US20080116269A1 - RF point of sale and delivery method and system using communication with remote computer and having features to read a large number of RF tags - Google Patents

Abstract

A method and system for providing point-of-sale and point-of-delivery and/or distribution of products in a restricted access unit near the customer. The method and system utilize products equipped with radio frequency tags and reduce the effects of energy sharing, shadowing, and nulls. In one embodiment, a plurality of RF tagged products are placed within a refrigerator, cabinet, or other micro-warehouse that has a door or opening that can detect access to the micro-warehouse. In one embodiment, one or more antennas are positioned within the door. Each antenna may have a transmission line of sight and be configured to emit a signal at predefined frequencies. Each antenna generates an electromagnetic field within the micro-warehouse. In one embodiment, the products are positioned in one or more bins, compartments, or similar devices located within the micro-warehouse such that at least two of the plurality of products are spaced a distance from each other to reduce energy sharing. The electromagnetic field is moved or altered within the micro-warehouse through the use of reflectors, devices that move the antennas, or other mechanisms.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/981,219 filed on Oct. 16, 2001. Application Ser. No. 09/981,219, claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 60/241,907, filed on Oct. 20, 2000.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to methods and systems for distributing products to customers. More particularly, the invention relates to a system that tracks the use of products using radio frequency (“RF”) tags and provides information to a central computer to enable automated restocking, inventory, tracking, or reordering of the products.
• A variety of paper-based, electronic, and Internet ordering systems are available and in use today. In addition, a number of inventory tracking systems, including systems that use bar coding are also in use. Beyond bar codes, it has been proposed that inventory tracking can be accomplished using RF tags. However, commercially acceptable RF systems, particularly systems that are able to track hundreds of items in relatively small areas, have not yet been developed. Furthermore, commercially acceptable integrated systems that allow consumers to order and receive goods at a location proximate to where the goods are used and that also automatically, and with limited human intervention, track usage and initiate reordering are also not available.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• Accordingly, there is a need to improve the distribution and tracking of goods so that consumers experience distribution of goods at a location proximate to where the consumer will use the goods without requiring paper or computer ordering. There is also a need for a distribution system that is able to track numerous RF tagged items positioned in relatively small areas or volumes.
• The invention provides a system and method where a user need only find the product of interest and take that product. As compared to most Internet-based systems and methods, the invention is “clickless.” In other words, the invention requires little or no manual input from users. The invention provides a system for distributing a plurality of products. Each of the products has a radio frequency (“RF”) tag. As used herein, radio frequency means electromagnetic radiation that lies between audible and infrared radiation, including microwave radiation. Each tag is encoded with a unique identifying code. In one embodiment, the system is accessed by individuals possessing a radio frequency user badge with an identifying code. Alternatively, the system could rely on magnetic swipe cards, password systems, biometric devices (such as a retinal scanner, thumb or finger print reader, voice identification unit, or the like), bar code cards, or other systems for limiting access to authorized individuals.
• The system includes one or more cabinets, refrigerators, similar storage units, (generically referred to as “micro-warehouses”) or even secured rooms that are stocked with the RF tagged products and accessed by individuals through one of the mechanisms described above. In one embodiment, each micro-warehouse defines an RF cavity, has a door that may be equipped with a lock (such as an electric-actuated lock), an antenna or antenna array mounted on or in the micro-warehouse, a client controller (or similar programmable device) coupled to the lock and the antenna, a badge or key reader, and an output or user-feedback device such as a light, audio device, or display. Using a signal from the badge or key reader, the client controller checks the identity of the individual accessing the micro-warehouse, such as by reading the code of the user badge. The user feedback device is then activated to indicate whether the individual attempting to access the micro-warehouse is authorized to access the unit. If the code or other identifier matches stored records of authorized users, the client controller opens the door and the user may remove desired products from the micro-warehouse. Once the user closes the door (and in some embodiments, the door is locked), the client controller performs a scan of the products remaining in the micro-warehouse to determine the identity of each of the products. The client controller then generates a message including the identity of each of the products or other message related to the products taken. That message or a second message based on the first is sent to a server. The server tracks product and user information automatically, that is, without relying on user input. The server also generates orders for products taken from the micro-warehouse by the user. The server can be programmed to automatically place those orders. This eliminates the need for the customer to re-order consumed items.
• Alternatively, the system can operate like a vending machine, but with the product exit chamber, the area behind a door through which a user reaches for the product after it has fallen from its storage area, arranged as the RF cavity. Tags on products that fall into the pick up area can be read before or as the user picks them up.
• Each user badge may also include billing information and form-of-payment information in addition to having identification information. As should be apparent, billing information could take the form of the entity to be billed, which may or may not be the individual associated with the tag. Form-of-payment information may include account information, credit card information, or the like.
• In one embodiment, an array of antennas is positioned within the door of each MW. Each antenna may have a transmission line of sight and be configured to emit a signal at one or more predefined frequencies. The antenna array generates an electromagnetic field within the MW. The products are positioned in one or more bins, compartments, or similar devices located within the MW. Preferably, the electromagnetic field is altered within the cavity defined by the micro-warehouse through the use of reflectors or devices that move the antennas within the array. In one embodiment, material that is reflective to RF signals is placed near the door/cabinet gap to prevent the escape of RF energy. This helps reduce accidental reading of tags outside the MW but near the gap, and exposure of people and things outside the MW to RF radiation.
• In one preferred embodiment, tagged products are positioned such that each tag on each product is organized in an orderly fashion such that 1) the likelihood of a tag being shadowed by an RF absorbing substance within the cavity is reduced, 2) the likelihood of one tag sharing energy with another due to too close proximity is reduced, and 3) the orientation of the tags located in the fringe RF areas, and in the nulls of the cavity, increases the RF cross-section and energy absorbency of each such tag. Some of the above three desirable characteristics may be achieved by placing the tags such that they are generally orthogonal to the transmission line of sight (as opposed to being positioned generally parallel) of at least one antenna within the array. In addition, at least two of the plurality of products may be spaced a distance from each other such that energy sharing is reduced. (“Energy sharing” is a phenomenon where one or more tags positioned in close proximity share energy from an electromagnetic wave traveling through the volume such that one or more of the tags fails to receive sufficient energy to be energized and, therefore, fail to emit an identifying signal.) In one form of the invention, the distance is based on the wavelength of the signal(s) from the antenna array and is a fraction thereof. In one preferred embodiment, the distance is about 3 to about 6 cm.
• It is also preferable that each tag have the ability to cloak itself for a predetermined amount of time. The amount of time may be in a range that is based on the maximum number of tags in the micro-warehouse and the temperature of the tags. In one embodiment, this time is about 1-5 seconds when the tagged products are stored at a temperature of −20° C. However, the amount of time is variable and depends on the temperature inside the MW, the tag type, the tag transmission algorithm, and the existence or not of a wake or decloak function. The cloaking time is selected to allow de-cloaking such that another scan can be done within an algorithmically acceptable time period.
• A controller (often referred to as a “client controller”) is coupled to the antenna array and is operable to control the antenna array such that a series of scans or runs are performed. In a preferred embodiment, the controller is operable to perform a baseline run, an inventory run, and a background run. The controller generates messages indicative of changes in the presence of tagged items within the micro-warehouse and stores those messages in a queue or buffer. The controller also calculates an integrity value, compares that value to a predetermined integrity value, and reports the comparison in the message.
• As is apparent from the above, it is an advantage of the present invention to provide a method and system of inventorying and distributing products. Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent by consideration of the detailed description and accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• In the drawings:
• FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a system embodying the invention.
• FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of servers and a client device used in the system shown inFIG. 1.
• FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of fulfillment, inventory, and other information flow among components in the system shown inFIG. 1.
• FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a system embodying the invention.
• FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of information flow among components of the system shown inFIG. 4.
• FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an exemplary micro-warehouse in the form of a freezer.
• FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the door of the micro-warehouse shown inFIG. 6.
• FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a door of a micro-warehouse configured according to another embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 9 is a perspective, partially phantom view of a chest capable of holding multiple drawers suitable for use in the micro-warehouse ofFIG. 6 and a drawer.
• FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a control system used in a micro-warehouse.
• FIG. 11 is a diagram of an exemplary embodiment of the control system shown inFIG. 10.
• FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of electromagnetic fields within a micro-warehouse.
• FIG. 13 is a perspective view of an exemplary packaged product illustrating possible locations for RF tags on the product.
• FIG. 14 is a flowchart of software used in one embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 15 is a flowchart of software of one embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 16 is a flowchart of software of one embodiment of the invention
• FIG. 17 is a flowchart of software of one embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 18 is a flowchart of software of one embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 19 is a flowchart of software of one embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 20 is a flowchart of software of one embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 21 is a graph of product tag read times versus the number of tagged products in a micro-warehouse.
• FIG. 22 is a flowchart of software of one embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 23 is a flowchart of software of one embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 24 is a flowchart of software of one embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• Before embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of the construction and the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of still other embodiments and of being practiced or being carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
• FIG. 1 illustrates anexemplary system25 embodying the invention. Thesystem25 includes two servers (maintenance and commerce)26 and27 that create and maintain user lists, perform inventory, account, ordering functions, and monitoring functions, such as micro-warehouse status, monitoring temperature, and other faults.Servers26 and27 may communicate with a client (and, more particularly, a computer or similar device such as the controller in a micro-warehouse (“MW”) discussed below) using standard protocols such as TCP/IP, UDP, or other protocols over anetwork28. Thenetwork28 may be the Internet, a telephone network, a wireless network, power line carrier (“PLC”) network, or other type of network and combinations thereof. In the embodiment shown,servers26 and27 include standard hardware and operating system software (not shown). Running on top of the hardware and operating system software is aMW enterprise application29. TheMW enterprise application29 accesses aprofile database30 that includes aregistration module31, anorder history module32, an account set-upmodule33, and astock request module34. Each of the modules31-34 is maintained for each client coupled to theserver27. The modules may be configured with web content designed to be accessible by a system administrator using protocols for the World Wide Web section of the Internet.
• As best seen by reference toFIG. 2, theMW enterprise application29 performs numerous functions. Broadly, theMW enterprise application29 controls the administration of the radio frequency identification (“RFID”) badges or other user badges or keys (discussed below), manages communication sessions with clients connected to theserver27, maintains an inventory of products for each client connected to theservers26 and27, checks inventory of MWs, and in some embodiments, other MWs local to the specific MW of interest, before ordering a product, manages security of communications, provides system administration functionality, and monitors and maintains the health of clients connected to the servers.
• The registration module31 (FIG. 1) provides part of the inventory functionality of theserver27 by providing access to information regarding the location of clients connected to theserver27. In one embodiment of the invention, the clients take the form of MWs. The registration module also provides access to information regarding sales persons assigned to a particular MW and the identification, location, and similar information for each MW. Theregistration module31 may access aMW database34A.
• Theorder history module32 provides a history of orders for eachMW36 and product preferences for eachMW36. The account set-up module provides administrative screens for payment authorization, user information, and similar information. Thestock request module34 controls inventory replenishment based on usage and on specific customer requests and similar information.
• Theserver27 also accesses acommerce engine35 that uses information received from a client (or MW) to generate orders that are delivered to a fulfillment infrastructure (not shown). The fulfillment infrastructure produces products to be distributed using the system and method of the invention. The information may be used by a manufacturing infrastructure and marketing, customer relation management (“CRM”), billing, and other systems and functions (all not shown). For example, the invention may be used in the distribution of life science research products such as enzymes, assays, cloning vectors, competent cells, and the like. (Of course, a wide variety of non-biological products could be distributed using the invention.) The information provided by theserver27 is used in the manufacturing infrastructure to ensure proper production of products according to the demand for such products. As noted above, theserver27 may be coupled to a plurality of clients or MWs. An exemplary client in the form of theMW36 is shown inFIG. 1. While only one client is shown, the number of clients connected to theserver27 is limited only by the server's internal capacity and the capacity of thenetwork28.
• TheMW36 may take the form of a refrigerated cabinet, a freezer, or other storage container. A secured storeroom, similar location, or other defined area could also be outfitted with a client controller and other components, as described herein, and be used to store products. In the embodiment shown, theMW36 includes adoor37. While it is preferred, it is not required that theMW36 have a door. Devices (such as light curtains) that sense when access to the interior of the MW is being attempted may also be used. As noted, in another embodiment, the system may utilize a defined area to enclose the tagged products rather than a cabinet. The defined area uses an access point (not shown) to serve as its entryway. The products within the area are fitted with identification tags and specifically positioned in the area to be read by a RF inventory interrogator (such as acontroller45 and antenna array (discussed below)). Product scans begin when a sensor (such as, e.g., a proximity sensor) senses a user passing through the access point. The access point is controlled by a processor, such as theclient controller45, and is able to control doors, portals, alarms, or other mechanisms to restrict access to the area and products.
• As shown, theMW36 may also include an electric actuatedlock39, aproximity sensor40, and a user feedback or, more generally, an output device that may take the form of an audio device or light41. Other output devices such as a voice synthesis device, a display screen, and the like may also be used. TheMW36 is configured with anantenna array43. Theantenna array43 is coupled to theclient controller45. In one embodiment, the invention may include an antenna array with six vertically or circularly polarized antennas. Theantenna array43 is a RF receive and transmit system that communicates with transponder devices or tags (discussed in greater detail below). In one embodiment, each tag is a passive tag and powered by energy from theantenna array43.
• TheMW36 may include a specialized badge or card reader47 (generically a “key reader”) in the form of a magnetic card swipe device, an antenna, a fingerprint reader, or similar device. The reader47 is coupled to theclient controller45 via acommunication link49. TheMW36 may also include internal andambient temperature sensors55 and56. Thetemperature sensors55 and56 are coupled to theclient controller45 to provide temperature information to the client controller. Additional information may be provided to the client controller through optional input devices. The location of theMW36 may be monitored by a global positioning system (GPS) device (not shown) plus inertial frame recognition for fine measurement and for interpolation between GPS satellite acquisitions. Motion and shock of transport may be monitored with an accelerometer (not shown). The voltage, current, and other characteristics of electrical supply lines may be monitored and provided to theclient controller45 by a power-line-monitoring device (also not shown). The on/off duty cycle of the current supplied to the refrigeration compressor can be used, with the internal and ambient temperatures, to indicate the relative health of the compressor. Additional input devices, such as cameras, microphones, sensors, etc., could be coupled to the client controller to monitor environmental and other conditions.
• A smartcard reader (not shown) may also be coupled to thecontroller45. A smartcard, in addition to identifying the customer for admittance purposes, can contain a preloaded monetary equivalent that can be debited at the time of door closure for any products taken during the door open session.
• Theclient controller45 includes software to carry out several functions that are discussed in greater detail below. If desired, theclient controller45 may be a consumer grade device, such as a Palm Pilot® personal digital assistant, Packet PC device, or a personal computer, modified according to the teachings herein. Depending on the hardware used, theclient controller45 may be configured with a graphical user interface (“GUI”) to facilitate interaction between thesystem25 and its users.
• Theclient controller45 includes software (discussed below) which may interrogate the RF tagged products within theMW36. The interrogation process involves sending signals from antennas and receiving signals from passive, transponder RFID tags. Preferably, interrogation is accomplished in such a way as to eliminate or reduce interference problems that are typically associated with reading RF signals from multiple devices. Thesystem25 could also be implemented with active tags (not shown), although presently available active tags need to be improved so as to perform in the temperatures that the embodiments of a system for distribution of life science research products are expected to operate within and at roughly the same cost and power consumption.
• In one embodiment of thesystem25, one or more RFID access badges75 (FIGS. 1 and 3) are be generated. Preferably, theRFID badges75, as well as the other RFID tags (discussed below) are passive transponder tags. Preferably, theRFID badges75 are encoded with unique identifying information from the account set-upmodule33 based on digital signatures. In addition, it is preferred that the digital signatures encoded on theRFID badges75 used by restocking services provide one-time access to a specific MW, and thereafter expire, and be disposable. One-time access badges may be set to expire after a certain amount of time or at a set time. However, thebadges75 may also take a form that can be enabled again for one-time access at the next restocking event. The RFID access badges may be fixed on a carton of products80 (FIG. 3). Alternatively, they may be delivered separately to the facility where the MW of interest is located. Alternatively, they may be the badges of field personnel or designated on-site authorized support personnel.
• As best seen by reference toFIG. 3, the carton ofproducts80 includes a plurality ofindividual products90 each with anidentification tag95. Eachidentification tag95 may be structurally the same as anRFID badge75, but coded with different information and configured such that the digital signature ontag95 will generally not expire. In one form of the invention, eachtag95 has a 16-bit group identification code and a 32-bit item identification code. The 16-bit group identification code may be programmed with information such as the manufacturer or distribution channel of the product. The latter allows routing of the transaction involving a product to the proper enterprise system. The 32-bit item identification code is used to provide descriptive information regarding the product such as serial number, product type, date, lot number, and similar information, or a unique ID, which corresponds to such information in a database on a server.
• Once all theproducts90 have been fitted with unique RFID tags95, the products may be shipped in thecarton80 to a designated MW such as theMW36. Thecarton80 is packed according to a fulfillment request that is based on either an initial order from a customer (not shown) or MW specific business rules followed by theserver27. Thecarton80 may be fitted withRFID access badge75 or theRFID access badge75 may be shipped separately to the location of the MW of interest. If fitted with anRFID access badge75, thecarton80 may be shipped by a delivery service contracted to deliver the package to theMW36. Once the carton is delivered, the recipient or user may use theRFID access badge75 to open thedoor37 of theMW36 by passingRFID access badge75 in front of the reader47.Client controller45 reads the digital signature of theRFID access badge75 and confirms reading of the code by actuating a user feedback device such as a voice synthesis module or the light41. Since, theserver27 provides a locally based user list to theclient controller45, theclient controller45 oversees authentication of the digital code read from theRFID access badge75.Client controller45 checks the authenticity of the read code by matching the code to the user list.Client controller45 may then optionally read thetemperature sensors55 and56 and transmit temperature information to theserver26. If used, thetemperature sensors55 and56 are preferably read on a periodic basis, with the temperature information being transmitted to theserver26 each time the temperature is read.Client controller45 can also be programmed to transmit temperature data if the internal temperature falls beneath or above a predetermined range. In many instances, it will be important to ensure that the temperature of the MW is within an appropriate range to store theproducts90. If the temperature of theMW36 is within an appropriate range, and the user is authenticated, theclient controller45 then actuates thelock39 to open the door37 (of course, the MW need not be equipped with the lock39). If the temperature of theMW36 is not within an appropriate range, then access to theMW36 may be prevented by maintaining thelock39 in a closed state. This allows a refrigeration unit (not shown) associated with theMW36 to cool the interior space of theMW36 to a desired temperature before ambient air is allowed into theMW36 by opening of the door. This also provides forproduct90 integrity during a power failure.
• Once thedoor37 opens (which may be sensed by the proximity sensor40), or access to the interior of theMW36 is gained, a communication session between theMW36 andserver27, which may be segmented based on appropriate events to optimize user response and network usage, begins. Having full access to theMW36, the employee of a carrier or logistic service (such as UPS, Airborne Express, etc.) who delivered thecarton80 now proceeds to place theindividual items90 into theMW36. Once the carton ofproducts80 is empty, the delivery employee then closes thedoor37, and removes the carton, if necessary. Theproximity sensor40 senses the closing of thedoor37. Theclient controller45 senses the status of the sensor. Preferably, the lock39 (if used) resets automatically after being unlocked for a predetermined time, for example five (5) seconds. The user has that predetermined time to open the door. Power to theantenna array43 is disabled once thedoor37 opens. When thedoor37 closes or access is prohibited, a scan of theproducts90 placed within theMW36 is performed. Upon completing the scan, theclient controller45 sends a change-in-inventory message100 to thecommerce server27. To ensure integrity of the inventory change billed to the customer, theclient controller45 employs an integrity algorithm when theMW36 is scanned. The algorithm is based on statistical information, historical information, and other factors including RF algorithms and delay data.
• As will be explained further below, it was found, for one embodiment, that to accurately determine the number of tagged items in a MW36 (i.e., to provide acceptable integrity in the system), it is best to scan the tagged items multiple times. Further, in the embodiment where the MW takes the form of a freezer, refrigerator, or other cabinet, achieving integrity generally requires choosing a superset of tagged items from all scans as well as noting the set that represents the majority set (over 50%) of the scans, the number of scans in non-cloaked mode (which may be an empirical number, found to be ten for theMW36 illustrated inFIG. 6), and the number of scans in the cloaked mode (which for the same embodiment was empirically found to be three). To achieve greater system integrity (which in one embodiment is no more than one error in five-thousand tagged items), information from scans or interrogations is held on theserver27 for a predetermined amount of time (e.g., twenty-four hours). During this time, and while the subject MW is not being accessed by a customer, thecontroller45 performs background inventory checks. The background inventory checks are used to increase the inventory sample population data set to statistically significant levels whose cross section corresponds to the 1 in 5000 level. Preferably, any anomalies found are sent to theserver27 where they are used to modify information held on theserver27.
• TheMW36 may be accessed by a customer at the MW location using a separate RFID badge75 (or other identifying badge or key) shipped directly to that customer. Alternatively, and as noted above, the reader47 may be configured as a smartcard, a magnetic card swipe device, a barcode device, a fingerprint reader, or some similar device that controls access to theMW36. Regardless of its exact configuration, the reader preferably reads the badge or key, compares the ID information contained in the key with the list of authorized users stored in theclient controller45, and if the user's key matches one of those authorized, theclient controller45 acknowledges authorization by generating an output such as by lighting the light41. The list of authorized users is sent to theclient controller45 and updated as needed by theserver26. Theserver26 may be configured with the capability to authenticate a user's key as well. Once authentication takes place, theclient controller45 then opens thedoor37 allowing the customer or user to access the interior of theMW36. The customer then removes one ormore products90 from the interior of theMW36 and then closes thedoor37. Once the door is closed,client controller45 scans theproducts90 in theMW36 and sends an inventory message identifying the missing or addedproducts90 to theserver27. Theserver27 compares the previous inventory prior to opening to the current inventory. From the comparison, theserver27 determines the missing or added items in theMW36. The inventory information is then communicated to thecommerce engine35, which preferably stores the information for future use for both marketing and inventory functions. Receipts for the used products can then be sent via electronic mail or printed and shipped via regular mail to the customer at the MW location. Invoicing can also occur using other electronic and non-electronic communication mechanisms.
• The inventory message can be used for other purposes as well. For example, the inventory message includes information regardingindividual products90. Therefore, the amount of time aparticular product90 spends in anyMW36 may be recorded by the server, as well as the product's temperature history. If time is recorded, it is also possible to compare the amount of time anyparticular product90 spends in aMW36 to a shelf life or acceptable usable life for that product. Temperature history can also be stored and compared to other data. If the shelf life is passed, then an expiration message, such as a pick list, may be generated and sent to theMW36 or an electronic mail address of a user of the system to inform the user that certain products should be removed from theMW36 and not used. Temperature history and time sent by theMW36 to theserver27 may also be used to calculate a “storage-degree-day” value to for eachproduct90 in theMW36. This value may, in turn, be used to make an activity projection and expiry threshold for thesubject products90. The administrator of theMW36 may then use this information to remove expired products from theMW36.
• In yet another implementation, the inventory message may be used to determine the type ofproducts90 in theMW36. If any of the products present within theMW36 are subject to a recall by the manufacturer, theMW36 may be placed in a “lock down” condition, whereby access to theMW36 is denied until an administrator or other authorized individual removes the recalled product or otherwise addresses the situation. In addition to its use to protect against the use of recalled products, the lock down feature is useful for controlling the distribution of potentially spoiled or degraded products and other products where exacting product specifications and quality controls are desired, such as pharmaceutical products and controlled substances.
• FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate additional features of thesystem25. As shown inFIG. 4, thesystem25 may be implemented such that theMW36 communicates with a telephone system orsimilar access point105 through awireless communication link107. Theaccess point105 may be connected to a network service provider such as an Internet service provider (“ISP”)110. Theservice provider110 may provide a connection to the network28 (which is shown as the Internet inFIG. 4).FIG. 5 provides additional details concerning the exemplary fulfillment infrastructure noted above.Servers26 and27 may be configured in a cluster112 with a middleware server114, which in one form of the invention takes the form of an extensible markup language (“XML”) middleware server114. The cluster112 is protected by afirewall116 and communicates with an enterprise computer118 (such as a mainframe) which may run various enterprise resource planning (“ERP”), CRM, manufacturing, and other business process programs. Theenterprise computer118 communicates with anenterprise database120, which is also accessible by theserver27. It should be understood that the cluster112 may consist of any number of hardware or software servers and that the exact configuration may be modified depending on how the invention is implemented. In general, it is possible to combine functionality on one server or to separate out operations and functionality on multiple servers beyond those shown and described herein.
• In the embodiment shown, information received from taggeditems90 within eachMW36 is sent to the web cluster112, particularly theserver27, in an XML format. The XML formatted messages are transferred from theserver27 to the middleware server114, which hosts XML middleware120 (FIG. 5) such as Biz Talk® software. TheXML software120 communicates with other software/systems such asERP system124,web ordering system126, an RFID badge, key, orpasskey administration system128, and aMW administration system130. TheERP system124 may be configured to assignRF tags95 to selected products or lots of products; assign identities to eachMW36; handle inventory planning; handle re-supplying of MWs; and handle sales orders. Theweb ordering system126 may be configured to process customer order inquiries; inventory inquiries; passkey updates; and purchase order updates.
• FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary micro-warehouse in the form of afreezer230. In the embodiment of the invention described and illustrated, components are tuned to work efficiently in a micro-warehouse having a volume of about five cubic feet (about 142 liters) and that can hold hundreds of RF tagged items. However, other embodiments are possible, including, for example, a 21 cu. ft. (about 425 liters) freezer and a 15 cu. ft. (about 595 liters) room temperature hospital supply cabinet. Thefreezer230 includes ahousing232 with anopening234 and an interior235. Adoor236 is attached to thehousing232 such that thedoor236 can be closed to occlude theopening234 and opened to provide access to theinterior235 of thefreezer232. A number ofshelves238 are positioned within theinterior235. Eachshelf238 may hold one ormore cabinets240. Eachcabinet240 may include one ormore drawers242. Eachdrawer242 may hold multiple packaged products (discussed below). Products, particularly larger products, may also be positioned within abin244. The package dimensions of larger products often create a desirable separation of tags (which, as discussed below, reduces energy sharing).
• Thefreezer232 can be constructed using a standard freezer modified and equipped as described herein. For example, thedoor236 may be constructed from a door provided with a standard freezer. Insulation in the standard door is removed or otherwise formed or positioned and various components needed to scan RF tags on products stored within freezer230 (e.g., in thedrawers242 in the cabinets240) are added. Thefreezer230 may be equipped with a strip (not shown) of RF reflective material positioned around the perimeter of opening234 to prevent or reduce the escape or leakage of RF energy.
• As best seen by reference toFIGS. 6 and 7, thedoor236 includes afront panel250, which in one embodiment has curved sides such that a cavity ordepression252 is formed by thepanel250.Insulation254 is positioned within thedepression252. Near the center of thepanel250 theinsulation254 is hollowed out or otherwise formed or positioned such that a controller256 (discussed further below) may be positioned within thedoor236. A second portion of theinsulation254, near one corner of thepanel250, is also hollowed out or otherwise formed or positioned such that a badge orkey reader258 or similar device may be positioned within thedoor236. Theinsulation254, thecontroller256, and thekey reader258 are maintained within thedepression252 by a mountingplate260. Preferably, the mountingplate260 is made from metal. The mountingplate260 supports an array ofantennas261. In one preferred embodiment, the array ofantennas261 includesantenna262,antenna263,antenna264,antenna265,antenna266, and antenna267 (FIG. 6). Although six antennas are shown, the number and positioning of the antennas within thedoor236 is dependent on a variety of factors, such as antenna gain, beam shape and directionality, transmitted power, RF cavity geometry, reactivity and reflectivity, convenience of location, distance from transmitter, cost, antenna-antenna interference, effective use of antenna beam volume, prevention of RF energy escape from cavity, antenna size and shape, antenna-tag orientation, antenna multiplexing pattern, and other factors. Thus, the invention is not limited to the array shown and other arrays could be used and may be more suitable for different micro-warehouses. The array ofantennas261 can also either singly, or in some combination, be rotated through a small arc by using one or more actuators or similar devices to shift the beam interference pattern or electromagnetic field in the RF cavity, for example, to mitigate any RF nulls or shadows. The antennas may also be activated at different times and patterns to shift the beam interference pattern or alter the electromagnetic field within the RF cavity.
• The presence ofshelves238,cabinets240,drawers242, products, and tags may affect the electromagnetic field within thefreezer230. While most of the items just mentioned are preferably made from substantially RF transparent material, they nevertheless can block or diminish the strength of RF signals. Furthermore, the tags on the products and the products themselves are not made from RF transparent material and they may block or otherwise interfere with other tags receiving RF signals. These phenomena can be variously known as shadowing. The effects of shadowing may be reduced by positioning tagged products in thecabinets240 anddrawers242,bin244, or in other compartments, receptacles, or devices that can help provide separation.
• The waves from each antenna and reflections off of the interior surfaces of thefreezer230 interact to create an electromagnetic field with many nulls (areas where waves combine to cancel each other such that there is insufficient energy to energize passive RF tags). The effects of nulls may be reduced by moving the field within the interior of thefreezer230 at a speed and with a pattern such that any nulls generated change position over time. Alternatively, this can also be done by changing the geometry of one or more reflective surfaces in the RF cavity, such as with an acute sawtooth pattern, or by adjusting the power to minimize internal reflected power, or by selection or variation of antenna power and frequency. In some cases, more than one of these alternatives is used. Preferably, reflectors such as the reflector670 (FIG. 12) are used. (As shown, thereflector670 is positioned at the rear of thefreezer230, but other placements within the freezer are also possible.) However, actuators, pivots, and other devices could be used to move the antennas262-267 to generate many different interference patterns and alter the position of nulls in the interior235 such that no tag is positioned at or within a null for any significant length of time. For example, as shown inFIG. 8 the antennas262-267 could be mounted onpivots269 and coupled to small, electrically or pneumatically poweredactuators270 located within thecavity252 and mounted on the mountingplate260. Antennas suitable for use in at least some embodiments of the invention include Huber & Suhner model 2400/70/9/0/CP antennas, which are available from commercial sources. Preferably, the antennas262-267 are protected by a RF-transparent radome272. Theradome272 also helps position the antennas262-267 at desired locations along thedoor236. As will be discussed in greater detail below, thecontroller256 sends and receives signals from the antennas262-267. Signals transmitted by the antennas262-267 are used to excite passive RF transponder tags270 (FIG. 13) attached to products272 (FIG. 13) stored within thefreezer230 or applicable MW. In preferred embodiments, the products are in thedrawers242 of thecabinets240 or bins (when larger products are stored). Signals generated by the transponder tags270 are received by the antennas262-267 and processed by thecontroller256.
• Before discussing embodiments of the invention in greater detail, some premises of their design, particularly the designs shown inFIG. 6 and higher, need to be addressed. First, for those embodiments implemented in a micro-warehouse, RF cavity considerations are important. Second, the particular embodiments described are designed to be compliant withPart 15 of the regulations issued by the United States Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”).Part 15 of the FCC regulations places limitations on antenna powers and frequencies that may be used in systems, such as the current one, where RF tags are scanned. In order to meet the requirements ofPart 15 as well as the requirements of scanning numerous tags within a relatively small volume (or RF cavity), an antenna frequency in the GHz range (or microwave range) was chosen. In particular, the inventors discovered that a frequency of about 2.45 GHz was best suited for the applications discussed herein. Nevertheless, alternative embodiments of the invention could be configured to operate at different power ratings and frequencies (for example, MHz embodiments), as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art after reviewing the designs and teachings set forth herein.
• FIG. 9 illustrates anexemplary cabinet240 used in thefreezer230. Thecabinet240 includes a top280, a bottom282, a rear284, andsides286 and288. In the embodiment shown, thecabinet240 includes fourbays290. Eachbay290 is configured to accept adrawer242. Each drawer includes apull knob300 or similar device and a plurality ofangled separators302. Theangled separators302 define a plurality ofslots304 in which packagedproducts270 with RF transponder tags272 may be positioned. Theseparators302 are configured to position products within theinterior235 of the tofreezer230 such that tags272 on theproducts270 contained within any onedrawer242 are maintained at a minimum separation distance and, in one embodiment, in a generally orthogonal position with respect to the transmission line of sight of the antennas located most proximate to thesubject drawer242. Orthogonal positioning is not necessary, however. The purposes of spacing tagged products include reducing energy sharing among and between proximate tags such that each tag on each product within thefreezer230 is energized at its requisite level, which for one embodiment is a minimum of about 0.23 mW/cm². In the embodiment shown, the distance between theseparators302 may be based upon the frequency of the signals from the antennas262-267. In particular, spacing corresponding to a fraction of, and in one preferred embodiment, approximately ½ of the wavelength of the 2.45 GHz excitation signal (approximately 3 to 6 cm) has been found to reduce energy sharing among the tags. Preferably, the smallest possible spacing is used and shorter separation distances than those specified have been found to be adequate in some circumstances, particularly where other parameters such as frequency, antenna power, and others are different from the particular examples provided herein.
• Instead of drawers and cabinets, bins or similar items with separators could be placed directly on the shelves or surfaces within thefreezer230. In addition, in some applications, the impact of energy sharing may be reduced through the selection of frequency, RF power, and transponder design (mainly size) such that products can be placed in a random or haphazard manner within thefreezer230.
• FIG. 10 schematically illustrates one exemplary embodiment of the architecture of thecontroller256. Thecontroller256 includes a central processing unit orprocessor400 that receives time signals (e.g., time of day) from a real-time clock402. In one embodiment, the real-time clock is synchronized periodically to a standard time reference, such as the atomic standard clock at the National Institute of Standards (“NIST”), connected to thereal time clock402 through thenetwork28. Synchronization of the real-time clock402 helps ensure accuracy in time stamping the transactions (e.g., taking and placing tagged products in the freezer230) controlled by thecontroller256. Theprocessor400 receives inputs from an optionalbiometric device404, a badge or key reader orsimilar device408, and the antennas262-267. The antennas262-267 receive information from the taggedproducts270 within thefreezer230. Thetags272 on theproducts270 produce identifying signals in response to being excited by signals transmitted from the antennas262-267. Theprocessor400 sends signals to the antennas262-267 through acontroller412. Thecontroller412 provides a command signal to amultiplexer413, which addresses each antenna262-267. One controller suitable for use as thecontroller412 is an SCS 511 scanner with 100 398 multiplexer available from Single Chip Systems (“SCS”) Corporation, San Diego, Calif. The interrogation operation (energization of and then reading of signals emitted by the tags) performed by thecontroller412 andantenna array261 will be discussed in further detail below.
• Theprocessor400 reads and writes data to amemory414. Theprocessor400 also controls adisplay416, which is used to communicate with users of thefreezer230. Thedisplay416 may be a simple lighted logo display which when lit indicates authorization of access to thefreezer230 and when unlit or lit in another color indicates denial of access to thefreezer230. A proximity sensor, e.g., thesensor420, may be positioned on thedoor236 or around theopening234 to provide information to theprocessor400 regarding whether thedoor236 is opened or closed or the area comprising the MW has been accessed. Information relevant to operation of thefreezer230 and protection of the products therein, such as temperature, power status, and the like (sometimes referred to as “operational status,” “heartbeat,” or “health” information), is received over one or more input lines represented bycommunication link422 from temperature, power, and positioning sensors, which are represented by thebox424. Communication between theprocessor400 and theservers26 and27 (or server cluster112) may be accomplished using a variety of technologies and hardware.FIG. 10 illustrates awireless system425 that is connected to anaccess port430 via acommunication link432. 802.11b wireless links, available from many vendors, are suitable for use in the invention. In one preferred embodiment, wireless links from Aerocomm are used. Theaccess port430 may take the form of a modem or network interface device which may, in turn, be connected to an appropriate and compatible communication link such as alandline434,wireless network436,local area network438, or the like. Theaccess port430 ultimately connects to a communication link or network (such as the network28) that is linked to the server cluster112.
• FIG. 11 illustrates one implementation of theprocessor400 shown inFIG. 10. The implementation includes an example of theprocessor400 in the form of a M16C/80 chip from Mitsubishi. As would be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, a variety of other chips could be used. Theprocessor400 receives a clock signal from anoscillator600, power from asupply circuit601, and time signals from the real-time clock402. Software instructions used by theprocessor400 are stored on a non-volatile memory (such as EEPROM)602. Thememory602 may be implemented using a 512 kB Flash memory integratedcircuit603 and a 512 kB SRAM integratedcircuit604.
• Operational status (“health”) and related information of the relevant MW is received from aMW temperature sensor605 and anambient temperature sensor606. Abattery monitor608 monitors power supplied to theprocessor400. Acurrent switch609 is used to monitor the on/off duty cycle of the current supplied to the refrigeration compressor (not shown) in thefreezer230. Information from theswitch609 as well as information from the internal andambient temperature sensors605 and606 can be used to determine the relative health of the compressor.
• Theprocessor400 is connected to a power failure/lockdown circuit610. The powerfailure lockdown circuit610 is coupled to thesupply circuit601 and works in conjunction with an alarm circuit612. If power is cut off to theprocessor400, the powerfailure lockdown circuit610 causes the alarm circuit612 to generate an audio signal in order to alert users to the power failure condition. In addition, the lockdown/powerfail circuit locks the lock613 (FIG. 10) on thefreezer230 in order to prevent additional access to the freezer. This action protects against inventory theft and assists in maintaining the internal temperature of the freezer (which is important to protecting products therein) by maintaining the integrity of the insulated volume of air within the freezer.
• In the embodiment shown inFIG. 11, two mechanical switches, a door switch or sensor614 and akey switch615, are used. The sensor614 is equivalent to thesensor420 and provides and indication of whether thedoor236 is open or closed (or whether ingress or egress to a controlled or restricted access area has occurred as detected by some other sensor). Thekey switch615 provides a mechanical mechanism for rebooting the processor400 (a “hard” reboot). In addition, when turned to an off or disarm position (not shown) thekey switch615 provides an input to theprocessor400 that causes theprocessor400 to shut off. With theprocessor400 shut off, thefreezer230 may be operated, if desired, as a normal freezer without any access restriction or inventory monitoring. As should be apparent, it is preferred that distribution of the key or keys compatible with thekey switch615 be limited to service or other authorized personnel.
• Theprocessor400 sends control signals to an electromagnetic lock (if used) online617, which is coupled to an electro-magnetic actuator619 in thelock613. Information regarding the stability of thefreezer230 is provided by anaccelerometer621. Theaccelerometer621 can detect vibration or other motion caused by a variety of situations such as improper positioning of thefreezer230 or an attempt to tamper or otherwise obtain access to thefreezer230 by breaking thedoor236 or lock613 (if used).
• Theprocessor400 may control an output light such as alogo light624, which may be used to display the brand name of the manufacturer of the products placed within theapplicable MW36. Theprocessor400 may also provide output indicative of granting or denying access to thefreezer230 to a user through green LED626 andred LED628. Audio output, such as processor failure or similar status information, is delivered to anaudio circuit630. Theprocessor400 also receives inputs from an implementation of a badge or key reader in the form ofreader636. A reader suitable for use in the invention is a Visonics Key Reader, available from Visonics Inc.
• Communication between theprocessor400 and other devices such the server cluster112 may be accomplished using a dual universal asynchronous receive transmit (“UART”)integrated circuit638. For example, thecircuit638 may communicate with thewireless system425. Thecircuit638 may also communicate with a GPS system (not shown) through aninterface circuit640. Communication between theprocessor400 and thecontroller412 occurs through twolines642 and644. Thecontroller400 may also communicate to a maintenance computer through aconnector interface circuit650.
• FIG. 12 illustrates a simplified field model of the electromagnetic field within thefreezer230. Each antenna in thearray261 has a line of sight or bore sight represented by a straight line emanating from the respective antenna262-267. Electromagnetic waves having a frequency of about 2.45 GHz travel outward from each antenna262-267 into the space defined by the walls of the freezer230 (i.e., the RF cavity). The energy of the waves diminishes. The model shown includes two lines indicating where energy of the waves is at about −10 dB and at about −20 dB level.
• FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary packaged item in the form ofproduct270 that may be stored in thefreezer230. In the embodiment shown, theproduct270 includes one or more vials702 containing a biological assay. Theproduct270 also includes packaging that includes apouch704 and aperiphery706. The vials702 are positioned within thepouch704. Eachproduct270 also includes onetag272, preferably a passive RF tag.FIG. 13 illustrates multiple possible locations for thetag272 on the periphery706 (shown in phantom) and thepouch704. Thetag272 may be a folded-dipole, read-only tag, but other tags having other antenna geometries, such as bow-tie, may be suitable in some embodiments. Read-only tags suitable for use in at least some of the embodiments discussed and illustrated are available from SCS Corporation. As noted, in at least one embodiment, it is preferred that eachproduct270 be placed in one of thedrawers242 so that it is generally orthogonal to the transmission line of sight of those antennas262-267 that are adjacent to thesubject drawer242. It is also preferable that thetag272 be positioned on a portion of the packaging such that it will not be bent when placed within one of thedrawers242. Placement of thetag272 on thepouch704 provides a location that is less subject to bending than positions on theperiphery706. Alternatively, a rigid tag substrate or a rigid cover label may be used to prevent bending.
• Having described much of the mechanical and hardware aspects of embodiments of the invention, additional details of the software will be further described. As noted above, in general, thecontroller256 activates theantenna array261. The antennas262-267 emit signals that energize thetags272 on the products within thefreezer230. Eachtag272 emits an identifying signal. The identifying signals from thetags272 are received by the antennas262-267 and delivered to thecontroller256.
• As may be apparent, the energization of multiple tags in a relatively small, defined volume (e.g., the RF cavity defined by the interior walls of the freezer230) causes thetags272 to simultaneously or nearly simultaneously emit identifying signals. The signals interfere with each other such that identifying any individual signal from any onespecific tag272 is difficult, and in some cases nearly impossible. In order to readnumerous tags272, a “cloaking” system can be used. In general, cloaking refers to shutting down or otherwise disabling transmission of the tag once it has been energized and identified by an interrogator (for example, controller256). While cloaking is generally known, the inventors developed the specific use of the cloaking techniques described herein, including the specifications for minimum and maximum cloak time, and the cloak time distribution, with respect to RF cavity temperature.
• Thecontroller256 executes inventory control software. In the embodiment described, the software carries out six basic steps. First, thecontroller256 is initialized. Second, a baseline scan is performed. Third, access to thefreezer230 or relevant micro-warehouse is controlled based upon sensing the presence of and determining the validity of a user passkey using the badge orkey reader258 or similar device. Fourth, the operational status or health of the micro-warehouse is checked. Fifth, the inventory level of products is checked after a user has accessed the micro-warehouse (as sensed, for example, by closing of the freezer door236). Lastly, information gathered by thecontroller256 is communicated to the server cluster112.
• A more specific definition of the procedures performed by the inventory control software is set out in Table 1.

• TABLE 1
  Scan	A single request for a list of inventory identifiers
  	(“Inventory IDs”) (i.e., identifying codes stored in the tags) with
  	no duplicates. The scan continues until:
  	(a) a specified time limit has been reached,
  	(b) a specified rate of IDs per second is exceeded, or
  	(c) a specified limit of interval time between tag reads has been reached.
  	There are two modes of execution,
  	1. cloaked, and
  	2. uncloaked.
  Run	A series of one or more Scans continued either until
  	(a) a specified number of Scans has been reached,
  	(b) a specified time limit has been reached,
  	(c) a specified integrity level has been reached, or
  	(d) an event (such as an RF power failure) has occurred
  	which terminates a scan,
  	Each of (a)-(d) is a mode of execution, and one or more modes
  	can be requested. A run is terminated on the first occurrence of a
  	mode. Each Scan is separated by a specified time interval.
  Inventory ID	A 6-byte, binary hexadecimal string, unique to 244values. The
  	Inventory ID identifies a tagged product in a micro-warehouse.
  Integrity Level	A percentage expressed as “0.90.”
  Inventory List	A single list of all Inventory IDs present in a micro-warehouse
  ReadTime	The amount of time elapsed from the start of a Scan to the last tag
  	being read. This time may also be a set and includes the time
  	elapsed to the reading of each of any number of tags.
  ReadTemp	The temperature of any one tag as reported by the tag during a
  	Scan (assumes that system is implemented using tags that are
  	capable of reporting their temperature).
  ScanTime	Time limit for one Scan
  ScanInterval	Time between tag ReadTimes in one Scan
  NumScans	Number of Scans to perform in a Run
  ScanWaitTime	Time to wait between Scans for de-cloaking
  ReadRate	Rate of tags read per second during one Scan

• As noted in Table 1, the read time (or for the specific embodiment discussed, “ReadTime”) of a scan is the elapsed time from the start of a scan to the reading of any or all of the tags in the field generated by the antennas. The read time can be collected in either the non-cloaked or cloaked mode. The read time (which can also be a set of read times) can be sent to the server cluster112 as part of each transaction that results from a scan. The read time can be used as a composite indicator of several operating parameters, such as temperature, product tag position in the RF cavity, RF interference in the cavity, etc. For instance, a gradual lengthening of the read time(s) for all tags in a RF cavity can correspond to an increase in interior temperature. It is possible to quantify a temperature change from the shift in a tag versus read time curve (such as thecurve725 shown inFIG. 21). As another instance, the shape of the curve of tag versus read time for the last few tags that were read can be used as an indicator of an RF anomaly in the RF cavity that is preventing the tags from getting enough power to respond. In this case, the normally linear curve becomes exponential for the last few tags. Operating parameters read from other sensors in the RF cavity, such as the temperature sensor, can be used with the read time curve to predict the condition that resulted in the change in the read time curve.
• In one embodiment, the inventory control software includes three classes of runs: a base line run, an inventory run; and a background run. Definitions for Methods corresponding to these runs are set out in Table 2.

• TABLE 2
  Method	Function
  Baseline Run	A run in cloaked or uncloaked mode to
  Output: IntegLvl, ReadTime, ReadTemp)	establish the starting inventory list.
  Input: (NumScans, RunTime, IntegLvl,
  ScanInterval, ScanWaitTime, ScanTime,
  ReadRate)
  Inventory Run	A run or runs in uncloaked (or cloaked)
  Output: (PlusInventoryList,	mode to determine a new inventory list.
  MinusInventoryList, IntegLvl,	Uses master inventory list established at
  ReadTime, ReadTemp)	baseline, and returns the change in
  Input: (NumScans, RunTime, IntegLvl,	inventory between the master inventory
  ScanInterval, ScanWaitTime, ScanTime,	list and the new inventory list as plus delta
  ReadRate)	inventory and minus delta inventory.
  Background Run	A continuous series of scans in cloaked or
  Output: (PlusInventoryList,	uncloaked mode until a termination event
  MinusInventoryList, IntegLvl,	occurs, such as a user presenting a badge
  ReadTime, ReadTemp)	or key to request entry.
  Input: (NumScans, RunTime, IntegLvl,
  ScanInterval, ScanWaitTime, ScanTime, ReadRate)
  Reveal Inventory
  Output: (MasterInventoryList)

Classes of Runs
• Baseline Run
• • A run in cloaked mode to establish the starting inventory list.
  • If IntegrityLevel is not specified, the actual read integrity level is returned, that is, the number of times the majority scan list occurs. Creates the first master inventory list, consisting of the superset of all inventory IDs read throughout the baseline scans. The read integrity is returned even when an input integrity level has been set.
• Inventory Run
• • A run or runs in uncloaked (or cloaked) mode to determine changes to the inventory list. Uses the superset of all inventory run scans as the new list of inventory. Uses master inventory list (from baseline and/or background) or most recent temporary master inventory list, whichever is more recent, and returns change in inventory between master inventory list and new inventory list, as plus delta inventory and minus delta inventory. Creates new temporary master inventory list.
• Background Run
• • A continuous series of scans in cloaked mode until a termination event occurs. Uses a superset of all scans as the inventory list. Creates new master inventory list.
• Reveal Inventory
• • No scans. Returns most recent master inventory list.
• One useful feature of the embodiments described herein is that the manner in which thecontroller256 controls theantenna array261 may be adjusted. The adjustment may be accomplished by modifying certain software parameters, including those noted in Tables 1 and 2 (such as integrity level, read time, run time, wait time, scan interval, etc.) as circumstances change (for example, changes in temperature, tag type, RF cavity, etc.). As explained in additional detail below, these changes can be performed remotely by sending the changed parameters to thecontroller256 from the server cluster112.
• An overview of the operations performed by the inventory control software is set out inFIG. 14. Atstep750, thecontroller256 is reset via a hard reset by, for example, turning thekey switch615 to an arm position (not shown). Atstep752, the controller checks the server cluster112 to see if a new version of the controller software is available. If a new version is available, that version is downloaded and loaded into thememory602 and a soft reset is performed, as shown atstep754. Once any necessary software updates have been performed, thecontroller256 loads required parameters, reloads saved transactions, and reloads any master inventory information, if it exists, as shown atstep756. Atstep758, thecontroller256 checks its status. Atstep760, thecontroller256 determines whether a lockdown condition exists. If a lockdown condition exists, the controller sets a flag or similar device to indicate the presence of a lockdown condition (as shown at step762) and continues to check for the presence of a lockdown condition (as shown by loop764).
• Once it is determined that a lockdown condition does not exist, thecontroller256 performs a baseline run, queues (or places in a buffer) the inventory master value, and sets the lockdown flag to “off,” as shown atstep766. Thecontroller256 then executes a control idle loop (step768) or, more broadly, a main processing loop. In the embodiment illustrated, the control idle loop includes five basic operations: a check diagnostic command operation (step770), a poll user pass operation (step772), a poll status operation (step774), an update saved status operation (step776), and a check alarm conditions operation (step778). These steps are discussed in greater detail below. In summary, during these operations, thecontroller256 determines whether the user has an authorized key and whether any alarm or other conditions are present. If any of the alarm or status conditions meet the requirements of a lockdown situation (as determined at step780), the lockdown flag is set to “on” (step782), information obtained about the inventory in and status of theMW36 is sent to the server cluster112 (step784, background communication) and the control idle loop is executed again (as shown by loop786).
• If a lockdown condition does not exist, thecontroller256 determines whether a user has accessed the MW (step788) as determined, for example, by thecontroller256 sensing an opening and closing of thedoor236. If a user has accessed the MW, an inventory run is requested and the information from the run is queued in a transaction buffer, as shown inblock792. The information gathered from the inventory run is then sent to the server cluster112 (as shown at step784). Thecontroller256 continues to execute the software until reset.
• FIGS. 15 through 21 provide additional information regarding the operations (or routines) discussed above with respect toFIG. 14.
• As shown inFIG. 15, when thecontroller256 executes the control idle loop, it determines whether any diagnostic commands need to be processed (step793). If commands are unprocessed, thecontroller256 processes those commands (step794) and then returns to the control idle loop (step768).
• As shown inFIG. 16, after processing any diagnostic commands, thecontroller256 checks the validity of any key or pass presented by a user. If the key is invalid, appropriate feedback is provided by, for example, lighting the red LED628 (step796). The controller then returns to the control idle loop. If the key is valid, the controller checks for the existence of a lockdown condition (step798). If a lockdown condition exists, the controller denies access to the MW and returns to the control idle loop. If a lockdown condition does not exist, access is permitted and appropriate feedback provided by, for example, lighting the green LED626 (step799).
• FIG. 17 illustrates the operations performed during a poll status operation (step774). Thecontroller256 retrieves information from the various sensors (temperature, power, etc.) and returns to the control idle loop (step768). As shown inFIG. 18, updating saved status information involves assigning the information retrieved during polling (step774) to variables or registers holding prior status information.
• As shown inFIG. 19, checking alarm conditions (step778) involves comparing or otherwise evaluating the status information and other information, for example, shelf life, to predetermined thresholds (step800). In the event any information exceeds or fails to meet the predetermined thresholds, as the case may be, an alarm transaction is queued (step802). Then control is returned to the control idle loop (step768).
• FIG. 20 illustrates the functions performed bycontroller256 when it executes RF inventory operations. As shown at steps804-806, thecontroller256 first determines whether the scanning operation to be performed is a baseline run or scan, an inventory run, or a background run. The type of run to be performed is passed from the control idle loop to the RF inventory module. Depending on the type of run requested, the appropriate parameters are loaded, as shown at steps807-810. Once the parameters are loaded, an appropriate scan is performed, as shown atstep812. If the results of the scan are higher than a predetermined integrity level, a union set based on the results is formed as shown atsteps814 and816. If the results do not meet the predetermined integrity level, additional scans are performed until the integrity level is met or exceeded, as shown byloop818. If the type of run or scan performed was an inventory run (step819), changes between the inventory run and previously stored information (in the example shown, the inventory master) are determined, as shown at step820. Control is then returned to the control idle loop, as shown atstep822.
• The number of scans to be used in any run is variable and is set to ensure a predetermined integrity, which, in the ideal case, is 100% integrity of recorded inventory. In one embodiment of the invention, a plurality of scans is performed such that the specified integrity level is achieved based on experimental data. A superset or union of all the scan sets is then formed. For example, in order to achieve an integrity level of 50%, the number of identical scans must be the majority set. In one embodiment, experiments have shown that the number of scans, in non-cloaked mode, should be about ten and in cloaked mode, about three. Additionally, an order (a product removal or purchase transaction), based on inventory recorded before door opening and after door closure, can be aged or buffered, that is, held for processing, either in the controller or at the server, for some time until further transactions are recorded. If the additional scans from these further transactions reveal a product recorded as taken in the previous transaction, the erroneous transaction can be corrected before billing a customer. While it is possible for the system to miss a tagged item during a scan, testing of embodiments of the invention has not resulted in a situation where a scan indicated the presence of items not physically present in the relevant MW. In any case, anomalies in recorded inventory that are picked up in later scans can be used to correct the billing information. In actual use, it is believed, and limited tests have shown, that this type of correction will be seldomly required. Further, the baseline run and the background run are not necessary in all applications, and can be selected to be used on any particular MW at the time of manufacture, field installation, or service interval.
• Thetags272 may be equipped with the ability to report their temperature during a scan. A function of the temperature information obtained from thetags272 can be used to adjust the scan and scan wait times (defined in Table 1 as Scan and ScanWait) to adjust for cloak time changes due to temperature in order to ensure inventory integrity during any run. All of the instances mentioned in the above paragraph refer to read time in cloaked mode.
• Once thecontroller256 has scanned the tagged products in theMW36 orfreezer230, a message containing information regarding the scan is sent to the server cluster112. As shown inFIG. 22, in the particular embodiment shown, the message takes the form of a background communication (step784). Thecontroller256 checks, atstep850, whether a communication session or transaction between thecontroller256 and the cluster112 has already been started. If a transaction or communication has not been started, thecontroller256 checks to see whether there is any information to send to the cluster112, atstep852. If there is information to send, thecontroller256 creates a connection to the server cluster112, as shown atstep854.
• If no transactions are being processed or queued, thecontroller256 determines whether it should synchronize the real-time clock402 with a standard time reference (step855). For example, if a certain amount of time has passed since the last synchronization has occurred, thereal time clock402 is synchronized again to compensate for any variations that might have occurred since the last synchronization. If no synchronization is needed, the background communication module is exited and control is returned to the control idle loop. If synchronization is required, the clock is updated (as shown atsteps856 and857).
• If a transaction has been started or a transaction is queued, thecontroller256 processes the next transaction or message to be communicated to the cluster112 (as shown at step860). Processing of the next transaction includes sending inventory, status, alarm, heartbeat, and passkey information to the server cluster112. Once these transactions have been processed, thecontroller256 processes input transactions for transmission to the server cluster112 (step862). Information such as updated passkey information, updated parameters, resets, lockdown information, software updates, status requests, and passkey lists are sent to the server cluster112.
• FIGS. 23 and 24 illustrate operations performed by thecontroller256 upon the occurrence of key switch and interrupt events. As noted above, a transition of thekey switch615 from an arm position to a disarm position causes the controller to reboot or reset itself (as shown insteps875 and877 inFIG. 23). If a transition from the arm position to the disarm position occurs, thecontroller256 initiates a shutdown sequence and saves information in the transaction queue (as shown atsteps879 and881).
• Various events cause thecontroller256 to perform certain functions. For the embodiment described, the condition of a power failure causes a power fail transaction to be queued (steps890 and892 inFIG. 24). The need to input or output information on a serial port causes the controller to place the input information in an I/O buffer (steps894 and896). Operational status (or health or heartbeat) checks are carried out at predefined times. If the time for a status check has occurred, a status check is performed and the information obtained during the check is queued for transmission to the server cluster112 (steps900 and902). If the door switch or sensor is toggled, the time of day and temperature of theMW36 are recorded (steps904 and906). If the current sensor senses a toggling of the AC current, the toggle is recorded (steps908 and910). Finally, if the controller must provide user feedback (such as providing and indication of the validity of a passkey), the user feedback is provided and appropriate feedback flags are toggled (steps912 and914).
• As can be seen from the above, the present invention provides an RF inventory and distribution system with features to diminish the effects of energy sharing, nulls, shadowing, and other effects that degrade integrity in recording inventory changes.
• Various features and advantages of the invention are set forth in the following claims.

Claims (25)

1-94. (canceled)

95. A system comprising:

RFID scanning means for using RFID to scan an access-controlled area, wherein said RFID scanning means comprises an antenna and means for automatically physically moving the antenna using an electrical actuator that is mechanically coupled to the antenna;

inventory determining means for determining an inventory in accordance with a result of scanning by said RFID scanning means; and

access control means for controlling access of a user to the access-controlled area in accordance with reading of a RFID badge of the user.

96. A system according toclaim 95, further comprising reordering means for automatically reordering an object so as to cause the object to be delivered to the access-controlled area in accordance with (a) the inventory determined by said inventory determining means and (b) a predetermined business rule.

97. A system according toclaim 95, further comprising means for determining how much time an RFID tag has spent in the access-controlled area.

98. A system according toclaim 95, further comprising means for determining whether an object having an RFID tag, the object being disposed in the access-controlled area, has been recalled.

99. A system according toclaim 95, wherein said RFID scanning means further comprises means for obtaining a list identifying all RFID tags read during any of a plurality of RFID scans, and means for determining whether or not to perform an additional RFID scan.

100. A system according toclaim 95, further comprising:

reordering means for automatically reordering an object so as to cause restocking of the same to the access-controlled area, in accordance with (a) the inventory determined by said inventory determining means and (b) a predetermined business rule; and

means for determining whether an object corresponding to an RFID tag, the RFID tag being disposed in the access-controlled area, has been recalled,

wherein said RFID scanning means further comprises another antenna and means for activating said antenna and said another antenna at different times when performing RFID scanning.

101. A system according toclaim 100, wherein the object corresponding to the RFID tag is attached to the RFID tag.

102. A system according toclaim 101, wherein the access-controlled area is the interior of a refrigerated cabinet, and

wherein said access control means controls access of the user to the access-controlled area by controlling a lock of a door of the refrigerated cabinet.

103. A system according toclaim 102, wherein the inventory is an inventory of any biological products stored in the access-controlled area, each such product having a passive RFID tag and being selected from the group consisting of an enzyme, an assay, and a cloning vector,

wherein the inventory is determined in accordance with a differential comparison between two RFID scanning operations,

wherein the lock is an electric actuated lock comprising a solenoid,

wherein the refrigerated cabinet comprises sensing means for sensing opening and closing of the door of the refrigerated cabinet by sensing output of a proximity sensor,

wherein said antenna is mounted in the refrigerated cabinet, and

wherein the lock is further controlled in accordance with the temperature within the refrigerated cabinet.

104. A system according toclaim 95, wherein said RFID scanning means further comprises another antenna and means for activating the antenna and the another antenna at different times when performing RFID scanning, wherein each of the antenna and the another antenna are used to perform RFID scanning by sending signals for RFID tag interrogation and by receiving RFID tag-generated signals.

105. A system comprising:

RFID scanning means for using RFID to scan an access-controlled area, wherein said RFID scanning means comprises an antenna, means for automatically physically moving the antenna to change an orientation of the antenna, another antenna, and means for activating the antenna and the another antenna at different times when performing RFID scanning;

inventory determining means for determining an inventory in accordance with a result of scanning by said RFID scanning means; and

access control means for controlling access of a user to the access-controlled area in accordance with reading of a RFID badge of the user.

106. A system according toclaim 105, further comprising:

reordering means for automatically reordering an object so as to cause restocking of the same to the access-controlled area, in accordance with (a) the inventory determined by said inventory determining means and (b) a predetermined business rule; and

means for determining whether an object corresponding to an RFID tag, the RFID tag being disposed in the access-controlled area, has been recalled,

wherein the access-controlled area is the interior of a refrigerated cabinet, and

wherein said access control means controls access of the user to the access-controlled area by controlling a lock of a door of the refrigerated cabinet.

107. A system according toclaim 106, wherein the inventory is an inventory of any biological products stored in the access-controlled area, each such product having a passive RFID tag and being selected from the group consisting of an enzyme, an assay, and a cloning vector,

wherein the inventory is determined in accordance with a differential comparison between two RFID scanning operations,

wherein the lock is an electric actuated lock comprising a solenoid,

wherein the refrigerated cabinet comprises sensing means for sensing opening and closing of the door of the refrigerated cabinet by sensing output of a proximity sensor,

wherein said antenna is mounted in the refrigerated cabinet, and

wherein the lock is further controlled in accordance with the temperature within the refrigerated cabinet.

108. A system according toclaim 105, wherein said RFID scanning means further comprises means for modifying a frequency used by the antenna for RFID scanning.

109. A method comprising:

using RFID to scan an access-controlled area, wherein a plurality of RFID antennae activated at different times are used to effect the RFID scanning;

automatically physically moving an antenna of the plurality of RFID antennae to change its orientation;

determining an inventory in accordance with a result of the RFID scanning; and

controlling access to the access-controlled area of a user in accordance with an authentication procedure.

110. A method according toclaim 109, wherein the authentication procedure comprises reading a RFID badge of the user.

111. A method according toclaim 109, wherein the authentication procedure comprises reading a fingerprint of the user.

112. A method according toclaim 109, wherein the authentication procedure comprises one of (a) reading a RFID badge of the user and (b) reading a fingerprint of the user.

113. A method according toclaim 112, further comprising:

automatically reordering an object so as to cause restocking of the same to the access-controlled area, in accordance with (a) the inventory determined by said inventory determining step and (b) a predetermined business rule,

wherein the access-controlled area is the interior of a refrigerated cabinet,

wherein said access controlling step controls access of the user to the access-controlled area by controlling a lock of a door of the refrigerated cabinet.

114. A method according toclaim 113, wherein the inventory is an inventory of any biological products stored in the access-controlled area, each such product having a passive RFID tag and being selected from the group consisting of an enzyme, an assay, and a cloning vector,

wherein the inventory is determined in accordance with a differential comparison between two RFID scanning operations,

wherein the lock is an electric actuated lock comprising a solenoid,

wherein the refrigerated cabinet comprises sensing means for sensing opening and closing of the door of the refrigerated cabinet by sensing output of a proximity sensor,

wherein said antenna is mounted in the refrigerated cabinet, and

wherein the lock is further controlled in accordance with the temperature within the refrigerated cabinet.

115. A method according toclaim 109, further comprising a step of cloaking a tag during an RFID scan.

116. A method according toclaim 109, further comprising determining a read time for a RFID scan.

117. A method according toclaim 109, further comprising a step of altering the position of nulls in an electromagnetic field used for the RFID scanning.

118. A method according toclaim 109, further comprising a step of using an RFID read time curve to determine a condition in the access-controlled area.

Images