US20080029405A1 - Voltage switchable dielectric material having conductive or semi-conductive organic material - Google Patents

Abstract

One or more embodiments provide for a composition that includes (i) organic material that is conductive or semi-conductive, and (ii) conductor and/or semiconductor particles other than the organic material. The organic material and the conductor and/or semiconductor particles are combined to provide the composition with a characteristic of being (i) dielectric in absence of a voltage that exceeds a characteristic voltage level, and (ii) conductive with application of the voltage exceeding the characteristic voltage level.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This applications claims benefit of priority to provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 60/820,786, filed Jul. 29, 2006, entitled “Voltage Switchable Dielectric Material With Reduced Metal Loading,” the aforementioned application being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• This applications also claims benefit of priority to provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 60/826,746, filed Sep. 24, 2006, entitled “Voltage Switchable Device and Dielectric Material With High Current Carrying Capacity and a Process for Electroplating the Same,” the aforementioned application being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• This application also claims benefit of priority to provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 60/949,179, filed Jul. 11, 2007, entitled “Binders for Voltage Switchable Dielectric Materials,” the aforementioned application being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
• The disclosed embodiments relate generally to the field of voltage switchable dielectric (VSD) materials. More specifically, embodiments described herein include VSD material that includes organic or semi-conductive organic filler.
BACKGROUND
• Voltage switchable dielectric (VSD) material has an increasing number of applications. These include its use on, for example, printed circuit boards and device packages, for purpose of handling transient voltages and electrostatic discharge events (ESD).
• Various kinds of conventional VSDM exist. Examples of voltage switchable dielectric materials are provided in references such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,977,357, U.S. Pat. No. 5,068,634, U.S. Pat. No. 5,099,380, U.S. Pat. No. 5,142,263, U.S. Pat. No. 5,189,387, U.S. Pat. No. 5,248,517, U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,509, WO 96/02924, and WO 97/26665. VSD material can be “SURGX” material manufactured by the SURGX CORPORATION (which is owned by Littlefuse, Inc.).
• While VSD material has many uses and applications, conventional compositions of the material have had many shortcomings. Typical conventional VSD materials are brittle, prone to scratching or other surface damage, lack adhesive strength, and have a high degree of thermal expansion.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating components for use in a process of formulating VSD material, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a process for formulating a composition of VSD material having conductive or semi-conductive organic material in a binder of the VSD material, under an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional illustration of VSD material, where the VSD material is formulated in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.
• FIG. 3B illustrates a graph of basic electrical properties of clamp and trigger voltage for VSD material, in accordance with embodiments such as described withFIG. 3A and elsewhere.
• FIG. 3C-FIG. 3E illustrate voltage by current performance graphs of different examples of VSD material, responding to the occurrence of voltage events, under one or more embodiments of the invention.
• FIG. 4 illustrates another process by which VSD material may include conductive or semi-conductive organic material that coats conductors or semi-conductors, under an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 5A andFIG. 5B illustrate how application of organic material to coat the surface of the metal/inorganic conductor or semiconductors can reduce the loading of such particles in the VSD material, under an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 5C illustrates a relatively disorganized distribution of organic fillers, reflecting effects of organic fillers distributed at the nanoscale within a binder of VSD material, according to an embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• Embodiments described herein provide for a composition of VSD material that includes conductive or semi-conductive organic material. As described herein, the use of conductive or semi-conductive organic material enables the formulation of VSD material that has several improved or desired characteristics that are not provided by more conventional VSD formulations. Among numerous other benefits, the use of conductive or semi-conductive organic material as part of a VSD composition enables the reduction of metal loading as compared to more conventional VSD material. As such, electrical characteristics, such as trigger and clamp voltages, may be improved while at the same time enhancing the physical properties of the material.
• Accordingly, one or more embodiments provide for formulating VSD material that has benefits that includes, for example, one or more of the following: (i) has improved mechanical properties, including having inherent properties of high compression strength, scratch resistance and non-brittleness; (ii) improved thermal properties, (iii) has high adhesive strength; (iv) has good ability to adhere to copper; or (v) lower degree of thermal expansion, as compared to more conventional VSD materials.
• One or more embodiments provide for a composition that includes (i) organic material that is conductive or semi-conductive, and (ii) conductor and/or semiconductor particles other than the organic material. The conductive/semi-conductive organic material may be solvent soluble, or dispersed at nanoscale within the composition of VSD material. The organic material and the conductor and/or semiconductor particles are combined to provide the composition with electrical characteristics of VSD material, including that of being (i) dielectric in absence of a voltage that exceeds a characteristic voltage level (alternatively referred to as ‘trigger voltage’), and (ii) conductive with application of the voltage exceeding the characteristic voltage level.
• According to embodiments described herein, the organic conductive/semi-conductive material may be uniformly mixed into a binder of the VSD mixture. In one embodiment, the mixture is dispersed at nanoscale, meaning the particles that comprise the organic conductive/semi-conductive material are nano-scale in at least one dimension (e.g. cross-section) and a substantial number of the particles that comprise the overall dispersed quantity in the volume are individually separated (so as to not be agglomerated or compacted together).
• Still further, one or more embodiments include VSD material having carbon nanotubes. In one embodiment, a binder of the VSD material includes carbon nanotubes that are substantially uniformly mixed, so as to be distributed at nanoscale.
• In another embodiment, a method is provided for creating a voltage switchable dielectric material. A mixture is created containing (i) a binder that is dielectric, (ii) metallic and/or inorganic conductor or semi-conductor particles, and (iii) conductive or semi-conductive organic material. In creating the mixture, a quantity of each of the binder, the metallic and/or inorganic conductor or semi-conductor particles, and the organic material, is used. The mixture, when cured, is (i) dielectric in absence of a voltage that exceeds a characteristic voltage, and (ii) conductive in presence of the voltage that exceeds the characteristic voltage. The mixture may then be cured to form the VSD material.
• With an embodiment such as described, the characteristic voltage may range in values that exceed the operational voltage levels of the circuit or device several times over. Such voltage levels may be of the order of transient conditions, such as produced by electrostatic discharge, although embodiments may include use of planned electrical events. Furthermore, one or more embodiments provide that in the absence of the voltage exceeding the characteristic voltage, the material behaves similar to the binder.
• Still further, an embodiment provides for VSD material formed from the stated process or method.
• Still further, an electronic device may be provided with VSD material in accordance with any of the embodiments described herein. Such electrical devices may include substrate devices, such as printed circuit boards, semiconductor packages, discrete devices, Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), and radio-frequency (RF) components.
• In an embodiment, the organic material is a fullerene. According to one embodiment, the organic material is a single or multi-walled carbon nanotube.
• As used herein, “voltage switchable material” or “VSD material” is any composition, or combination of compositions, that has a characteristic of being dielectric or non-conductive, unless a voltage is applied to the material that exceeds a characteristic voltage level of the material, in which case the material becomes conductive. Thus, VSD material is a dielectric unless voltage exceeding the characteristic level (e.g. such as provided by ESD events) is applied to the material, in which case the VSD material is conductive. VSD material can further be characterized as any material that can be characterized as a nonlinear resistance material.
• VSD material may also be characterized as being non-layered and uniform in its composition, while exhibiting electrical characteristics as stated.
• Still further, an embodiment provides that VSD material may be characterized as material comprising a binder mixed in part with conductor or semi-conductor particles. In the absence of voltage exceeding a characteristic voltage level, the material as a whole adapts the dielectric characteristic of the binder. With application of voltage exceeding the characteristic level, the material as a whole adapts conductive characteristics.
• Generally, the characteristic voltage of VSD material is measured at volts/length (e.g. per 5 mil). One or more embodiments provide that VSD material has a characteristic voltage level that exceeds that of an operating circuit.
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating components for use in a process of formulating VSD material, according to an embodiment of the invention. According to an embodiment, conductive or semi-conductive organic material (“organic material”) 110 is combined with conductor(and/or)semi-conductor particles120 to formVSD material140. As an optional addition, insulator particles may also be combined with the conductor/semiconductor particles120. In one embodiment, theorganic material110 is combined with conductor/semi-conductor particles120 that are non-organic.Binder materials130 may be combined with theorganic material110 and the conductive particles to form theVSD material140. AVSD formulation process150 may be used to combine the various constituents of theVSD material140. Formulation processes for combining VSD material with organic material are described below, with, for example, an embodiment ofFIG. 2.
• In one embodiment, thebinder130 is a binder that retains the conductive/semi-conductiveorganic material110 and the conductor/semi-conductor particles120. In one embodiment, theorganic material110 is dispersed as nanoscale particles. As dispersed nanoscale particles, theorganic material110 includes particles that are nanoscaled and individually separated from one another, rather than attached or agglomerated. Theformulation process150 may uniformly disperse the particles within the binder of thebinder130.
• In an embodiment ofFIG. 1, the organic material is dispersed fullerenes. Examples of fullerenes that are suitable for use with one or more embodiments described herein include C60 orC70 fullerenes112, sometimes referred to as Buckyballs. Such fullerenes may be functionalized, to provide a covalently bonded chemical group or moiety. In another embodiment, carbon nanotubes114 may be used, which are cylindrical shaped fullerenes. The carbon nanotubes114 may be of either a single or multi-wall variety. Still further, one or more embodiments contemplate a quantity formed from a combination of different types of fullerenes, including carbon nanotubes.
• As an alternative or variation, another embodiment provides for conductive or semi-conductive organic material in the form of pure carbon compounds (other than those depicted inFIG. 1). For example, the conductive or semi-conductive organic material may correspond to one of carbon graphite, carbon fiber, or a diamond powder.
• According to one or more embodiments, other ingredients or components for use in theformation process150 include solvents and catalysts. Solvents may be added to the binder of thebinder130 to separate particles. A mixing process may be used to uniformly space separated particles. In one embodiment, the result of the mixing process is that the composition is uniformly mixed to disperse the particles at the nanoscale. Thus, particles such as carbon nanotubes may be separated out individually and distributed relatively evenly in the material. In order to achieve nanoscale dispersion, one or more embodiments provide for use of sonic agitators and sophisticated mixing equipment (e.g. rotor-stator mixers, ball mills, mini-mills and other high shear mixing technologies), over a duration that last several hours or longer. Once mixed, the resulting mixture may be cured or dried.
• As an alternative or addition to use of nanoscale distributed particles, one or more embodiments provide for the conductive/semi-conductiveorganic material110 to be solvent soluble. In one embodiment, the conductive/semi-conductiveorganic material110 is added to the binder and mixed with solvent. During the drying process, the solvent is removed, leaving the conductive/semi-conductiveorganic material110 remaining uniformly mixed within the cured material. An example of solvent soluble material is poly-3-hexylthiophene. The solvent may correspond to toluene. As a result of the curing step in theformulation process150, the poly-3-hexylthiophene remains in theVSD material140.
• Thus, as an alternative or addition to fullerenes, numerous other types of conductive/semi-conductive organic material are contemplated for use with VSD material, according to embodiments of the invention. These include: poly-3-hexylthiophene (as discussed above), Polythiophene, a Polyactetylene, a Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate), a Pentacene, (8-hydroxyquinolinolato) aluminum (III), N,N′-Di-[(naphthalenyl)-N,N′diphenyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine [NPD, a conductive carbon graphite or carbon fiber, diamond powder, and a conductive polymer.
• Thus, as an alternative or variation to an embodiment described, the organic material may correspond to a compound that is solvent soluble.
• According to another embodiment, other kinds of conductive or semi-conductive organic material may be used. These include conductive/semi-conductive monomers, oligomers, and polymers. By classification, the conductive or semi-conductive organic material may correspond to variations of monomers, oligomer, and polymers of thiophenes (such as poly-3-hexylthiophene or Polythiophene), anilines, phenylenes, vinylenes, flourenes, naphthalene, pyrrole, acetylene, carbazole, pyrrolidone, cyano materials, anthracene, pentacene, rubrene, perylene, or oxadizoles. Still further, the conductive or semi-conductive organic material may correspond to Poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate), (8-hydroxyquinolinolato) aluminum (III), N,N′-Bis(3-methylphenyl-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine [TPD], N,N′-Di-[(naphthalenyl)-N,N′diphenyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine [NPD].
• The conductor/semi-conductor particles120 may correspond to conductors or semi-conductors. One or more embodiments provide for use of inorganic semi-conductor particles that include silicon, silicon carbide, or titanium dioxide, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, bismuth oxide, cerium oxide, iron oxide, metal or/and complexes selected from a group consisting of oxides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, metal borides, metal sulfides, or a combination thereof.
• Thebinder130 may also be of various types. Thebinder130 may be provided in the form of a binder that retains the conductor/semiconductororganic material110 and the conductor/semiconductor particles120. According to different embodiments, thebinder130 is formed from a material selected from a group consisting of silicone polymers, epoxy, phenolic resin, polyurethane, poly(meth) acrylate, polyamide, polyester, polycarbonate, polycrylamides, polyimide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyphenylene oxide, polysulphone, solgel materials, and ceramers. According to one or more embodiments, thebinder130 is a binder that suspends and/or retains theorganic material110 and the conductor/semi-conductor particles120, as well as other particles or compounds that comprise theVSD material140. Additionally, thebinder130 may include solvents and other elements not specifically described herein.
• VSD Formulation with Organisc Material
• Broadly, embodiments provide for use of VSD material that includes, by percentage of volume, 5-99% binder, 0-70% conductor, 0-90% semiconductor, and 0.01-95% organic conductive or semi-conductive material. One or more embodiments provide for use of VSD material that includes, by percentage of volume, 20 to 80% binder, 10-50% conductor, 0% to 70% semiconductor, and organic material that is conductive or semi-conductive and having a volume of the composition in a range of 0.01-40%. Still further, one embodiment provides for use of VSD material that includes, by percentage of volume, 30 to 70% binder, 15-45% conductor, 0% to 50% semiconductor, and organic material that is conductive or semi-conductive and having a volume of the composition in a range of 0.01-40%. Examples of binder materials include silicone polymers, epoxy, polyimide, phenolic resins, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyphenylene oxide, polysulphone, solgel mateterials, ceramers and inorganic polymers. Examples of conductors include metals such as copper, aluminum, titanium, nickel, stainless steel, chrome and other alloys. Examples of semiconductors include both organic and inorganic semiconductors. Some inorganic semiconductors include silicon, silicon carbide, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, bismuth oxide, and iron oxide. Examples of organic semiconductors include poly-3-hexylthiophene, pentacene, perylene (or derivatives thereof), carbon nanotubes, C60 fullerenes and diamond. The specific formulation and composition may be selected for mechanical and electrical properties that best suit the particular application of the VSD material.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a process for formulating a composition of VSD material having organic material, according to an embodiment of the invention. Initially, in astep210, a resin mixture is created having conductive and semi-conductive organic particles (or alternatively solvent solubles). The resin mixture may serve as the binder of the VSD material when formulation is complete. In one embodiment, the organic material may correspond to carbon nanotubes. The amount of organic material added to the mixture may vary, depending on the desired by weight or by percentage by volume of the organic material in the formulated VSD material. In one embodiment in which carbon nanotubes are used, the quantity of carbon nanotubes added to the resin results in carbon nanotubes having a percentage by weight of less than 10% of the overall composition, and more specifically between 0.01% and 10% of the formulated VSD material. More generally, the amount of organic material added to the resin may be based on using organic material that has a percentage by weight of the formulated VSD material that is less than the percolation threshold of the mixture.
• Instep220, metallic and/or inorganic conductors/semiconductors are added to the mixture. As described with an embodiment ofFIG. 1, numerous types of conductors or semi-conductors may be used. More than one kind of organic/semiconductor particle may be added. In one embodiment, Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is used as the (or one of the) primary types of conductive/semiconductive particles, along with additional conductor particles. Additional curative and catalyst constituents and insulative particles may also be added to the mixture.
• Instep230, a mixing process may be performed over a designated duration. In one embodiment, the mixing process is performed with mixing equipment, including sonic agitators, for a duration that that extends from between minutes to several hours.
• Instep240, the mixture is applied to its desired target. For example, the mixture may be applied to across a 5 mil gap between two given electrodes of a particular device. At the target location, the mixture is cured into VSD material.
• As described with an embodiment ofFIG. 1, the resulting VSD material has numerous improved mechanical properties over more conventional VSD material. For example, among other improvements that may result, the VSD material formulated in accordance with an embodiment such as described may be less brittle, have better compression strength, adhere better to metals (particularly copper), and/or have better aesthetic properties.
• Example Formulation and Composition
• A compound in accordance with embodiments described herein may be formulated as follows: Organic material, such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) are added to a suitable resin mixture. In one embodiment, the resin mixture includes Epon 828 and a silane coupling agent. NMP (N-methyl-2pyrrolidone) may be added to the resin mixture. Subsequently, conductor or semiconductor particles may be added to the mixture. In one embodiment, titanium dioxide is mixed into the resin, along with titanium nitride, titanium diboride, a curative compound or agent, and a catalyst agent. The mixture may be uniformly mixed for a mixing duration that lasts hours (e.g. 8 hours) using, for example, a rotor-stator mixer with sonication. NMP may be added as necessary for the mixing duration. The resulting mixture may be applied as a coating using #50 wire wound rod or screen print on a desired target. In one embodiment, the coating may be applied across a 5 mil gap between 2 electrodes. Subsequently, a cure process may take place that may be varied. One suitable curing process includes curing for ten minutes at 75 C, ten minutes at 125 C, 45 minutes at 175 C, and 30 minutes at 187 C.
• Specific formulations may vary based on design criteria and application. One example of a formulation in which carbon nanotubes are used fororganic material110 includes:

  	Epoxy Type	Weight (g)

  	CheapTubes	5.4
  	Epon 828	100
  	Gelest Aminopropyltriethoxysilane	4
  	Total Epoxy	104
  	Nanophase Bismuth Oxide	98
  	HC Starck TiN	164
  	Degussa Dyhard T03	4.575
  	NMP	25.925
  	Curative Soln.	30.5
  	1-methylimidazole	0.6
  	HC Stark TiB2	149
  	Millenium Chemical Doped TiO2	190
  	NMP	250
  	Total Solution	986.1
  	Total Solids	715.575
  	Epoxy:Amin Equiv Ratio % Solids	72.6%
  	*Curative Solution is a 15% by weight solution of Dyhard T03 dissolved in NMP.

• Carbon nanotubes have the benefit of being a high aspect ratio organic filler. The lengths or aspect ratios may be varied to achieve a desired property, such as switching voltage for the material.
• FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional illustration of VSD material provided on adevice302, where the VSD material is formulated in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. In an embodiment, a thickness or layer orVSD material300 includes basic constituents ofmetal particles310,binder material315, andcarbon nanotubes320. As an alternative or addition to use ofcarbon nanotubes320, other organic material may be used, such as C60 or C70 fullerenes (which may or may not be functionalized). Additionally, the use of organic conductors and semi-conductors provide ability to use electron donor or electro acceptor molecules.
• Embodiments recognize, however, that carbon nanotubes have considerable length to width ratio. This dimensional property enables carbon nanotubes to enhance the ability of the binder to pass electrons from conductive particle to conductive particle in the occurrence of a transient voltage that exceeds the characteristic voltage. In this way, carbon nanotubes can reduce the amount of metal loading present in the VSD material. By reducing the metal loading, physical characteristics of the layer may be improved. For example, as mentioned with one or more other embodiments, the reduction of metal loading reduces the brittleness of theVSD material300.
• Furthermore, while an embodiment ofFIG. 3A illustrates organic material in particulate form with the layer of VSD material, one or more embodiments contemplate use of an organic solvent soluble within thebinder315.
• As described with an embodiment ofFIG. 2, theVSD material300 may be formed ondevice302 by being deposited as a mixture on a target location of thedevice302. The target location may correspond to aspan312 between a first andsecond electrode322,324. According to one or more embodiments, thespan312 is about (i.e. within 60%) 3.0 mil, 5.0 mil, or 7.5 mil for applications such as printed circuit boards. However, the exact distance of thespan312 may vary based on design specification (e.g. gap distance may range between 2-10 mil for printed circuit board applications). Moreover, some applications, such as semiconductor packaging, may use, for example, much smaller gap distances. Application of the VSD material in the gap enables handling of current that result from transient voltages that exceed the characteristic voltage of the VSD material.
• Device302 may correspond to anyone of many kinds of electrical devices. In an embodiment,device302 be implemented as part of a printed circuit board. For example, theVSD material300 may be provided as a thickness that is on the surface of the board, or within the board's thickness.Device302 may further be provided as part of a semi-conductor package, or discrete device.
• Alternatively,device302 may be used with, for example, a light-emitting diode, a radio-frequency tag or device, or a semiconductor package.
• As described with other embodiments, VSD material, when applied to a target location of a device, may be characterized by electrical properties such as characteristic (or trigger) voltage, clamp voltage, leakage current and current carrying capacity. Embodiments described herein provide for use of conductive or semi-conductive organic material in a mixture that enables adjustment of electrical properties such as described, while maintaining several desired mechanical properties described elsewhere in this application.
• FIG. 3B illustrates a graph of basic electrical properties of clamp and trigger voltage for VSD material, in accordance with embodiments such as described withFIG. 3A and elsewhere in this application. Generally, the characteristic or trigger voltage is the voltage level (which may vary per unit length) by which the VSD material turns on or becomes conductive. The clamp voltage is typically less than or equal to the trigger voltage and is the voltage required to maintain the VSD material in the on-state. In some cases when the VSD material is provided between two or more electrodes, the trigger and clamp voltages may be measured as output across the VSD material itself. Thus, the on-state of the VSD material may be maintained by maintaining the input voltage level at above the clamp voltage, for a duration that is less than the break down threshold energy or time. In application, the trigger and/or clamp voltages may be varied as a result of an input signal that is spiked, pulsed, shaped or even modulated over several pulses. Embodiments further recognize that another electrical property of interest includes off-state resistance, determined by measuring current through operational voltages of the device. The resistivity of the off-state may correspond to the leakage current. A change in off-state resistivity as compared to before and after when the VSD material is turned on and off signals degradation of the performance of the VSD material. In most cases, this should be minimized.
• Still further, another electrical characteristic may correspond to current carrying capacity, measured as the ability of the material to sustain itself after being turned on, then off.
• Table 1 and Table 2 several examples of VSD material, including VSD material composed with carbon nanotubes in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. Table 1 and Table 2 each list generically measured electrical properties (meaning no differentiation is provided between forms of input signal and/or manner in which data for electrical properties is determined), as quantified by clamp and trigger voltages, that result from use of the VSD material in accordance with the stated composition.

  TABLE 1
  	Example 1	Example 2	Example 3	Example 4	Example 5	Example 6
  Material	Weight (g)	Weight (g)	Weight (g)	Weight (g)	Weight (g)	Weight (g)

  Hyperion CP-1203	0	31.29	0	40.86	40.36	40.67
  Nickel INP400	216.27	221.49	0	0	71.07	71.02
  Momentive TiB2	0	0	55.36	55.4	36.25	36.18
  (formerly GE)
  Saint Gobain BN	0	0	0	0	11.26	11.35
  Epon 828 (Hexion)	40.13	10.09	51.06	12.18	0	0
  Degussa Dyhard T03	1.83	1.83	2.34	2.33	1.73	1.73
  1-methylimidazole	0.1	0.13	0.3	0.3	0.05	0.05
  imidazoledicarbonitrile	0	0	0	0	6	0
  Methylaminoantracene	0	0	0	0	0	6.02
  Millenium Chemical	0	0	85.03	85.79	68.62	68.15
  TiO2
  N-methylpyrrolidinone	80.37	80.46	83.5	123.4	108.8	98.9
  Gap	5 mil	5 mil	5 mil	5 mil	5 mil	5mil
  Trigger Voltage
  	250	170	1475	775	530	550
  Clamp Voltage	100	70	1380	220	210	255

• 	TABLE 2
  		Example 7	Example 8	Example 8
  	Material	Weight (g)	Weight (g)	Weight (g)

  	Nickel INP400	0	0	160.28
  	Aldrich fullerene	0	0	1.5
  	C60 soot
  	Cheaptubes Carbon	5.4	5.44	4.0
  	nanotubes
  	Nanophase Bi2O3	98	98.36	1.5
  	HC Starck TiN	164	164.3	0
  	Epon 828 (Hexion)	100	100	100.1
  	Degussa Dyhard	4.56	4.56	4.65
  	T03
  	1-methylimidazole	0.6	0.6	0.3
  	Saint Gobain BN	0	0	19.67
  	Momentive TiB2	0	0	85.26
  	(formerly GE)
  	HC Starck TiB2	149	149	0
  	Millenium	190	190	150.59
  	Chemical TiO2
  	Gelest SIA610.1	4	4.05	0
  	Sexithiophene	0	1.03	0
  	N-	275.9	275.9	226.4
  	methylpyrrolidinone
  	Gap	5 mil	5 mil	5 mil
  	Trigger Voltage	460	520	700
  	Clamp Voltage	348	413	380

  
  With respect to Table 1, Example 1 provides a composition of VSD material that is a basis for comparison with other examples. In Example 1, no conductive or semiconductive organic material is used in the VSD material. Furthermore, the VSD material has relatively high metal loading. Example 2 illustrates a similar composition as to Example 1, but with the introduction of carbon nanotubes. The result is a reduction in trigger and clamp voltage. Trigger and clamp voltages may be reduced by adding carbon nanotubes at a given (constant) nickel loading
• Example 3 also illustrates a VSD composition that lacks organic conductive/semi-conductive material, while Example 4 illustrates effect of including carbon nanotubes into the mixture, As shown, a dramatic reduction in the trigger and clamp voltages is shown. With regard to Example 3 and Example 4, both compositions illustrate compositions that have desirable mechanical characteristics, as well as characteristics of off-state resitivity and current-carrying capacity (neither of which are referenced in the chart). However, the clamp and trigger voltage values of Example 3 illustrate the composition, without inclusion of carbon nanotubes, is difficult to turn on and maintain on. Abnormally high trigger and clamp voltages thus reduce the usefulness of the composition.
• Examples 5 and 6 illustrate the use of organic semiconductors with carbon nanotubes. In Example 5, the organic semiconductor is imidazoledicarbonitrile. In Example 6, the organic semiconductor is Methylaminoantracene.
• Examples 7-10 shows various combinations of VSD material. Example8 illustrates use of organic semiconductor (sexithiophene) and carbon nanotubes. Example 10 illustrates a VSD composition having multiple types of carbon nanotubes of different VSD compositions, illustrating various effects from use of conductive or semiconductive organic material, according to embodiments of the invention.
• The performance diagrams shown withFIGS. 3C-3E assume pulsed voltage inputs. The performance diagrams may be referenced to the examples provided in the following table.

  TABLE 3
  	Example 11	Example 12	Example 13
  Material	Weight (g)	Weight (g)	Weight (g)

  Hyperion CP1203	21.0	0	1.0
  Hexion Epon 828	50.25	0	5
  Cabosil coated	40.33	26.33	0
  Aluminum
  ATA5669
  	0	0	13.76
  aluminum
  Degussa Dyhard	3.22	0.8	0.6
  T03
  Methoxyethanol	25.8	6.39	4.68
  1-methylimidazole	0.06	0.04	0.04
  Hexion Epon SU-8	0	19.55	14.32
  Methyl ethyl ketone	0	11.73	6.6
  Cabosil coated	0	15.31	0
  Alumina

• FIG. 3C is a diagram that illustrates a performance diagram for VSD material that has a relatively large quantity of concentration of carbon nanotubes in the binder of the VSD material, as described by Example11. As shown by the diagram ofFIG. 3C, the occurrence of aninitial voltage event372 in the range of 500-1000 volts results in the material turning on, so as to carry current. Application of asecond voltage event374 after the device turns off from the first event results in a similar effect as theinitial event372, in the material carries currents at relatively the same voltage levels. The occurrence of thethird voltage event376 after the device turns off the second time results in a similar result in the amperage carried in the VSD material as the first two occurrences. As suchFIG. 3C illustrates the VSD material of the composition in Example 11 has relatively-high current carrying capacity, in that the VSD material remains effective after two instances of switching on and off.
• FIG. 3D correlates to Example12, which is a VSD composition that contains no conductive or semi-conductive organic material. While the VSD material is effective in thefirst voltage event382, there is no detectable non-linear behavior (i.e. turn-on voltage) when the subsequentsecond voltage event384 occurs.
• FIG. 3E correlates to Example 13, which has fewer amount of carbon nanotubes. The light addition of such conductive/semi-conductive organic material improves the current carrying capacity of the VSD material, as shown by the amperage of thefirst voltage event392 and the lesser (but present) amperage of thesecond voltage event394.
• Coated Conductive or Semi-Conductive Particles
• One or more embodiments include a formulation of VSD material that includes the use of conductive or semi-conductive micro-fillers that are coated or otherwise combined onto a periphery of a metal particle. Such formulation allows for additional reduction in the size of the metal particle and/or volume that would otherwise be occupied by the metal particle. Such reduction may improve the overall physical characteristics of the VSD material, in a manner described with other embodiments.
• As described below, one or more embodiments provide for the use of conductive organic materials as micro-fillers that coat or bond metal or other inorganic conductor elements. One objective of coating the inorganic/metal particles with organic particles is to generally maintain overall effective volume of conductive material in the binder of the VSD material, while reducing a volume of metal particles in use.
• FIG. 4 illustrates a more detailed process by which VSD material can be formulated, under an embodiment of the invention. According to astep410, the conductive elements (or semi-conductive) that are to be loaded into a binder for VSD formulation are initially prepared. This step may include combining organic material (e.g. carbon nanotubes) with particles that are to be coated so as to create a desired effect when the end mixture is cured.
• In one implementation, separate preparation steps are performed for the metal and metal oxide particles. Under one embodiment, step410 may include sub-steps of filtering aluminum and alumina powder. Each of the powder sets are then coated with an organic conductor to form the conductive/semi-conductive element. In one implementation, the following process may be used for aluminum: (i) add 1-2 millimole of silane per gram of Aluminum (dispersed in an organic solvent); (ii) apply sonic applicator to distribute particles; (iii) let react 24 hours with stirring; (iv) weigh out Cab-O-Sil or organic conductor into solution; (v) add suitable solvent to Cab-O-Sil and/or organic conductor mix; (vi) add Cab-O-Sil and/or organic conductor to collection with Aluminum; and (vii) dry overnight at 30-50 C.
• Similarly, the following process may be used by used for the Alumina: (i) add 1-2 millimole of silane per gram of Alumina (dispersed in an organic solvent); (ii) apply sonic applicator to distribute particles; (iii) let react 24 hours with stirring; (iv) weigh out Cab-O-Sil or organic conductor into solution; (v) add Cab-O-Sil and/or organic conductor to collection with Alumina; (vi) dry overnight at 30-50 C.
• According to an embodiment, carbon nanotubes may be used in coating or preparing the conductive elements. The carbon nanotubes may be biased to stand on end when bonded with the metal particles, so as to extend conductive length of the particles, while at the same time reducing the overall volume of metal needed. This may be accomplished by placing a chemical reactive agent on the surface perimeter of the metal particles that are to form conductors within the VSD material. In one embodiment, the metal particles may be treated with a chemical that is reactive to another chemical that is positioned at the longitudinal end of the carbon nanotube. The metal particles may be treated with, for example, a Silane coupling agent. The ends of the carbon nanotubes may be treated with the reactive agent, to enable end-wise bonding of the carbon nano-tubes to the surface of the metal particles.
• Instep420, a mixture is prepared. Binder material may be dissolved in an appropriate solvent. Desired viscosity may be achieved by adding more or less solvent. The conductive elements (or semi-conductive elements from step410) are added to the binder materials. The solution may be mixed to form uniform distribution. Appropriate curative may then be added.
• Instep430, the solution fromstep420 is integrated or provided onto a target application (i.e. a substrate, or discrete element or a Light Emitting Diode or Organic LED), then heated or cured to form a solid VSD material. Prior to heating, the VSD material may be shaped or coated for the particular application of the VSDM. Various applications for VSD material with organic material coating metallic or inorganic conductors/semiconductors exist.
• FIG. 5A andFIG. 5B illustrate how application of organic material to coat or bind the surface of the metal/inorganic conductor or semiconductors can reduce loading of such particles, under an embodiment of the invention.FIG. 5A is a simplified illustration of how conductor and/or semiconductor particles in a binder of the VSD material can be surface coated with carbon nanotubes. As shown,conductive element500 includes ametal particle510 and a metal oxide or other optional inorganicsemi-conductor particle520. Themetal particle510 may have a dimension represented by a diameter d1, while themetal oxide particle520 may have a dimension represented by d2. In an embodiment shown byFIG. 5A, conductive organic fillers530 (e.g. carbon nanotubes) are bonded or combined with a periphery of therespective particles510,520. As the bondedorganic fillers530 are conductive or semi-conductive, the effect is to increase the size of theparticles510,520 without increasing the volume of those particles in the binder of the VSD material. The presence of the organic filler enables conduction, or electron hopping or tunneling from molecule to molecule when voltage exceeding the characteristic voltage occurs. Theconductive element500 may in fact be semi-conductive, in thatconductive element500 may have the property of being collectively conductive when a characteristic voltage is exceeded.
• InFIG. 5B, a conventional VSD material is shown without addition of organic material. Metal particles502,504 are relatively closely spaced in order to pass charge when voltage exceeding the characteristic voltage is applied. As a result of more closely spaced conductors, more metal loading is required to enable the device to switch to a conductor state. In comparison to an embodiment such as illustrated byFIG. 5A, under a conventional approach shown byFIG. 5B, theparticles510,520 are spaced by glass particle spaces (e.g. Cab-O-Sil), an embodiment such as shown inFIG. 5A substitutes metal volume withconductive fillers530 that are conductive, have desirable physical properties, and have dimensions to adequately substitute for metal.
• FIG. 5C illustrates a relatively disorganized distribution of organic fillers (e.g. carbon nanotubes), reflecting how the organic fillers, when uniformly dispersed at nanoscale, inherently produce results that are similar to those desired from the simplified illustration ofFIG. 5A. A description ofFIG. 5C may reflect embodiments such as shown and described withFIG. 3 or elsewhere in this application. As shown, a number of uniformly distributed conductive/semi-conductive fillers530 enables sufficient touching and/or proximity to enable a conductive path for handling current, including through electron tunneling and hopping. This allows improvement in electrical and physical characteristics, particularly in relation to reduction of metal loading in the binder of the VSD material. Moreover, when particles are evenly dispersed at nanoscale within the binder, lessorganic material530 is needed to produce the desired electrical conductivity effect.
• Conclusion
• Embodiments described with reference to the drawings are considered illustrative, and Applicant's claims should not be limited to details of such illustrative embodiments. Various modifications and variations will may be included with embodiments described, including the combination of features described separately with different illustrative embodiments. Accordingly, it is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims. Furthermore, it is contemplated that a particular feature described either individually or as part of an embodiment can be combined with other individually described features, or parts of other embodiments, even if the other features and embodiments make no mentioned of the particular feature.

Claims (39)

1. A composition comprising:

organic material that is conductive or semi-conductive, wherein said organic material is either solvent soluble or dispersed within the composition at nanoscale; and

conductor and/or semiconductor particles other than said organic material;

wherein said organic material and said conductor and/or semiconductor particles are combined to provide said composition with a characteristic of being (i) dielectric in absence of a voltage that exceeds a characteristic voltage level, and (ii) conductive with application of said voltage exceeding said characteristic voltage level.

2. The composition ofclaim 1, further comprising a binder, and wherein the organic material and the conductor and/or semiconductor particles are distributed in the binder.

3. A composition comprising:

a binder;

organic material that is conductive or semi-conductive, wherein said organic material is either soluble in the binder or dispersed as nanoscale particles within the binder; and

conductor and/or semiconductor particles other than said organic material, said conductor and/or semiconductor particles being distributed in the binder;

wherein said organic material and said conductor and/or semiconductor particles are combined to provide said composition with a characteristic of being (i) dielectric in absence of a voltage that exceeds a characteristic voltage level, and (ii) conductive with application of said voltage exceeding said characteristic voltage level.

4. The composition ofclaim 3, wherein the conductive organic material and the conductor or semiconductor particles are substantially uniformly distributed in an overall thickness of the binder.

5. The composition ofclaim 3, wherein the organic material includes single and/or multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

6. The composition ofclaim 3, wherein the organic material includes C60 or C70 fullerenes.

7. The composition ofclaim 3, wherein the organic material includes a conductive or semi-conductive monomer, oligomer, or polymer.

8. The composition ofclaim 3, wherein the organic material includes electron donor and/or electron acceptor molecules or polymers.

9. The composition ofclaim 3, wherein the organic material includes a compound selected from a class of thiophenes, aniline, phenylenes, vinylenes, flourenes, naphthalene, pyrrolv, acetylene, carbazole, pyrrolidone, cyano materials, anthracene, pentacene, rubrene, or perylene.

10. The composition ofclaim 3, wherein the organic material includes a compound selected from Poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate), (8-hydroxyquinolinolato) aluminum (III), N,N′-Bis(3-methylphenyl-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine [TPD], N,N′-Di-[(naphthalenyl)-N,N′diphenyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine [NPD].

11. The composition ofclaim 3, wherein said organic material includes a pure carbon compound corresponding to one of carbon graphite, carbon fiber, or a diamond powder.

12. The composition ofclaim 3, wherein the conductor and/or semiconductor particles includes a metal or a metal complex.

13. The composition ofclaim 12, wherein the metal complex is selected from a group consisting of oxides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, metal borides, metal sulfides, or a combination thereof.

14. The composition ofclaim 3, wherein the conductor and/or semiconductor particles include a titanium compound.

15. The composition ofclaim 14, wherein the conductor and/or semiconductor particles include titanium dioxide.

16. The composition ofclaim 14, wherein the titanium compound includes titanium diboride or titanium nitride.

17. The composition ofclaim 3, further comprising inorganic semi-conductor particles distributed in the binder.

18. The composition ofclaim 3, wherein the inorganic semi-conductor particles include particles selected from a group consisting of silicon, silicon carbide, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, bismuth oxide, cerium oxide, iron oxide.

19. The composition ofclaim 3, where at least some of the conductor and/or semiconductor particles are surface bonded by said organic material.

20. The composition ofclaim 19, wherein said organic material that surface coats the conductor and/or semiconductor particles includes carbon nanotubes.

21. The composition ofclaim 20, wherein the conductor and/or semiconductor particles includes one of titanium dioxide, titanium nitride, titanium diboride.

22. The composition ofclaim 19, wherein said organic material that surface coats the conductor and/or semiconductor particles includes organic conductive particles that are grafted onto a surface of individual conductive particles in the binder.

23. The composition ofclaim 3, wherein the binder material is formed from a material selected from a group consisting of silicone polymers, epoxy, polyimide, polyethylene, phenolic resin, polypropylene, polyphenylene oxide, polysulphone, solgel mateterials, ceramers.

24. The composition ofclaim 3, wherein said organic material includes a chemical moiety that covalently bonds to the binder.

25. A voltage switchable dielectric material having a quantity of carbon nanotubes distributed therein.

26. The voltage switchable dielectric material ofclaim 25, further comprising a binder, and wherein the quantity of carbon nanotubes is distributed as part of the binder.

27. The voltage switchable dielectric material ofclaim 26, further comprising titanium dioxide distributed in the binder.

28. A composition comprising:

a binder that comprises at least a portion of a binder of the composition, the binder having a volume in the composition that is in a range of 20 to 80% of a composition volume;

conductor particles, having a volume of the composition in a range of 10% to 60% of the composition volume; and

organic material that is conductive or semiconductive and having a volume of the composition in a range of 0.01-40%;

wherein the binder, conductor particles, and organic material combine to provide the composition with a characteristic of being (i) dielectric in absence of a voltage that exceeds a characteristic voltage level, and (ii) conductive with application of the voltage exceeding the characteristic voltage level.

29. The composition ofclaim 28, wherein said organic material is a solvent soluble in the binder.

30. The composition ofclaim 28, wherein said organic material is distributed as nano-scaled particles in the binder.

31. A method for creating voltage switchable dielectric material, the method comprising:

creating a mixture containing (i) a binder that is dielectric, (ii) metallic and/or inorganic conductor or semi-conductor particles, and (iii) conductive or semi-conductive organic material that is distributed in the mixture as either a solvent soluble or as nano-scaled particles, wherein creating the mixture includes using a quantity of each of the binder, the metallic and/or inorganic conductor or semi-conductor particles, and the organic material so that the mixture, when cured, is (i) dielectric in absence of a voltage that exceeds a characteristic voltage, and (ii) conductive in presence of the voltage that exceeds the characteristic voltage; and

curing the mixture.

32. The method ofclaim 31, further comprising applying the mixture to a target location on a device, and wherein curing the mixture includes curing the mixture at the target location.

33. The method ofclaim 32, creating a mixture includes creating the mixture using fullerenes as the organic material.

34. The method ofclaim 31, wherein the fullerenes are functionalized C60 or C70.

35. The method ofclaim 31, wherein the fullerenes are carbon nanotubes.

36. The method ofclaim 31, wherein the metallic and/or inorganic conductor or semi-conductor particles are selected from a group consisting of copper, aluminum, nickel, and steel, silicon, silicon carbide, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, bismuth oxide, cerium oxide, iron oxide.

37. The method ofclaim 31, wherein the metallic and/or inorganic conductor or semi-conductor particles includes a titanium compound.

38. The method ofclaim 31, wherein the metallic and/or inorganic conductor or semi-conductor particles includes a titanium dioxide.

39. A voltage switchable dielectric material formed by:

creating a mixture comprising (i) a binder that is dielectric, (ii) metallic and/or inorganic conductor or semi-conductor particles, and (iii) conductive or semi-conductive organic material that is distributed as either a solvent soluble or as nano-scale particles in the mixture, wherein creating the mixture includes using a quantity of each of the binder, the metallic and/or inorganic conductor or semi-conductor particles, and the organic material so that the mixture, when cured, is (i) dielectric in absence of a voltage that exceeds a characteristic voltage, and (ii) conductive in presence of the voltage that exceeds the characteristic voltage; and

curing the mixture.

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