 is formed to extend a total of about ninety degrees (a right angle) to electrically connectelectrical devices910 and912.
• FIGS. 20 and 21 are end and side views, respectively, of two columns of terminals in accordance with one aspect of the invention. As shown inFIGS. 20 and 21, adjacent columns of terminals are staggered in relation to one another. In other words, an offset exists between terminals in adjacent lead assemblies. In particular and as shown inFIGS. 20 and 21, an offset of distance d exists between terminals incolumn1 and terminals incolumn2. As shown, the offset d runs along the entire length of the terminal. As stated above, the offset reduces the incidence of cross talk by furthering the distance between the signal carrying contacts.
• To simplify conductor placement,conductors930 have a rectangular cross section as shown inFIGS. 20 and 21.Conductors930 may, however, be any shape.
• FIG. 22 is a perspective view of the receptacle portion of the connector shown inFIG. 16A.Receptacle1100 may be mated with connector plug902 (as shown inFIG. 16A) and used to connect two electrical devices (not shown). Specifically, connection pins932 (as shown inFIG. 17) may be inserted into apertures1142 to electrically connectconnector902 toreceptacle1100.Receptacle1100 also includesalignment structures1120 to aid in the alignment and insertion ofconnector900 intoreceptacle1100. Once inserted,structures1120 also serve to secure the connector once inserted intoreceptacle1100.Such structures1120 thereby prevent any movement that may occur between the connector and receptacle that could result in mechanical breakage therebetween.
• Receptacle1100 includes a plurality ofreceptacle contact assemblies1160 each containing a plurality of terminals (only the tails of which are shown). The terminals provide the electrical pathway between theconnector900 and any mated electrical device (not shown).
• FIG. 23 is a side view of the receptacle ofFIG. 22 includingstructures1120,housing1150 andreceptacle lead assembly1160. As shown,FIG. 23 also shows that the receptacle lead assemblies may be offset from one another in accordance with the invention. As stated above, such offset reduces the occurrence of multi-active cross talk as described above.
• FIG. 24 is a perspective view of a single receptacle contact assembly not contained inreceptacle housing1150. As shown, theassembly1160 includes a plurality of dual beamconductive terminals1175 and aholder1168 made of insulating material. In one embodiment, theholder1168 is made of plastic injection molded around the contacts; however, any suitable insulating material may be used without departing from the scope of the invention.
• FIG. 25 is a perspective view of a connector in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. As shown,connector1310 andreceptacle1315 are used in combination to connect an electrical device, such ascircuit board1305 to acable1325. Specifically, whenconnector1310 is mated withreceptacle1315, an electrical connection is established betweenboard1305 andcable1325.Cable1325 can then transmit signals to any electrical device (not shown) suitable for receiving such signals.
• In another embodiment of the invention, it is contemplated that the offset distance, d, may vary throughout the length of the terminals in the connector. In this manner, the offset distance may vary along the length of the terminal as well as at either end of the conductor. To illustrate this embodiment and referring now toFIG. 26, a side view of a single column of right angle terminals is shown. As shown, the height of the terminals in section A is height H1 and the height of the cross section of terminals in section B is height H2.
• FIGS. 27 and 28 are end views of the columns of right angle terminals taken along the corresponding lines shown inFIG. 26. In addition to the single column of terminals shown inFIG. 26,FIGS. 27 and 28 also show an adjacent column of terminals contained in the adjacent lead assembly contained in the connector housing.
• In accordance with the invention, the offset of adjacent columns may vary along the length of the terminals within the lead assembly. More specifically, the offset between adjacent columns varies according to adjacent sections of the terminals. In this manner, the offset distance between columns is different in section A of the terminals than in section B of the terminals.
• As shown inFIGS. 27 and 28, the cross sectional height of terminals taken along line A-A in section A of the terminal is H1 and the cross sectional height of terminals in section B taken along line B-B is height H2. As shown inFIG. 27, the offset of terminals in section A, where the cross sectional height of the terminal is H1, is a distance D1.
• Similarly,FIG. 28 shows the offset of the terminals in section B of the terminal. As shown, the offset distance between terminals in section B of the terminal is D2. Preferably, the offset D2 is chosen to minimize crosstalk, and may be different from the offset D1 because spacing or other parameters are different. The multi-active cross talk that occurs between the terminals can thus be reduced, thereby increasing signal integrity.
• In another embodiment of the invention, to further reduce cross talk, the offset between adjacent terminal columns is different than the offset between vias on a mated printed circuit board. A via is conducting pathway between two or more layers on a printed circuit board. Typically, a via is created by drilling through the printed circuit board at the appropriate place where two or more conductors will interconnect.
• To illustrate such an embodiment,FIG. 29 illustrates a front view of a cross section of four columns of terminals as the terminals mate to vias on an electrical device. Such an electric device may be similar to those as illustrated inFIG. 16A. Theterminals1710 of the connector (not shown) are inserted intovias1700 by connection pins (not shown). The connection pins, however, may be similar to those shown inFIG. 17.
• In accordance with this embodiment of the invention, the offset between adjacent terminal columns is different than the offset between vias on a mated printed circuit board. Specifically, as shown inFIG. 29, the distance between the offset of adjacent column terminals is D1 and the distance between the offset of vias in an electrical device is D2. By varying these two offset distances to their optimal values in accordance with the invention, the cross talk that occurs in the connector of the invention is reduced and the corresponding signal integrity is maintained.
• FIG. 30 is a perspective view of a portion of another embodiment of a right angleelectrical connector1100. As shown inFIG. 30,conductors930 are positioned from a first plane to a second plane that is orthogonal to the first plane. Distance D betweenadjacent conductors930 remains substantially constant, even though the width ofconductor930 may vary and even though the path ofconductor930 may be circuitous. This substantially constant gap D provides a substantially constant differential impedance along the length of the conductors.
• FIG. 31 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a right angle electrical connector1200. As shown inFIG. 12,modules1210 are positioned in aframe1220 to provide proper spacing betweenadjacent modules1210.
• FIG. 32 is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of areceptacle connector1100′. As shown inFIG. 32,connector1100′ comprises aframe1190 to provide proper spacing betweenconnection pins1175′.Frame1190 comprises recesses, in whichconductors1175′ are secured. Eachconductor1175′ comprises asingle contact interface1191 and aconnection pin1192. Eachcontact interface1191 extends fromframe1190 for connection to a corresponding plug contact, as described above. Each connection pin1942 extends fromframe1190 for electrical connection to a second electrical device.Receptacle connector1190 may be assembled via a stitching process.
• To attain desirable gap tolerances over the length ofconductors903,connector900 may be manufactured by the method as illustrated inFIG. 33. As shown inFIG. 33, atstep1400,conductors930 are placed in a die blank with predetermined gaps betweenconductors930. Atstep1410, polymer is injected into the die blank to form the frame ofconnector900. The relative position ofconductors930 are maintained by frame950. Subsequent warping and twisting caused by residual stresses can have an effect on the variability, but if well designed, the resultant frame950 should have sufficient stability to maintain the desired gap tolerances. In this manner, gaps betweenconductors930 can be controlled with variability of tenths of thousandths of an inch.
• Preferably, to provide the best performance, the current carrying path through the connector should be made as highly conductive as possible. Because the current carrying path is known to be on the outer portion of the contact, it is desirable that the contacts be plated with a thin outer layer of a high conductivity material. Examples of such high conductivity materials include gold, copper, silver, and tin alloy.
Connectors Having Contacts That May Be Selectively Designated
• FIGS. 34A and 34B depict example embodiments of a header assembly for a connector according to the invention. As shown, theheader assembly200 may include a plurality of insert molded lead assemblies (IMLAs)202. According to an aspect of the invention, anIMLA202 may be used, without modification, for single-ended signaling, differential signaling, or a combination of single-ended signaling and differential signaling.
• EachIMLA202 includes plurality of electricallyconductive contacts204. Preferably, thecontacts204 in eachIMLA202 form respectivelinear contact arrays206. As shown, thelinear contact arrays206 are arranged as contact columns, though it should be understood that the linear contact arrays could be arranged as contact rows. Also, though theheader assembly200 is depicted with 150 contacts (i.e., 10 IMLAs with 15 contacts per IMLA), it should be understood that an IMLA may include any desired number of contacts and a connector may include any number of IMLAs. For example, IMLAs having 12 or 9 electrical contacts are also contemplated. A connector according to the invention, therefore, may include any number of contacts.
• Theheader assembly200 includes an electrically insulatinglead frame208 through which the contacts extend. Preferably, thelead frame208 is made of a dielectric material such as a plastic. According to an aspect of the invention, thelead frame208 is constructed from as little material as possible. Otherwise, the connector is air-filled. That is, the contacts may be insulated from one another using air as a second dielectric. The use of air provides for a decrease in crosstalk and for a low-weight connector (as compared to a connector that uses a heavier dielectric material throughout).
• Thecontacts202 include terminal ends210 for engagement with a circuit board. Preferably, the terminal ends are compliant terminal ends, though it should be understood that the terminals ends could be press-fit or any surface-mount or through-mount terminal ends. The contacts also include mating ends212 for engagement with complementary receptacle contacts (described below in connection withFIGS. 35A-B).
• As shown inFIG. 34A, ahousing214A is preferred. Thehousing214A includes a first pair ofend walls216A.FIG. 34B depicts a header assembly with aperipheral shield assembly214B that includes a first pair ofend walls216B and a second pair ofend walls218B.
• According to an aspect of the invention, the header assembly may be devoid of any internal shielding. That is, the header assembly may be devoid of any shield plates, for example, between adjacent contact arrays. A connector according to the invention may be devoid of such internal shielding even for high-speed, high-frequency, fast rise-time signaling.
• Though theheader assembly200 depicted inFIGS. 34A-B is shown for a right-angle connector, it should be understood that a connector according to the invention may be any style connector, such as a mezzanine connector, for example. That is, an appropriate header assembly may be designed according to the principles of the invention for any type connector.
• FIGS. 35A and 35B depict an example embodiment of areceptacle assembly220 for a connector according to the invention. Thereceptacle assembly220 includes a plurality ofreceptacle contacts224, each of which is adapted to receive arespective mating end212. Further, thereceptacle contacts224 are arranged in an arrangement that is complementary to the arrangement of the mating ends212. Thus, the mating ends212 may be received by thereceptacle contacts224 upon mating of the assemblies. Preferably, to complement the arrangement of the mating ends212, thereceptacle contacts224 are arranged to formlinear contact arrays226. Again, though thereceptacle assembly220 is depicted with 150 contacts (i.e., 15 contacts per column), it should be understood that a connector according to the invention may include any number of contacts.
• Eachreceptacle contact224 has amating end230, for receiving amating end212 of acomplementary header contact204, and aterminal end232 for engagement with a circuit board. Preferably, the terminal ends232 are compliant terminal ends, though it should be understood that the terminals ends could be press-fit, balls, or any surface-mount or through-mount terminal ends. Ahousing234 is also preferably provided to position and retain the IMLAs relative to one another.
• According to an aspect of the invention, the receptacle assembly may also be devoid of any internal shielding. That is, the receptacle assembly may be devoid of any shield plates, for example, between adjacent contact arrays.
• FIG. 36 depicts an example embodiment of a connector according to the invention connecting signal paths between twocircuit boards240A-B. Circuit boards240A-B may be mother and daughter boards, for example. In general, acircuit board240A-B may include one or more differential signaling paths, one or more single-ended signaling paths, or a combination of differential signaling paths and single-ended signaling paths. A signaling path typically includes an electricallyconductive trace242 that is electrically connected to an electricallyconductive pad244. The terminals ends of the connector contacts are typically electrically coupled to the conductive pads (e.g., by soldering, BGA, press-fitting, or other techniques well-known in the art). If the circuit board is a multi-layer circuit board (as shown), the signaling path may also include an electrically conductive via243 that extends through the circuit board.
• Typically, a system manufacturer defines the signaling paths for a given application. According to an aspect of the invention, the same connector may be used, without structural modification, to connect either differential or single-ended signaling paths. According to an aspect of the invention, a system manufacturer may be provided with an electrical connector as described above (that is, an electrical connector comprising a linear array of contacts that may be selectively designated as either ground or signal contacts).
• The system manufacturer may then designate the contacts as either ground or signal contacts, and electrically connect the connector to a circuit board. The connector may be electrically connected to the circuit board, for example, by electrically connecting a contact designated as a signal contact to a signaling path on the circuit board. The signaling path may be a single-ended signaling path or a differential signaling path. The contacts may be designated to form any combination of differential signal pairs and/or single-ended signal conductors.
• FIG. 37 is a side view of an example embodiment of anIMLA202 according to the invention. TheIMLA202 includes alinear contact array206 of electricallyconductive contacts204, and alead frame208 through which thecontacts204 at least partially extend. According to an aspect of the invention, thecontacts204 may be selectively designated as either ground or signal contacts. In a first designation, the contacts form at least one differential signal pair comprising a pair of signal contacts. In a second designation, the contacts form at least one single-ended signal conductor. In a third designation, the contacts form at least one differential signal pair and at least one single-ended signal conductor.
• FIGS. 38A-38C depict example contact designations for an IMLA such as depicted inFIG. 37. As shown inFIG. 38A, contacts b, c, e, f, h, i, k, l, n, and o, for example, may be defined to be signal contacts, while contacts a, d, g, j, and m, for example, may be defined to be ground contacts. In such a designation, signal contact pairs b-c, e-f, h-i, k-l, and n-o form differential signal pairs. As shown inFIG. 38B, contacts b, d, f, h, j, l, and n, for example, may be defined to be signal contacts, while contacts a, c, e, g, i, k, m, and o, for example, may be defined to be ground contacts. In such a designation, signal contacts b, d, f, h, j, l, and n form single-ended signal conductors. As shown inFIG. 38C, contacts b, c, e, f, h, j, l, and n, for example, may be defined to be signal contacts, while contacts a, d, g, i, k, m, and o, for example, may be defined to be ground contacts. In such a designation, signal contact pairs b-c and e-f form differential signal pairs, and signal contacts h, j, l, and n form single-ended signal conductors. It should be understood that, in general, each of the contacts may thus be defined as either a signal contact or a ground contact depending on the requirements of the application.
• In each of the designations depicted inFIGS. 38A-38C, contacts g and m are ground contacts. As discussed in detail above, it may be desirable, though not necessary, for ground contacts to extend further than signal contacts. This may be desired so that the ground contacts make contact before the signal contacts do, thus bringing the system to ground before the signal contacts are mated. Because contacts g and m are ground contacts in either designation, the terminal ends of ground contacts g and m may be extended beyond the terminal ends of the other contacts so that the ground contacts g and m mate before any of the signal contacts mate and, still, the IMLA can support either designation without modification.
• FIG. 39 is a side view of another example embodiment of an insert molded lead assembly according to the invention.FIGS. 40A-40C depict example contact designations for an IMLA such as depicted inFIG. 39.
• As shown inFIG. 40A, contacts a, b, d, e, g, h, j, k, m, and n, for example, may be defined to be signal contacts, while contacts c, f, i, l, and o, for example, may be defined to be ground contacts. In such a designation, signal contact pairs a-b, d-e, g-h, j-k, and m-n form differential signal pairs. As shown inFIG. 40B, contacts a, c, e, g, i, k, and m, and o for example, may be defined to be signal contacts, while contacts b, d, f, h, j, l, and n, for example, may be defined to be ground contacts. In such a designation, signal contacts a, c, e, g, i, k, and m, and o form single-ended signal conductors. As shown inFIG. 40C, contacts a, c, e, g, h, j, k, m, and n, for example, may be defined to be signal contacts, while contacts b, d, f, i, l, and o, for example, may be defined to be ground contacts. In such a designation, signal contacts a, c, and e form single-ended signal conductors, and signal contact pairs g-h, j-k, and m-n form differential signal pairs. Again, it should be understood that, in general, each of the contacts may thus be defined as either a signal contact or a ground contact depending on the requirements of the application. In each of the designations depicted inFIGS. 40A-40C, contacts f and l are ground contacts, the terminals ends of which may extend beyond the terminal ends of the other contacts so that the ground contacts f and l mate before any of the signal contacts mate.
• The contact array may configured such that a desired impedance between contacts is achieved, and such that insertion loss and cross-talk are limited to acceptable levels—even in the absence of shield plates between adjacent IMLAs. Further, because desired levels of impedance, insertion loss, and cross-talk may be achieved within a single IMLA even in the absence of shields, a single IMLA may function as a connector system independently of the presence or absence of adjacent IMLAs, and independently of the designation of any adjacent IMLAs. In other words, an IMLA according to the invention does not require adjacent IMLAs to function properly.
• Though the present invention provides for lightweight, high contact density connectors, contact density may be sacrificed in instances where manufacturing costs or specific product requirements negate the need for high density. Because an IMLA according to the invention does not require adjacent IMLAs to function properly, IMLAs may be spaced relatively closely together or relatively far apart from one another without a significant reduction in performance. Greater IMLA spacing facilitates the use of larger diameter contact wires, which are easier to make and manipulate using known automated production processes.
• FIG. 41 depicts a contact arrangement for an adjacent pair of IMLAs I1, I2 wherein the contacts are defined to form a respective plurality of differential signal pairs in each IMLA. For purposes of this description, thelinear contact arrays246A and246B may be considered contact columns. The rows are referred to as A-O. Signal contacts are designated by the letter of the corresponding row; ground contacts are designated by GND. As shown,contacts1A and1B form a pair,contacts2B and2C form a pair, etc.
• A number of parameters may be considered in determining a suitable contact array configuration for an IMLA according to the invention. For example, contact thickness and width, gap width between adjacent contacts, and adjacent contact coupling may be considered in determining a suitable contact array configuration that provides acceptable or optimal levels of impedance, insertion loss, and cross-talk, without the need for shields between adjacent contact arrays, in an IMLA that may be designated as differential, single-ended, or a combination of both. Issues relating to the consideration of these and other such parameters are described in detail above. Though it should be understood that such parameters may be tailored to fit the needs of a particular connector application, an example connector according to the invention will now be described to provide example parameter values and performance data obtained for such a connector.
• In an embodiment of the invention, each contact may have a contact width W of about one millimeter, and contacts may be set on 1.4 millimeter centers C. Thus, adjacent contacts may have a gap width GW between them of about 0.4 millimeters. The IMLA may include a lead frame into or through which the contacts extend. The lead frame may have a thickness T of about 0.35 millimeters. An IMLA spacing IS between adjacent contact arrays may be about two millimeters. Additionally, the contacts may be edge-coupled along the length of the contact arrays, and adjacent contact arrays may be staggered relative to one another.
• Generally, the ratio W/GW of contact width W to gap width GW between adjacent contacts will be greater in a connector according to the invention than in prior art connectors that require shields between adjacent contact arrays. Such a connector is described in published U.S. patent application 2001/0005654A1. Typical connectors, such as those described in application 2001/0005654, require the presence of more than one lead assembly because they rely on shield plates between adjacent lead assemblies. Such lead assemblies typically include a shield plate disposed along one side of the lead frame so that when lead frames are placed adjacent to one another, the contacts are disposed between shield plates along each side. In the absence of an adjacent lead frame, the contacts would be shielded on only one side, which would result in unacceptable performance.
• Because shield plates between adjacent contact arrays are not required in a connector according to the invention (because, as will be explained in detail below, desired levels of cross-talk, impedance, and insertion loss may be achieved in a connector according to the invention because of the configuration of the contacts), an adjacent lead assembly having a complementary shield is not required, and a single lead assembly may function acceptably in the absence of any adjacent lead assembly.
• FIG. 42A provides a reflection plot of differential impedance as a function of signal propagation time through each of the differential signal pairs shown inFIG. 41. Differential impedance was measured for each signal pair at various times as a signal propagated through a first test board, associated header vias, the signal pair, associated receptacle vias, and a second test board. As shown, each differential signal pair has a differential impedance of about 90-110 ohms, and the differential impedance is relatively constant (i.e., +/− about 5 ohms over the length of the connector) through each of the signal pairs. A differential impedance of about 92-108 ohms is preferred The impedance profile for each signal pair is about the same as the impedance profile for every other signal pair. Differential impedance was measured for a 40 ps rise time from 10%-90% of signal level.
• FIG. 42B provides a plot of insertion loss as a function of signal frequency for each of the differential signal pairs shown inFIG. 41. As shown, insertion loss is relatively constant (less than about −2 dB) for signals up to 10 GHz, and insertion loss for each pair was about the same as the insertion loss for every other pair.
• FIGS. 42C and 42D provide, respectively, worst case measurementos of multi-active near-end and far-end crosstalk as measured at each of the signal pairs. The cross-talk was measured for 40 and 100 ps rise times from 10%-90% of signal level.
• FIG. 43 depicts a contact arrangement for an adjacent pair of IMLAs wherein the contacts are defined to form a respective plurality of single-ended signal conductors in each IMLA. The IMLAs are the same as those depicted inFIG. 41, the only difference being the contact definitions. Again, thelinear contact arrays246A and246B may be considered contact columns, and the rows are referred to as A-O. Signal contacts are designated by the letter of the corresponding row; ground contacts are designated by GND. As shown,contacts1A,2B,1C, etc., are single-ended signal conductors.
• FIG. 44A provides a reflection plot of single-ended impedance as a function of signal propagation time through each of the signal contacts shown inFIG. 43. Single-ended impedance was measured for each signal contact at various times as a signal propagated through a first test board, an associated header via, the signal contact, an associated receptacle via, and a second test board. As shown, each single-ended signal conductor has a single-ended impedance of about 40-70 ohms, and the single-ended impedance is relatively constant (i.e., +/− about 10 ohms over the length of the connector) through each of the signal contacts. A single-ended impedance of about 40-60 ohms is preferred. The impedance profile for each signal contact is about the same as the impedance profile for every other signal contact. Single-ended impedance was measured for a 40 ps rise time from 10%-90% of signal level.
• FIG. 44B provides a reflection plot of single-ended impedance as a function of signal propagation time through each of the signal contacts shown inFIG. 43 measured for a 150 ps rise time from 20%-80% of signal level.
• FIG. 44C provides a plot of insertion loss as a function of signal frequency for each of the signal contacts shown inFIG. 43. As shown, insertion loss is relatively constant (less than about −2 dB) for signals up to about four GHz, and insertion loss for each contact was about the same as the insertion loss for every other contact.
• FIGS. 44D and 44E provide, respectively, worst case measurements of multi-active near-end and far-end crosstalk as measured at each of the signal contacts. The cross-talk was measured for a 150 ps rise time from 20% to 80% of signal level.
• FIGS. 45A-45F provide cross-talk measurements for a single-ended aggressor injecting noise onto a differential pair. Signal contacts are designated by the letter of the corresponding row; pairs are surrounded by boxes. Ground contacts are designated by GND. For each differential pair in each array, half of the pair was driven (i.e., contacts B, E, H, K, and N). The near-end and far-end differential noise voltage was measured on the adjacent pair. The non-driven half of the aggressor pair was terminated in 50 ohms. Cross-talk percentages are shown for rise-times of 40 ps (10%-90%), 100 ps (10%-90%), and 150 ps (20%-80%). The numbers shown indicate the percentage of the single-ended signal voltage that would show up as differential noise on the adjacent differential pair.
• FIGS. 46A-46F provide cross-talk measurements for a differential pair aggressor injecting noise onto a single-ended contact. Again, signal contacts are designated by the letter of the corresponding row, and ground contacts are designated by GND. For each differential pair in each array, the pair was driven, and the near-end single-ended voltage was measured on one half of an adjacent pair (i.e., contacts B, E, H, K, and N). The unused half of the victim pair was terminated in 50 ohms. Cross-talk percentages are shown for rise-times of 40 ps (10%-90%), 100 ps (10%-90%), and 150 ps (20%-80%). The numbers shown indicate the percentage of the differential signal voltage that would show up as single-ended noise on an adjacent single-ended contact.
• In summation, the present invention can be a scalable, inverse two-piece backplane connector system that is based upon an IMLA design that can be used for either differential pair or single ended signals within the same IMLA. The column differential pairs demonstrate low insertion loss and low cross-talk from speeds less than approximately 2.5 Gb/sec to greater than approximately 12.5 Gb/sec. Exemplary configurations include 150 position for 1.0 inch slot centers and 120 position for 0.8 slot centers, all without interleaving shields. The IMLAs are stand-alone, which means that the IMLAs may be stacked into any centerline spacing required for customer density or routing considerations. Examples include, but are certainly not limited to, 2 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, or 4.0 mm. By using air as a dielectric, there is improved low-loss performance. By taking further advantage of electromagnetic coupling within each IMLA, the present invention helps to provide a shieldless connector with good signal integrity and EMI performance. The stand alone IMLA permits an end user to specify whether to assign pins as differential pair signals, single ended signals, or power. At least eighty Amps of capacity can be obtained in a low weight, high speed connector.
• It is to be understood that the foregoing illustrative embodiments have been provided merely for the purpose of explanation and are in no way to be construed as limiting of the invention. Words which have been used herein are words of description and illustration, rather than words of limitation. Further, although the invention has been described herein with reference to particular structure, materials and/or embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited to the particulars disclosed herein. Rather, the invention extends to all functionally equivalent structures, methods and uses, such as are within the scope of the appended claims. Those skilled in the art, having the benefit of the teachings of this specification, may affect numerous modifications thereto and changes may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention in its aspects.

Claims (12)

1. A shieldless, high-speed electrical connector, comprising:

a first column of electrical contacts comprising a first arrangement of differential signal pairs separated from one another by first ground contacts; and

a second column of electrical contacts adjacent to the first column, the second column of electrical contacts comprising a second arrangement of differential signal pairs separated from one another by second ground contacts;

wherein (i) the connector is devoid of electrical shield plates between the first column of electrical contacts and the second column of electrical contacts; and (ii) the connector is capable of transferring differential signals at data transfer rates of at least ten gigabits per second through the connector while producing no more than an acceptable level of cross talk on any of the differential signal pairs.

2. The electrical connector ofclaim 1, wherein the connector is capable of transferring differential signals at data transfer rates of at least ten gigabits per second through the connector while producing no more than six percent worst-case, multi-active cross talk on any of the differential signal pairs.

3. A shieldless, high-speed electrical connector, comprising:

a first leadframe assembly comprising a first differential signal pair of electrical contacts; and

a second leadframe assembly comprising a second differential signal pair of electrical contacts;

wherein (i) the second leadframe assembly is adjacent to the first leadframe assembly; (ii) the connector is devoid of electrical shield plates between the first leadframe assembly and the second leadframe assembly; and (iii) the connector is capable of transferring differential signals through each of the first and second differential signal pairs at data transfer rates of at least ten gigabits per second.

4. The electrical connector ofclaim 3, wherein the connector is capable of simultaneously transferring differential signals through both the first and second differential signal pairs at data transfer rates of at least ten gigabits per second.

5. A shieldless, high-speed electrical connector, comprising:

first and second differential signal pairs of electrical contacts,

wherein (i) the connector is devoid of electrical shield plates between the first and second differential signal pairs, (ii) the connector is capable of transferring differential signals through each of the first and second differential signal pairs at data transfer rates of at least ten gigabits per second, and (iii) cross-talk between the first and second differential signal pairs is limited to below an acceptable level.

6. The electrical connector ofclaim 5, wherein the first and second differential signal pairs are in adjacent columns.

7. The electrical connector ofclaim 6, wherein the first and second differential signal pairs are adjacent to one another.

8. The electrical connector ofclaim 7, wherein the first and second differential signal pairs are offset relative to one another in a direction along which the column extends.

9. A shieldless, high-speed electrical connector, comprising:

a plurality of leadframe assemblies each comprising a respective differential signal pair of electrical contacts;

wherein (i) the connector is devoid of electrical shield plates between the leadframe assemblies; and (ii) the electrical contacts are configured such that cross-talk among the differential signal pairs is limited as a result of the configuration of the electrical contacts.

10. The electrical connector ofclaim 9, wherein the electrical contacts are arranged relative to one another such that cross-talk among the differential signal pairs is limited as a result of the arrangement of the electrical contacts.

11. The electrical connector ofclaim 10, wherein the electrical contacts are shaped such that cross-talk among the differential signal pairs is limited as a result of the shape and arrangement of the electrical contacts.

12. The electrical connector ofclaim 11, wherein the electrical contacts are sized such that cross-talk among the differential signal pairs is limited as a result of the size, shape, and arrangement of the electrical contacts.

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