US20080234798A1 - Apparatus and methods for delivery of multiple distributed stents - Google Patents

Abstract

Blood vessels and other body lumens are stented using multiple, discreet stent structures. Stent structures may be balloon expandable or self-expanding and are delivered by a delivery catheter which is repositioned to spaced-apart delivery sights. By coating the stents with particular biologically active substances, hyperplasia within and between the implanted stents can be inhibited. An exemplary delivery catheter comprises a catheter body having both a pusher rod for advancing the stents relative to a sheath and a reciprocatable delivery catheter for implanting the stents.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/685,339 (Attorney Docket No. 021629-000323US), filed Mar. 13, 2007, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/306,813 (Attorney Docket No. 021629-000320US), filed Nov. 27, 2002, which is a non-provisional of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/336,967 (Attorney Docket No. 021629-000300) filed Dec. 3, 2001, and is also a non-provisional of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/364,389 (Attorney Docket No. 021629-000310) filed on Mar. 13, 2002, the full disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• 1. Field of the Invention
• The present invention relates generally to medical devices and methods. More particularly, the present invention relates to apparatus and methods for independently delivering a plurality of luminal prostheses within a body lumen, such as a blood vessel.
• Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death and morbidity in the United States and Western society. In particular, atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries can cause myocardial infarction, commonly referred to as a heart attack, which can be immediately fatal or, even if survived, can cause damage to the heart which can incapacitate the patient.
• While coronary artery bypass surgery can be an effective treatment for stenosed arteries resulting from atherosclerosis or other causes, it is a highly invasive, costly procedure, which typically requires substantial hospital and recovery time. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, commonly referred to as balloon angioplasty, is less invasive, less traumatic, and significantly less expensive than bypass surgery. Heretofore, however, balloon angioplasty has not been considered as effective a treatment as bypass surgery. The effectiveness of balloon angioplasty, however, has improved significantly with the introduction of stenting which involves the placement of a scaffold structure within the artery which has been treated by balloon angioplasty. The stent inhibits abrupt reclosure of the artery and has some benefit in inhibiting subsequent restenosis resulting from hyperplasia. Recently, experimental trials have demonstrated that the coating of stents using anti-proliferative drugs, such as paclitaxel, can significantly reduce the occurrence of hyperplasia in angioplasty treated coronary arteries which have been stented with the coated stents.
• While the combination of balloon angioplasty with drug-coated stents holds great promise, significant challenges still remain. Of particular interest to the present invention, the treatment of extended or disseminated disease within an artery remains problematic. Most stents have a fixed length, typically in the range from 10 mm to 30 mm, and the placement of multiple stents to treat disease over a longer length requires the suggestive use of balloon stent delivery catheters. Moreover, it can be difficult to stent an angioplasty-treated region of a blood vessel with the optimum stent length.
• For these reasons, it would be desirable to provide improved stents, stent delivery systems, stenting methods, and the like, for the treatment of patients having coronary artery disease, as well as other occlusive diseases of the vasculature. In particular, it would be desirable to provide stents, delivery systems, and methods for the treatment of disseminated and variable length stenotic regions within the vasculature. For example, it would be desirable to provide a practical method which permits a physician to optimize the length of the treated vessel which is stented according to the nature of the disease. More specifically, it would be desirable to provide apparatus, systems, and methods for facilitating the delivery of multiple stents and other prostheses to blood vessels or other target body lumens. Such apparatus, systems, and methods should be suitable for delivery of individual stents or prostheses having very short lengths, typically as short as 3 mm or shorter, at multiple contiguous and non-contiguous locations within a body lumen for optimized treatment thereof. At least some of these objectives will be met by the inventions described hereinafter.
• 2. Description of the Background Art
• U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,117 B1 describes a stent having multiple sections connected by separable or frangible connecting regions. Optionally, the connecting regions are severed after the stent structure has been implanted in the blood vessel. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,571,086; 5,776,141; and 6,143,016 describe an expandable sleeve for placement over a balloon catheter for the delivery of one or two stent structures to the vasculature. U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,948 describes a catheter for delivering stents covered by a sheath.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention provides methods and apparatus for prosthesis placement, such as stenting of body lumens, typically blood vessels, and more typically coronary arteries. The methods and systems will also find significant use in the peripheral vasculature, the cerebral vasculature, and in other ducts, such as the biliary duct, the fallopian tubes, and the like. The terms “stent” and “stenting” are defined to include any of the wide variety of expandable prostheses and scaffolds which are designed to be intraluminally introduced to a treatment site and expanded in situ to apply a radially outward force against the inner wall of the body lumen at that site. Stents and prostheses commonly comprise an open lattice structure, typically formed from a malleable or elastic metal. When formed from a malleable metal, the stents will typically be expanded by a balloon which causes plastic deformation of the lattice so that it remains opened after deployment. When formed from an elastic metal, including super elastic metals such as nickel-titanium alloys, the lattice structures will usually be radially constrained when delivered and deployed by releasing the structures from such radial constraint so that they “self-expand” at the target site. When the stent or lattice structures are covered with a fabric or polymeric membrane covering, they are commonly referred to as grafts. Grafts may be used for the treatment of aneurysms or other conditions which require placement of a non-permeable or semi-permeable barrier at the treatment site. The terms “prosthesis” and “prostheses” refer broadly to all radially expansible stents, grafts, and other scaffold-like structures which are intended for deployment within body lumens.
• The stents and prostheses of the present invention may have any of a variety of common constructions, including helical structures, counterwound helical structures, expandable diamond structures, serpentine structures, or the like. Such conventional stent structures are well described in the patent and medical literature. Specific examples of suitable stent structures are described in the following U.S. patents, the full disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,315,794; 5,980,552; 5,836,964; 5,527,354; 5,421,955; 4,886,062; and 4,776,337, the full disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Preferred structures are described herein with reference toFIGS. 4 and 5.
• According to the present invention, the stents which are deployed may have a length of 1 mm or greater, usually 2 mm or greater, and typically of 3 mm or greater, usually being in the range from 1 mm to 100 mm, typically from 2 mm to 50 mm, more typically from 2 mm to 25 mm, and usually from 3 mm to 20 mm. The use of such short stent lengths is advantageous since multiple stents are to be employed.
• The methods and apparatus of the present invention will provide for the deployment of a plurality of stents or other prostheses, usually including at least two stents, from a common stent delivery catheter. Usually, the number of delivered stents will be in the range from 2 to 50, typically from 3 to 30, and most typically from 5 to 25. As more stents are placed on the delivery catheter, the individual stent length will often be somewhat less, although this is not necessarily the case in all instances. The multiple prostheses may be deployed individually or in groups of two or more at single or multiple spaced-apart locations in the body lumen or lumens.
• In a first aspect of the present invention, a method for stenting an extended length of a body lumen comprises introducing a catheter carrying a plurality of, usually at least two, discrete stents to the body lumen. Usually, the introduction is percutaneous and, in the case of intravascular delivery, uses a conventional introduction technique, such as the Seldinger technique. After reaching a target location, at least a first stent is released from the catheter at that first location. The catheter is then repositioned to a second location, and at least a second stent is released from the catheter at the second location. The catheter is then repositioned to a third location, and at least a third stent is released from the catheter at the third location
• In addition to deploying stents and other prostheses at spaced-apart locations within a blood vessel or other body lumen, the methods and apparatus in the present invention can be used for delivering one, two, three, or more discrete stents or other prosthetic segments contiguously at a single location within the body lumen. In this way, the length of the prosthesis which is implanted can be selected and modified to accommodate the length of the vessel to be treated. It will be appreciated that with systems which carry 10, 20, 30 or more quite short prostheses or prosthesis segments, the length of the lumen being treated can be tailored very closely from very short to very long with the selectable intervals depending on the length of the prosthesis or prosthesis segment.
• The deployment steps can, of course, be repeated a sufficient number of times so that all or at least most of the stents carried by the delivery catheter are delivered to and deployed within the body lumen. A particular advantage of this delivery method is that the discrete stents may be distributed along extended lengths of the body lumen, typically in the range from 1 cm to 2 cm, often in the range from 1 cm to 5 cm, and in many instances even longer. Additionally, the stents may be delivered so as to avoid side branches or other regions where placement of the stent is undesirable. Moreover, with the use of drug-coated stents, it may be possible to place the stents apart by discrete distances, typically from one-half to one millimeter (mm), while still achieving vessel patency and hyperplasia inhibition.
• Releasing of the stents from the catheter may be achieved using a balloon to cause balloon expansion of the stent. Alternatively, release of the stent may be achieved by radially constraining an elastic or self-expanding stent within a lumen of the delivery catheter and selectively advancing the stent from the catheter and/or retracting the catheter from over the stent. In one embodiment, a sheath over the stents includes a valve member, or “stent valve,” which allows stents to be separated so that a balloon can more accurately inflate deployed stents while other stents remain within the sheath.
• In preferred embodiments, the stents are coated with at least one agent, such as an agent which inhibits hyperplasia. The agent may be biologically active or inert. Particular biologically active agents include anti-neoplastic drugs such as paclitaxel, methotrexate, and batimastal; antibiotics such as doxycycline, tetracycline, rapamycin, and actinomycin; immunosuppressant such as dexamethosone, methyl prednisolone, nitric oxide sources such as nitroprussides; estrogen; estradiols; and the like. Biologically inert agents include polyethylene glycol (PEG), collagen, polyglycolic acids (PGA), ceramic material, titanium, gold and the like.
• In another aspect, the present invention comprises catheters and apparatus for stenting extended lengths of a body lumen, particularly a blood vessel. The catheters comprise a catheter body having a proximal end and a distal end. At least two discrete stents are carried at or near a distal end of the catheter body. By “discrete,” it is meant that the stents are unconnected and can be deployed from the catheter in an unattached manner. (The delivery of attached prostheses is described below.) Deployment of such discrete stents permits the individual stents to be placed at spaced-apart target locations or immediately adjacently within the blood vessel or other body lumen. The catheters further comprise deployment means for deploying the individual stents from the catheter body. For example, the deployment means may comprise one or more balloons for placement and radial expansion of the stents. Alternatively, the deployment means may comprise a pusher or other device for advancing self-expanding stents from the distal end of the catheter body and/or a sheath for selectively retracting over the stents to permit self-expansion. In exemplary embodiments, the catheters will carry at least two discrete stents, at least five discrete stents, and as many as 10 discrete stents, or in some cases, as many as 30 or more discrete stents.
• In a particular embodiment, the catheter comprises a single balloon which is reciprocatively mounted within the catheter body and adapted for receiving individual stents thereover. A pusher or other device for successively and controllably loading individual or multiple stents over the balloon is also provided. In this way, the catheter may carry multiple stents and employ the single balloon for positioning and expansion of the stents.
• In further embodiments, the stents of the present invention are composed at least partly of a bioabsorbable material, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), collagen, gelatin, polyglycolic acids (PGA), polylactic acids (PLA), and the like. Optionally, one or more bioactive substances are dispersed in the bioabsorbable material such that the bioactive substance will be released over time as the bioabsorbable material degrades. In a particular embodiment, the bioabsorbable material is formed on or within a scaffold composed on a non-bioabsorbable material, typically stainless steel, Nitinol™, or other conventional stent metal material. Other materials, such as gold (e.g., pure or nearly pure gold), platinum, or the like, may also be used.
• In a further aspect of the present invention, a catheter for delivering a plurality of expansible prostheses to a body lumen comprises a catheter body, a sheath, and a plurality of radially expansible prostheses. The catheter body has a proximal end and a distal end, and the sheath is coaxially disposed over the catheter body with the prostheses positionable in an annular space between the inside of the sheath and the exterior of the catheter body. The sheath is preferably retractable relative to the catheter body so that the prostheses may be advanced beyond a distal end of the sheath. Usually, the catheter will further comprise a pusher tube disposed coaxially over the catheter body and within an interior lumen of the sheath. A distal end of the pusher tube will engage a proximal end of the proximal-most prosthesis so that the pusher tube can be distally advanced relative to the sheath to selectively push or deploy individual prostheses from the sheath. Often, such deployment is achieved by holding the pusher tube and prostheses substantially stationary relative to the body lumen while the sheath is retracted proximally to release or deploy the prostheses. Each of the pusher tube, sheath and catheter body may have a lubricious inner surface and/or a lubricious outer surface.
• Usually, at least a distal portion of the sheath will have a greater column strength than that of a distal portion of the catheter body. Additionally or alternatively, the pusher tube may also have a greater column strength than a distal portion of a catheter body. By providing column strength in the outer most portion of the catheter, i.e., the sheath, and optionally the pusher tube, the overall column strength of the catheter can be increased with a minimum increase in its diameter or profile. It will be appreciated that low profile catheters are highly advantageous for accessing remote regions of the vasculature, particularly the small coronary and cerebral arteries. Using the preferred constructions of the present invention,catheters having diameters 2 mm or less, and in some instances as low as 1 mm or less, can be achieved. The constructions will, of course, also be suitable for larger diameter catheters for use in the peripheral and other larger blood vessels.
• The catheter of the present invention will preferably carry at least two prostheses, more preferably carrying at least three prostheses, and often carrying a greater number of prostheses as set forth above in connection with other embodiments. The prostheses will typically be arranged in an end-to-end manner either with or without a physical linkage therebetween. The physical linkage may comprise a frangible component which must be mechanically broken or alternatively may comprise a pair of coupling elements which fit together and which may be separated without any material breakage. Frangible coupling elements will usually comprise a strut, bar, spring, or similar connecting link and will optionally be scored, notched, or otherwise adapted to break along a particular line when a suitable mechanical force is applied. Exemplary separable coupling elements include male and female elements, such as a rod and tube which may be axially separated, a tab and receptacle which may be radially separated, and the like.
• In a specific embodiment of the catheter, the catheter body may comprise an expansion element, such as an inflatable balloon, near its distal end. The expansion element will be positionable distal to the retractable sheath so that it can be used to regularly expand one or more of the prostheses. For example, the inflatable balloon may have a lubricious outer surface and carry multiple prostheses on its outer surface so that sheath retraction can expose one, two, three, or more of the prostheses. The remaining prostheses will continue to be covered by the sheath. When inflating the balloon, however, only that portion of the balloon and those prostheses carried on the exposed portion of the balloon will be inflated. The remaining (proximal) portion of the balloon will continue to be constrained by the sheath so that neither the balloon nor the prostheses covered by the sheath will be expanded. In this way, any preselected number of the individual prostheses may be expanded at one time, while the remaining prostheses are protected and unexpanded, remaining available for subsequent expansion using the balloon.
• Alternatively or in addition to the balloon, the catheter body may comprise a heater for selectively heating prostheses which have been advanced distally beyond the sheath. For example, the catheter body may have a lumen for delivering a heated medium, such as heated saline, intravascularly to heat and expand stents or other prostheses formed from suitable heat memory alloys (as described in more detail below). Alternatively, a separate exterior guide catheter or other tube may be used for delivering such a heated medium to effect expansion of the prostheses. As a third alternative, a powered heating element, such as a radio frequency heater, electrical resistance heater, or laser-heated element, may be provided on the catheter body for directly heating the exposed prostheses.
• For the delivery of individual prostheses or stents which are joined by frangible or breakable links, as discussed above, it will often be desirable to provide a shearing mechanism on the catheter. The shearing mechanism will usually be mechanical, but could also be electrolytic, ultrasonic, or chemical. In the exemplary embodiments, the shearing mechanism comprises a first shearing element on a distal region of the catheter body and a second or mating shearing element on a distal region of the sheath. The prostheses may be advanced from the sheath while the shearing mechanism on the catheter body is distally advanced (leaving a space or opening for prosthesis deployment). After a desired number of prostheses have been deployed, the catheter body may be retracted relative to the sheath in order to close the shearing elements to sever the link(s) between the advanced prostheses and those prostheses which remain within the sheath. In other cases, the shearing mechanism could be an electrode for inducing electrolytic breakage of the link, an ultrasonic transducer for mechanically degrading a susceptible link (i.e. a link having a resonant frequency which corresponds to the ultrasonic transducer), a luminal port for releasing a chemical agent selected to chemically degrade the link, or the like.
• In a further alternative embodiment, a catheter constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention comprises a pusher tube, a plurality of radially expansible prostheses arranged end-to-end and extending distally of the distal end of the pusher tube, and a sheath disposed coaxially over the pusher tube and the prostheses. Optionally, but not necessarily, this embodiment will include a catheter body disposed coaxially within the pusher tube and prostheses. By retracting the sheath proximally relative to the pusher tube, individual ones or groups of the prostheses will be exposed and deployed. The catheter body may be used in any of the ways described previously in order to effect or control deployment of the prostheses. Optionally, the pusher tube, the sheath, or both, may have a greater column strength than the catheter body when the catheter body is employed.
• Systems of detachable expansible prostheses according to the present invention include a plurality of ring-like radially expansible prostheses arranged end-to-end along an elongate axis. At least one pair of coupling elements join each pair of adjacent prostheses, where the coupling elements physically separate without fracture in response to axial tension or differential radial expansion. The coupling elements, however, remain coupled when subjected to axial compression such as may occur as the prostheses are axially advanced within a body lumen or elsewhere. The prostheses may be composed of a malleable material so that they will be expansible in response to an internally applied radially expansive force, such as a balloon expansion force applied by a balloon carried by the catheter body in any of the prior embodiments of the present invention. Alternatively, the prostheses may be composed of a resilient material, such as spring stainless steel, nickel-titanium alloy; or the like, so that they may be “self-expanding,” i.e. expand when released from radial constraint. As a third alternative, the prostheses may be composed of a heat memory alloy, such as a nickel titanium alloy, so that they may be induced to expand upon exposure to a temperature above body temperature. Materials suitable for forming each of these three types of prostheses are well described in the patent and medical literature.
• In specific examples of the systems, the coupling elements may be male and female so that they decouple upon the application of an axial force. For example, the coupling elements may be a rod and a tube having a central passageway for receiving the rod. Alternatively, the coupling elements may be configured to decouple upon differential radial expansion. For example, a first coupling element may extend from the end of a first prostheses and have an enlarged portion or end. By providing a cut-out in the adjacent prostheses having a periphery which matches the periphery of the extension on the first prostheses, coupling elements can be mated and locked together. The locking will resist axial separation, but permit radial separation when one of the prostheses is radially expanded.
• The systems of prostheses just described may be preferably employed with any of the catheter delivery systems described previously.
• The present invention further provides methods for stenting extended lengths of the body lumen, where the methods comprise introducing a catheter carrying a plurality of radially expansible prostheses to a target site within the body lumen. The prostheses are arranged end-to-end and are covered by a sheath. The prostheses are then deployed by retracting the sheath relative to the prostheses by a first preselected distance to uncover a first predetermined number of the prostheses. After retraction of the sheath, a first predetermined number of prostheses, which may be anywhere from one up to the entire number of prostheses being carried, are radially expanded at the target site within the target site of the body lumen.
• Prosthesis expansion may be achieved in a variety of ways. In a first instance, the prostheses are expanded by inflating a balloon within the particular prosthesis to be expanded. For example, a single balloon may be disposed under all the prostheses, with the sheath retracted to expose only those prostheses to be deployed. When the balloon is expanded, the balloon will expand the exposed prostheses, with expansion of the prostheses which remain covered being restrained by the sheath. By further retracting the sheath, the previously undeployed prostheses may then be deployed. Optionally, the prostheses are advanced (or at least axially restrained relative to the sheath) by a pusher tube which engages a proximal end of the proximal-most prosthesis.
• As an alternative to balloon expansion, the uncovered prostheses may be expanded by exposure to heat. The heat may be applied by directing a heated medium to the prostheses, directing electrical energy through the prostheses, and/or energizing a heating element positioned adjacent to the uncovered prostheses.
• In preferred aspects of the methods of the present invention, the body lumen will be a blood vessel, preferably a coronary artery, a cerebral artery, or other small artery. The prostheses will preferably be coated with biologically active or inert agent, such as an agent selected to inhibit hyperplasia, more specifically being any of the particular agents set forth hereinabove.
• The catheters of the present invention will comprise a number of coaxial components, such as sheaths, pusher tubes, catheter bodies, and the like. While it will often be described that stents or other prostheses are advanced distally from the sheath, such description will apply to sheaths which are retracted proximally relative to the prostheses to effect the release. Thus, all descriptions of direction are meant to be relative.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating a stent delivery catheter constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
• FIG. 2 is a detailed view of the distal end of the catheter ofFIG. 1 with portions broken away.
• FIGS. 3A-3F illustrate use of the catheter ofFIG. 1 for deploying a plurality of stents using balloon expansion.
• FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary prosthesis constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
• FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate a prosthesis similar to that shown inFIG. 4, but further including coupling elements for permitting detachable coupling of adjacent prostheses.
• FIG. 5C illustrates a pair of prostheses, as shown inFIGS. 5A andFIG. 5B, joined together by the coupling elements.
• FIG. 5D illustrates a pair of adjacent prostheses coupled by a modified coupling element.
• FIGS. 5E and 5F illustrate radial separation of the adjacent prostheses ofFIG. 5C.
• FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate a second coupling mechanism constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
• FIG. 7 illustrates a frangible linkage for joining a pair of adjacent prostheses.
• FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate a catheter and its use for delivering self-expanding prostheses according to the methods of the present invention.
• FIGS. 9A and 9C illustrate an alternative catheter construction intended for delivering self-expanding prostheses according to the methods of the present invention.
• FIGS. 10A-10C illustrates use of the catheter for delivering prostheses by a heat-induction method in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
• FIG. 11 illustrates an alternative catheter construction for delivering multiple prostheses via a heat-induction protocol in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
• FIGS. 12A-12D illustrate a catheter for delivering multiple prostheses using balloon expansion in accordance with the methods of the present invention.
• FIGS. 13A-13D illustrate a catheter including a stent valve for delivering multiple prostheses using balloon expansion in accordance with the methods of the present invention.
• FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary kit constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
• Referring now toFIG. 1, thestent delivery catheter10 comprises acatheter body12 having aproximal end14 and adistal end16. The catheter body is formed from a conventional catheter material, such as braided or coiled stainless steel, a natural or synthetic polymer, including silicone rubber, polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, polyurethane, polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene, nylon, and the like. The body may be formed as a composite having one or more reinforcement layers incorporated within a polymeric shell in order to enhance strength, flexibility, and toughness. For intravascular use, the catheter body will typically have a length in the range from 40 cm to 150 cm, usually being between 40 cm and 120 cm for peripheral blood vessels and between 110 cm and 150 cm for coronary arteries. The outer diameter of the catheter body may vary depending on the intended use, typically being between 3 French and 15 French, usually from 5 French to 9 French.
• Catheter10 will include ahandle18 at itsproximal end14. The handle may include aguidewire port20 and aballoon inflation port22, as well as ahandle grip24 which advances a pusher shaft whosedistal end26 is shown inFIG. 2. Additionally, the handle permits reciprocation of acatheter delivery balloon28, also shown inFIG. 2.
• A plurality ofstents30 are carried in a lumen of thecatheter body12, as shown inFIG. 2. While threestents30 are shown, it will be appreciated that additional stents may be carried generally within the ranges disclosed above. The illustrated stents comprise a plurality of serpentine ring structures joined by offset struts. It will be appreciated, however, that a wide variety of stent structures could be carried by thecatheter10, generally as described above.
• Referring now toFIGS. 3A-3F, thedistal end16 of thecatheter10 is advanced to targetlocation40 within a diseased blood vessel (BV) over aguidewire42, as illustrated inFIG. 3B.Balloon28 carries a first of the threestents30, and is advanced distally from the catheter to deploy the stent within thetreatment region40, as illustrated inFIG. 3B (optionally by retracting thecatheter body12 proximally relative to balloon28). Once thestent30 is properly located, theballoon28 is inflated to deploy the stent (and optionally dilate the treatment region), as illustrated inFIG. 3C.
• The balloon is then deflated, and retracted back into the distal end of thecatheter16, as illustrated inFIG. 3D. The expanded stent is left in place. Theballoon28 is retracted back to within thesecond stent30, as illustrated inFIG. 3E. The second stent has been advanced using thepusher26 so that it is properly located over theballoon28, and the distal end of thecatheter16 may then be advanced so that thesecond stent30 is located within a second treatment region spaced apart from the first treatment region. As illustrated inFIG. 3F, the treatment regions are adjacent to each other. It will be appreciated, however, that the second treatment region could be spaced a substantial distance from the first treatment region. Deployment of thesecond stent30 is then completed in the same manner as described above for the first stent. Similarly, deployment of third, fourth, fifth, andadditional stents30 may be effected in the same manner. In this way, it will be appreciated that relatively lengthy and/or disseminated regions within a blood vessel may be treated.
• Referring now toFIG. 4, anexemplary prosthesis50 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention is illustrated. The prosthesis has atubular body52 having a plurality ofaxial slots54, typically formed by laser cutting or chemical etching a tubular stock, such as stainless steel or nickel-titanium hypotube.Prosthesis50, which may be delivered in groups of two, three, four, or more in accordance with the principles of the present invention, will have a length within the ranges set forth above. The diameter, prior to expansion, will typically be below 2 mm, preferably being below 1 mm, although in some instances much larger diameters can be used. The diameter of theprosthesis50 upon expansion, of course, will be much greater, typically being at least twice as large, sometimes being at least three times as large, or even larger.
• Referring now toFIGS. 5A and 5B, aprosthesis60, similar toprosthesis50, includes a pair ofcoupling elements62 which are received inmating slots64.FIG. 5B is a “rolled-out” view of the “rolled-out” view of theprosthesis60 for better illustrating thecoupling element62 andslots64 of theprosthesis60.
• As shown inFIG. 5C, pairs ofprosthesis60 may be joined or coupled by circumferentially aligning thecoupling element62 with theslot64. Although only asingle coupling element62 andslot64 is visible inFIG. 5C, it will be appreciated that the second coupling element and slot will be located on the opposite side of the illustrated pair of prostheses.
• InFIG. 5C, the twoprosthesis60 are abutted directly against each other. Such a configuration is advantageous in that it provides for a substantially continuous stent or graft structure when the pair is expanded together in a body lumen. The structure, however, is disadvantageous in that it does not provide for flexibility at the point where the two prostheses meet. In order to provide for greater flexibility, as shown inFIG. 5D, acoupling element62′ can have an elongated shank to provide for a desired offset, typically in the range from 0.05 mm to 1 mm, preferably from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm.
• Referring now toFIGS. 5E and 5F, axial separation of theprostheses60 is achieved by differential radial expansion of at least one of the prostheses. For example, when bothprostheses60 are in their unexpanded configurations, as shown inFIG. 5E, thecoupling elements62 are constrained by theslots64, as previously described. By radially expanding the left-hand prostheses60, as shown inFIG. 5F, thecoupling elements62 will be moved radially outwardly from the slots so that the two prostheses are no longer axially linked. It will be appreciated, however, that the twoprostheses60 may be radially expanded together (as described in more detail hereinafter) in a manner which preserves the link created by thecoupling elements62 andslots64 so that combinations of two, three, four, or more prostheses may be delivered simultaneously and, in effect, provide a continuous prosthesis having a length which is some multiple of the length of eachindividual prostheses60. The combined prostheses may then be separated from any additional prostheses (which remain in a delivery catheter as described below) by the radial expansion of those prostheses which are to be deployed. In this way, stents, grafts, or other prostheses may be delivered to the body lumen in both different lengths (by properly selecting the number of individual prostheses60) and at different locations (by releasing individual ormultiple prostheses60 at different portions of the body lumen).
• Axially separable coupling elements may also be provided, as illustrated inFIGS. 6A and 6B. Eachprosthesis70 includes a pair ofmale coupling elements72 at one end and a pair offemale coupling elements74 at the other end. Themale coupling elements72 are typically short rods which extend axially from the periphery of the prosthesis end and the female coupling elements are typically short tubes having hollow interiors which detachably receive the male coupling elements. Thus, theprostheses70 may be joined in an end-to-end manner, as shown inFIG. 6B. The prostheses are separated by pulling them in an axial direction, as shown byarrow76, but will remain linked under axial compression as well as when exposed to a substantial bending moment. Thus, the axially separable coupling structures ofFIGS. 6A and 6B are advantageous in that they remain linked during deployment of theprostheses70, even when deployment involves significant bending and radial stress. Separation may be effected by pullback on the delivery catheter in order to disengage thecoupling elements72 and74.
• A third approach for detachably couplingadjacent prostheses80 is illustrated inFIG. 7. Eachprosthesis80 comprises an expansible ring of diamond-shaped members. Other conventional stent or prostheses structures, however, could also be used. Theadjacent prostheses80 are joined by anaxial beam82 which preferably includes a weakenedsegment84 near its midpoint. The use of such a joining structure, which will require physical breakage (as opposed to the simple detachment characteristic of the embodiment ofFIGS. 5 and 6) is advantageous in that it provides a very strong linkage which permits both the application of axial compression and axial tension without decoupling. The disadvantage of such a linkage is that it usually requires some mechanism or capability to be incorporated in the delivery catheter to permit selective breakage of the couple.
• Referring now toFIGS. 8A-8C, acatheter100 suitable for delivering a plurality of self-expandingprostheses102 will be described.Catheter100 comprises asheath104 having an axial lumen which carries theprostheses102 near itsdistal end106. Apusher tube108 is also positioned in the lumen and is located proximally of the proximalmost prosthesis102. Theindividual prostheses102 may be delivered into a body lumen, typically a blood vessel BV, as illustrated inFIG. 8B. The catheter is introduced over a guidewire GW to a desired target site in the blood vessel BV. When at the target site, a first of theprostheses102 is deployed by axially advancing thepusher tube104 so that the line ofprostheses102 is axially advanced, with the distal-most prostheses being released from thedistal end106 of the catheter. As it is released, thedistal-most prostheses102 expands since it is being released from the radial constraint provided by thesheath104.
• Catheter100 ofFIGS. 8A-8C is intended for delivering prostheses which abut each other in an end-to-end manner, but which are otherwise unconnected. Acatheter120 intended for releasing self-expandingprostheses122 which are mechanically linked byfrangible coupling elements124 is illustrated inFIGS. 9A-9C. Theprostheses122 andcoupling elements124 may be similar to the prosthesis structure shown inFIG. 7, or may comprise other linked prosthesis or stent structures, for example as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,117, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Catheter120 comprises asheath126, apusher tube128, and acatheter body130 having ashearing element132 at its distal end. Conveniently, thepusher tube128 is coaxially received over ashaft134 of thecatheter body130. In this way, the pusher tube may be used to axially advance eachprosthesis122 by pushing on the proximal end of the proximal-most prosthesis, as shown inFIG. 9B.
• Thecatheter120 is advanced over a guidewire GW to a desired target site in a blood vessel BV. After reaching the target site, at least afirst prosthesis122 is advanced from the distal end of the sheath so that it radially expands to engage an inner wall of the blood vessel. After the at least oneprosthesis122 is advanced sufficiently far, thefrangible coupling elements124 will reach ashearing element136, typically a metal ring, disposed at the distal end of thesheath126. By then axially retracting thecatheter body130, achamfered surface138 of theshearing element132 is engaged against theshearing element136 in order to shear thelinks122, releasing theprosthesis122, as illustrated inFIG. 9C. After deployment and release of thefirst prosthesis122,additional prosthesis122 may be released adjacent to the first prosthesis or at different, axially spaced-apart locations within the blood vessel.
• Referring now toFIGS. 10A-10C, acatheter140 for delivering a plurality of heatexpansible prostheses142 is illustrated. Theprostheses142 are composed of a heat memory alloy, such as a nickel titanium alloy, which has been programmed to remain in an unexpanded configuration when maintained at body temperature or below, and to assume an expanded configuration when exposed to temperatures above body temperature, typically temperatures above 43° C., often above 45° C. The prostheses will have coupling members which anchorsuccessive prostheses142 together, typically the radially separating anchors illustrated inFIGS. 5A-5F.
• Thecatheter140 includes asheath144 and apusher tube146. Thecatheter140 is advanced to a desired target site within the blood vessel BV over a guidewire GW in a conventional manner. After thedistal-most prostheses142 has been fully advanced from the sheath144 (usually by retracting thesheath144 while the prostheses are held stationary relative to the blood vessel BV using the pusher tube146), as shown inFIG. 10B, it will remain both unexpanded and attached to the nextproximal prosthesis142 which remains within the sheath. It is important that theadvanced prosthesis142 be anchored or tethered to the remaining prostheses since it has not yet been expanded and it would otherwise be lost into the lumen of the blood vessel.
• After the uncovered prostheses is properly positioned, a heated medium may be introduced through a lumen of thecatheter body148 so that it flows outwardly through the interior of thedistal-most prosthesis142. By properly selecting the temperature of the heated medium, the prosthesis to be deployed can be heated sufficiently to induce radial expansion, as illustrated inFIG. 10C. By positioning thecatheter body148 so that its distal tip is coterminous with the distal tip of thesheath144, inadvertent heating of theprostheses142 which remain within the sheath can be avoided. After theprosthesis142 has radially expanded, it will separate from thecoupling elements148 located on the next prosthesis which remains within thesheath144. Additional ones or groups ofprostheses142 may then be deployed, either at the same target site or at a different target site axially spaced-apart within the lumen of the blood vessel BV.
• As illustrated inFIG. 11, instead of using aninternal catheter body148, as illustrated inFIGS. 10A-10C, anexternal sheath150 may be used to deliver the heated medium around one or more deployedprostheses142. Other aspects of the construction ofcatheter140 may remain the same. Optionally, if prosthesis is martensitic at body temperature, further radial expansion can be achieved by internal balloon expansion.
• Referring now toFIGS. 12A-12D,catheter160 intended for delivery ofmultiple prostheses162 by balloon deployment is illustrated.Catheter160 comprises asheath164,pusher tube166, and acatheter body168. Thecatheter body168 includes anexpansible balloon170 over its distal portion.Individual prostheses162 are deployed, as illustrated inFIGS. 12B and 12C, by crossing the target area withcatheter160 and then retractingsheath164. A distal portion of theballoon170 lies within the distal-most deployedprosthesis162, as shown inFIG. 12B. The remaining proximal portion of theballoon170 will, of course, remain within theother prostheses162 which themselves remain within thesheath164. Theballoon170 is then inflated, but only the distal portion of the balloon beyond the sheath inflates within thedistal prosthesis162, as illustrated inFIG. 12C. Expansion of the remaining proximal portion of the balloon is prevented by thesheath164. Similarly, the remainingprostheses162 remain unexpanded since they remain within thesheath164. After deployment ofprostheses162,balloon170 may be deflated and retracted intosheath164 and remainingprostheses162.
• Referring now toFIG. 12D,additional prostheses162 may be deployed, either at the same target location within the blood vessel or at a different, spaced-apart locations within the blood vessel. Deployment of twoprostheses162 is illustrated. The twoprostheses162 are axially exposed as the sheath is retracted over the stents which are positioned over theuninflated balloon170. Theballoon170 is then inflated, as illustrated inFIG. 12D, thus expanding theprostheses162 within the blood vessel BV. It will be appreciated that thecatheter160 could carry many more than the four illustratedprostheses162, and three, four, five, ten, and even20 or more individual prostheses could be deployed at one time, with additional single prostheses or groups of prostheses being deployed at different times and/or at different locations within the blood vessel.
• Referring now toFIGS. 13A-13D, another embodiment of acatheter180 intended for delivery ofmultiple prostheses182 by balloon deployment is illustrated. In this embodiment,catheter180 comprises asheath184 having avalve member185 at its distal end, apusher tube186, and acatheter body188. Thecatheter body188 includes anexpansible balloon190 over its distal portion. To deployprostheses182, as illustrated inFIG. 13B, a predetermined number ofprostheses182 is first exposed by retractingsheath184 proximally (arrows) while holdingpusher tube186 in place. As shown inFIGS. 13B and 13C,valve member185 may be used to engage a distal end of one of theprostheses182 and thesheath184 and the pusher tube may be retracted proximally together (arrows inFIG. 13C) to separate a proximal number ofprostheses182 from a distal number ofprostheses182. The distal portion of theballoon190 lies within the distal, deployedprostheses182. The remaining proximal portion of theballoon190 will remain within theother prostheses182 which themselves remain within thesheath184. Theballoon190 is then inflated, as shown inFIG. 13D, but only the distal portion of the balloon inflates within thedistal prostheses182, as illustrated inFIG. 12C. Expansion of the remaining proximal portion of the balloon is prevented by thesheath184. Similarly, the remainingprostheses182 remain unexpanded since they remain within thesheath184.
• Referring now toFIG. 13D, single ormultiple prostheses182 may be deployed at the same target location within the blood vessel.Additional prostheses182 may also be deployed at different, spaced-apart locations within the blood vessel. Deployment of twoprostheses182 is illustrated at one location inFIG. 13D. It will be appreciated that thecatheter180 could carry many more than the four illustratedprostheses182, and three, four, five, ten, and even20 or more individual prostheses could be deployed at one time, with additional single prostheses or groups of prostheses being deployed at different times and/or at different locations within the blood vessel.
• Referring now toFIG. 14,kits200 according to the present invention comprise a catheter160 (or any other of the illustrated catheters of the present invention) in combination with instructions for use IFU. The instructions for use set forth any of the methods of the present invention, and in particular set forth how thecatheter180 may be used to implant single or multiple prostheses within a blood vessel or other body lumen. Thecatheter180 and instructions for use will typically be packaged together, for example within aconventional package202, such as a box, tube, pouch, tray, or the like.Catheter160 will typically be maintained in a sterile condition within thepackage202. The instructions for use may be provided on a package insert, may be printed in whole or in part on the packaging, or may be provided in other ways, such as electronically over the internet, on an electronic medium, such as a CD, DVD, or the like.
• The preferred embodiments of the invention are described above in detail for the purpose of setting forth a complete disclosure and for the sake of explanation and clarity. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and sprit of the present disclosure.

Claims (56)

1 A method for stenting extended lengths of a body lumen, said method comprising:

introducing a catheter carrying a plurality of radially expansible prostheses to a stenotic lesion within the body lumen, wherein the prostheses are arranged end-to-end on an expandable member;

radially expanding at least some of the plurality of prostheses simultaneously at a first location within the stenotic lesion, wherein the expanded prostheses have a combined length of between 40 mm to 100 mm and engage a wall of the body lumen with sufficient radial force to maintain patency thereof, the expanded prostheses being spaced apart from each other after expansion by a distance no more than about 1 mm so as to inhibit hyperplasia therebetween.

2. A method as inclaim 1, wherein a sheath covers at least some of the plurality of prostheses, the method further comprising retracting a sheath by a first distance to uncover the prostheses for radial expansion and wherein the uncovered prostheses do not expand during retraction of the sheath.

3. A method as inclaim 1, wherein at least one other prosthesis remains on the catheter in the unexpanded configuration while the prostheses are radially expanded.

4. A method as inclaim 1, wherein the expandable member comprises a balloon and radially expanding comprises inflating the balloon.

5. A method as inclaim 2, wherein the expandable member comprises a balloon and the balloon is disposed under the prostheses to be radially expanded and at least another prosthesis, and wherein expansion of the at least another prosthesis is constrained by the sheath when the expandable member is expanded.

6. A method as inclaim 2, further comprising engaging a proximal end of the plurality of prostheses with a pusher tube to restrain axial movement thereof as the sheath is retracted.

7. A method as inclaim 2, further comprising engaging at least one of the plurality of prostheses with a valve member disposed near a distal end of the sheath.

8. A method as inclaim 6, further comprising retracting the pusher tube along with the sheath in order to separate the prostheses to be expanded from any remaining prostheses on the delivery catheter.

9. A method as inclaim 1, further comprising heating the uncovered prostheses to effect expansion thereof.

10. A method as inclaim 1, wherein the prostheses are balloon expandable.

11. A method as inclaim 1, wherein the plurality of prostheses are resilient and radially constrained by a sheath disposed at least partially thereover, wherein the prostheses radially self-expand as the sheath is retracted.

12. A method as inclaim 1, further comprising repositioning the catheter and further expanding additional prostheses at a second location within the stenotic lesion.

13. A method as inclaim 1, wherein the body lumen is a blood vessel.

14. A method as inclaim 1, wherein the prostheses releasably carry at least one agent disposed thereon.

15. A method as inclaim 14, wherein the agent inhibits hyperplasia.

16. A method as inclaim 1, further comprising dilating the radially expanded prostheses with the expandable member after expansion thereof.

17. A catheter for stenting extended lengths of a body lumen, said catheter comprising:

a catheter body having a proximal end and a distal end;

at least three discrete stents carried near a distal end of the catheter body, the discrete stents radially expandable from a contracted configuration to an expanded configuration in which the stents engage a wall of the body lumen;

a deployment mechanism for selectively deploying the stents both independently and in groups from the catheter body within the body lumen, the deployment mechanism being adapted to deploy a multiplicity of stents while at least one other stent is retained in the catheter unconnected to the multiplicity after the multiplicity of stents are released from the catheter and are in the expanded configuration, wherein the deployment mechanism allows the multiplicity of stents to radially expand into the expanded configuration with a distance between adjacent stents small enough to inhibit hyperplasia therebetween.

18. A catheter as inclaim 17, wherein the catheter body is free of fixed structures intervening between the stents

19. A catheter as inclaim 17, comprising at least four discrete stents carried near the distal end of the catheter body.

20. A catheter as inclaim 19, comprising at least five discrete stents carried near the distal end of the catheter body.

21. A catheter as inclaim 17, wherein the deploying means comprises at least three independently inflatable balloons, wherein each balloon carries at least one stent.

22. A catheter as inclaim 17, wherein the deploying mechanism comprises a single balloon reciprocatably mounted within the catheter body and a pusher for successively loading stents over the balloon.

23. A catheter as inclaim 17, wherein the deploying mechanism comprises a radial restraint which holds the stents in a radially collapsed configuration and which can be selectively retracted to release the stents independently or in groups.

24. A catheter as inclaim 17, wherein the deploying mechanism comprises a radial restraint which holds the stents in a radially collapsed configuration and a pusher for holding the stents in place while the radial restraint is retracted to expose the stents from the distal end of the catheter body independently or in groups.

25. A catheter as inclaim 24, wherein the radial restraint comprises a sheath having a valve member at its distal end for engaging a proximal stent to separate the proximal stent from a distal stent.

26. A catheter as inclaim 17, wherein the stents have at least one agent disposed thereon.

27. A catheter as inclaim 26, wherein the agent is disposed in a bioresorbable material formed on or within the prostheses.

28. A catheter as inclaim 27, wherein the bioresorbable material is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, collagen, gelatin, polyglycolic acids, and polylactic acids.

29. A catheter as inclaim 26, wherein the agent inhibits hyperplasia.

30. A catheter as inclaim 29, wherein the agent is biologically active.

31. A catheter as inclaim 17, wherein the biologically active agent is selected from the group consisting of anti-neoplastic drugs such as paclitaxel, methotrexate, and batimastal; antibiotics such as doxycycline, tetracycline, rapamycin, and actinomycin; immunosuppressants such as dexamethosone and methyl prednisolone; nitric oxide sources such as nitroprussides; estrogen; and estradiols.

32. A catheter as inclaim 29, wherein the agent is biologically inert.

33. A catheter as inclaim 32, wherein the biologically inert agent is selected from the group consisting of collagen, PEG, PGA, ceramic material, platinum and gold.

34. A catheter as inclaim 17, wherein the stents are composed at least partly of a bioabsorbable material.

35. A catheter as inclaim 34, wherein a bioactive substance is disposed in the bioabsorbable material and is released over time as the material degrades.

36. A catheter as inclaim 34, wherein the bioabsorbable material is formed on or within a scaffold composed of a non-bioabsorbable material.

37. The catheter ofclaim 17, wherein the deployment mechanism allows the stents to expand such that the distance between the adjacent stents after expansion is no more than about 1 mm.

38. A catheter system for implanting prostheses in a body lumen, said catheter system comprising:

a catheter body having a proximal end and a distal end;

at least two radially expandable prostheses carried near a distal end of the catheter body, the at least two prostheses radially expandable from a contracted configuration to an expanded configuration in which the prostheses engage a wall of the body lumen, the at least two prostheses being independently deployable of one another; and

an expansion element disposed near the distal end of the catheter body having an expandable portion adapted to radially expand one or more of the at least two prostheses into engagement with a wall of the body lumen, the expandable portion having an expandable length which is operator-adjustable from the proximal end such that expanded length may be expanded while a remaining length of the expansion element remains unexpanded;

wherein at least two prostheses are positionable on the expandable portion so as to be expanded simultaneously, and wherein at least one of the prostheses may be retained unexpanded on the catheter while at least one other of the prostheses is being expanded.

39. The catheter system ofclaim 38, wherein the expansion element comprises an inflatable balloon.

40. The catheter system ofclaim 38, further comprising a sheath axially movable on the catheter body to cover at least a portion of the expansion element and the prostheses.

41. The catheter system ofclaim 40, wherein the sheath is adapted to constrain expansion of a selected length of the expansion element.

42. The catheter system ofclaim 40, further comprising a valve member coupled to the sheath and adapted to engage one or more of the prostheses.

43. The catheter system ofclaim 40, further comprising a pusher axially movable relative to the sheath and adapted to hold the prostheses in position as the sheath is moved.

44. The catheter system ofclaim 43, wherein the pusher may be selectively coupled and uncoupled with the sheath so as to move axially therewith or to stay fixed as the sheath moves.

45. The catheter system ofclaim 38, wherein the prostheses are unconnected to each other prior to deployment.

46. The catheter system ofclaim 38, wherein the expansion element has a length at least as long as the combined length of two of the prostheses.

47. The catheter system ofclaim 38, wherein at least three prostheses are carried by the catheter.

48. The catheter system ofclaim 47, wherein the expandable portion of the expansion element has a maximum length at least as long as the combined length of all of the prostheses in the catheter.

49. The catheter system ofclaim 38, wherein the prostheses comprise vascular stents.

50. The catheter ofclaim 49, wherein the prostheses carry a therapeutic agent.

51. The catheter system ofclaim 50, wherein the therapeutic agent inhibits hyperplasia.

52. The catheter system ofclaim 50, wherein the therapeutic agent is disposed in a bioresorbable material formed on or within the prostheses.

53. A catheter system as inclaim 52, wherein the bioresorbable material is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, collagen, gelatin polyglycolic acids, and polylactic acids.

54. The catheter system ofclaim 52, wherein the bioresorbable material is coated on the prosthesis.

55. The catheter system ofclaim 38, wherein the prostheses are adapted to expand such that adjacent ends of thereof are no more than about 1 mm apart.

56. The catheter system ofclaim 38, wherein following expansion in the body lumen the prostheses are substantially free of material extending between adjacent prostheses.

Images