US20080047566A1 - Airway Implant Sensors and Methods of Making and Using Same - Google Patents

Abstract

An airway implant device for maintaining and/or creating an opening in air passageways is disclosed. Methods of using the device are also disclosed. The airway implant device comprises a deformable element to control the opening of an air passageway. Preferably the deformable element is an electroactive polymer element. Energizing of the electroactive polymer element provides support for the walls of an air passageway, when the walls collapse, and thus, completely or partially opens the air passageway. Methods of treating airway disorders such as sleep apnea and snoring with the airway implant device are disclosed herein.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE
• This application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/946,435, filed Sep. 21, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONBackground
• Snoring is very common among mammals including humans. Snoring is a noise produced while breathing during sleep due to the vibration of the soft palate and uvula. Not all snoring is bad, except it bothers the bed partner or others near the person who is snoring. If the snoring gets worst overtime and goes untreated, it could lead to apnea.
• Those with apnea stop breathing in their sleep, often hundreds of times during the night. Usually apnea occurs when the throat muscles and tongue relax during sleep and partially block the opening of the airway. When the muscles of the soft palate at the base of the tongue and the uvula relax and sag, the airway becomes blocked, making breathing labored and noisy and even stopping it altogether. Sleep apnea also can occur in obese people when an excess amount of tissue in the airway causes it to be narrowed.
• In a given night, the number of involuntary breathing pauses or “apneic events” may be as high as 20 to 60 or more per hour. These breathing pauses are almost always accompanied by snoring between apnea episodes. Sleep apnea can also be characterized by choking sensations.
• Sleep apnea is diagnosed and treated by primary care physicians, pulmonologists, neurologists, or other physicians with specialty training in sleep disorders. Diagnosis of sleep apnea is not simple because there can be many different reasons for disturbed sleep.
• The specific therapy for sleep apnea is tailored to the individual patient based on medical history, physical examination, and the results of polysomnography. Medications are generally not effective in the treatment of sleep apnea. Oxygen is sometimes used in patients with central apnea caused by heart failure. It is not used to treat obstructive sleep apnea.
• Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the most common treatment for sleep apnea. In this procedure, the patient wears a mask over the nose during sleep, and pressure from an air blower forces air through the nasal passages. The air pressure is adjusted so that it is just enough to prevent the throat from collapsing during sleep. The pressure is constant and continuous. Nasal CPAP prevents airway closure while in use, but apnea episodes return when CPAP is stopped or it is used improperly. Many variations of CPAP devices are available and all have the same side effects such as nasal irritation and drying, facial skin irritation, abdominal bloating, mask leaks, sore eyes, and headaches. Some versions of CPAP vary the pressure to coincide with the person's breathing pattern, and other CPAPs start with low pressure, slowly increasing it to allow the person to fall asleep before the full prescribed pressure is applied.
• Dental appliances that reposition the lower jaw and the tongue have been helpful to some patients with mild to moderate sleep apnea or who snore but do not have apnea. A dentist or orthodontist is often the one to fit the patient with such a device.
• Some patients with sleep apnea may need surgery. Although several surgical procedures are used to increase the size of the airway, none of them is completely successful or without risks. More than one procedure may need to be tried before the patient realizes any benefits. Some of the more common procedures include removal of adenoids and tonsils (especially in children), nasal polyps or other growths, or other tissue in the airway and correction of structural deformities. Younger patients seem to benefit from these surgical procedures more than older patients.
• Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) is a procedure used to remove excess tissue at the back of the throat (tonsils, uvula, and part of the soft palate). The success of this technique may range from 30 to 60 percent. The long-term side effects and benefits are not known, and it is difficult to predict which patients will do well with this procedure.
• Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty (LAUP) is done to eliminate snoring but has not been shown to be effective in treating sleep apnea. This procedure involves using a laser device to eliminate tissue in the back of the throat. Like UPPP, LAUP may decrease or eliminate snoring but not eliminate sleep apnea itself. Elimination of snoring, the primary symptom of sleep apnea, without influencing the condition may carry the risk of delaying the diagnosis and possible treatment of sleep apnea in patients who elect to have LAUP. To identify possible underlying sleep apnea, sleep studies are usually required before LAUP is performed.
• Somnoplasty is a procedure that uses RF to reduce the size of some airway structures such as the uvula and the back of the tongue. This technique helps in reducing snoring and is being investigated as a treatment for apnea.
• Tracheostomy is used in persons with severe, life-threatening sleep apnea. In this procedure, a small hole is made in the windpipe and a tube is inserted into the opening. This tube stays closed during waking hours and the person breathes and speaks normally. It is opened for sleep so that air flows directly into the lungs, bypassing any upper airway obstruction. Although this procedure is highly effective, it is an extreme measure that is rarely used.
• Patients in whom sleep apnea is due to deformities of the lower jaw may benefit from surgical reconstruction. Surgical procedures to treat obesity are sometimes recommended for sleep apnea patients who are morbidly obese. Behavioral changes are an important part of the treatment program, and in mild cases behavioral therapy may be all that is needed. Overweight persons can benefit from losing weight. Even a 10 percent weight loss can reduce the number of apneic events for most patients. Individuals with apnea should avoid the use of alcohol and sleeping pills, which make the airway more likely to collapse during sleep and prolong the apneic periods. In some patients with mild sleep apnea, breathing pauses occur only when they sleep on their backs. In such cases, using pillows and other devices that help them sleep in a side position may be helpful.
• Recently, Restore Medical, Inc., Saint Paul, Minn. has developed a new treatment for snoring and apnea, called the Pillar technique. Pillar System is a procedure where 2 or 3 small polyester rod devices are placed in the patient's soft palate. The Pillar System stiffens the palate, reduces vibration of the tissue, and prevents the possible airway collapse. Stiff implants in the soft palate, however, could hinder patient's normal functions like speech, ability to swallow, coughing and sneezing. Protrusion of the modified tissue into the airway is another long-term concern.
• As the current treatments for snoring and/or apnea are not effective and have side-effects, there is a need for additional treatment options.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• Methods and devices for the treatment of airway disorders, such as snoring and/or apnea are disclosed herein. The device described herein comprises a deformable element. The deformable element is partially or completely implanted in an airway passageway wall or adjacent to an air passageway wall to treat the improper opening and closing of the passageway. In preferred embodiments, the deformable element is an electroactive polymer (EAP) element. The deformable element is typically inserted into the soft palate and/or sidewalls of the patient's airway. In one embodiment, the EAP element has a low stiffness under normal conditions. The EAP element is energized when the opening of the air passageway has to be maintained open, such as during sleep. When the EAP element is energized, the polymer stiffens and tends to deform and thus has the ability to support the weight of the soft palate and sidewalls of the air ways and open the air passageways. When the charge is removed, the EAP element becomes soft and tends not to interfere with the patient's normal activities like swallowing and speech. The airway implant devices described herein may completely or partially open the relevant air passageways.
• One or more implants are placed in the soft palate, sidewalls of the airway, around the trachea, in the tongue, in the uvula, or in combinations thereof. The implant has lead wires (e.g., anode and cathode) attached to the EAP element. In some embodiments, the lead wires are connected to an induction coil. The induction coil is typically implanted in the roof of the mouth. Preferably, the patient wears a retainer type of device before going to bed. The retainer has an induction coil, a circuit and a battery. When the patient wears the retainer, the induction coil in the retainer is proximal to the induction coil that is implanted in the roof of the mouth. The energy is then transmitted through the tissue and to the coil that is in the roof of the mouth. When the EAP element is energized it deforms and/or stiffens to provide support to so as to completely or partially open the airways. In the morning when the patient wakes up, the patient removes the retainer and places the retainer on a charging unit to recharge the battery.
• A first aspect of the invention is an airway implant device comprising an electroactive polymer element which is adapted and configured to modulate the opening of an air passageway. In some embodiments the device includes an anode and a cathode connected to the electroactive polymer element, an inductor, and a controller. The controller can be a microprocessor which is adapted and configured to sense the opening of the air passageway and control the energizing of the electroactive polymer element. Other embodiments of the device include a non-implanted portion, such as a mouth guard. Preferably, the non-implanted portion is adapted and configured to control the electroactive polymer element. The non-implanted portion also typically includes a power supply and an inductor. The inductor in the implanted portion is adapted and configured to interact with the inductor in the implanted portion of the device. The device is preferably adapted and configured for implantation into a soft palate and/or a lateral pharyngeal wall. In preferred embodiments, the electroactive polymer element comprises an ion-exchange polymer metal composite. The functioning of the device is preferably by energizing the electroactive polymer element which then causes a complete or partial opening of the air passageway. Preferably, the device comprises an inductive coupling mechanism adapted to connect the electroactive polymer element to a power source
• Other aspects of the invention are methods of using the devices disclosed herein. One embodiment is a method of controlling an opening of an air passageway by implanting an airway implant device comprising an electroactive polymer element proximal to an air passageway and/or in a wall of an air passageway and controlling the opening of the air passageway by energizing the electroactive polymer element to completely or partially open said air passageway. Preferably the control of the opening of the air passageway is in response to feedback from the air passageway regarding the opening of the air passageway. The airway implant device can be implanted in a soft palate and/or a lateral pharyngeal wall. Preferably, the airway implant device is controlled by an inductive coupling mechanism. This method is preferably used to treat airway disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea or snoring.
• Another embodiment is a method of treating a disease using an airway implant device comprising implanting an airway implant device with a deformable element in the soft palate of a patient and controlling the opening of the air passageway by energizing the deform able element. The energizing of the deformable element moves the soft palate to support a collapsed tongue or a tongue that has the tendency to collapse and completely or partially opens the air passageway. The deformable element is preferably a non-magnetic material and even more preferably an electroactive polymer.
• Yet another embodiment is a method of treating a disease using an airway implant device comprising implanting an airway implant device with a deformable element in a lateral pharyngeal wall and controlling the opening of the air passageway by energizing the deformable element, wherein the energizing of the deformable element supports the lateral pharyngeal wall and completely or partially opens the air passageway. The deformable element is preferably a non-magnetic material and even more preferably an electroactive polymer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of the airway implant device.
• FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of the airway implant device.
• FIG. 3 illustrates one embodiment of the airway implant device.
• FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of the airway implant device.
• FIG. 5 illustrates a circuit diagram of an embodiment of the airway implant device.
• FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of the airway implant device.
• FIG. 7 illustrates a sectional view of an embodiment of the electroactive polymer element.
• FIG. 8 illustrates a sectional view of an embodiment of the electroactive polymer element.
• FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of the electroactive polymer element.
• FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of the electroactive polymer element.
• FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of the electroactive polymer element.
• FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of the electroactive polymer element.
• FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment of the electroactive polymer element.
• FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment of the electroactive polymer element.
• FIG. 15 illustrates an embodiment of the electroactive polymer element.
• FIG. 16 illustrates an embodiment of the electroactive polymer element.
• FIG. 17 illustrates an embodiment of the electroactive polymer element.
• FIG. 18 illustrates an embodiment of the electroactive polymer element.
• FIG. 19 illustrates an embodiment of the electroactive polymer element.
• FIG. 20 illustrates an embodiment of the implanted portion of the airway implant device.
• FIG. 21 illustrates an embodiment of the airway implant device.
• FIG. 22 illustrates an embodiment of the non-implanted portion in the form of a mouth guard.
• FIG. 23 illustrates an embodiment of the non-implanted portion in the form of a mouth guard.
• FIG. 24 illustrates an embodiment of the non-implanted portion.
• FIG. 25 shows a sagittal section through a head of a subject illustrating an embodiment of a method for using the airway implant device.
• FIG. 26 illustrates an anterior view of the mouth with see-through mouth roofs to depict an embodiment of a method for using the airway implant device.
• FIG. 27 illustrates an anterior view of the mouth with see-through mouth roofs to depict an embodiment of a method for using the airway implant device.
• FIG. 28 illustrates an anterior view of the mouth with see-through mouth roofs to depict an embodiment of a method for using the airway implant device.
• FIG. 29 illustrates an anterior view of the mouth with see-through mouth roofs to depict an embodiment of a method for using the airway implant device.
• FIG. 30 illustrates an embodiment of an inductive coupling system associated with the airway implant device.
• FIG. 31 illustrates an embodiment of the airway implant device.
• FIG. 32 illustrates an embodiment of the airway implant device.
• FIG. 33 illustrates an embodiment in which a patient wears the non-implanted portion of the device on the cheeks.
• FIG. 34A-34B illustrate an embodiment of a method of the invention with the airway implant in the soft palate.
• FIG. 35A-35B illustrate an embodiment of a method of the invention with the airway implants in the soft palate and lateral pharyngeal walls.
• FIG. 36A-36B illustrate an embodiment of a method of the invention with the airway implants in the lateral pharyngeal walls.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• Devices and Methods
• A first aspect of the invention is a device for the treatment of disorders associated with improper airway patency, such as snoring or sleep apnea. The device comprises of a deformable element to adjust the opening of the airway. In a preferred embodiment, the deformable element comprises of an electroactive polymer (EAP) element. The electroactive polymer element in the device assists in maintaining appropriate airway opening to treat the disorders. Typically, the EAP element provides support for the walls of an airway, when the walls collapse, and thus, completely or partially opens the airway.
• The device functions by maintaining energized and non-energized configurations of the EAP element. In preferred embodiments, during sleep, the EAP element is energized with electricity to change its shape and thus modify the opening of the airway. Typically, in the non-energized configuration the EAP element is soft and in the energized configuration is stiffer. The EAP element of the device can have a pre-set non-energized configuration wherein it is substantially similar to the geometry of the patient's airway where the device is implanted.
• In some embodiments, the device, in addition to the EAP element, includes an implantable transducer in electrical communication with the EAP element. A conductive lead connects the EAP element and the implantable transducer to the each other. The device of the present invention typically includes a power supply in electrical communication with the EAP element and/or the implantable transducer, such as a battery or a capacitor. The battery can be disposable or rechargeable.
• Preferred embodiments of the invention include a non-implanted portion, such as a mouthpiece, to control the implanted EAP element. The mouthpiece is typically in conductive or inductive communication with an implantable transducer. In one embodiment, the mouthpiece is a dental retainer with an induction coil and a power source. The dental retainer can further comprise a pulse-width-modulation circuit. When a dental retainer is used it is preferably custom fit for the individual biological subject. If the implantable transducer is in inductive communication, it will typically include an inductive receiver, such as a coil. The implantable transducer can also include a conductive receiver, such as a dental filling, a dental implant, an implant in the oral cavity, an implant in the head or neck region. In one embodiment, the device includes a dermal patch with a coil, circuit and power source, in communication with the implantable transducer. The dermal patch can also include a pulse-width-modulation circuit.
• Another aspect of the invention is a method to modulate air flow through airway passages. Such modulation is used in the treatment of diseases such as snoring and sleep apnea. One method of the invention is a method for modulating the airflow in airway passages by implanting in a patient a device comprising a deformable element and controlling the device by energizing the deformable element. The deformable element preferably comprises an electroactive polymer element. The deformable element can be controlled with a mouthpiece inserted into the mouth of the patient. The energizing is typically performed with the use of a power supply in electrical communication, either inductive communication or conductive communication, with the deform able element. A transducer can be used to energize the deformable element by placing it in electrical communication with the power supply. Depending on the condition being treated, the deformable element is placed in different locations such as soft palate, airway sidewall, uvula, pharynx wall, trachea wall, larynx wall, and/or nasal passage wall.
• A preferred embodiment of the device of the present invention comprises an implantable deformable element; an implantable transducer; an implantable lead wire connecting the deformable element and the transducer; a removable transducer; and a removable power source; and wherein the deformable element comprises an electroactive polymer.
• Electroactive polymer is a type of polymer that responds to electrical stimulation by physical deformation, change in tensile properties, and/or change in hardness. There are several types of electroactive polymers like dielectric electrostrictive polymer, ion exchange polymer and ion exchange polymer metal composite (IPMC). The particular type of EAP used in the making of the disclosed device can be any of the aforementioned electroactive polymers.
• Suitable materials for the electroactive polymer element include, but are not limited to, an ion exchange polymer, an ion exchange polymer metal composite, an ionomer base material. In some embodiments, the electroactive polymer is perfluorinated polymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyfluorosulfonic acid, perfluorosulfonate, and polyvinylidene fluoride. Other suitable polymers include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyaniline, polyacrylonitrile, cellophane, cellulose, regenerated cellulose, cellulose acetate, polysulfone, polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone. Typically, the electroactive polymer element includes a biocompatible conductive material such as platinum, gold, silver, palladium, copper, and/or carbon.
• Suitable shapes of the electroactive polymer element include three dimensional shape, substantially rectangular, substantially triangular, substantially round, substantially trapezoidal, a flat strip, a rod, a cylindrical tube, an arch with uniform thickness or varying thickness, a shape with slots that are perpendicular to the axis, slots that are parallel to the longitudinal axis, a coil, perforations, and/or slots.
• IPMC is a polymer and metal composite that uses an ionomer as the base material. Ionomers are types of polymers that allow for ion movement through the membrane. There are several ionomers available in the market and some of the suited ionomers for this application are polyethylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyfluorosulfonic acid based membranes like NAFION® (from E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.), polyaniline, polyacrylonitrile, cellulose, cellulose acetates, regenerated cellulose, polysulfone, polyurethane, or combinations thereof. A conductive metal, for example gold, silver, platinum, palladium, copper, carbon, or combinations thereof, can be deposited on the ionomer to make the IPMC. The IPMC element can be formed into many shapes, for example, a strip, rod, cylindrical tube, rectangular piece, triangular piece, trapezoidal shape, arch shapes, coil shapes, or combinations thereof. The IPMC element can have perforations or slots cut in them to allow tissue in growth.
• The electroactive polymer element has, in some embodiments, multiple layers of the electroactive polymer with or without an insulation layer separating the layers of the electroactive polymer. Suitable insulation layers include, but are not limited to, silicone, polyurethane, polyimide, nylon, polyester, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylmethacrylate, neoprene, styrene butadiene styrene, or polyvinyl acetate.
• In some embodiments, the deformable element, the entire device, or portions of the airway implant have a coating. The coating isolates the coated device from the body fluids and/or tissue either physically or electrically. The device can be coated to minimize tissue growth or promote tissue growth. Suitable coatings include poly-L-lysine, poly-D-lysine, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl acetate, hyaluronic acid, and/or methylmethacrylate.
EMBODIMENTS OF THE DEVICE
• FIG. 1 illustrates anairway implant system2 that has apower supply4, a connecting element, such as awire lead14, and a deformable element, such as anelectroactive polymer element8.Suitable power supplies4 are a power cell, a battery, a capacitor, a substantially infinite bus (e.g., a wall outlet leading to a power generator), a generator (e.g., a portable generator, a solar generator, an internal combustion generator), or combinations thereof. Thepower supply4 typically has a power output of from about 1 mA to about 5 A, for example about 500 mA.
• Instead of or in addition towire lead14, the connecting element may be an inductive energy transfer system, a conductive energy transfer system, a chemical energy transfer system, an acoustic or otherwise vibratory energy transfer system, a nerve or nerve pathway, other biological tissue, or combinations thereof. The connecting element is made from one or more conductive materials, such as copper. The connecting element is completely or partially insulated and/or protected by an insulator, for example polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The insulator can be biocompatible. The power supply is typically in electrical communication with thedeformable element8 through the connecting element. The connecting element is attached to ananode10 and acathode12 on thepower supply4. The connecting elements can be made from one or more sub-elements.
• Thedeformable element8 is preferably made from an electroactive polymer. Most preferably, the electroactive polymer is an ion exchange polymer metal composite (IPMC). The IPMC has a base polymer embedded, or otherwise appropriately mixed, with a metal. The IPMC base polymer is preferably perfluoronated polymer, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyfluorosulfonic acid, perfluorosulfonate, polyvinylidene fluoride, hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyaniline, polyacrylonitrile, cellophane, cellulose, regenerated cellulose, cellulose acetate, polysulfone, polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl pyrrolidone, or combinations thereof. The IPMC metal can be platinum, gold, silver, palladium, copper, carbon, or combinations thereof.
• FIG. 2 illustrates that thedeformable element8 can havemultiple elements8 and connectingelements14 that all connect to asingle power supply4.
• FIG. 3 illustrates anairway implant system2 withmultiple power supplies4 and connectingelements14 that all connect to a singledeformable element8. Theairway implant system2 can have any number and combination ofdeformable elements8 connected to power supplies4.
• FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment with the connecting element having a first energy transfer element, for example a first transducer such as a first receiver, and a second energy transfer element, for example a second transducer such as asecond inductor16. In this embodiment, the first receiver is afirst inductor18. Thefirst inductor18 is typically positioned close enough to thesecond inductor16 to enable sufficient inductive electricity transfer between the second andfirst inductors16 and18 to energize thedeformable element8. The connectingelement14 has multiple connectingelements6.
• FIG. 5 illustrates that the airway implant device of the present invention can have an implantedportion20 and anon-implanted portion22. In this embodiment, the implantedportion20 is a closed circuit with thefirst inductor18 in series with afirst capacitor24 and thedeformable element8. Thedeformable element8 is attached to the closed circuit of the implantedportion20 by afirst contact26 and asecond contact28. In some embodiments, the implanted portion has a resistor (not shown). Thenon-implanted portion22 is a closed circuit. Thenon-implanted portion22 has asecond inductor16 that is in series with aresistor30, thepower supply4, and a second capacitor The capacitors, resistors, and, in-part, the inductors are representative of the electrical characteristics of the wire of the circuit and not necessarily representative of specific elements. The implantedportion20 is within tissue and has atissue surface33 nearby. The non-implanted portion is ininsulation material35. Anair interface37 is between thetissue surface33 and theinsulation material35.
• FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment in which the first energy transfer element of the connectingelement14 is afirst conductor34. The second energy transfer element of the connectingelement14 is asecond conductor36. Thefirst conductor34 is configured to plug into, receive, or otherwise make secure electrical conductive contact with thesecond conductor36. Thefirst conductor34 and/orsecond conductor36 are plugs, sockets, conductive dental fillings, tooth caps, fake teeth, or any combination thereof.
• FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment in which thedeformable element8 is a multi-layered device. Thedeformable element8 has afirst EAP layer38, asecond EAP layer40, and athird EAP layer42. The EAP layers38,40 and42 are in contact with each other and not separated by an insulator.
• FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment in which thedeformable element8 has afirst EAP layer38 separated from asecond EAP layer40 by afirst insulation layer44. Asecond insulation layer46 separates the second EAP layer from thethird EAP layer42. Athird insulation layer48 separates the third EAP layer from thefourth EAP layer50. Insulation material is preferably a polymeric material that electrically isolates each layer. The insulation can be, for example, acrylic polymers, polyimide, polypropylene, polyethylene, silicones, nylons, polyesters, polyurethanes, or combinations thereof. Each EAP layer,38,40,42 and50 can be connected to a lead wire (not shown). All anodes and all cathodes are connected to thepower supply4.
• FIGS. 9-19 illustrate different suitable shapes for thedeformable element8.FIG. 9 illustrates adeformable element8 with a substantially flat rectangular configuration. Thedeformable element8 can have a width from about 2 mm to about cm, for example about 1 cm.FIG. 10 illustrates adeformable element8 with an “S” or zig-zag shape.FIG. 11 illustrates thedeformable element8 with an oval shape.FIG. 12 illustrates adeformable element8 with a substantially flat rectangular shape with slots cut perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of thedeformable element8. Theslots52 originate near the longitudinal axis of thedeformable element8. The deformable element haslegs54 extending away from the longitudinal axis.FIG. 13 illustrates adeformable element8 withslots52 andlegs54 parallel with the longitudinal axis.FIG. 14 illustrates a deformable element be configured as a quadrilateral, such as a trapezoid. Thedeformable element8 has chamfered corners, as shown by radius.FIG. 15 illustrates adeformable element8 withapertures55, holes, perforations, or combinations thereof.FIG. 16 illustrates adeformable element8 withslots52 andlegs54 extending from a side of thedeformable element8 parallel with the longitudinal axis.FIG. 17 illustrates adeformable element8 with a hollow cylinder, tube, or rod. The deformable element has aninner diameter56.FIG. 18 illustrates an arched deformable element8. The arch has a radius ofcurvature57 from about 1 cm to about 10 cm, for example about cm. Thedeformable element8 has a uniform thickness.FIG. 19 illustrates an archeddeformable element8. Thedeformable element8 can have a varying thickness. Afirst thickness58 is equal or greater than asecond thickness60.
• FIG. 20 illustrates an embodiment of the implanted portion of an airway implant with a coil-type inductor18 connected by awire lead6 to thedeformable element8. In another embodiment, as illustrated inFIG. 21 the implanted portion has a conductive dental filling62 in atooth64. The dental filling62 is previously implanted for reasons related or unrelated to using of the airway implant system. The dental filling62 is electrically connected to thewire lead6. For example, a portion of thewire lead6 is implanted in thetooth64, as shown by phantom line. Thewire lead6 is connected to thedeformable element8.
• FIG. 22 illustrates an embodiment of thenon-implanted portion22 with a mouthpiece, such as aretainer66. Theretainer66 is preferably custom configured to fit to the patient's mouth roof, or another part of the patient's mouth. The second transducer, such assecond inductor16, is integral with, or attached to, theretainer66. Thesecond inductor16 is located in theretainer66 so that during use the second inductor is proximal with thefirst inductor18. Thepower supply4, such as a cell, is integral with, or attached to, theretainer66. Thepower supply4 is in electrical communication with thesecond inductor16. In some embodiments, theretainer66 has a pulse-width-modulation circuit.FIG. 23 illustrates that theretainer66 has one ormore tooth sockets68. Thetooth sockets68 are preferably configured to receive teeth that have dental fillings. Thetooth sockets68 are electrically conductive in areas where they align with dental fillings when in use. Thepower supply4 is connected with the tooth sockets via the wire leads6. In the embodiment ofFIG. 24, thenon-implantable portion22 has thesecond inductor16 attached to a removablyattachable patch70. Thepatch70 is attached to thepower supply4. Thepower supply4 is in contact with thesecond inductor16. This embodiment can be, for example, located on the cheeks as shown onFIG. 33 or any other suitable location.
• Preferably, theairway implant device2 discussed herein is used in combination with aninductive coupling system900 such as depicted inFIG. 30.FIG. 30 depicts an inductive coupling system that is suitable for controlling theairway implant device2 which includes a connecting element906 (which connects the electrical contacts (not shown) to the rest of the electrical system), aconnector901, aenergy source322, asensor903, atimer904, and acontroller905. Theconnector901,energy source322,sensor903, atimer904, andcontroller905 are located in a housing disposed in a region outside or inside the body.
• Two preferred embodiments of the airway implant device are shown inFIGS. 31 and 32. The device inFIG. 31 includes thedeformable element8 connected to ananode10 andcathode12 and to theinduction coil18. The device also includes acontroller90, such as a microprocessor. The circuitry within the controller is not shown. Thecontroller90 picks up AC signals from theinduction coil18 and converts it to DC current. Thecontroller90 can also include a time delay circuit and/or a sensor. The sensor could sense the collapsing and/or narrowing of the airways and cause the device to energize thedeformable element8 and thus completely or partially open up the airway in which the device is implanted.FIG. 32 shows an embodiment withanchors91 located on thedeformable element8. The implant can be anchored in a suitable location with the use of these anchors and sutures and/or surgical glue.
• The implants described herein are preferably implanted with a deployment tool. Typically, the implantation involves an incision, surgical cavitation, and/or affixing the implant.
• Methods of Making Electroactive Polymer Element
• In some embodiments, the EAP element is an IPMC strip which is made from a base material of an ionomer sheet, film or membrane. The ionomer sheet is formed using ionomer dispersion.
• IPMC is made from the base ionomer of, for example, polyethylene, polystryrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (e.g., KYNAR® and KYNAR Flex®, from ATOFINA, Paris, France; and SOLEF®, from Solvay Solexis S.A., Brussels, Belgium), hydrophilic-PVDF (h-PVDF), polyfluorosulfonic acid based membranes like NAFION® (from E.I. Du Point de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.), polyaniline, polyacrylonitrile, cellulose, cellulose acetates, regenerated cellulose, polysulfone, polyurethane, and combinations thereof. The conductive material that is deposited on the ionomer can be gold, platinum, silver, palladium, copper, graphite, conductive carbon, or combinations thereof. Conductive material is deposited on the ionomer either by electrolysis process, vapor deposition, sputtering, electroplating, or combination of processes.
• The IPMC is cut into the desired implant shape for the EAP element. The electrical contact (e.g., anode and cathode wires for EAP element) is connected to the IPMC surfaces by, for example, soldering, welding, brazing, potting using conductive adhesives, or combinations thereof. The EAP element is configured, if necessary, into specific curved shapes using mold and heat setting processes.
• In some embodiments, the EAP element is insulated with electrical insulation coatings. Also, the EAP element can be insulated with coatings that promote cell growth and minimize fibrosis, stop cell growth, or kill nearby cells. The insulation can be a biocompatible material. The EAP element is coated with polymers such as polypropylene, poly-L-lysine, poly-D-lysine, polyethylene glycol, povinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polymethyl methacrylate, or combinations thereof. The EAP element can also be coated with hyaluronic acid. The coating is applied to the device by standard coating techniques like spraying, electrostatic spraying, brushing, vapor deposition, dipping, etc.
• In one example, a perfluorosulfonate ionomer, PVDF or h-PVDF sheet is prepared for manufacturing the EAP element. In an optional step, the sheet is roughened on both sides using, for example, about 320 grit sand paper and then about 600 grit sand paper; then rinsed with deionized water; then submerged in isopropyl alcohol (IPA); subjected to an ultrasonic bath for about 10 minutes; and then the sheet is rinsed with deionized water. The sheet is boiled for about 30 minutes in hydrochloric acid (HCL). The sheet is rinsed and then boiled in deionized water for about 30 minutes. The sheet is then subject to ion-exchange (i.e., absorption). The sheet is submerged into, or otherwise exposed to, a metal salt solution at room temperature for more than about three hours. Examples of the metal salt solution are tetraammineplatinum chloride solution, silver chloride solution, hydrogen tetrachloroaurate, tetraamminepalladium chloride monohydrate or other plantinum, gold, silver, carbon, copper, or palladium salts in solution. The metal salt solution typically has a concentration of greater than or equal to about 200 mg/100 ml water. 5% ammonium hydroxide solution is added at a ratio of 2.5 ml/100 ml to the tetraammineplatinum chloride solution to neutralize the solution. The sheet is then rinsed with deionized water. A primary plating is then applied to the sheet. The sheet is submerged in water at about 40° C. A 5% solution by weight of sodium borohydride and deionized water is added to the water submerging the sheet at ml/180 ml of water. The solution is stirred for 30 minutes at 40° C. The sodium borohydride solution is then added to the water at 2 ml/180 ml of water and the solution is stirred for 30 minutes at 40° C. This sodium borohydride adding and solution stirring is performed six times total. The water temperature is then gradually raised to 60° C. 20 ml of the sodium borohydride solution is then added to the water. The solution is stirred for about 90 minutes. The sheet is then rinsed with deionized water, submerged into 0.1N HCI for an hour, and then rinsed with deionized water.
• In some embodiments, the sheet receives a second plating. The sheet is submerged or otherwise exposed to a tetraammineplatinum chloride solution at a concentration of about 50 mg/100 ml deionized water. 5% ammonium hydroxide solution is added at a rate of 2 ml/100 ml of tetrammineplatinum chloride solution. 5% by volume solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride in deionized water is added to the tetraammineplantium chloride solution at a ratio of 0.1 of the volume of the tetraammineplatinum chloride solution. 20% by volume solution of hydrazine monohydrate in deionized water is added to the tetraammineplatinum chloride solution at a ratio of 0.05 of the volume of the tetraamineplantinum chloride solution. The temperature is then set to about 40° C. and the solution is stirred.
• A 5% solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride is then added at a ratio of 2.5 m/100 ml of tetraammineplatinum chloride solution. A 20% solution of hydrazine monohydrate solution is then added at a ratio of 1.25 m/100 ml tetraammineplatinum chloride solution. The solution is stirred for 30 minutes and the temperature set to 60° C. The above steps in this paragraph can be repeated three additional times. The sheet is then rinsed with deionized water, boiled in HCI for 10 minutes, rinsed with deionized water and dried.
• In some embodiments, the polymer base is dissolved in solvents, for example di methyl acetamide, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, dimethyl carbonate, di ethyl carbonate, and combinations thereof. The solvent is then allowed to dry, producing a thin film. While the solution is wet, a low friction, (e.g., glass, Teflon) plate is dipped into the solution and removed. The coating on the plate dries, creating a think film. The plate is repeatedly dipped into the solution to increase the thickness of the film.
• Polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate or combinations thereof can be added to a PVDF solution before drying, thus contributing hydrophilic properties to PVDF and can improve ion migration through the polymer film during manufacture. Dye or other color pigments can be added to the polymer solution.
• Method of Using
• FIG. 25 illustrates an embodiment of a method of the airway implant device of the present invention. In this embodiment, thefirst inductor18 is implanted in themouth roof72, for example in or adjacent to thehard palate74. Wire leads6 connect thefirst inductor18 to thedeformable elements8a,8b, and8c. A firstdeformable element8ais implanted in the base of the tongue at thepharynx wall76. A seconddeformable element8bis integral with the firstdeformable element8a(e.g., as two sections of a hollow cylindricaldeformable element8, such as shown inFIG. 17). The first and seconddeformable elements8aand8bcan be separate and unattached elements. The thirddeformable element8cis implanted in the uvula and/orsoft palate84. Thedeformable elements8 can also be implanted in the wall of thenasal passages78, higher or lower in thepharynx79, such as in the nasal pharynx, in the wall of thetrachea80, in the larynx (not shown), in any other airway, or combinations thereof. Thesecond inductor16 is worn by the patient in themouth82. Thesecond inductor16 is connected to an integral or non-integral power supply. Thesecond inductor16 comprises one or multiple induction coils. Thesecond inductor16 inductively transmits RF energy to thefirst inductor18. Thefirst inductor18 changes the RF energy into electricity. Thefirst inductor18 sends a charge or current along the wire leads6 to thedeformable elements8a,8b, and8c. Thedeformable elements8a,8b, and8care energized by the charge or current. The energizeddeformable elements8a,8b, and8cincrease the stiffness and/or alter the shape of the airways. The energizeddeformable elements8a,8b, and8cmodulate the opening of the airways around which thedeformable elements8a,8b, and8care implanted. The non-energizeddeformable elements8a,8b, and8care configured to conform to the airway around which thedeformable elements8a,8b, and8care implanted. The non-energizeddeformable elements8a,8b, and8care flexible and soft.
• FIG. 26 illustrates another embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, thefirst inductor18 is implanted in themouth roof72 and attached to adeformable element8 via thewire lead6. Thedeformable element8 is preferably in thesoft palate84. In another embodiment,FIG. 27 illustrates that thefirst inductor18 is implanted in themouth roof72 and attached to twodeformable elements8 via two wire leads6. Thedeformable elements8 are implanted inside walls86 of themouth82. In yet another embodiment, as illustrated inFIG. 28, thefirst inductor18 is implanted in themouth roof72 and attached to threedeformable elements8 via three wire leads6. Thedeformable elements8 are implanted in thesoft palate84 and theside walls86 of themouth82.FIG. 29 illustrates an embodiment in which the first conductors (not shown, e.g., the tooth sockets), are attached to, and in conductive electrical communication with, the second conductors. Theretainer66, such as shown inFIG. 23, can be worn by the patient to energize thedeformable element8. The tooth sockets are removably attached to thefirst conductors34. Thefirst conductors34 are dental fillings, conductive posts adjacent to and/or through theteeth64.
• FIG. 33 illustrates an embodiment in which apatient88 has the first transducer (not shown) implanted in the patient's cheek and wears thenon-implanted portion22, such as shown inFIG. 24, on the outside of the patient's cheek. Thenon-implanted portion22 energizes the implanted portion (not shown).
• FIGS. 34-36 depict some of the ways in which the implant devices function to open the airways.FIGS. 34A and 34B depict a side view of a patient with asoft palate implant8cand a non-implanted portion of the device, with asecond inductor16, which in this case is a wearable mouth piece. The wearable mouth piece includes a transmitter coil, a power source, and other electronics, which are not depicted. Also, shown is afirst inductor18. The implant device has the ability to sense and deflect the tongue so as to open the airway.FIG. 34A depicts thetongue92 in its normal state. During sleep, when the tongue collapses92′, as shown inFIG. 34B, thedeformable element8c′ senses the collapsed tongue and is energized via the mouthpiece and first inductor and it stiffens to push away the tongue from the airway and keeps the airway open. This opening of the airway can be partial or complete. In some embodiments, particularly the embodiments without the sensor, the implant is powered when the patient is asleep such that thedeformable element8 is energized and keeps the collapsed tongue away from the airway.
• FIGS. 35 and 36 depict an embodiment of keeping the airways open with lateral wall implants.FIG. 35A shows a side view of a patient's face with adeformable element8 located in the lateral wall of the airway.FIG. 35A depicts thetongue92 in its normal state.FIG. 35B depicts thetongue92′ in a collapsed state. When the tongue is in this state or before it goes into the collapsed state thedeformable element8 is energized so as to stretch the lateral walls and open the airway, as shown inFIG. 36B.FIGS. 36A and 36B are a view of the airway as seen through the mouth of patient.FIG. 36 A depicts thedeformable elements8 in a non-energized state and the tongue in a non-collapsed state. When the tongue collapses or it has a tendency to collapse, such as during sleep, thedeformable element8 is energized and airway walls are pushed away from the tongue and creates anopen air passageway93. This embodiment is particularly useful in obese patients.
• Airway Diseases
• During sleep, the muscles in the roof of the mouth (soft palate), tongue and throat relax. If the tissues in the throat relax enough, they vibrate and may partially obstruct the airway. The more narrowed the airway, the more forceful the airflow becomes. Tissue vibration increases, and snoring grows louder. Having a low, thick soft palate or enlarged tonsils or tissues in the back of the throat (adenoids) can narrow the airway. Likewise, if the triangular piece of tissue hanging from the soft palate (uvula) is elongated, airflow can be obstructed and vibration increased. Being overweight contributes to narrowing of throat tissues. Chronic nasal congestion or a crooked partition between the nostrils (deviated nasal septum) may be to blame.
• Snoring may also be associated with sleep apnea. In this serious condition, excessive sagging of throat tissues causes your airway to collapse, preventing breathing. Sleep apnea generally breaks up loud snoring with 10 seconds or more of silence. Eventually, the lack of oxygen and an increase in carbon dioxide signal causes the person to wake up, forcing the airway open with a loud snort.
• Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the muscles in the back of the throat relax. These muscles support the soft palate, uvula, tonsils and tongue. When the muscles relax, the airway is narrowed or closed during breathing in, and breathing is momentarily cut off. This lowers the level of oxygen in the blood. The brain senses this decrease and briefly rouses the person from sleep so that the airway can be reopened. Typically, this awakening is so brief that it cannot be remembered. Central sleep apnea, which is far less common, occurs when the brain fails to transmit signals to the breathing muscles.
• Thus, it can be seen that airway disorders, such as sleep apnea and snoring, are caused by improper opening of the airway passageways. The devices and methods described herein are suitable for the treatment of disorders caused by the improper opening of the air passageways. The devices can be implanted in any suitable location such as to open up the airways. The opening of the passageways need not be a complete opening and in some conditions a partial opening is sufficient to treat the disorder.
• In addition to air passageway disorders, the implants disclosed herein are suitable for use in other disorders. The disorders treated with the devices include those that are caused by improper opening and/or closing of passageways in the body, such as various locations of the gastro-intestinal tract or blood vessels. The implantation of the devices are suitable for supporting walls of passageways. The devices can be implanted in the walls of the gastro-intestinal tract, such as the esophagus to treat acid reflux.
• It is apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made to this disclosure, and equivalents employed, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Elements shown with any embodiment are exemplary for the specific embodiment and can be used on other embodiments within this disclosure.

Claims (18)

1-15. (canceled)

16. A method of controlling an opening of an air passageway comprising:

implanting an airway implant device proximal to an air passageway and/or in a wall of an air passageway, said device comprising an electroactive polymer element and a power management device;

controlling an opening of said air passageway, said control being performed by energizing said electroactive polymer element to completely or partially open said air passageway.

17. The method ofclaim 16 wherein said control of said opening of said air passageway is in response to feedback from said air passageway, said feedback being related to said opening of said air passageway.

18. The method ofclaim 16 wherein said airway implant device is implanted in a soft palate and/or a lateral pharyngeal wall.

19. The method ofclaim 16 wherein said airway implant device is coated with an agent to prevent tissue growth around said airway implant device.

20. The method ofclaim 16 wherein said airway implant device is coated with an agent to promote tissue growth around said airway implant device.

21. The method ofclaim 16 wherein said airway implant device is controlled by an inductive coupling mechanism.

22. A method of treating a disease using an airway implant device comprising:

implanting an airway implant device proximal to an air passageway and/or in a wall of an air passageway, said airway implant device comprising an electroactive polymer element;

controlling an opening of said air passageway by energizing said electroactive polymer element, wherein said energizing of said electroactive polymer element completely or partially opens said air passageway.

23. The method ofclaim 22 wherein said disease is obstructive sleep apnea or snoring.

24. The method ofclaim 22 wherein said airway implant device is controlled by an inductive coupling mechanism.

25. A method of treating a disease using an airway implant device comprising:

implanting an airway implant device in a soft palate, said airway implant device comprising an electroactive polymer element:

controlling an opening of an air passageway by energizing said electroactive polymer element, wherein said energizing of said electroactive polymer element moves said soft palate to support a collapsed tongue and completely or partially opens said air passageway.

26. A method of treating a disease using an airway implant device comprising:

implanting an airway implant device in a lateral pharyngeal wall, said airway implant device comprising an electroactive polymer element;

controlling an opening of an air passageway by energizing said electroactive polymer element, wherein said energizing of said electroactive polymer supports said lateral pharyngeal wall and completely or partially opens said air passageway.

27. A method of treating a disease using an airway implant device comprising:

implanting an airway implant device in a soft palate, wherein said airway implant device comprises a deformable element;

controlling an opening of an air passageway by energizing said deformable element, wherein said energizing of said deformable element moves said soft palate to support a collapsed tongue and completely or partially opens said air passageway.

28. The method ofclaim 27 wherein said deformable element comprises a non-magnetic material.

29. The method ofclaim 27 wherein said deformable element comprises an electroactive polymer element.

30. A method of treating a disease using an airway implant device comprising:

implanting an airway implant device in a lateral pharyngeal wall, said airway implant device comprising a deformable element;

controlling an opening of an air passageway by energizing said a deformable element, wherein said energizing of said a deformable element supports said lateral pharyngeal wall and completely or partially opens up said air passageway.

31. The method ofclaim 30 wherein said deformable element comprises a non-magnetic material.

32. The method ofclaim 30 wherein said deformable element comprises an electroactive polymer element.

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