US20080021835A1 - Trusted infrastructure support systems, methods and techniques for secure electronic commerce, electronic transactions, commerce process control and automation, distributed computing, and rights management - Google Patents

Abstract

The present inventions provide an integrated, modular array of administrative and support services for electronic commerce and electronic rights and transaction management. These administrative and support services supply a secure foundation for conducting financial management, rights management, certificate authority, rules clearing, usage clearing, secure directory services, and other transaction related capabilities functioning over a vast electronic network such as the Internet and/or over organization internal Intranets. These administrative and support services can be adapted to the specific needs of electronic commerce value chains. Electronic commerce participants can use these administrative and support services to support their interests, and can shape and reuse these services in response to competitive business realities. A Distributed Commerce Utility having a secure, programmable, distributed architecture provides administrative and support services. The Distributed Commerce Utility makes optimally efficient use of commerce administration resources, and can scale in a practical fashion to accommodate the demands of electronic commerce growth. The Distributed Commerce Utility may comprise a number of Commerce Utility Systems. These Commerce Utility Systems provide a web of infrastructure support available to, and reusable by, the entire electronic community and/or many or all of its participants. Different support functions can be collected together in hierarchical and/or in networked relationships to suit various business models and/or other objectives. Modular support functions can combined in different arrays to form different Commerce Utility Systems for different design implementations and purposes. These Commerce Utility Systems can be distributed across a large number of electronic appliances with varying degrees of distribution.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
• This is a division of application Ser. No. 11/412,348, filed Apr. 26, 2006, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/398,665, filed Sep. 17, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,133,846, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/699,712, filed Aug. 12, 1996, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/388,107, filed Feb. 13, 1995, now abandoned, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONS
• These inventions generally relate to optimally bringing the efficiencies of modern computing and networking to the administration and support of electronic interactions and consequences and further relate to a secure architecture enabling distributed, trusted administration for electronic commerce.
• These inventions relate, in more detail, to a “Distributed Commerce Utility”—a foundation for the administration and support of electronic commerce and other electronic interaction and relationship environments.
• In still more detail, these inventions generally relate to:
• • efficient administration and support of electronic commerce and communications;
  • methods and technologies for electronic rights administration and support services;
  • techniques and arrangements for distributing administration and support services such as secure electronic transaction management/administration, electronic process control and automation, and clearing functions across and/or within an electronic network and/or virtual distribution environment; and/or
  • clearing, control, automation, and other administrative, infrastructure and support capabilities that collectively enable and support the operation of an efficient, secure, peer-to-peer collection of commerce participants within the human digital community.
BACKGROUND
• Efficient, effective societies require capabilities enabling their inhabitants to control the nature and consequences of their participation in interactions. Every community needs certain basic services, facilities and installations:
• • the post office delivers our mail,
  • the schools teach our children,
  • the highway department keeps our roads passable and in good repair,
  • the fire department puts out fires,
  • the power company delivers electrical power to our homes, the telephone company connects people and electronic devices near and far and provides directory services when you don't know the right number, banks keep our money safe,
  • cable TV and radio stations deliver news and entertainment programming to our homes.
  • police keep order,
  • the sanitation department collects refuse, and
  • social services support societal policies for the needy.
• These and other important “behind the scenes” administrative and support services provide an underlying base or foundation that makes the conveniences and necessities of modern life as we know it possible and efficient, and allow the wheels of commerce to spin smoothly.
• Suppose you want to buy bread at the local bakery. The baker doesn't have to do everything involved in making the bread because he can rely on support and administration services the community provides. For example:
• • The baker doesn't need to grow or mill grain to make flour for the bread. Instead, he can purchase flour from a supplier that delivers it by truck.
  • Similarly, the baker doesn't need to grow or produce fuel to keep its ovens hot; that fuel can be delivered in pipes or tanks by people who specialize in producing and supplying fuel.
  • You can also have confidence in the cleanliness of the local bakery because it displays an inspection notice certifying that it has been inspected by the local health department.
• Support and administrative services are also very important to ensure that people are compensated for their efforts. For example:
• • You and the bakery can safely trust the government to stand behind the currency you take out of your wallet or purse to pay for the bread.
  • If you pay by check, the banking system debits the amount of your check from your bank account overnight and gives the bakery the money.
  • If you and the bakery use different banks, your check may be handled by an automated “clearinghouse” system that allows different banks to exchange checks and settle accounts—efficiently transferring money between the banks and returning checks drawn on accounts that don't have enough money in them.
  • If the bakery accepts credit cards as payment, the flexibility of payment methods accepted in exchange for the bakery products is increased and provides increased convenience and purchasing power to its customers.
• Such support and administrative services provide great economies in terms of scale and scope—making our economy much more efficient. For example, these important support and administrative services allow the baker to concentrate on what he knows how to do best—make and bake bread. It is much more efficient for a bakery and its experienced bakers to make many loaves of bread in its large commercial ovens than it is for individual families to each bake individual loaves in their own home ovens, or for the growers of grain to also bake the bread and pump the fuel needed for baking and accept barter, for example, chickens in exchange for the bread. As a result, you and the bakery can complete your purchasing transaction with a credit card because both you and the bakery have confidence that such a payment system works well and can be trusted to “automatically” function as a highly efficient and convenient basis for non-cash transactions.
• The Electronic Community Needs Administrative and Support Services
• There is now a worldwide electronic community. Electronic community participants need the ability to shape, control, and, in an electronic world, automate, their interactions. They badly need reliable, secure, trusted support and administrative services.
• More and more of the world's commerce is being carried on electronically. The Internet—a massive electronic network of networks that connects millions of computers worldwide—is being used increasingly as the vehicle for commerce transactions. Fueled largely by easy-to-use interfaces (e.g., those allowing customers to “point and click” on items to initiate purchase and then to complete a simple form to convey credit card information), the Internet is rapidly becoming a focal point for consumer and business to business purchases. It is also becoming a significant “channel” for the sale and distribution of all kinds of electronic properties and services, including information, software, games, and entertainment.
• At the same time, large companies use both private and public data networks to connect with their suppliers and customers. Driven by apparently inexorable declines in the cost of both computing power and network capacity, electronic commerce will increase in importance as the world becomes more and more computerized. This new electronic community—with its widespread electronic commerce—is generating great new demands for electronic administrative, support and “clearing” services.
• The electronic community badly needs a foundation that will support both commercial and personal electronic interactions and relationships. Electronic commerce on any significant scale will require a dependable, efficient, scaleable, and secure network of third party support and administrative service providers and mechanisms to facilitate important parts of the transaction process. For example:
• • People who provide value to the electronic community require seamless and efficient mechanisms allowing them to be compensated for the value they provide.
  • Providers who sell goods or services to the electronic community need reliable, efficient electronic payment mechanisms to service themselves and other value chain participants.
  • Purchasers in the electronic marketplace, while often unaware of the behind-the-scenes intricacies of payment transaction activity, nonetheless require easy to use, efficient and flexible interfaces to payment mechanisms and financial obligation fulfillment systems.
  • Rights holders in all types of electronic “content” (for example, analog or digital information representing text, graphics, movies, animation, images, video, digital linear motion pictures, sound and sound recordings, still images, software computer programs, data), and to many types of electronic control processes, require secure, flexible and widely interoperable mechanisms for managing their rights and administering their business models, including collecting, when desired, payments and relevant usage information for various uses of their content.
  • All parties require infrastructure support services that remain dependable, trusted, and secure even as the volume of commerce transactions increases substantially.
• An important cornerstone of successful electronic transaction management and commerce is therefore the development and operation of a set of administrative and support services that support these objectives and facilitate the emergence of more diverse, flexible, scaleable, and efficient business models for electronic commerce generally.
• The Ginter Patent Specification Describes a Comprehensive Solution
• The above-referenced Ginter, et al. patent specification describes technology providing unique, powerful capabilities instrumental to the development of secure, distributed transaction-based electronic commerce and rights management. This technology can enable many important, new business models and business practices on the part of electronic commerce participants while also supporting existing business models and practices.
• The Ginter et al. specification describes comprehensive overall systems and wide arrays of methods, techniques, structures and arrangements that enable secure, efficient distributed electronic commerce and rights management on the Internet (and Intranets), within companies large and small, in the living room, and in the home office. Such techniques, systems and arrangements bring about an unparalleled degree of security, reliability, efficiency and flexibility to electronic commerce and electronic rights management.
• The Ginter, et al. patent specification also describes an “Information Utility”—a network of support and administrative services, facilities and installations that grease the wheels of electronic commerce and support electronic transactions in this new electronic community. For example, Ginter, et al. details a wide array of support and administrative service providers for interfacing with and supporting a secure “Virtual Distribution Environment.” These support and administrative service providers include:
• • transaction processors,
  • usage analysts,
  • report receivers,
  • report creators,
  • system administrators,
  • permissioning agents,
  • certification authority
  • content and message repositories,
  • financial clearinghouses,
  • consumer/author registration systems,
  • template libraries,
  • control structure libraries,
  • disbursement systems,
  • electronic funds transfer, credit card, paper billing systems, and
  • receipt, response, transaction and analysis audit systems.
    The Present Inventions Build On and Extend the Solutions Described in the Ginter Patent Specification
• The present inventions build on the fundamental concepts described in the Ginter, et al. patent specification while extending those inventions to provide further increases in efficiency, flexibility and capability. They provide an overlay of distributed electronic administrative and support services (the “Distributed Commerce Utility”). They can, in their preferred embodiments, use and take advantage of the “Virtual Distribution Environment” (and other capabilities described in the Ginter et al patent specification and may be layered on top of and expand on those capabilities.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF SOME OF THE FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES OF THE PRESENT INVENTIONS
• The present inventions provide an integrated, modular array of administrative and support services for electronic commerce and electronic rights and transaction management. These administrative and support services supply a secure foundation for conducting financial management, rights management, certificate authority, rules clearing, usage clearing, secure directory services, and other transaction related capabilities functioning over a vast electronic network such as the Internet and/or over organization internal Intranets, or even in-home networks of electronic appliances.
• These administrative and support services can be adapted to the specific needs of electronic commerce value chains. Electronic commerce participants can use these administrative and support services to support their interests, and can shape and reuse these services in response to competitive business realities.
• The present inventions provide a “Distributed Commerce Utility” having a secure, programmable, distributed architecture that provides administrative and support services. The Distributed Commerce Utility can make optimally efficient use of commerce administration resources, and can scale in a practical fashion to accommodate the demands of electronic commerce growth.
• The Distributed Commerce Utility may comprise a number of Commerce Utility Systems. These Commerce Utility Systems provide a web of infrastructure support available to, and reusable by, the entire electronic community and/or many or all of its participants.
• Different support functions can be collected together in hierarchical and/or in networked relationships to suit various business models and/or other objectives. Modular support functions can be combined in different arrays to form different Commerce Utility Systems for different design implementations and purposes. These Commerce Utility Systems can be distributed across a large number of electronic appliances with varying degrees of distribution.
• The comprehensive “Distributed Commerce Utility” provided by the present invention:
• • Enables practical and efficient electronic commerce and rights management.
  • Provides services that securely administer and support electronic interactions and consequences.
  • Provides infrastructure for electronic commerce and other forms of human electronic interaction and relationships.
  • Optimally applies the efficiencies of modern distributed computing and networking.
  • Provides electronic automation and distributed processing.
  • Supports electronic commerce and communications infrastructure that is modular, programmable, distributed and optimally computerized.
  • Provides a comprehensive array of capabilities that can be combined to support services that perform various administrative and support roles.
  • Maximizes benefits from electronic automation and distributed processing to produce optimal allocation and use of resources across a system or network.
  • Is efficient, flexible, cost effective, configurable, reusable, modifiable, and generalizable.
  • Can economically reflect users' business and privacy requirements. Can optimally distribute processes—allowing commerce models to be flexible, scaled to demand and to match user requirements.
  • Can efficiently handle a full range of activities and service volumes.
  • Can be fashioned and operated for each business model, as a mixture of distributed and centralized processes.
  • Provides a blend of local, centralized and networked capabilities that can be uniquely shaped and reshaped to meet changing conditions.
  • Supports general purpose resources and is reusable for many different models; in place infrastructure can be reused by different value chains having different requirements.
  • Can support any number of commerce and communications models.
  • Efficiently applies local, centralized and networked resources to match each value chain's requirements.
  • Sharing of common resources spreads out costs and maximizes efficiency.
  • Supports mixed, distributed, peer-to-peer and centralized networked capabilities.
  • Can operate locally, remotely and/or centrally.
  • Can operate synchronously, asynchronously, or support both modes of operation.
  • Adapts easily and flexibly to the rapidly changing sea of commercial opportunities, relationships and constraints of “Cyberspace.”
• In sum, the Distributed Commerce Utility provides comprehensive, integrated administrative and support services for secure electronic commerce and other forms of electronic interaction.
• Some of the advantageous features and characteristics of the Distributed Commerce Utility provided by the present inventions include the following:
• • The Distributed Commerce Utility supports programmable, distributed, and optimally computerized commerce and communications administration. It uniquely provides an array of services that perform various administrative and support roles—providing the administrative overlay necessary for realizing maximum benefits from electronic automation, distributed processing, and system (e.g., network) wide optimal resource utilization.
  • The Distributed Commerce Utility is particularly adapted to provide the administrative foundation for the Internet, organization Intranets, and similar environments involving distributed digital information creators, users, and service systems.
  • The Distributed Commerce Utility architecture provides an efficient, cost effective, flexible, configurable, reusable, and generalizable foundation for electronic commerce and communications administrative and support services. Providing these capabilities is critical to establishing a foundation for human electronic interaction that supports optimal electronic relationship models—both commercial and personal.
    • The Distributed Commerce Utility architecture provides an electronic commerce and communication support services foundation that can be, for any specific model, fashioned and operated as a mixture of distributed and centralized processes.
    • The Distributed Commerce Utility supported models can be uniquely shaped and reshaped to progressively reflect optimal blends of local, centralized, and networked Distributed Commerce Utility administrative capabilities.
    • The Distributed Commerce Utility's innovative electronic administrative capabilities support mixed, distributed, peer-to-peer and centralized networked capabilities. Collections of these capabilities, can each operate in any mixture of local, remote, and central asynchronous and/or synchronous networked combinations that together comprise the most commercially implementable, economic, and marketable—that is commercially desirable—model for a given purpose at any given time.
    • The Distributed Commerce Utility architecture is general purpose. It can support any number of commerce and communication models which share (e.g., reuse), as appropriate, local, centralized, and networked resources. As a result, the Distributed Commerce Utility optimally enables practical and efficient electronic commerce and rights management models that can amortize resource maintenance costs through common usage of the same, or overlapping, resource base.
    • One or more Distributed Commerce Utility commerce models may share some or all of the resources of one or more other models. One or more models may shift the mix and nature of their distributed administrative operations to adapt to the demands of Cyberspace—a rapidly changing sea of commercial opportunities, relationships, and constraints.
    • The Distributed Commerce Utility supports the processes of traditional commerce by allowing their translation into electronic commerce processes. The Distributed Commerce Utility further enhances these processes through its use of distributed processing, rights related “clearinghouse” administration, security designs, object oriented design, administrative smart agents, negotiation and electronic decision making techniques, and/or electronic automation control techniques as may be necessary for efficient, commercially practical electronic commerce models.
    • Certain Distributed Commerce Utility operations (financial payment, usage auditing, etc.) can be performed within participant user electronic appliance secure execution spaces such as, for example, “protected processing environments” disclosed in Ginter et al. Distributed clearinghouse operations may be performed through “virtually networked and/or hierarchical” arrays of Commerce Utility System sites employing a general purpose, interoperable (e.g., peer-to-peer) virtual distribution environment foundation.
    • For a given application or model, differing arrays of Distributed Commerce Utility Services may be authorized to provide differing kinds of administrative and/or support functions.
    • Any or all of the roles supported by the Distributed Commerce Utility may be performed by, and/or used by, the same organization, consortium or other grouping of organizations, or other electronic community participants, such as individual user web sites.
    • One or more parts of the Distributed Commerce Utility may be comprised of a network of distributed protected processing environments performing one or more roles having hierarchical and/or peer-to-peer relationships.
    • Multiple Distributed Commerce Utility protected processing environments may contribute to the overall role of a service, foundation component, and/or clearinghouse.
    • Distributed protected processing environments contributing to a Distributed Commerce Utility role may be as distributed, in a preferred embodiment, as the number of VDE participant protected processing environments and/or may have specific hierarchical, networked and/or centralized administration and support relationship(s) to such participant protected processing environments.
    • In a given model, certain one or more Distributed Commerce Utility roles may be fully distributed, certain other one or more roles may be more (e.g., hierarchically), and/or fully, centralized, and certain other roles can be partially distributed and partially centralized.
    • The fundamental peer-to-peer control capabilities provided by the Distributed Commerce Utility allows for any composition of distributed roles that collectively provide important, practical, scaleable, and/or essential commerce administration, security, and automation services.
    • Combinations of Distributed Commerce Utility features, arrangements, and/or capabilities can be employed in programmable mixtures of distributed and centralized arrangements, with various of such features, arrangements, and capabilities operating in end-user protected processing environments and/or “middle” foundation protected processing environments (local, regional, class specific, etc.) and/or centralized service protected processing environments.
    • The Distributed Commerce Utility is especially useful to support the Internet and other electronic environments that have distributed information creators, users and service providers. By helping people to move their activities into the electronic world, it plays a fundamentally important role in migration of these non-electronic human activities onto the Internet, Intranets, and other electronic interaction networks. Such network users require the Distributed Commerce Utility foundation and support services in order to economically realize their business and privacy requirements. This secure distributed processing foundation is needed to optimally support the capacity of electronic commerce models to meaningfully scale to demand and efficiently handle the full range of desired activities and service volume.
    • The Distributed Commerce Utility technologies provided by the present inventions provide a set of secure, distributed support and administrative services for electronic commerce, rights management, and distributed computing and process control.
    • The Distributed Commerce Utility support services including highly secure and sophisticated technical and/or contractual services, may be invoked by electronic commerce and value chain participants in a seamless, convenient, and relatively transparent way that shields users against the underlying complexity of their operation.
    • The Distributed Commerce Utility can ensure appropriately high levels of physical, computer, network, process and policy-based security and automation while providing enhanced, efficient, reliable, easy to use, convenient functionality that is necessary (or at least highly desirable) for orderly and efficiently supporting of the needs of the electronic community.
    • The Distributed Commerce Utility, in its preferred embodiments, support the creation of competitive commercial models operating in the context of an “open” VDE based digital marketplace.
    • The Distributed Commerce Utility can provide convenience and operating efficiencies to their value chain participants. For example, they may offer a complete, integrated set of important “clearing” function capabilities that are programmable and can be shaped to optimally support multi-party business relationship through one seamless, “distributed” interface (e.g., a distributed application). Clearing and/or support functions and/or sub-functions can, as desirable, be made available individually and/or separately so as to serve business, confidentiality, efficiency, or other objectives.
    • The Distributed Commerce Utility can make it easy for providers, merchants, distributors, repurposers, consumers, and other value chain participants to attach to, invoke, and work with Distributed Commerce Utility services. Hookups can be easy, seamless and comprehensive (one hook-up may provide a wide variety of complementary services).
    • The Distributed Commerce Utility can further enhance convenience and efficiency by providing or otherwise supporting consumer brand images for clearing services offered by participant organizations, but utilizing shared infrastructure and processes.
    • The Distributed Commerce Utility can realize important efficiencies resulting from scale and specialization by participant organizations by supporting “virtual” models that electronically and seamlessly employ the special services and capabilities of multiple parties.
    • The Distributed Commerce Utility makes it possible for consumers to conveniently receive a benefit such as a service or product, where such service or product results from the invocation of a “fabric” of various support services—each of which service may be comprised of a distributed fabric of more specialized services and/or participating constituent service providers (the overall fabric is apparent to the value chain participant, the underlying complexity is (or can be) largely or entirely hidden).
    • Distributed Commerce Utility services and capabilities in their preferred embodiments can employ and be combined in any reasonable manner with any one or more Virtual Distribution Environment capabilities described in Ginter, et. al., including for example:
      • A. VDE chain of handling and control,
      • B. secure, trusted internodal communication and interoperability,
      • C. secure database,
      • D. authentication,
      • E. cryptographic,
      • F. fingerprinting,
      • G. other VDE security techniques,
      • H. rights operating system,
      • I. object design and secure container techniques,
      • J. container control structures,
      • K. rights and process control language,
      • L. electronic negotiation,
      • M. secure hardware, and
      • N. smart agent (smart object) techniques (for example, smart agents employed as process control, multi-party, and/or other administrative agent capabilities supporting distributed node administrative integration).
        Commerce Utility Systems can be Distributed and Combined
• The support and administrative service functions provided by the Distributed Commerce Utility can be combined in various ways and/or distributed through an electronic community, system or network. The preferred embodiment uses the protected processing environment based Virtual Distribution Environment described in Ginter et al. to facilitate such combinations and distributedness. Since all such Virtual Distribution Environment protected processing environments are at least to some degree trusted, every protected processing environment can be a clearinghouse or a part of a clearinghouse. Commerce models acceptable to the interest and desires of VDE commerce node users, can support Distributed Commerce Utility services that are pushed all the way to end-user electronic appliances employing, for example, other VDE protected processing environments, secure communication techniques and other VDE capabilities (as discussed elsewhere VDE capabilities can be directly integrated with the present inventions). Such appliances, along with more centralized value chain nodes can together form combinations that function as virtual clearing protected processing environments. In the end, cyberspace will be populated, in part, by big, “virtual” computers where access to resources is based upon “availability” and rights.
• The Distributed Commerce Utility is a modular, programmable and generalizable context that it can support such virtual computers. The Distributed Commerce Utility is a unique architectural foundation for the design of electronic commerce value chain models and virtual computers. The programmable nature of a particular implementation can support differing actual (logical and/or physical), and/or degrees of, distribution for the same and/or similar services For example:
• • Centralized Commerce Utility Systems and services may be used to provide certain support service functions, or collections of functions, efficiently from a centralized location.
  • Other Commerce Utility Systems might be provided in a partially or wholly distributed manner.
  • Some support and administrative service functions might be distributed in and/or throughout existing or new communications infrastructure or other electronic network support components.
  • Other support services might operate within secure execution spaces (e.g., protected processing environments) on any or all user electronic appliances, using peer-to-peer communications and interactions, for example, to provide a secure web of support service fabric.
  • Other support services might operate both in the network support infrastructure and at user electronic appliances.
• Such distributed support services may complement (and/or eliminate the need for) more centralized support service installations. Different combinations of the same and/or differing, non-distributed and differently distributed services may be provided to support different activities. Moreover, the nature and distribution of services for one overall model may differ from one implementation to another. Such differing model implementations can, if desired, share both the same Commerce Utility Systems and Services and/or any particular and/or any combination of Distributed Commerce Utility administrative and/or support functions.
• Further, a particular Commerce Utility Systems and Service infrastructure may be used by differing value chains (e.g., business model or relationship set) in differing manners. For example, certain value chains may elect to keep certain support service functions more centralized for efficiency, security, control or other reasons, others may elect more and/or differently distributed models.
• Provided that, for example, payment methods and rightsholders and/or other value chain participants concur, any one or more of the Distributed Commerce Utility secure infrastructure support services may distribute and/or delegate a portion or all of their functions and authority to any arbitrary collection or set of end-user and/or other value chain electronic appliances. Distributing and delegating these services and functions has various advantages including, for example, enabling flexible and efficient creation of temporary, ad hoc webs of secure electronic commerce in which any, a number, or all appliance(s) in the collection or set may participate as at least a partial (if not full) peer of other appliances in the same commerce web fabric.
• The present invention provides the following non-exhaustive list of additional features relating to distributing administrative and support functions:
• • Any mixture of any administrative and/or support functions may be integrated with any other mixture of administrative and/or support functions.
  • Any set or subset of Commerce Utility System functions can be combined in an integrated design with any other mixture of Commerce Utility system functions. Such mixtures can be distributed to any desired degree and any one or more portions of the mixture may be more or less distributed than any other one or more portion. This allows a value chain to employ optimum desired and/or practical designs. Any mixture, including any degrees of distribution, of rights clearing, financial clearing, usage aggregation, usage reporting and/or other clearing and/or other Distributed Commerce Utility functions, can be provided. Such Distributed Commerce Utility functions and/or administrative and/or support services can be combined with any other desired Distributed Commerce Utility functions and/or administrative and/or support services.
  • Any one or more such administrative and/or support services and/or functions can operate as a Commerce Utility System and support a web of Commerce Utility System nodes, each of which supports at least a portion of such Commerce Utility administrative service activities. Each Commerce Utility System may be capable of granting authority and/or providing services to and/or otherwise securely interoperating with other Commerce Utility Systems and/or nodes.
  • Each Commerce Utility System (or combination of Commerce Utility Systems) may be capable of participating as a “virtual clearinghouse” comprised of plural Commerce Utility Systems. In the preferred embodiment, these “virtual clearinghouses” may, when in accordance with VDE rules and controls, interoperate—in a fashion prescribed by such rules and controls—with other Commerce Utility Systems and/or other virtual clearinghouses participating in the same web. Such “virtual clearinghouses” may receive authority from secure chain of handling and control embodied in electronic control sets, and may participate in electronic commerce process automation resulting from such chain of handling and control and other VDE capabilities.
• This ability to distribute, and, if desired to subsequently adapt (modify), any support service functions to any desired degree across a system or network provides great power, flexibility and increases in efficiency. For example, distributing aspects of support services such as clearing functions will help avoid the “bottlenecks” that a centralized clearing facility would create if it had insufficient capacity to handle the processing loads. Taking advantage of the distributed processing power of many value chain participant appliances also has great benefits in terms of improved effectiveness and system response time, much lower overhead of operation, greater fault tolerance, versatility in application implementations, and, in general much greater value chain appeal resulting from the present inventions adaptability to each value chain participant's needs and requirements.
• Some Examples of Administrative and/or Support Services Provided by the Distributed Commerce Utility
• The Distributed Commerce Utility may be organized into a number of different, special and/or general purpose “Commerce Utility Systems.” The Commerce Utility Systems can be centralized, distributed, or partially distributed and partially centralized to provide administrative, security, and other services that practical commerce management layer requires. Certain Commerce Utility Systems comprise Distributed Commerce Utility implementations of certain well known administrative service functions, such as financial clearinghouse and certifying authorities. Other Commerce Utility Systems involve new forms of services and new combinations and designs for well known service activities. A Commerce Utility System is any instanstiation of the Distributed Commerce Utility supporting a specific electronic commerce model, and a Commerce Utility System may itself be comprised of constituent Commerce Utility Systems. Commerce Utility Systems may include any or all of the following, in any combination of capabilities and distribution designs, for example:
• • financial clearinghouses,
  • usage clearinghouses,
  • rights and permissions clearinghouses,
  • certifying authorities,
  • secure directory services,
  • secure transaction authorities,
  • multi-purpose, general purpose and/or combination Commerce Utility Systems including any combination of the capabilities of the systems listed immediately above, and
  • other Commerce Utility Systems.
• These Commerce Utility Systems are far-reaching in their utility and applicability. For example they may provide administrative support for any or all of the following:
• • trusted electronic event management,
  • networked, automated, distributed, secure process administration and control,
  • Virtual Distribution Environment chain-of-handling and control, and rights administration and usage (e.g., event) management (e.g., auditing, control, rights fulfillment, etc.), across and/or within electronic networks, including “unconnected,” virtually connected, or periodically connected networks.
• The Commerce Utility Systems may govern electronic process chains and electronic event consequences related to, for example:
• • electronic advertising,
  • market and usage analysis,
  • electronic currency,
  • financial transaction clearing and communications,
  • manufacturing and other distributed process control models,
  • financial clearing,
  • enabling payment fulfillment or provision of other consideration (including service fees, product fees or any other fees and/or charges) based at least in part on content, process control (event) and/or rights management,
  • performing audit, billing, payment fulfillment (or provision of other consideration) and/or other clearing activities,
  • compiling, aggregating, using and/or providing information relating to use of one or more secure containers and/or content and/or processes (events), including contents of secure containers and/or any other content,
  • providing information based upon usage auditing, user profiling, and/or market surveying related to use of one or more secure containers and/or content and/or processes (events),
  • employing information derived from user exposure to content (including advertising) and/or use of processes (events),
  • providing object registry services; and/or rights, permissions, prices, and/or other rules and controls information; for registered and/or registering objects;
  • electronically certifying information used with and/or required by rules and controls, such as authenticating identity, class membership and/or other attributes of identity context including for example, certification of class identity for automating processes, such as rights related financial transaction fulfillment based upon governing jurisdiction (taxation(s)), employment and/or other group membership including, for example, acquired class rights (e.g., purchased discount buyers club membership);
  • third party archiving and/or authenticating of transactions and/or transaction information for secure backup and non-repudiation,
  • providing programmed mixed arrays of Commerce Utility System process control and automation services, where different Commerce Utility Systems support different value chains and/or business models requirements, and where such Commerce Utility Systems further support distributed, scaleable, efficient networked and/or hierarchical fixed and/or virtual clearinghouse models which employ secure communication among a Commerce Utility System's distributed clearinghouse protected processing environments for passing clearinghouse related rules and controls and derived, summarized, and/or detailed transaction information,
  • EDI, electronic trading models, and distributed computing arrangements where participants require trusted foundation that enables efficient, distributed administration, automation, and control of transaction value chains, and
  • other support and/or administrative services and/or functions.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• These and other features and advantages provided by the present inventions will become better and more completely understood by studying the following detailed description of presently preferred example embodiments in conjunction with the drawings, of which:
• FIG. 1 shows an example Distributed Commerce Utility supporting a consumer's example electronic appliance;
• FIG. 1A shows a protected processing environment(s) (“PPE”) within the consumer's electronic appliance(s);
• FIG. 1B shows that the Distributed Commerce Utility may comprise a number of example Commerce Utility Systems;
• FIGS. 2A-2E show examples of how administrative and support service functions can be distributed;
• FIGS. 3A-3C show example distributed Commerce Utility Systems;
• FIG. 4 shows an example web of Commerce Utility Systems;
• FIG. 4A shows a limitless web of consumer appliances and Commerce Utility Systems;
• FIG. 5 shows how rights holders can select between multiple Commerce Utility Systems connected to an electronic “information highway”;
• FIG. 6 shows an example of how different Commerce Utility Systems can work together;
• FIG. 7 shows an example of how multiple administrative and support service functions can be combined and integrated within Commerce Utility Systems;
• FIG. 7A shows an example web of combined function Commerce Utility Systems;
• FIGS.8A?8B show example Commerce Utility System hierarchies;
• FIG. 9 shows an example hierarchy of multi-function Commerce Utility Systems
• FIG. 10 shows an example financial clearinghouse;
• FIG. 11 shows an example usage clearinghouse;
• FIG. 12 shows an example rights and permissions clearinghouse;
• FIG. 13 shows an example certifying authority;
• FIG. 14 shows an example secure directory service;
• FIG. 15 shows an example transaction authority;
• FIGS. 16A-16F show that Commerce Utility Systems can support other commerce utility systems;
• FIGS.17A through17D-3 show an example Commerce Utility System architecture;
• FIG. 17E-1 through17E-4 show Commerce Utility System example interaction models;
• FIG. 17F shows an example arrangement for distributing portions of administrative and support service operations;
• FIG. 18 shows an example financial clearinghouse Commerce Utility System;
• FIG. 19 shows an example financial clearinghouse arrangement;
• FIG. 20 shows an example financial clearing process;
• FIGS.20A?20F show an additional example of financial clearing activities and processes;
• FIG. 21 shows a simplified value chain (payment) disaggregation example;
• FIG. 22 shows an example of how theFIG. 21 disaggregation can be implemented within a financial clearinghouse context;
• FIG. 22A shows an example arrangement for implementing payment disaggregation on a user protected processing environment;
• FIG. 23 shows a more complex value chain (payment) disaggregation example;
• FIG. 24 shows an example of how disaggregation can be implemented within a financial clearinghouse context;
• FIG. 25 shows a value chain disaggregation example that also details compensation to the Distributed Commerce Utility;
• FIG. 26 shows an example value chain (payment) disaggregation to any number of payees;
• FIG. 27 shows an additional example of how value chain (payment) disaggregation and redistribution may be accomplished through a financial clearinghouse;
• FIG. 28 shows an example superdistribution payment and redistribution scenario using a financial clearinghouse for financial clearing;
• FIG. 29 shows an example value chain (payment) aggregation at a consumer protected processing environment or other site;
• FIG. 30 shows example value chain (payment) aggregation across multiple transactions;
• FIG. 31 shows example value chain (payment) aggregation across multiple transactions and multiple consumers;
• FIG. 32 shows an example Commerce Utility System architecture providing payment aggregation;
• FIG. 33 shows an example usage clearinghouse Commerce Utility System;
• FIG. 34 shows an example usage clearinghouse architecture;
• FIG. 35 shows an example usage clearing process;
• FIG. 36 shows an additional example usage clearing process using multiple usage clearinghouses;
• FIG. 37 shows an example usage clearing process using usage and financial clearinghouses;
• FIG. 38 shows an example usage clearinghouse media placement process;
• FIG. 39 shows an example usage clearing process providing discounts based on different levels of consumer usage information disclosure;
• FIG. 40 shows an example rights and permissions clearinghouse Commerce Utility System;
• FIG. 41 shows an example rights and permissions clearinghouse architecture;
• FIG. 42 shows an example rights and permissions clearing process;
• FIG. 42A shows an example control set registration process for updates;
• FIG. 43 shows an additional example rights and permissions clearing process;
• FIGS. 44A-44E show an additional rights and permissions clearing example;
• FIGS. 45A and 45B show example rights template(s);
• FIG. 45C shows an example control set corresponding to the example rights template(s);
• FIG. 46 shows another example rights and permissions clearing process;
• FIG. 47 shows an example certifying authority Commerce Utility System;
• FIG. 48 shows an example certifying authority architecture;
• FIG. 49 shows an example certifying process;
• FIG. 50 shows an example distributed certifying process;
• FIG. 50A shows an example control set that conditions performance and/or other consequences on the presence of digital certificates;
• FIGS.51A?51D show example digital certificate data structures;
• FIG. 51E shows an example technique for generating digital certificates based on other digital certificates and a trusted database(s);
• FIGS. 51F-51H show an example technique for defining a virtual entity;
• FIG. 52 shows an example secure directory services Commerce Utility System;
• FIG. 53 shows an example secure directory services architecture;
• FIG. 54 shows an example secure directory services process;
• FIG. 55 shows an example transaction authority Commerce Utility System;
• FIG. 56 shows an example transaction authority architecture;
• FIG. 57 shows an example transaction authority process;
• FIG. 58A shows an example of how the transaction authority creates a control superset;
• FIG. 58B shows example steps performed by the transaction authority;
• FIGS. 58C and 58D show an example secure checkpoint Commerce Utility System;
• FIGS. 59 and 60 show examples of how the Distributed Commerce Utility can support different electronic value chains;
• FIG. 61 shows a purchase, licensing and/or renting example;
• FIG. 62 shows a tangible item purchasing and paying example;
• FIG. 63 shows an example of a customer securely paying for services;
• FIG. 64 shows example value chain disaggregation for purchase of tangibles;
• FIG. 65 shows an example of cooperation between Commerce Utility Systems internal and external to an organization;
• FIG. 66 shows an example inter and intra organization transaction authority example;
• FIG. 67 shows an international trading example.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTSDistributed Commerce Utility
• FIG. 1 shows anexample consumer appliance100 electronically connected to DistributedCommerce Utility75. In this example, anelectronic network150 connectsappliance100 to DistributedCommerce Utility75. DistributedCommerce Utility75 supports the activities going on withinconsumer appliance100.
• DistributedCommerce Utility75 provides a foundation of administrative and support services for electronic commerce and communications. This foundation is efficient, cost effective, flexible, configurable, reusable, programmable and generalizable. It supports all kinds of electronic relationships, interactions and communications for both personal and business use.
• The Distributed Commerce Utility can Support any Electronic Appliance
• Appliance100 may be any sort of electrical or electronic device such as for example, a computer, an entertainment system, a television set, or a video player—just to name a few examples. In the particular example shown inFIG. 1, theconsumer appliance100 is a homecolor television set102, a video player/recorder104, and a settop box106.Appliance100 may be controlled by hand heldremote controller108, for example. Settop box106 could receive television programs fromtelevision broadcasters110 and/orsatellites112 via a cable television network114, for example. Player/recorder104 could play various types of program material from tapes, optical disks or other media, and may also. have the capability of recording program materials received through settop box106.
• TheAppliance100 can have a “Protected Processing Environment”
• Appliance100 preferably is a secure electronic appliance of the type shown for example in FIGS. 7 and 8 of the Ginter et al. patent specification. It is preferably part of the “Virtual Distribution Environment” described in the Ginter, et al. patent specification.FIG. 1A shows thattelevision102, settop box106, media player/recorder104 andremote control108 may each have a “protected processing environment” (“PPE”)154. DistributedCommerce Utility75 may interact with and support the processes going on within each of these protectedprocessing environments154.
• Protectedprocessing environments154 may be based on one or more computer chips, such as a hardware and/or software based “secure processing unit” as shown in FIG. 9 of the Ginter et al. Patent specification. The protectedprocessing environment154 provides a highly secure, trusted environment in which electronic processes and transactions can be reliably performed without significant danger of tampering or other compromise. The Ginter et al. patent disclosure describes techniques, systems and methods for designing, constructing and maintaining the protectedprocessing environment154 so that rights holders and other value chain participants (including consumers95) can trust its security and integrity. In the preferred embodiment, this trustedness is important in the interaction between the DistributedCommerce Utility75 andelectronic appliance100.
• The Distributed Commerce Utility can be made up of Many “Commerce Utility Systems”
• FIG. 1B shows that DistributedCommerce Utility75 can be made up of a number ofCommerce Utility Systems90. There can be different kinds of Commerce Utility Systems, for example:
• • afinancial clearinghouse200;
  • ausage clearinghouse300;
  • a rights andpermissions clearinghouse400;
  • a certifyingauthority500;
  • asecure directory services600;
  • atransaction authority700;
  • aVDE administrator800; and
  • other kinds ofCommerce Utility Systems90.
• Commerce Utility Systems90 can support and administer functions or operations within protected processing environment(s)154. For example:
• • Theappliance100 protectedprocessing environment154 may provide an automaticelectronic payment mechanism118 that debits the consumers' bank or other money account based on program consumption. DistributedCommerce Utility75 may include a special purposeCommerce Utility System90acalled a “financial clearinghouse”200 that supports financial aspects of the operation of the protectedprocessing environment154—ensuring that rights holders and others get paid appropriate amounts and that theconsumers95 are not charged excessive amounts.
  • The broadcaster of atelevision program102amay requireappliance100's protectedprocessing environment154 to meter, with an electronicusage metering mechanism116, how much ofvideo program102atheconsumers95 watch, and which video programs they watch. DistributedCommerce Utility75 may include a special purposeCommerce Utility System90bcalled a “usage clearinghouse”300 that receives usage information metered by ausage meter116 within the protectedprocessing environment154, analyzes it and provides reports.
  • The rights holders invideo program102amay insist upon the protectedprocessing environment154 providing acopy protection mechanism120 that securely protects against copyingvideo program102a. DistributedCommerce Utility75 may include a special purposeCommerce Utility System90ccalled a “rights and permissions clearinghouse”400 that supplies the protectedprocessing environment154 with necessary permissions to allowconsumers95 to watch particular programs (for example, on a pay per view basis) and to assist in enforcing prohibitions, such as, for example, acopy protection mechanism120.
  • Rights holders invideo program102amay further require theappliance100 protectedprocessing environment154 to possess a “digital certificate”122 certifying the consumer's identity, age, or the like beforeconsumers95 can watchvideo program102a. DistributedCommerce Utility75 may include a special purposeCommerce Utility System90dcalled a “certifying authority”500 that creates and provides “digital certificates”504 to the protectedprocessing environment154—allowing the consumers to efficiently interact with the permissions provided by the rights holders.
• OtherCommerce Utility Systems90 shown inFIG. 1B include:
• • A “Secure directory services”600 that may assist the protectedprocessing environment154 in communicating electronically with other computers and appliances overnetwork150;
  • A “transaction authority”700 that may be available for process control and automation such as, for example, securely auditing and overseeing complicated electronic transactions involving protectedprocessing environment154; and
  • A virtual distribution environment (?VDE?) “administrator”800 that may, in the preferred embodiment, keep the protectedprocessing environment154 operating smoothly and securely.
• Still otherCommerce Utility Systems90 not shown inFIG. 1B may be used to administer and/or support additional functions and operations. The variousCommerce Utility Systems90 can work together, dividing up the overall tasks to support theconsumers95 efficiently and effectively.
• Commerce Utility Systems can be Distributed
• FIGS. 2A-2E show how DistributedCommerce Utility75 can be distributed. Some administrative and support functions ofCommerce Utility Systems90 can be performed within a consumer'selectronic appliance100—or even in a “spread out” fashion over a large number of different appliances cooperating together.
• As described above,appliances100 each provide a protectedprocessing environment154 that is tamper resistant and provides a secure place in which administrative and support operations can be performed. This allows anelectronic appliance100 within a consumer's home to perform operations that can trusted by other parties, such as rights holders, electronic commerce participants, and the like. Because of the trusted, protected characteristics of protectedprocessing environment154, the parts, extensions or even the entirety of aCommerce Utility System90 may exist within each or any of the protectedprocessing environments154 and associated electronic appliances within the overall system.
• FIGS. 2A-2E represent the overall functions of an exampleCommerce Utility System90 such asUsage Clearinghouse300 as a four-piece jigsaw puzzle.FIGS. 2A-2E show that these Commerce Utility System functions can be distributed to varying degrees. For example:
• • FIG. 2A shows an example in which all functions of theCommerce Utility System90 are performed in a secure central facility.
  • FIG. 2B shows an example in which most functions of theCommerce Utility System90 are performed in a secure central facility, but some of its functions are performed within the protectedprocessing environment154 of a userelectronic appliance100.
  • FIG. 2C shows an example in which some functions of theCommerce Utility System90 are performed in a secure central facility, but most of its functions are performed within the protectedprocessing environment154 of a userelectronic appliance100.
  • FIG. 2D shows an example in which some functions of theCommerce Utility System90 are performed in a secure central facility, some of its functions are performed within the protectedprocessing environment154A of a first userelectronic appliance100A, and some of its functions are performed within the protectedprocessing environment154B of a second userelectronic appliance100B.
  • FIG. 2E shows an example in which none of the functions of theCommerce Utility System90 are performed in a secure central facility; some of its functions are performed within the protected processing environment154(1) of a first user electronic appliance100(1), some of its functions are performed within the protected processing environment154(2) of a second user electronic appliance100(2)), some of its functions are performed within the protected processing environment154(3) of a third user electronic appliance100(3), and some of its functions are performed within the protected processing environment154(N) of a Nth user electronic appliance100(N).
• Alternately or in addition, some of the functions of theCommerce Utility System90 may be distributed withinnetwork150—for example, in the equipment used to communicate data betweenappliances100.
• Distributing Multiple Administrative and Support Functions
• FIG. 3A shows how multipleCommerce Utility System90 functions or sub-functions can be distributed into the same protectedprocessing environment154.
• For example:
• • Financial clearinghouse function200aoperating withinconsumer appliance100A's protectedprocessing environment154amay provide certain financial clearing such as auditing that can take the place of and/or support some of the financial clearing operations performed by a centralizedfinancial clearinghouse200.
  • Usage clearinghouse function300aoperating withinconsumer appliance100A's protectedprocessing environment154amay perform certain usage information clearing operations, such as, for example, combining or analyzing collected usage information to complement, substitute for, or add to usage clearing operations performed byusage clearinghouse300.
  • Appliance100A's protectedprocessing environment154amay perform certain rights and permissions clearing operations400a, certain certifyingauthority operations500a, and certain secure directory services support operations600aall at the consumer's site to complement, add to or substitute for operations performed by rights andpermissions clearinghouse400, certifyingauthority500 andsecure directory services600.
• FIG. 3B shows that another example consumer electronic appliances100(2), . . . ,100N (in this case personal computers124) might perform different combinations of support or administrative functions locally (for example, some or all of the functions performed by transaction authority700). For example:
• • the processes within protected processing environment154(1) may rely on a partially distributed and partially centralizedfinancial clearinghouse200A, a partially distributed and partiallycentralized usage clearinghouse300A, a partially distributed and partially centralized rights andpermissions clearinghouse400A, a partially distributed and partially centralized certifyingauthority500A, a centralizedsecure directory services600A, and acentralized transaction authority700A;
  • the processes within protected processing environment154(2) may rely on a centralizedfinancial clearinghouse200B, a partially distributed and partiallycentralized usage clearinghouse300B, a partially distributed and partially centralized rights andpermissions clearinghouse400B, a centralized certifyingauthority500B, a centralizedsecure directory services600B, and a partially distributed and partiallycentralized transaction authority700B; and
  • the processes within protected processing environment154(N) may rely on a partially distributed and partially centralized financial clearinghouse200N, a partially distributed and partiallycentralized usage clearinghouse300N, a partially distributed and partially centralized rights andpermissions clearinghouse400N, a partially distributed and partially centralized certifyingauthority500N, a partially distributed and partially centralizedsecure directory services600N, and a partially distributed and partiallycentralized transaction authority700N.
• Taking this concept of distributed clearing services further, it would be possible to completely distribute the DistributedCommerce Utility75 as shown inFIG. 3C—relying mostly or completely on administrative and support service operations and activities within the secure, protectedprocessing environments154 of users'electronic appliances100. Thus, the users' ownelectronic appliances100 could—in a distributed manner—perform any or all of financial, usage, and rights and permissions clearing, as well as certification, secure directory services and transaction authority services. Such “local” and/or parallel and/or distributed processing transaction clearing might more efficiently accommodate the needs of individual consumers. For example, this is one way of allowing consumers to contribute controls that prevent certain private data from ever leaving their own electronic appliance while nevertheless providing rightsholders with the summary information they require.
• The distributed arrangements shown inFIGS. 2A-2E and3A-3C are not mutually exclusive ways of providing centralizedCommerce Utility System90. To the contrary, it may be advantageous to provide hybrid arrangements in which some administrative and support service functions (such as, for example, micro-payment aggregation, usage data privacy functions, and some issuing of certificates, such as parents issuing certificates for their children) are widely distributed while other administrative and support service functions (for example, issuance of important digital certificates, maintaining massive data bases supporting secure directory services, etc.) are much more centralized. The degree of distributedness of any particular administrative and support service, clearinghouse or function may depend on a variety of very important issues including, for example, efficiency, trustedness, scalability, resource requirements, business models, and other factors. In addition, the degree of distribution may involve multiple levels of hierarchy based, for example, on sub-sets determined by specific business models followed by specific business sub-models, or, for example, geographic and/or governing body and/or region areas.
• Since a givenelectronic appliance100 can participate in multiple activities, it is possible that its different activities may rely on different blends of distributed and centralizedCommerce Utility Systems90. For example, for one activity a protectedprocessing environment154 may rely on a centralizedfinancial clearinghouse200, for another activity it may rely on a partially distributed and partially centralizedfinancial clearinghouse200, and for still another activity it may rely on a wholly distributedfinancial clearinghouse200. Different degrees of distributedness may be used for different activities or business models.
• Web of Commerce Utility Systems
• FIG. 4 shows thatCommerce Utility System75 may comprise a vast “web” of distributed, partly distributed and/or centralizedCommerce Utility Systems90.Network150 can be used to connect this web ofCommerce Utility Systems90 to a variety of differentelectronic appliances100 that can all share the DistributedCommerce Utility75. For example,electronic network150 can connect to:
• • settop boxes106 and/ormedia players104,
  • personal computers124,
  • computer graphics workstations126,
  • multi-media/video game systems128, or
  • any other kinds ofelectronic appliances100 including for example, manufacturing control device, household appliances, process control equipment, electronic networking and/or other communication infrastructure devices, mainframe and/or mini computers, etc.
• In this example, the same DistributedCommerce Utility75 can support a variety of different kinds of activities of a number of different consumers, authors, distributors, providers, merchants, and other people—and the DistributedCommerce Utility75 can support a very large variety of different electronic activities.FIG. 4 also shows thatCommerce Utility Systems90 may communicate with electronic appliances100 (and with each other) by exchanging electronic “containers”152 of the type disclosed in Ginter et al. for purposes of security (for example, secrecy, authenticity and integrity) and managed through the use of secure rules and controls processed in protected processing environments.
• The Commerce Utility Systems Web can be Virtually Limitless
• FIG. 4A shows that the web of Commerce Utility Systems may be vast or limitless. Indeed,network150 may be a seamless web stretching around the world and connecting millions upon millions of electronic appliances with any number ofCommerce Utility Systems90.
• TheCommerce Utility Systems90 web may provide a very complex interconnection with a variety of different types of electronic appliances performing a variety of different electronic functions and transactions. As mentioned above, any ofelectronic appliances100 may be able to communicate with any of theCommerce Utility Systems90 or with any other electronic appliance. This allows maximum efficiency and flexibility in terms of allocating different Commerce Utility Systems to different electronic transactions. For example:
• • Geographically close Commerce Utility Systems might best be used to minimize the amount of time it takes to get messages back and forth.
  • In some cases, more distant Commerce Utility Systems might be better equipped to efficiently handle certain kinds of specialized transactions.
  • Government regulations might also, at least in part, dictate the selection of certain Commerce Utility Systems over others. (for example, a Japanese customer may run into legal problems if she tries to use afinancial clearinghouse200 located in the Cayman Islands—or a New Jersey resident might be required by law to deal with afinancial clearinghouse200 that reports New Jersey sales tax).
  • Different, competitive Commerce Utility Systems are likely to be offered by different parties and these different systems would populate the web comprising DistributedCommerce Utility75. Interoperability between such System and/or their nodes is important for efficiency and to allow reusability of electronic commerce resources.
    Rights Holders and Providers can Choose Among Commerce Utility Systems
• FIG. 5 shows how rights holders can select between differentCommerce Utility Systems90. In this example, Bob operates afirst usage clearinghouse300a, Alice operates asecond usage clearinghouse300b, and Helen operates athird usage clearinghouse300c. These various usage clearing service providers may compete with one another based on quality and/or price, or they may be complementary (for example, they may each specialize in different kinds of transactions).
• Becauseelectronic network150 may connectelectronic appliances100 to many differentCommerce Utility Systems90, rightsholders in the digital properties the consumers are using may have a number of different Commerce Utility Systems to choose from. Content providers and rights holders may authorize particular (or groups of)Commerce Utility Systems90 to handle different aspects of transactions. For example:
• • Computer software distributor might specify that apersonal computer124 should sendmetering information116ato Helen'susage clearinghouse300cfor monitoring usage of the computer software or other activities performed by the personal computer.
  • A rights holder invideo program102amight specify that settop box106 should sendmetering information116 about the video to Alice's usage clearinghouse.
  • A multimedia content provider might specify that Bob'susage clearinghouse300ashould be used for processingusage data116cgenerated bymultimedia player128.
• In some instances,particular consumers95 may also pay a role in specifying in advance particular clearinghouses or otherCommerce Utility Systems90 they prefer to use.FIG. 5 illustrates the provider's (and/or consumer's) choice by a policeman directing metering traffic to selected usage clearinghouses300 (electronic controls as described herein and in Ginter et al. would preferably be the mechanism actually controlling how traffic is directed).
• A content provider or rights holder could allow aconsumer95 to select from a group of Commerce Utility Systems90 (and/orCommerce Utility Systems90 providers) the content provider/rights holder wants to deal with. For example:
• • A television studio might authorize specific individual or classes ofCommerce Utility Systems90 to handle transactions relating to its television programs and/or it may specify particular individual or classes ofCommerce Utility Systems90 that it doesn't want to have handle its transactions.
  • ParticularCommerce Utility Systems90 may set requirements or standards for individual (or classes of) providers and/orconsumers95.
  • Value chain participants could enter into legal agreements and/or business relationships with differentCommerce Utility Systems90.
    Commerce Utility Systems can Work Together
• FIG. 6 shows that differentCommerce Utility Systems90 can work together to support different kinds of operations. In this example:
• • Usage clearinghouse300a, rights and permissions clearinghouse400a, certifyingauthority500a, andfinancial clearinghouse200a(left-hand side of drawing) might be used to support a particular operation by settop box106 andtelevision set102.
  • The samefinancial clearinghouse200abut adifferent usage clearinghouse300b, a different certifying authority500band a different rights and permissions clearinghouse400b(top of drawing) might be used to support certain activities onpersonal computer124.
  • A still different financial clearinghouse200c, certifying authority500candusage clearinghouse300cbut the same rights and permissions clearinghouse400b(right-hand side of drawing) might be used to support electronic activities ofmultimedia system128.
  • A still different combination of Commerce Utility Systems (in this example,usage clearinghouse300c, financial clearinghouse200d, rights and permissions clearinghouse400cand certifyingauthority500a—along the bottom of the drawing) might be used to supportsound system130.
• This example shows that variousCommerce Utility Systems90 may operate in combination, and that different combinations of Commerce Utility Systems might be used to support different electronic transactions.
• Administrative and Support Service Functions can be Combined within General Purpose Commerce Utility Systems for Efficiency or Convenience
• FIG. 7 shows that different special purposeCommerce Utility Systems90 administrative and support service functions or sub-functions may be integrated together into more general or multi-purposeCommerce Utility Systems90 for maximum convenience, efficiency or other reasons. For example:
• • Bob may operate an integrated or combinedCommerce Utility System90aproviding afinancial clearinghouse200afunction, a certifyingauthority500afunction, and ausage clearinghouse300afunction.
  • Anne may operate an integrated or combinedCommerce Utility System90bproviding a financial clearinghouse function200b, a rights and permissions clearinghouse function400band a transaction authority function700b.
  • Helen may operate an integrated or combinedCommerce Utility System90cproviding a rights and permissions clearinghouse function400cand a certifying authority function500c.
  • Roger may operate an integrated or combinedCommerce Utility System90dproviding secure directory services600d, usage clearinghouse services300d, financial clearinghouse services200dand rights and permissions clearinghouse400d.
• A consumer operatingelectronic appliances100 may access any or all of these differentCommerce Utility Systems90 or combinations. For example, settop box106 might obtain rights and permissions and certificates from Helen'sCommerce Utility System90c, but might make use of Bob'sCommerce Utility System90afor financial clearing and usage analysis.
• ACommerce Utility System90 may provide any combination of administrative and support functions or subfunctions as may be desirable to perform the operations required in certain business models, provide maximum efficiency, and/or maximize convenience. For example, Anne's Commerce Utility System90(2) might provide only a specialized subset of financial clearinghouse function
• FIG. 7A shows another illustration of howCommerce Utility Systems90 can offer a wide variety of different combinations or subcombinations of administrative and support functions. In thisFIG. 7A diagram, each of the various administrative and support service functions is represented (for purposes of illustration) as a different kind of child's play block:
• • financial clearing functions200 are shown as square blocks,
  • Usage clearing functions300 are shown as half-circle blocks,
  • Rights andpermissions clearing functions400 are shown as rectangular blocks,
  • Certifying authority functions500 are shown as triangular blocks,
  • Secure directory service functions600 are shown as tunnel blocks, and
  • Transaction authority functions700 are shown as cylinders.
• Consumer anduser appliances100 are shown as standing-up rectangular columns in the diagram.Electronic network150 is shown as a road which connects the various Commerce Utility Systems to one another and to consumerelectronic appliances100. Electronicdigital containers152 may be carried along this electronic network or “information highway”150 between different electronic installations.
• FIG. 7A illustrates just some of the many possible administrative and support service combinations that might be used. For example:
• • In the upper left-hand corner, aCommerce Utility System90A provides at least some financial clearing functions200a, at least some rights and permissions clearing functions400a, and at least some certifyingfunctions500a. This type of overall electronicCommerce Utility System90A might, for example, be in the business of managing and granting rights on behalf of rights holders and in handling payments based on those rights.
  • TheCommerce Utility System90D just to the right ofinstallation90A comprises financial clearing services200dand transaction authority services700a. It might be especially useful in, for example, auditing and/or managing an overall complex multi-step transaction while also ensuring that appropriate parties to the transaction are paid.
  • In the lower center of the diagram there is aCommerce Utility System90B including financial clearing functions200fand usage clearing functions300c. ThisCommerce Utility System90B could be especially useful, for example, for handling payment and other financial details relating to electronic usage transactions and also providing audit and report services based on the electronic usage.
  • TheCommerce Utility System90C shown in the bottom center of the drawing combines certifyingauthority services500 with usage clearing services300f. It could be especially useful in issuing digital certificates and then tracking the usage of those certificates (for example, in order to evaluate risks, potential liability, insurance costs, etc.).
• The various examples shown inFIG. 7A are for purposes of illustration. Other combinations are possible or likely depending on business objectives, convenience and other factors.
• Commerce Utility System Hierarchies
• FIG. 8A shows thatCommerce Utility Systems90 or functions can be arranged in a hierarchy. For example, an overall financial (or other) clearinghouse200(N) may oversee and/or have ultimate responsibility for the operations of numerous other financial (or other) sub-clearinghouses200(1),200(2), . . . In theFIG. 8A example, a consumerelectronic appliance100 might interact with a clearinghouse200(1), which might in turn interact with another clearinghouse200(2), etc. This administrative and support service “hierarchy” might be thought of as being similar in some ways to a chain of command in a large corporation or in the military—with some clearinghouses exercising and/or delegating power, control and/or supervision over other clearinghouses.
• FIG. 8B shows another example of a administrative and support service hierarchy. In this example, a number of centralized overall clearinghouses and/or otherCommerce Utility Systems90 delegate some or all of their work responsibilities to otherCommerce Utility Systems90. In this particular example shown, organizations, such as companies, non-profit groups or the like may have their ownCommerce Utility Systems156. Certain electronic commerce or other activities (the entertainment industry, for example) might have their own vertically-specializedCommerce Utility Systems158. Certain geographical, territorial or jurisdictional groups (e.g., all purchasers of particular products within the state of Wisconsin) may have their own territorial/jurisdictional specializedCommerce Utility Systems160.Commerce Utility Systems156,158,160 lower in the hierarchy may, in turn, further delegate authorities or responsibilities to particular consumers, organizations or other entities.
• In one example arrangement, theCommerce Utility Systems90 to which authority has been delegated may perform substantially all of the actual support work, but may keep the more over archingCommerce Utility Systems90 informed through reporting or other means. In another arrangement, the over archingCommerce Utility Systems90 have no involvement whatsoever with day to day activities of the Commerce Utility Systems to whom they have delegated work. In still another example arrangement, the more specialized Commerce Utility Systems do some of the work and the more overarching Commerce Utility Systems do other parts of the work. The particular division of work and authority used in a particular scenario may largely depend on factors such as efficiency, trustedness, resource availability, the kinds of transactions being managed, and a variety of other factors. Delegation of clearing authority may be partial (e.g., delegate usage aggregation but not financial or rights management responsibilities), and may be consistent with peer-to-peer processing (e.g., by placing some functions within consumers' electronic appliances while keeping some more important functions centralized).
• Multi-Function Commerce Utility Systems can be Organized Hierarchically or Peer-to-Peer
• FIG. 9 shows a still different, more complex Commerce Utility System environment including elements of both a hierarchical chain of command and a high degree of cooperation in the horizontal direction between different multi-functionCommerce Utility Systems90. In this example, there are five different levels of responsibility with a master or overarching Commerce Utility Systems90(1) (for example, a financial clearinghouse200) onlevel1 having the most authority and with additional Commerce Utility Systems onlevels2,3,4, and5 have successively less power, authority, control, scope and/or responsibility.FIG. 9 also shows that different Commerce Utility Systems on the same level may have different functions, scopes and/or areas of responsibility. For example:
• • a Commerce Utility System90(2)(1) may be a “type A” Commerce Utility System,
  • Commerce Utility System90(2)(2) might be a “type B” Commerce Utility System, and
  • Commerce Utility System90(2)(3) might be a “type C” Commerce Utility System.
• On the next level down, Commerce Utility Systems might be type A Commerce Utility System (such as,90(3)(1) and90(3)(2)), they might be type B Commerce Utility Systems (such as,90(3)(4)), they might be type C Commerce Utility Systems (such as,90(3)(5),90(3)(6)), or they might be hybrids—such as, Commerce Utility System90(3)(3) which is a hybrid having type A and type B functions.
• FIG. 9 also shows that additional clearinghouses onlevels4 and5 might have sub-types as well as types. In the context of afinancial clearinghouse200 for example, Type A might be responsible for consumer credit, Type B for electronic checks, and Type C for commercial credit. Another demarcation might be clearing for Visa (Type A), Mastercard (Type B) and American Express (Type C). A Type A/B clearinghouse would then be a clearing delegation that could handle both consumer credit and electronic check clearing. A Type B Subtype I might be responsible for commercial electronic checks. A Type C Subtype I might be commercial credit card transactions, and Subtype III might be credit drafts. The rationale for multiple instances might be based on jurisdictional boundaries (e.g., France, Germany, New York, and Alabama), and/or contractual arrangements (e.g., delegation of responsibility for bad credit risks, small purchasers, very large transactions, etc.) The peer-to-peer dimension might reflect a need to coordinate an overall transaction (e.g., between a small purchaser's clearinghouse and a large commercial player's clearinghouse).
• A rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 might break out along content types (e.g., movies; scientific, technical and medical; and software). Subtype A might include first run movies, oldies, and art films; subtype B might handle journals and textbooks; and type C might be responsible for games, office, educational content. Peer-to-peer communications between clearinghouses could involve multimedia presentation permissions (e.g., a multimedia presentation might have permissions stored at one clearinghouse that uses a back channel to other clearinghouses to ensure that the latest permissions are distributed).
• Some Example Commerce Utility Systems
• As described above,Commerce Utility Systems90 are generalized and programmable—and can therefore provide a mix of different support and administration functions to meet requirements of a given transaction. Thus, many or mostCommerce Utility Systems90 as actually implemented may provide a range of different support and administrative functions that may make it difficult to categorize the implementation as being of one particular “kind” of Commerce Utility System as opposed to another.
• Nevertheless, certain types of idealized specializedCommerce Utility Systems90 are particularly useful for a wide range of models, transactions and applications. It is helpful and convenient to describe some of the characteristics of these “pure” Commerce Utility Systems of different types—recognizing that actual implementations may mix functions or function subsets from several of these idealized models. The following are brief vignettes of some of the characteristics of such “pure” idealized Commerce Utility Systems.
• Financial Clearinghouse200
• FIG. 10 shows an examplefinancial clearinghouse200 in more detail.Financial clearinghouse200 handles payments to ensure that those who provide value are fairly compensated.Financial clearinghouse200 may securely coordinate with otherCommerce Utility Systems90 in performing this task.
• In this example,financial clearinghouse200 may communicate with appliance protectedprocessing environment154 overelectronic network150 in a secure manner usingelectronic containers152 of the type described, for example, in the Ginter et al. patent specification in connection withFIGS. 5A and 5B.Financial clearinghouse200 may receivepayment information202 from protectedprocessing environment154 in thesesecure containers152, and interact electronically or otherwise with various banking, credit card or other financial institutions to ensure that appropriate payment is made.
• Financial clearinghouse200 may, for example, interact with a consumer'sbank206a, a provider'sbank206band a consumer'scredit card company206c. For example,financial clearinghouse200 can debit funds from the consumer'sbank206aand credit funds to the rights holder'sbank206bto pay for the consumers' watching of a movie, television program or other content. Additionally or alternately,financial clearinghouse200 may interact with a consumer'scredit card company206cto request credit checks, obtain credit authorizations, payments and the like.
• Financial clearinghouse200 may providepayment statement statements204 toconsumers95—for example, by transmitting the statements toappliance100 in a secureelectronic container152bto preserve the confidentiality of the statement information. In this example,consumers95 can view thestatements204 using theirappliance100 protectedprocessing environment154, and may also be able to print or save them for record-keeping purposes.
• In one example, thepayment mechanism118 provided by protectedprocessing environment154 might be an electronic wallet supplying electronic money for use in paying for electronic services or content. This electronic wallet may hold money in digital form.Consumers95 can spend the digital money on whatever they wish. When the electronic wallet is empty,consumers95 can have thefinancial clearinghouse200 replenish the wallet by authorizing the financial clearinghouse to debit the funds from the consumers' account in theirbank206a.Financial clearinghouse200 may process electronic money payments, arrange for the electronic wallet to be refilled automatically (based on the consumers' pre-authorization, for example) when the consumers have spent all of its former contents, and provide the consumers with detailed reports andstatements204 about how they have spent their electronic money.
• Usage Clearinghouse300
• FIG. 11 shows anexample usage clearinghouse300.Usage clearinghouse300 in this example receivesusage information302 fromusage meter116, analyzes the usage information and provides reports based on the analysis it performs.Usage clearinghouse300 may securely coordinate with otherCommerce Utility Systems90 in accomplishing these tasks.
• For example,usage clearinghouse300 may send the consumers95 adetailed report304aof all the movies, television programs and other material the consumers have watched over the last month. The communication between protectedprocessing environment154 andusage clearinghouse300 may be in the form ofsecure containers152. As described in the Ginter et al. patent disclosure,usage meter116 can meter use on the basis of a number of different factors, and can range from being extremely detailed to being turned off altogether. The consumers, if they desire, could view thedetailed usage report304aon theirtelevision set102.
• Usage clearinghouse300 can report to others about the consumers' viewing habits consistent with protecting the consumers' privacy. These reports can also be sent withinsecure containers152. For example,usage clearinghouse300 might provide asummary report304btoadvertisers306 that does not reveal the consumers' identity but provides the advertisers with valuable information about the consumers' viewing habits. On the other hand, with the consumers' consent,usage clearinghouse300 could provide a more detailed report revealing the consumers' identity toadvertisers306 or to other specified people. In return, theconsumers95 could be given incentives, such as, for example, discounts, cash, free movies, or other compensation.
• Usage clearinghouse300 can also issuereports304ctorights holders308—such as the producer or director of thevideo program102atheconsumers95 are watching. These reports allow the rights holders to verify who has watched their program material and other creations. This can be very useful in ensuring payment, or in sending the consumers other, similar program material they may be interested in.
• Usage clearinghouse300 might also sendreports304dto aratings company310 for the purpose of automatically rating the popularity of certain program material.Usage clearinghouse300 might also send reports to other market researchers312 for scientific, marketing or other research.
• Rights andPermissions Clearinghouse400
• FIG. 12 shows an example rights andpermissions clearinghouse400. Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 stores and distributes electronic permissions404 (shown as a traffic light in these drawings).Permissions404 grant and withhold permissions, and also define consequences. Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may work with otherCommerce Utility Systems90 to accomplish its tasks.
• In this example, rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may act as a centralized “repository” or clearinghouse for rights associated with digital content. For example, broadcasters, authors, and other content creators and rights owners can register permissions with the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 in the form of electronic “control sets.” These permissions can specify what consumers can and can't do with digital properties, under what conditions the permissions can be exercised and the consequences of exercising the permissions. Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 can respond torequests402 from electronic appliance protectedprocessing environment154 by delivering permissions (control sets)188 in response.
• For example, suppose thatconsumers95 want to watch a concert or a fight ontelevision set102. They can operate theirremote control unit108 to request the right to watch a certain program. Protectedprocessing environment154 may automatically contact rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 overelectronic network150 and send anelectronic request402. The rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 can “look up” the request in its library or repository to see if it has received (and is authorized to provide) the necessary permission404bfrom the program'srights holder400. It may then send the requestedpermission188 to protectedprocessing environment154.
• For example,permission188 might allow the consumers to view the concert or fight only once and prohibit its copying withcopy protection mechanism120.Permission188 may also (or in addition) specify the price for watching the program (for example, $5.95 to be deducted from the consumers' electronic wallet).Appliance100 can ask theconsumers95 if they want to pay $5.95 to watch the program. If they answer “yes” (indicated, for example, by operating remote control108), theappliance100 can automatically debit the consumers' electronic wallet and “release” the program so the consumers can watch it.
• Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 can deliverpermissions188 within asecure container152bthat may optionally also contain the information controlled by the permissions—orpermission188 may arrive at a different time and over a different path than the program or other content travels to theappliance100. For example, the permissions could be sent overnetwork150, whereas the program it is associated with may arrive directly fromsatellite112 or over some other path such as cable television network114 (seeFIG. 1).
• Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may also issuereports406 to rights holders or other people indicating which permissions have been granted or denied. For example, the author of a book or video might, consistent with consumer privacy concerns, be able to learn the exact number of people who have requested the right to publish excerpts from his or her work. These kinds of reports can supplement reports provided byusage clearinghouse300.
• CertifyingAuthority500
• FIG. 13 shows an example of a certifyingauthority500. Certifyingauthority500 issuesdigital certificates504 that provide a context for electronic rights management. Certifyingauthority500 may coordinate with otherCommerce Utility Systems90 to accomplish its tasks.
• Certifyingauthority500 issuesdigital certificates504 that certify particular facts. Digital certificate122 is like a driver's license or a high school diploma in some respects, since they each provide proof of a certain fact. For example, we may show our drivers' license to prove that we are old enough to vote, buy liquor, or watch an “R” rated movie. This same driver's license attests to the fact that we have a certain name and live at a certain address, and that we have certain knowledge (of state motor vehicle laws) and skills (the ability to maneuver a motor vehicle).Digital certificate504 is similar to that aspect of a driver's license that confirms the identity of, and related facts pertaining to the licensee, except that it is made out of digital information instead of a laminated card.
• In this example, certifyingauthority500 may receive consumer requests and associatedevidence502, and may issue correspondingdigital certificates504 that certify particular facts. Certifyingauthority500 may also receive evidence, credentials and possibly also certificate definitions from other people such asgovernment authorities506, professional organizations508 and universities510. As one example, the certifyingauthority500 might receive birth certificate or other identity information from agovernment authority506. Based on this identity information, the certifyingauthority500 may prepare and issue adigital certificate504 that attests to person's identity and age. The certifyingauthority500 might also issuedigital certificates504 attesting to professional status, employment, country of residence, or a variety of other classes and categories based on various evidence and inputs from various people.
• Certifyingauthority500 may certify organizations and machines as well as people. For example, certifyingauthority500 could issue a certificate attesting to the fact that Stanford University is an accredited institution of higher learning, or that the ACME Transportation Company is a corporation in good standing and is authorized to transport hazardous materials. Certifyingauthority500 could also, for example, issue acertificate504 to a computer attesting to the fact that the computer has a certain level of security or is authorized to handle messages on behalf of a certain person or organization.
• Certifyingauthority500 may communicate with protectedprocessing environment154 and with other parties by exchangingelectronic containers152.Electronic appliance100's protectedprocessing environment154 may use thedigital certificates504 the certifyingauthority500 issues to manage or exercisepermissions188 such as those issued by rights andpermissions clearinghouse400. For example, settop box106 might automatically prevent any consumer under 17 years of age from watching certain kinds of program material, or it might provide a payment discount to students watching educational material—all based oncertificates504 issued by certifyingauthority500.
• Secure Directory Services
• FIG. 14 shows an example ofsecure directory services600.Secure directory services600 acts something like a computerized telephone or name services directory.Consumers95 can send arequest602 specifying the information they need.Secure directory services600 can “look up” the information and provide theanswer604 toconsumers95.Secure directory services600 can work with otherCommerce Utility Systems90 to perform its tasks.
• For example, supposeconsumers95 want to electronically order a pizza from Joe's Pizza. They decide what kind of pizza they want (large cheese pizza with sausage and onions for example). However, they don't know Joe's Pizza's electronic address (which may be like an electronic phone number).Consumers95 can useremote control108 to input information about what they want to have looked up (“Joe's Pizza, Lakeville, Con.”). Protectedprocessing environment154 may generate arequest602 containing the identification information and send this request to securedirectory services600. It can send the request in asecure container152a.
• Whensecure directory services600 receives therequest602, it may access a database to locate the requested information.Secure directory services600 may have earlier obtained Joe's electronic address directly from Joe or otherwise.Secure directory services600 may send the requested information back toappliance100 in aresponse604.Response604 may also be in asecure container152b. Theconsumers95 can use this information to electronically send their order to Joe's Pizza—which can display on Joe's order terminal within a few seconds after the consumers send it. Joe may deliver to consumer95 a piping hot cheese, sausage and onion pizza a few minutes later (by car—not electronically—since a physical pizza is much more satisfying than an electronic one).
• Secure directory services600 can help anyone connected to network150 contact anyone else. As one example,secure directory services600 can tellusage clearinghouse300 how to find afinancial clearinghouse200 onnetwork150. Anyelectronic appliance100 connected to network150 could usesecure directory services150 to help contact any other electronic appliance.
• As mentioned above, therequest602 to securedirectory services600 and theresponse604 it sends back may be encased withinsecure containers152 of the type described in the Ginter et al patent specification. The use ofsecure containers152 helps prevent eavesdroppers from listening into the exchange betweenconsumers95 andsecure directory services600. This protects the consumers' privacy. Theconsumers95 may not care if someone listens in to their pizza order, but may be much more concerned about protecting the fact that they are corresponding electronically with certain other people (e.g., doctors, banks, lawyers, or others they have a relationship of confidence and trust with).Secure containers152 also help ensure that messages sent acrossnetwork150 are authentic and have not been altered.Electronic containers152 allow Joe's Pizza to trust that the just-received pizza order actually came from consumers95 (as opposed to someone else) and has not been altered, and the consumers can be relatively sure that no one will send Joe a fake pizza order in their name. The use ofsecure containers152 and protectedprocessing environment154 in the preferred embodiment also ensures that theconsumers95 cannot subsequently deny that they actually placed the order with Joe's Pizza if they in fact did so.
• Transaction Authority700
• FIG. 15 shows anexample transaction authority700.Transaction authority700 in this example provides process control and automation. It helps ensure that processes and transactions are completed successfully.Transaction authority700 may work with otherCommerce Utility Systems90 to perform and complete its tasks.
• In more detail,transaction authority700 in this example monitors the status of an electronic transaction and/or process and maintains a secure, reliable record of what has happened so far and what still needs to happen for the overall transaction and/or process to complete.Transaction authority700 may also, if desired, perform a more active role by, for example, generating requests for particular actions to occur.Transaction authority700 may in some cases be the only participant in a complex transaction or process that “knows” all of the steps in the process.Transaction authority700 can also electronically define an overall process based on electronic controls contributed by various participants in the process.
• FIG. 15 illustrates an example of howtransaction authority700 can be used to allowconsumers95 to order merchandise such as a sweater. In this particular electronic home shopping example (which is for purposes of illustration but is not intended to be limiting in any way), theconsumers95 can use theirremote control108 to select the particular seller, style and color of a sweater they want to order at a particular price. In this home shopping example,appliance100's protectedprocessing environment154 may generate anelectronic order702 which it sends to theorder receiving department704 of an electronic “mail order” company. Theorder702 may be sent within asecure container152a.
• In this example,transaction authority700 may assist the electronic mail order company to coordinate activities and make sure that all steps required to deliver the sweater are performed in an accurate and timely fashion. For example:
• • Upon receiving theelectronic order702, theorder receiving department704 might provide anelectronic notification706 totransaction authority700. Thetransaction authority700 stores theelectronic notification706, and may issue a “requirement”708.
  • Transaction authority700 may have issued therequirement708 before the order was placed so that theorder receiving department704 knows what to do when the order comes in.
  • In accordance with the “requirement”708,order receiving department704 may issue an electronic and/or paper (or other) version of theorder710 to amanufacturing department712.
  • Thetransaction authority700 may issue amanufacturing requirement714 to the manufacturing department to make the sweater according to the consumers' preferences.
  • Transaction authority700 might also issue asupply requirement716 to asupplier718. For example,transaction authority700 may requestsupplier718 to deliver supplies, such as balls ofyarn711, somanufacturer712 has the raw materials to manufacture the sweater.
  • Supplier718 may notifytransaction authority700 when it has delivered the supplies by issuing anotification720.
  • When manufacturingdepartment712 has finished the sweater, it may alerttransaction authority700 by sending it anotification722. In response to thenotification722 sent bymanufacturing department712,transaction authority700 may issue ashipping requirement724 to ashipping department726, for example, requesting the shipping department to pick up completedsweater728 from the manufacturing department and to deliver it to the consumers.
  • Transaction authority700 may coordinate with otherCommerce Utility Systems90, such as afinancial clearinghouse200, to arrange payment.
• Of course, this example is for purposes of illustration only.Transaction authority700 may be used for all kinds of different process control and automation such as, for example, handling electronic orders and sales, electronic data interchange (EDI), electronic contract negotiation and/or execution, electronic document delivery, inter and intra company transactions, and the secure electronic integration of business processes within or among business organizations—just to name a few of many useful applications.
• VDE Administration Services800
• VDE administrator800 (seeFIG. 1 of this application andFIG. 1A and associated discussion in the Ginter et al. specification) may, in the preferred embodiment, provide a variety of electronic maintenance and other functions to keepnetwork150,appliance100 protectedprocessing environments154 and DistributedCommerce Utility75 operating securely, smoothly and efficiently. For example,VDE administrator800 may manage cryptographic keys used for electronic security throughoutnetwork150, and may also provide services relating to the maintenance of secure data byappliances100, the variousCommerce Utility Systems90, and other electronic appliances. As described in detail in the Ginter et al. patent disclosure, other important functions performed byVDE administrator800 include installing and configuring protectedprocessing environments154, and helping protected processing environments to securely maintain stored permissions and/or usage data. TheVDE administrator800 may work with otherCommerce Utility Systems90.
• Commerce Utility Systems90 can Support One Another
• In addition to supportingconsumers95,Commerce Utility Systems90 can support other Commerce Utility Systems. This is shown inFIGS. 16A-16F. For example:
• • financial clearinghouse200 can help ensure otherCommerce Utility Systems90 are paid for their contributions (seeFIG. 16A); and
  • usage clearinghouse300 (seeFIG. 16B) may inform otherCommerce Utility Systems90 concerning how the support they provide is being used. For example,usage clearinghouse300 may tell certifyingauthority500 how the certifying authority's certificates have been used (very useful for the certifying authority to keep tabs on the amount of potential liability it is undertaking or in helping to detect fraudulent certificates).
  • FIG. 16C shows that a rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 can support otherCommerce Utility Systems90 such as, for example, afinancial clearinghouse200, ausage clearinghouse300, another rights andpermissions clearinghouse400′, a certifyingauthority500, asecure directory services600, and atransaction authority700.
  • Certifyingauthority500 can issuedigital certificates504 certifying the operation of one or more other Commerce Utility Systems90 (seeFIG. 16D)—supporting otherCommerce Utility Systems90 such as, for example, afinancial clearinghouse200, ausage clearinghouse300, a rights andpermissions clearinghouse400, another certifyingauthority500′,secure directory services600, andtransaction authority700.
  • FIG. 16E shows that asecure directory services600 may support otherCommerce Utility Systems90, such as, for example,financial clearinghouse200,usage clearinghouse300, rights andpermissions clearinghouse400, certifyingauthority500, othersecure directory services600′, andtransaction authority700.
  • FIG. 16F shows that atransaction authority700 can support otherCommerce Utility Systems90, such as, for example, afinancial clearinghouse200, ausage clearinghouse300, a rights andpermissions clearinghouse400, a certifyingauthority500, asecure directory services600, and anothertransaction authority700′.
    “A Piece of the Tick”
• TheCommerce Utility Systems90 described herein provide valuable, important services and functions. The operators of such services can and should be compensated for the services they provide. Financial ClearinghouseCommerce Utility Systems200 can ensure that they and other support service providers receive this compensation without inconvenience to other electronic community and value chain participants.
• In assisting or compensating value chain participants, aCommerce Utility System90 may (based on pre-approved contractual arrangements) take its own portion or percentage to compensate it for the clearing services it provides Support services can be compensated based on a small portion of payment (i.e., a “micro-payment”) attributable to each electronic transaction (a “piece of the tick”). Providers may pass some or all of these fees along to their own value chain participants in various ways.
• Several different classes of value chain participants may be called upon to compensate theCommerce Utility Systems90, including:
• • Information Consumers (including for example, people who make use of the information “exhaust” generated by electronic commerce, electronic transaction management and rights management activities);
  • Content Rightsholders and other Electronic Providers;
  • Participants in the broadest range of secure, distributed electronic commerce transactions.
  • In addition, various support service providers may also need to support one another in various ways—and may therefore need to compensate one another. For example:
  • OneCommerce Utility System90 may act as an intermediary for anotherCommerce Utility System90's customer;
  • OneCommerce Utility System90 may be required to support the operation of anotherCommerce Utility System90; and/or
  • Commerce Utility System90smay need to work together to support a common transaction.
• Different Commerce Utility System90smay cooperate to establish a common fee that they then divide among themselves. In another scenario, eachCommerce Utility System90 may independently charge for the value of its own services. There may be competition among different Commerce Utility System90sbased on quality of service and price—just as credit card companies now compete for providers' and consumers' business.
• Example Distributed Commerce Utility System Architecture
• The Ginter et al. patent disclosure describes, atpages 180 and following, and shows in FIG. 10-12, for example, a “Rights Operating System” providing a compact, secure, event-driven, compartmentalized, services-based, “component” oriented, distributed multi-processing operating system environment that integrates VDE security control information, components, and protocols with traditional operating system concepts. The preferred exampleCommerce Utility System90 architecture provided in accordance with these inventions builds upon and extends the Rights Operating System described in Ginter et al.
• For example, the preferred exampleCommerce Utility System90 architecture provides a collection of service functions that the Rights Operating System may execute as applications. These service functions define a variety of useful tasks that any and/or allCommerce Utility Systems90 may need to perform. These service functions are distributable, scaleable and reusable. They can be combined in various combinations and sub-combinations—depending upon business models, for example—to provide the overall functionality desired for any particularCommerce Utility System90 implementation.
• FIG. 17A shows an example overall architecture of aCommerce Utility System90,FIG. 17B shows an example of the application architecture of a Commerce Utility System, andFIG. 17C shows more detail of a service function.
• Referring first toFIG. 17B, in this example the application software architecture for aCommerce Utility System90 contains a commerceutility system descriptor90A. Commerceutility system descriptor90A contains information about theCommerce Utility System90 that may be used to identify such system and its capabilities, as well as to describe, aggregate and/or interface with any number of service functions90B(1),90B(2), . . . Commerce utility system descriptor90A and service functions90B may, for example, be implemented using object oriented programming techniques to help ensure that such descriptor and service functions are modular and reusable—as well as abstracting the specifics of how actions requested ofCommerce Utility System90 are actually carried out and/or implemented.
• Commerceutility system descriptor90A(1) may also be responsible for coordinating the action of service functions90B. In this example,descriptor90A is used to direct requests and other system actions to the appropriate service functions90B, and to ensure that actions requiring more than one service function are coordinated by reconciling differences in interfaces, data types and the like that may exist between the service functions90B—as well as helping to direct overall process flow amongst the various service functions90B. A non-exhaustive list of examples of such service functions90B include the following:
• • audit,
  • maintaining records,
  • overseeing processes,
  • monitoring status,
  • complete process definition,
  • process control,
  • interface(s) to settlement services,
  • funds transfer,
  • currency conversion,
  • tax calculation and application,
  • account creation and identifier assignment,
  • payment aggregation,
  • payment disaggregation,
  • budget pre-authorization,
  • status notification,
  • confirmation,
  • uncompleted events record,
  • requirements generation,
  • report generation,
  • event consequences,
  • account reconciliation,
  • identity authentication,
  • electronic currency creation,
  • event database management,
  • routing database,
  • generating requests,
  • replication,
  • propagation,
  • usage database management,
  • bill creation and processing,
  • market research,
  • negotiation,
  • control set database management,
  • control set generation,
  • process control logic,
  • event flow generation,
  • routing,
  • archiving,
  • rights and permissions database management,
  • template database management,
  • commerce management language processing,
  • rights management language processing,
  • advertising database management,
  • automatic class generation,
  • automatic class assignment,
  • notary,
  • seal generator,
  • digital time stamp,
  • fingerprint/watermark,
  • offers and counteroffers,
  • object registry,
  • object identifier assignment,
  • copyright registration,
  • control set registry,
  • template registry,
  • certificate creation,
  • revocation list maintenance,
  • director database management,
  • database query and response processing,
  • other service functions.
• FIG. 17C shows more detail of aservice function90B. In this example,service function90B is comprised of aservice function descriptor90C, and any number ofservice application components90D(1),90D(2), . . .Service function descriptor90C performs a role similar to that of commerceutility system descriptor90A, except that it acts with respect toservice function90B andservice application components90D.Service function descriptor90C andservice application components90D may, for example, also be implemented using object oriented programming techniques to help ensure that such descriptor and service application components are modular and reusable, as well as abstracting the specifics of how actions requested ofservice function90B are actually carried out and/or implemented. In this example, theservice application components90D implement most of the capabilities of theservice function90B by carrying out steps of, or subfunctions of, theservice function90B.
• FIG. 17A shows an example overallCommerce Utility System90 architecture. The overall architecture shown in this example is an object oriented system in which the overallCommerce Utility System90 is a single object, that is in turn comprised ofreusable service function90B objects. Theseservice function90B objects are comprised of reusable service application components (objects)90D. Any or all of these objects may make use of the services provided by a commerce utility support service layer90-4, as described in more detail below. The preferred embodiment CommerceUtility System architecture90 shown is built upon the Rights Operating System90-1 described in detail in the Ginter et al. patent specification (see FIG. 12 of Ginter, et al., for example). A set of service functions90B comprise “applications” executed by the Rights Operating System90-1. There can be any number of service functions90B.
• The object oriented design of theCommerce Utility System90 architecture shown inFIG. 17A has several desirable attributes. For example, aCommerce Utility System90 may easily add, remove and/or replaceservice functions90B to alter, extend and/or enhance its capabilities. Similarly, the architecture allows the addition, removal, and/or replacement ofservice application components90D to permit similar flexibility in the case of service functions. Furthermore, object oriented design significantly improves the ease and efficiency of reuse of service functions and/or service application components in differentCommerce Utility Systems90, ordifferent service functions90B (as shown inFIG. 17A); respectively.
• The application layer, which is comprised of service function layer90-2 and service application component layer90-3 (comprisingcomponents90D_A), may be, if desired, supported by a commerce utility support services layer90-4. Commerce utility support services layer90-4 may provide increased efficiency for large numbers of transactions. Such commerce utility support services90-4 may include, for example:
• • session management,
  • fault tolerance,
  • memory management,
  • load balancing,
  • database bridging, and
  • other commerce utility support services.
• In this example, service functions90B are component based, and may make use of the reusable and component basedservice application components90D. Theservice application components90D typically perform steps of, or subfunctions of, service functions90B. Eachservice application component90D can have either or both of two parts:
• a component90-B_athat need not execute within protectedprocessing environment154; and
• a secure component90-B_bthat needs to execute within protectedprocessing environment154.
• In this example architecture, there may be a correspondence betweencomponents90D_aandcomponents90D_b. For example, at least onecomponent90D_amay correspond with at least onesecure component90D_b. There may be a one-to-one correspondence between components90-D_aandcomponents90D_b(as indicated inFIG. 17A by common geometric shapes). In the preferred embodiment, this separation of function permits, when required and/or desired, the interaction between secure processes operating inPPE154 andservice application components90D. By using this architecture, it is easier and more efficient to create service functions that implement capabilities requiring both application level support as well as secure processing.
• For example, some administrative and/or support functions for performance bycommerce utility systems90 may involve use of both application level database functions as well as information protected by a protected processing environment (“PPE”)154 in the preferred embodiment. A specific example of this might be the records of payment by a user of afinancial clearinghouse200. If the operator of such afinancial clearinghouse200 chose to keep payment history information in an application level database, but needed information protected byPPE154 in order to accurately determine the current account status of a customer, implementing aservice application component90D_Athat coordinated the information in the application level database with information protected byPPE154 and processed byservice application component90D_Binto a single object may significantly simplify the task of using this information in the context of a givenservice function90B (e.g. a decision to extend additional credit). Furthermore, this example service application component may be reusable in other service functions90B.
• In another example,service application component90D_Amight serve principally as an application level interface object to acorresponding PPE154object90D_B. For example, if anotary service function90B requires the application of a digital signature, aservice application component90D_Amight principally provide an interface that transports information to, and receives information from, a correspondingservice application component90D_Bthat performs essentially all of the actual work of creating and applying a digital signature. In addition, the applicationlevel service component90D_Amight provide additional exception handling, protocol conversion, or other functions designed to help integrate capabilities more easily or in a different manner than originally designed for aservice function90B.
• FIG. 17D-1 shows an example correspondence betweenservice functions90B and general types of useful examplecommerce utility systems90. Example service functions90B (“Audit”, “Maintaining Records”, . . . ) are shown horizontally. These example service functions90B may be useful for implementingcommerce utility system90 example types (“Financial Clearinghouse”, “Usage Clearinghouse”, . . . ) written vertically in the row of boxes along the top of the diagram. TheFIG. 17D-1 diagram is not exhaustive—additional useful commerce utility system types are possible and additional service functions90B are also possible. Indeed, the architecture ofCommerce Utility System90 ensures that both types and service functions90B are extensible as business models or other factors change.
• Although certain business needs and models may tend to inspire the use of certain combinations and collections of important service functions in almost any implementation, theCommerce Utility System90 architecture is inherently flexible—allowing the implementer to freely mix and combine a variety of different service functions depending upon their needs. For example, it is useful to provide aCommerce Utility System90 that functions as a “financial clearinghouse200”—providing payment processing, communications, database management, and other related service functions. The Commerce Utility System architecture can provide such a “financial clearinghouse”—and is also inherently much more generalized and generalizable. For example, a particularCommerce Utility System90 implementation of a “financial clearinghouse” could also combine “non-financial” service functions with financial service functions. The particular functions or sets of functions that are realized in any givenCommerce Utility System90 implementation depend upon the individual needs of the implementer—as dictated for example by business model(s) or functions.
• FIG. 17D-2 shows, for example, how the overall functionality of an example “financial clearinghouse”commerce utility system200 can be constructed from example service functions90B. In this example, the service functions90B surrounded by darker lines are included within the commerceutility system descriptor90ashown inFIG. 17B.FIG. 17D-2 shows an example usage clearinghousecommerce utility system300 constructed based on a different subset of service functions90B surrounded by dark lines (shown inFIG. 17D-1). ComparingFIGS. 17D-2 and17D-3, one can see that someservice functions90B (for example, “audit,” “status notification,” “event database management,” etc.) may be reused for both financial and usage clearing operations. A combination financial and usage clearinghousecommerce utility system90 might use the union of the service functions90B surrounded by dark lines inFIG. 17D-2 and the service functions90B surrounded by dark lines inFIG. 17D-3. More, less and/or different functionality can be provided for a particularcommerce utility system90 simply by providing and invoking more, less and/or different service functions90B.
• DistributingCommerce Utility System90
• The secure application components90-3 described above may, in the preferred embodiment, include or comprise reciprocal control structures and associated rules and methods shown in FIGS. 41A-41D and 48 of the Ginter et al. patent application. These reciprocal control structures can be used to interlink different or the same control sets operating on the same or differentCommerce Utility Systems90 or otherelectronic appliances100. Hence, each actor can have one or more reciprocal relationships with every other actor—withCommerce Utility System90 involved in some role in some of the various actions.
• FIGS. 17E-1 through17E-4 show different examples of interaction modelsCommerce Utility System90 may use to interact with an ongoing transaction or process based in part on these reciprocal control structures:
• • FIG. 17E-1 shows an event intermediation model in which aCommerce Utility System90 receives anevent notification748 from a secure entity (e.g., a first protected processing environment) and generates anevent758 which triggers activities of another (and/or the same) secure entity (e.g., a second and/or the first protected processing environment).
  • FIG. 17E-2 shows a different Commerce Utility System interaction model in which the first secure entity providesevent notification748 to both aCommerce Utility System90 and another secure entity to perform a step, but the second entity awaits receipt of an authorization fromCommerce Utility System90 to proceed before it actually performs the next step in the process.
  • FIG. 17E-3 shows a notification model in whichCommerce Utility System90 is more of a passive bystander, receivingevent notifications748 for purposes of secure auditing but otherwise not interacting directly with the ongoing process or transaction unless needed to resolve exceptions (e.g., an error condition).
  • FIG. 17E-4 shows a prior authorization model in which theCommerce Utility System90 must issue anotification748□ to one secure entity in response to receipt of anevent notification748 from that entity before that entity may pass theevent notification748 along to the next secure entity to perform the next step in a overall process or transaction.
• The variousCommerce Utility System90 interaction models shown inFIGS. 17E-1 through17E-4 are not exhaustive or mutually exclusive—any given transaction or process may include some or all of these in different combinations based upon business models or other requirements.
• As mentioned above, the present inventions provide techniques for distributing the operation of a particular service function90-2 or service application component90-3 throughout a system50 or network—including for example to electronic appliances ofindividual consumers95.FIG. 17F shows an example of a control set188 that can be used to control a remotely located protected processing environment (for example, a consumer's electronic appliance) to perform a “local” portion of a clearing operation. ACommerce Utility System90 could deliver this control set188 to a consumer's electronic appliance, to anotherCommerce Utility System90, or to some other electronic appliance (e.g., one that is part of a communicating infrastructure). TheCommerce Utility System90 can, for example, delegate part of its clearing authority (implemented, for example, as one or more service functions90-2, each including one or more service application components90-3) to a process that can be performed within the protectedprocessing environment154 of a user's electronic appliance.
• TheFIG. 17F example is a method850 (e.g., meter, billing, or budget) whose AUDIT event852(1) is processed by an audit method854. Theexample meter method850, for example, might have:
• • a USE event852(2) (e.g., “click” the meter),
  • an INITIALIZE event852(1) (e.g., prepare the meter for use),
  • a RESET event852(3) (e.g., restore the meter to a known good state after an error condition),
  • an AUDIT event852(4) (e.g., gather up records generated during USE events, as well as a copy of the current UDE value, and arrange for shipment to the auditor(s)),
  • a READ USE RECORD event852(5) (e.g., return a copy of the requested use record),
  • a READ UDE event852(6) (e.g., return a copy of the current UDE),
  • a READ MDE event852(7) (e.g. that returns a copy of the requested MDE), and
  • other miscellaneous events.
• The AUDIT event852(4), in this example, may be linked to an audit method854. In order to access the data in this example, theCommerce Utility System90 might need permission in the form of access tags and/or an appropriate PERC control set defining more detailed usage permissions, and semantic knowledge of the record format written out by themeter method850's USE event852(2). The semantic knowledge could come from an out-of-band agreement (e.g., a standard), or through access to the MDE (or relevant MDE portion) of themeter method850 that describes the use record format.
• The events of audit method854 would include a USE event856(2) that performs the functions expected by the calling method's event—in this case, gathering use records and a copy of the current UDE, and sending them off. In this example, let's assume there is an INITIALIZE event856(1) in this method as well. When called, the INITIALIZE event856(1) would be sent internally, and its associated load module(s) would call back to the READ MDE event852(7) of themeter method850 to learn the semantics of the use records. Then, the USE event856(2) would be called and the load module(s)858(2) associated with processing this event would call the appropriate events of the meter method850 (e.g., READ USE RECORD repeatedly, and READ UDE once). At this point, the expectations of the calling method have been fulfilled, except for administrative object packaging and transmission.
• In order to implement more distributed clearing functions, the USE event856(2) may do more processing. For example, while reading in the USE records from the meter, the audit method854 may implement analysis functions (e.g., categorizing the types of objects used, and reducing the information reported up the clearing chain to a simple count of how many times various types of content were accessed). Records from content types that are not interesting may be discarded. The detailed records themselves may be discarded after analysis. In another example, the UDE values (e.g., how many clicks are recorded) may be compared to the number of use records retrieved, and if there is a discrepancy, they can be reported and/or acted upon locally (e.g., disabling use of the objects from a given provider until further interaction). In still another example, records may have user identity information removed to ensure privacy. In a further example, some use records may be processed and analyzed locally (and then discarded), while other detail records are saved for later processing.
• Once the distributed clearing functions have been performed, the information can be packaged up in one or more administrative objects for transmission up the clearing chain to a centralized location. This may involve a direct report to the provider(s), and/or a report to another clearing function, for example. The processed records may be released (for deletion, summary, filing, etc. by the meter method) by the audit method854 when received, processed, transmitted, or on receipt of a confirmation by the recipients.
• In another example using themeter method850 shown inFIG. 17F, the AUDIT event854 could be performed “internally” by themeter method850. In this example, the use records and UDE would be bundled up in one or more administrative objects for transmission to the auditor(s) by the load module(s)853 associated with the AUDIT event854(4) of themeter method850. However, rather than transmitting these objects, they could be processed locally. To do this, the name services record used by ROS (see Ginter et al.FIGS. 12 and 13) to find the named auditor(s) could be redirected back to thelocal PPE154. In thePPE154, a process controlled by theCommerce Utility System90 can be created (based on methods and/or load modules delivered on their behalf) to perform the local clearing functions described above, except using the content of the administrative object(s), rather than calls to the meter method events. This is more analogous to the function that would be performed at a remote clearing facility in the sense that the operations are performed on administrative objects and their contents—but the processing can instead be done on the local consumer electronic appliance, on a networked appliance.
• Distributing support services in this manner provides additional capabilities that may not be present or available in a centralized architecture. For example, a rights and permissions clearinghouse could delegate a local server within an organization to keep track of requests and to cache copies of permissions previously requested by the organization. Such a local rights and permissions clearinghouse could reduce network traffic and provide a convenient local repository for organization-specific permissions (e.g., site licenses for computer software). The local rights and permissions server could be authorized by rights holders or a rights and permissioning agency or other rights distribution organization to grant licenses on a request basis.
• As another example, many secure, largely automated administrative and support services may be distributed in whole and/or in part to an at least occasionally connected appliance—regardless of whether that appliance is a computer, set top box, personal digital assistant (PDA) digital telephone, intelligent digital television, or any other digital appliance. Such appliances can use a protected processing environment to ensure that the support service is performed securely and reliably, free from tampering and other interference (e.g., as described in the Ginter, et al. patent specification).
• In another example, one possible VDE content distribution scenario involves content providers performing the initial packaging role, distributors performing the distribution function, users keeping track of usage records, and clearinghouses processing usage and financial information. This is in contrast to a centralized processing model, in which all of these functions are performed by a single centralized party.
• As still another example, efficiency increases can be realized by distributing clearinghouse functions across individual user machines, local area network (LAN) servers, and/or corporate “gateway” machines that bridge the corporate LAN/WAN environment with the outside world, and commercial “backbone” servers.
• As another example, a company's computer might be authorized by a central certificate authority to grant certain kinds of digital certificates. For example, the company might be a member of a certain trade organization. The trade organization's certifying authority might give the company a digital certificate attesting to that fact, and delegate to the company's own computer the certifying authority to issue certificates attesting to the fact that each of the company's employees is a member of the trade organization. Similarly, parents may be authorized to issue digital certificates on behalf of their offspring.
• The techniques described above illustrate how the Distributed Commerce Utility, through use of theCommerce Utility System90 architecture, can be distributed across multiple Commerce Utility Systems. Furthermore, the service functions90-2 provided by one or moreCommerce Utility Systems90 may be decomposed into complete, or even partial, process steps (e.g., service application components90-2) that are performed in whole or in part on otherCommerce Utility Systems90, or any other system (including end user systems) selected by the participants in a given scenario.
• Example Commerce Utility System Types
• Financial Clearinghouse200
• FIG. 18 shows an example of a Financial ClearinghouseCommerce Utility System200. “Financial Clearinghouses” support automated, efficient financial fulfillment for electronic transactions. For example,financial clearinghouse200 may collect payment related information and details, and efficiently arrange for the transfer of money and other compensation to ensure that value providers get paid, including the automated, selective disaggregation of a payment into payment portions directed to appropriate value chain participants.Financial clearinghouses200 may also provide credit, budgets limits, and/or electronic currency to participant (e.g., end-user) protected processing environments, wherein the financial clearinghouse may have distributed some of its operations to such protected processing environments for secure, local performance of such operations. The following are some example financial clearing support functions that can be provided through the use of the present inventions:
• • Clearing of financial transactions in a secure, efficient, timely and accurate manner.
  • Providing secure financial clearing on payment mechanisms that are trusted by, and convenient for value providers and users/consumers.
  • Assuring payment to rights holders and other value chain participants (for example, providers who supply value to the electronic community in some part of the process from creation, to distribution, to sale, and to delivery) without requiring them to take on the task of managing a large number of financial interfaces with widely dispersed customers and/or a variety of often complex financial services standards and protocols.
  • Allowing content consumers to pay for information goods and associated services using a variety of different payment vehicles via a common, trustable interface.
  • Allowing each party involved in a transaction to verify that a given exchange has occurred as it was mutually intended, and to preclude repudiation of the transaction by any party.
  • Reconciling accounts at time of purchase or usage reporting (e.g., transferring funds from a value chain participant account to one or more provider accounts).
  • Supporting frequent and granular transaction clearing activities.
  • Providing financial clearing services to all value chain participants (e.g., buyers, distributors and sellers of digital content of all kinds as well as buyers, distributors, and sellers of physical goods and user of other services).
  • Interfacing distributed electronic commerce domains with existing electronic, paper and/or other payment and/or clearing services, including but not limited to credit card systems, bank debit card systems, smart card systems, electronic data interchange, automatic clearinghouses, digital money, etc.
  • The effecting, by one or more banks and/or other organizations, of settlement and reconciliation and/or interfacing directly with entities who may legally perform settlement services.
  • The effecting of the creation of, and assigning of, identifying labels, numbers, names or other unique identifiers, by one or more banks and/or other organizations to digital process and/or digital information creators, information distributions and/or modifiers, and/or customer and/or other user accounts for funds, credits and debits.
  • Using secure containers in any step, part, or process of providing secure financial clearing services.
  • Controlling secure financial clearing processes based, at least in part, on rules and controls stipulating the distribution of processes to be performed at each protected processing environment of a distributed financial clearinghouse systems, e.g., clearing performed by the user protected processing environments, web servers, centralized clearing facilities.
  • Efficiently and securely handling conversions from one currency to another.
  • Enabling payment fulfillment on provision of other consideration including service fees, product fees and/or any other fees or charges based at least in part on content, process control, and/or rights management use.
  • Supporting wide use of micro-fees and micro-payments at least in part based on content, process control, and/or other usage transactions, wherein said support may include the distributed, secure accumulation and/or processing of micro-transaction activity and the periodic passing of information related to such activity through a clearinghouse network for further processing and/or accumulation.
  • Efficiently measuring and managing micro-payment activity while minimizing transaction overhead.
  • Minimizing latency in micro-payment transaction handling.
  • Aggregating or “bundling” transactions against local value store or other payment vehicles (methods).
  • Employing value chain rules and controls and chain of handling and control for efficiently administrating the disaggregation (splitting apart) of payments, including the assignment or transfer to different value chain providers of payments based on the same or differing electronic control sets controlling usage and/or other permissions (e.g., securely controlling payment consequences through the parsing of payment amounts among various value chain parties as required by rules and controls before specific payment methods are activated.
  • Reducing (e.g., minimizing) the number of electronic messages required to support a given set of electronic transactions through, for example, distributed transaction processing and/or transaction activity accumulation.
  • Supporting local aggregation (bundling or combining together) of multiple payments or micro-payments at a value chain participant's site.
  • Allowing value providers (e.g., value chain participants) to efficiently check another value chain participant's ability to pay before providing services or goods (physical and/or electronic) on credit.
  • Allowing value providers to authorize an appropriate level of funding for estimated purchase levels on a value chain participant's preferred payment vehicle, including, for example, allowing the provision of budgets for credit and/or currency that can be expended towards all and/or only certain classes of transactions (e.g., content and/or process control types) including, for example, budgets for disbursement for expressly specified categories of expenditures such as only G and PG movies.
  • Providing verification of the identity of a potential value chain participant and binding of that identity to the value chain participant's selected payment vehicle(s).
  • Providing periodic reporting of transaction activity for clearinghouse reconciliation and recordation purposes. Performing auditing, billing, payment fulfillment and/or other consideration and/or other clearing activities.
  • Providing event driven reporting based, for example, on time, place, depletion of local funds, and/or class of disbursement activity such as purpose (for business, entertainment, travel, household expense), family member or other individual or group identity, category of content or other goods and/or services acquired, and/or category any of type of disbursement activity
  • Receiving authority from secure chain of handling and control embodied in electronic control sets.
  • Granting authority and/or providing services to, and/or in conjunction with, one or more distributed financial clearinghouses that are some combination of subordinate to, and/or have peer-to-peer relationships with, one or more of said clearinghouses.
  • Distributing financial clearing functions across a network or other system (for example, every consumer or other value chain participant node can perform distributed financial clearing services and wherein said participant node may communicate financial clearing information directly to one or more other participants) and in accordance with rules and controls and other VDE techniques as described in the Ginter, et al patent specification.
  • Granting authority and/or providing services to, or in conjunction with, one or more financial sub-clearinghouses whose operations may be located logically and/or physically elsewhere, such as within a company or government agency and/or within one or more jurisdictions and/or serving subsets of the overall business focus area of a senior financial clearinghouse.
  • Distributing and/or otherwise authorizing financial clearing functions across a system or network, for example, where every consumer and/or certain or all other value chain participant nodes can potentially support a distributed usage clearing service initiating its own, secure financial clearing transactions and function in the context of the overall clearinghouse network including clearinghouse interoperation with one or more other participant, interoperable nodes, and as elsewhere in this list, all activities employing VDE techniques as appropriate.
  • Efficiently calculating, collecting, and dispersing sales and “value added taxes” imposed by at least one jurisdiction.
  • Supporting a web of financial clearinghouses in which one or more classes (groups) of clearinghouse have interoperable, peer-to-peer relationships and in which, differing groups may have differing rights to interoperate with members of other groups, for example financial clearinghouses on end-user protected processing environments may have limited rights to inter-operate with “primary” financial clearinghouses.
  • Supporting a web of clearinghouse protected processing environments in which such protected processing environments comprise discreet “banks” or banking protected processing environments, and where such protected processing environments can employ VDE capabilities to securely govern and perform banking functions such as the secure storage (locally and/or remotely) of notational currency, the right to “lend” stored currency to end-user and/or other clearinghouse protected processing environments, the right to launch electronic currency objects, the right to fulfill payment from local or remote currency store(s), the ability to receive communications representing obligations to pay (e.g., electronic bills), the ability to fulfill such payments, and the ability to operate as a component banking “branch” of one or more virtual bank(s) (or banking network(s)) wherein such bank performs many of the roles currently performed by conventional banks.
  • Supporting the ability for financial clearinghouses to create electronic currency that is conditionally anonymous and where such currency may be employed in the fulfillment of payment obligations and where such currency is treated as authentic without the requirement that a receiving party connect after such receipt with a remote banking authority for assessing that the currency is valid or authorized for use.
  • Supporting the ability for distributed clearinghouse protected processing environments to operate—in conjunction with one or more capabilities described above—on portable devices such as smart cards (e.g., electronic wallets, etc.) where cellular or land-line communication means (or other transport mechanisms) support on-line or asynchronous communication of information related to a current or an plural transactions such as billing or other audit information regarding commerce activity including identification, for example, of purchasers, sellers, and/or distributors, and authorization information, budget information, credit provision, currency provision, and/or disbursement information, etc. related to such activity.
  • Supporting the provision of discounts, subsidies and/or coupons to value chain participants, for example to consumer users, in exchange for usage data or more finely grained usage data (for example, ameliorating privacy concerns in some contexts).
  • May be organized hierarchically, peer-to-peer, or in a combined mode where responsibility for financial clearing may be distributed in differing fashions for differing commerce models and/or activities and/or value chains and where certain one or more parties may be, for example, hierarchically more senior to other parties in one or more instances and hierarchically a peer or less senior in one or more other instances.
  • The relationship among participants is programmable and may be set (and later modified) to represent one or more desired financial clearing arrangements for given commerce activities, value chains, or models.
  • Distributing payments to plural parties, including, for example, taxes to one or more governments (e.g., city, state, and federal).
• FIG. 18 shows an example function oriented diagram forfinancial clearinghouse200. In this example,financial clearinghouse200 is highly automated, and operates in a trusted, secure domain to provide a protected processing environment. It efficiently provides financial clearing services to all kinds of electronic commerce chains. It can also serve as a gateway between the highly secure virtual distribution environment (VDE) domain and other domains—providing protocol support for the existing infrastructure. The gateway functions can allow the highly flexible and distributed VDE protected processing environments to exploit the inflexible and centralized, but ubiquitous and trusted, existing financial infrastructure services.
• The core functions offinancial clearinghouse200 relate topayment processing208,payment aggregation212,payment disaggregation214, andmicro-payment management216—since these functions collect money from customers and other value chain participants, and pay money to value chain service or product providers such as merchants.
• In more detail,financial clearinghouse200 may perform the following functions in this example:
• • payment processing208,
  • credit checks210,
  • payment aggregation212,
  • payment disaggregation214,
  • micro-payment handling216,
  • event driven reporting218,
  • reconciliation220,
  • database maintenance/management222,
  • replication224, and
  • propagation226.
• Financial clearinghouse200 may receivepayment information202,customer information230,provider information232, and aggregated reports andbills234 from the outside world. It may generate debit orders236,credit orders238, statements and reports204,240, release signals242, and credit checks andauthorizations244.
• Database management222 and event driven reporting218 may be used to securely provide accurate financial reports to value chain participants.Reconciliation function220—which is related to both reporting and financial management—allowsfinancial clearinghouse200 to provide more reliable financial management.Replication function224 andpropagation function226 are used byfinancial clearinghouse200 to facilitate distributed processing with otherfinancial clearinghouses200 and/or other secure or insecure protected processing environments, permitting the financial clearinghouse to securely share state and update information with other Commerce Utility Systems or other participants.
• In the example shown, the payment information202 (which may arrive in one or more secure containers152) is the primary input topayment processing block208. If desired,payment information202 can also include some or all of the usage information sent to ausage clearinghouse300—or it may include different types of usage information more relevant to financial auditing and transaction tracking. Thispayment information202 can arrive in real time or on a delayed (e.g., periodic or other event-driven) basis.
• Financial clearinghouse200 usesprovider information232 andcustomer information230 to effect funds transfers between customers and providers.Financial clearinghouse200 uses aggregated reports andbills234 to guide theoverall payment processing208 as well aspayment aggregation212 andpayment disaggregation214. For example,financial clearinghouse200 may issue debit andcredit orders236,238 to third party financial parties such as banks, credit card companies, etc., to effect debiting of consumer accounts and corresponding crediting of provider accounts.Financial clearinghouse200 may issuestatements204 andreports240 for secure auditing and/or informational purposes.Financial clearinghouse200 may issuecredit authorizations244 after performingcredit checks210, thereby extending credit to appropriate value chain participants.Such authentication244 may include an input/output function, unless they are performed entirely locally (i.e., an authorization request comes in, andclearinghouse200 is the source of credit and/or credit limit information).
• Financial clearinghouse200 may issue release signals242 in appropriate circumstances to allowelectronic appliances100 to stop maintaining and/or keep “pending” financial information after it has been transferred, analyzed and/or processed byfinancial clearinghouse200. In one example, theuser appliance100 may, within business model limitations, store the financial information even after it is “released,” reduce it to a summary, etc. Of course, it may have already done this with a copy of the data (e.g., if previously allowed to access it). For example, suppose the local copy of financial usage information contains confidential business model information. A property might cost $1.00 to view, and that dollar may be split among several parties. Normally, the user is only aware of the overall bottom line, not the details of the split—even though a record may exist locally for each of the participants in the transaction.
• FIG. 19 shows an example architectural diagram forfinancial clearinghouse200.Financial clearinghouse200 in this example includes asecure communications handler246, atransaction processor248, adatabase manager250, a switch252, and one or more interface blocks244. This example financial clearinghouse architecture may be based, for example, on the operating system architecture shown inFIGS. 12 and 13 of the Ginter et al. patent specification (general purposeexternal services manager172 in that example could support settlement service interfaces254 for example).Secure communications handler246 allowsfinancial clearinghouse200 to communicate securely with other electronic appliances100(1) . . .100(N). Such communications may be by way of securedigital containers152. It is desirable for most Commerce Utility Systems90 (including financial clearinghouse200) to support both real time and asynchronous receipt ofcontainers152. In addition,financial clearinghouse90 may also support a real time connection protocol that does not requirecontainers152 for simple transactions such as making a credit card payment that doesn't have disaggregation requirements. The advantage to using a real time connection is real time results. This may be beneficial in circumstances where users need more money or credit because they have run out (rather than simply making a report or receiving a periodic replenishment of a budget that has not been exhausted), and also when a provider (e.g., of content or budget) insists on clearing a transaction before allowing whatever activity initiated the transaction to go forward.
• A connection for a real time transaction doesn't always requiresecure containers152, but usingcontainers152 even in this scenario has advantages. For example,containers152 permit attachment of rules and controls to the contents, allowing users to specify how the contents may be used. In addition, use ofcontainers152 leverages existing capabilities in the protected processing environment. Using a technique such as electronic mail to deliver containers152 (e.g., as attachments to SMTP mail messages, or as attachments to any other e-mail protocol that supports attachments) permits asynchronous processing of contents, thereby allowingCommerce Utility Systems90 to smooth out their peak processing loads. A cost of operating a commercial clearinghouse is the depreciation expense of the equipment. The amount of equipment is principally driven by the peak load requirement. One can expect a significant variance in load (for example, compare Friday night at 8 pm versus Tuesday morning at 3 am). Smoothing out this function can lead to quite considerable savings in equipment and related costs (electricity, personnel, maintenance, etc.)
• Transaction processor248 may process and analyze received information, anddatabase manager250 may store received information in a database for later analysis and/or for historical analysis (to increase credit limits, analyze payment histories, etc.) In addition,database manager250 may also store information associated with existing credit limits, addresses for communications (physical and/or electronic), and other account information. For example, the Ginter et al. patent specification discusses budget encumbrances. Thedatabase manager250 may be used to store information used to track encumbrances as well. There may also be sets of security information used to communicate with protected processing environments and/or users employing the protected processing environments, and the settlement services. Records associated with communications with the settlement services may also be stored there as well. Thedatabase250 may also be outfitted with various reporting facilities related to its contents.
• Transaction processor248 anddatabase manager250 together perform most of the functions shown inFIG. 18. Switch252 is used to route information to and from interface blocks244. Interface blocks244 are used to communicate with third party settlement services, such as credit card companies, Automatic Clearing House (ACH) systems for bank settlements, debit card accounts, etc. Optionally, the internal settlement services provided by a Federal Reserve Bank256 may be used in lieu of or in addition to the third party settlement services shown to provide settlement of accounts in accordance with prevailing banking arrangements and legal requirements. The payment mechanisms used byfinancial clearinghouse200 may be symmetrical (e.g., tell VISA to charge consumer A's charge account and credit vendor Y's account) or asymmetrical (e.g., tell VISA to debit consumer A's charge account and provide the money to the financial clearinghouse which will credit vendor Y's account using some other payment mechanism) as allowed by applicable financial and banking regulations.
• Example Financial Clearing Processes
• FIG. 20 shows an example financial clearinghouse process. In this example, aprovider164 provides goods, services or content to aconsumer95. For example,provider164 may provide one or more digital properties1029 and associatedcontrols404 within an electronicsecure container152. A secure protectedprocessing environment154 at theconsumer95 site keeps track of payment, usage and other information, and may provide anaudit trail228 specifying this information.Audit trail228 may be transmitted from the site ofconsumer95 tofinancial clearinghouse200 within one or moresecure containers152b.Audit trail220 might include, for example, the identification of the reportingelectronic appliance100; the amount of payment; provider identification; the consumer's desired payment method; the name or other identification of the electronic appliance user; and the type(s) of transaction(s) involved. The time and/or frequency of reporting might be based on a number of different events such as for example, the time of day, week, month, year or other time interval; the occurrence of some related or unrelated event (e.g., pre-approval for a purchase is required, a certain number of purchases have taken place, a local electronic purse has been exhausted of funds, reporting is necessary for some other reason, etc.); or a combination of these.
• Financial clearinghouse200 analyzes theaudit trail228, and generates one or more summary reports240.Financial clearinghouse200 may provide thesummary report240 toprovider164 by transmitting it electronically within asecure container152c.Financial clearinghouse200 may also coordinate with afinancial intermediary258 and one or morefinancial processors260 to effect a debiting of a bank or other account owned byconsumer95 and corresponding crediting of a bank or other account owned byprovider164.
• For example, thefinancial clearinghouse200 may receive the audit information, disaggregate the transactions (into value chain amounts for creators, distributors, and others; as well as for tax authorities and other governmental entities), and then calculate an amount due it from each of the transaction beneficiaries. Then, if desired or necessary (due to the size of the transactions, per transaction fees, or other efficiency and/or cost considerations), the transactions may be rolled up into lump sums for each of the parties, and submitted to a financial intermediary258 (along with appropriate account information) that is responsible for performing credit card transactions. The financial intermediary258 (who may also charge a fee or take a percentage) may then cause transactions to occur at thefinancial processor260 such that the beneficiaries each receive the appropriate amounts. Alternatively, if thefinancial clearinghouse200 has the ability and authorizations necessary to submit credit card transactions directly to credit card companies, it may cause the transactions to occur directly with the financial processor260 (e.g., Visa).
• Financial processor260 may send astatement204 to provider164 (and/or to consumer95) detailing the financial debits and payments that have occurred. It may providestatement204 within a secure container (not shown) if desired.Financial clearinghouse200 may receive a portion or percentage of the debited funds to compensate it for the financial clearing services it has provided.
• FIGS. 20A-20F show an example financial clearing activity using a localelectronic money purse262 maintained at the consumer'selectronic appliance100. In this example,financial clearinghouse200 may initially provideconsumer100 with electronic money in the form of electronic cash by transmitting the electronic cash within one or moresecure containers152.Financial clearinghouse200 may automatically debit the consumer'sbank206aor other account to obtain these funds, and may do so at the consumer's request (seeFIG. 20A).
• The consumer'selectronic appliance100 upon receiving the electronic funds may deposit them within anelectronic cash purse262 it maintains within its protected processing environment154 (e.g., as an “MDE” described in Ginter et al.) (seeFIG. 20B). The customer'selectronic appliance100 may use this locally stored electronic money to pay for goods and services consumed by the consumer. For example, a publisher68 may provide awork166, such as a book, film, television program, or the like, to the consumer's electronic appliance by transmitting it within one or moresecure containers152b. The consumer may operate his or herelectronic appliance100 to open the container and access thework166, allowing the consumer to use the work in the manner specified by its associated electronic controls (seeFIG. 20C).
• Assuming that the rights owner requires payment in return for usage of thework166, the consumer'selectronic appliance100 may automatically debitelectronic purse262 by the amount of payment required (in this case $5) (FIG. 20C). Additionally,electronic appliance100 may automatically generate ausage record264 recording this usage event. Based on time and/or other event occurrence, the consumer'selectronic appliance100 may automatically send anaudit trail264—which may comprise a package of audit records transmitted at audit time or set of related records stored in the secure database—(or a summary of it to protect the consumer's privacy)—tofinancial clearinghouse200 in the form of one orelectronic containers152c(seeFIG. 20D).
• Upon receiving theusage record262 and successfully storing it within itsown database250,financial clearinghouse200 may send arelease signal242 within anelectronic container152d(seeFIG. 20D). Thisrelease signal242 may allow the consumer'selectronic appliance100 to delete theusage record264 it had previously maintained (seeFIG. 20D).
• The consumer may use the same ordifferent work166 again to prompt generation of an additional usage record2640 and to decrement theelectronic purse262 by another usage charge (in this case exhausting the purse's contents) (seeFIG. 20E). Exhaustion ofelectronic purse262 may prompt the consumer'selectronic appliance100 to again contactfinancial clearinghouse200 to request additional funds (seerequest228□) and to also provide usage record2640 (both pieces of information are transmitted within the sameelectronic container152ein this example) (seeFIG. 20F).
• Financial clearinghouse200 may respond by transmitting additional electronic funds (after debiting the consumer's bank or other account), and may also provide another release signal allowing the consumer'selectronic appliance100 to delete usage record2640 (seeFIG. 20F). The money collected may be paid to the rights holders (after any appropriate reductions to compensate Commerce Utility Systems90).
• Payment Disaagregation
• FIG. 21 shows an example financial clearing activity involving value chain “disaggregation.”Financial clearinghouse200 in this example efficiently, reliably and securely supports payment disaggregation within a value chain.FIG. 21 shows a content creator, such as an author, delivering awork166 to apublisher168. The publisher publishes the work (for example, within anelectronic book166□) and delivers it to aconsumer95. In this example, theconsumer95 pays $20 for his copy of thebook166□. The consumer's payment is “disaggregated” or split up between theauthor164 and thepublisher168 based, for example, upon a contractual agreement. In this example, the publisher receives four of the consumer's $20 and the author receives the rest.
• Disaggregation allowsfinancial clearinghouse200 to automatically split up a consumers' payment among any number of different value chain participants. This is extremely useful in ensuring that all contributors to a product or service can reliably and efficiently receive compensation for their respective contributions.
• FIG. 22 shows howfinancial clearinghouse200 can support the value chain disaggregation shown inFIG. 21. In theFIG. 22 electronic example, thecustomer95 may deliver his payment electronically tofinancial clearinghouse200. This payment may be in the form of electronic currency packaged within a secureelectronic container152a, or it might be in some other form (e.g., reported usage information coupled with a preexisting authorization forfinancial clearinghouse200 to debit the bank account of customer95).
• Financial clearinghouse200 may distribute appropriate shares of the customer's payment toauthor164 andpublisher168 in accordance with the agreement between the author and the publisher. What tellsfinancial clearinghouse200 who should receive the disaggregated parts of the payment? In thisFIG. 22 example, thework166 may pass from theauthor164 to thepublisher168 and from thepublisher168 tocustomer95 in electronic form within one or more secureelectronic containers152. One or more electronic control sets188 may be included within the same or different containers, these control sets being associated with thework166 or other property. Control sets188 may specify, among other things, the amount ofpayment customer95 must supply in order to be able to use thework166.
• Controls188 may also specify and control how the customer's payment will be disaggregated among the other value chain participants. For example,author164 may specify withincontrols188bthe author provides, that she is to receive $16 for each copy ofwork166 purchased by anultimate consumer95. Because of the secure chain of handling and control provided in accordance with the virtual distribution environment (see the Ginter et al. patent disclosure),author164 can be confident (to the degree required by the commercial priorities of the author and allowed by the strength of the overall system) thatpublisher168,customer95 and any other consumers or potential users ofproperty166 will be subject to thiscontrol188b. Thepublisher168 may add its own controls to the one specified byauthor164, the publisher controls188cproviding a $4 mark up (for example) that it will receive for the use of its brand name, distributing and marketing services.
• FIG. 22A shows a detailed example of how payment disaggregation can be performed within the customer's protectedprocessing environment154 using control sets188 as described in the Ginter et al patent disclosure. Ginter et al. teaches, inFIG. 48 and associated text, how a control set can implement and control an overall metering, billing and budgeting process within a user's protectedprocessing environment154.FIG. 22A illustrates payment disaggregation based on one or more control sets188 provided to a consumer's protectedprocessing environment154. Each of the processing blocks shown inFIG. 22A may be in response to a user request (event) to open and access content.
• In this particular example, ametering method275 is designed to pass an event tobilling method277 whenever the consumer first uses a particular piece of content (meter event275 could also or alternatively pass the event along each time the consumer uses the content to provide a “pay per view” functionality if desired).
• Thebilling methods277 include twodifferent billing methods277aand277bin this example.Methods277a,277bcan be independently deliverable—for example, theauthor164 could deliver billing sub-method277a, and thepublisher168 could deliverbilling sub-method277b.Billing method277awrites information to a billing trail data structure specifying how much theauthor164 is to be paid ($16 in this example).Billing method277bwrites information to the same or different billing trail data structure specifying how much the publisher is to be paid ($4).Billing methods277a,277bmay each receive the open event passed along bymeter method275, and may each write billing records to the same (or different) billing trail data structure.
• In this example, abudget method279 may be delivered independently of thebilling methods277a,277b.Budget method279 may write records to a budgettrail data structure281 specifying (among other things) the payment disaggregation arrangement (i.e., the $16/$4 split between author and publisher) specified by thebilling methods277a,277b. The budget trail data structure281 (which is maintained independently from the data structures maintained bybilling methods277a,277band therefore cannot be compromised by theauthor164 and/or the publisher168) might be sent to afinancial clearinghouse200. Thefinancial clearinghouse200 would perform payment and debit financial clearing as described above to result in the consumer's account being debited by $20, the author's account being credited by $16 and the publisher's account being credited by $4 (thus disaggregating the user's $20 payment between theauthor164 and the publisher168). Meanwhile, the billing trail data structure could be sent to ausage clearinghouse300 specified by theauthor164 and/or thepublisher168.Usage clearinghouse300 could analyze the billing trail data structure and letauthor164 and/orpublisher168 know what payments they might expect to receive from thefinancial clearinghouse200.
• Thus, in this example, electronic control sets188 may specify or define, among other things: (i) rights available in a particular digital object, (ii) the cost of exercising such rights, and (iii) how payments for exercising rights will be divided (disaggregated) among rightsholders. This ability to define payment disaggregation in advance (before customers' payment methods and arrangements are activated) provides a high degree of efficiency and flexibility—since it can use the consumers' payment method, for example, to automatically direct parts of the consumers' payment to appropriate people who need to be compensated. Since the sameelectronic appliance100 that is being used to exercise the rights is also being used to help direct payments to various different value chain participants, a portion of the overall financial clearing process is effectively distributed throughout a large number of parallel computing resources. Because of the high degree of trustedness that can be provided by the system disclosed in the Ginter et al. patent specification, for example, rightsholders can release such control sets188 into the stream of commerce with an appropriate that their payment arrangements will be carried out.Financial clearinghouse200 can help to ensure that such disaggregated payments efficiently and rapidly reach their required destinations.
• A protectedprocessing environment154 at the site ofcustomer95 securely enforces theaugmented controls188c, requiring total payment and/or payment authorization from thecustomer95 before allowing the customer to accesswork166.Controls188cmay also specify whichfinancial clearinghouse200 is to be used to handle payment processing, and what payment methods are acceptable while still givingcustomer95 flexibility in terms of choosing a desired payment method. The customer's protectedprocessing environment154cmay then automatically send appropriate payment orpayment authorization190atofinancial clearinghouse200 for disaggregation in accordance withcontrols188a—which may be the same controls (or a subset of those controls relating to payment disaggregation) specified by the author and/or the publisher.
• Because the customer's protectedprocessing environment154cgeneratescontrols188asubject to thecontrols188c,188bspecified by the publisher and author (seeFIG. 22), these payment controls188acan be trusted to carry out the payment wishes of the author and the publisher and to reflect the payment dividing agreement between the two of them. The customer's protectedprocessing environment154cmay send the customer's payment orpayment authorization152aand these payment controls188atofinancial clearinghouse200 within one or more secureelectronic containers152a.
• Financial clearinghouse200 processes the payment orpayment authorization152ain accordance withcontrols188a, distributingpayment152bto the publisher andpayment152cto the author in accordance with the payment dividing agreement reached between the author and the publisher. Thus, for example,financial clearinghouse200 might send $4 of electronic money to the publisher and $16 of electronic money to the author; or it might credit the bank or other accounts of the author and publisher in these amounts. Because this entire process takes place in a secure, trusted virtual distribution environment, each of the value chain participants can trust that they will in fact receive the payment they require and the process can be carried on automatically and electronically in a very efficient way that flexibly accommodates a wide variety of different business models and ad hoc relationships.
• FIG. 23 shows a further, somewhat more complex payment disaggregation example that adds a content distributor oraggregator170 to the value chain. In this example, theconsumer95's $20 may now need to be split three ways instead of two, with theauthor164 still receiving $16, the publisher receiving only $3 and the content distributor/aggregator170 receiving $1 for his or her efforts.FIG. 24 shows that the same basic arrangement shown inFIG. 22 can be used to accommodate the payment and other interests of this new value chain participant.
• FIG. 25 shows a further payment disaggregation example.FIG. 25 shows how disaggregation can be used to compensateCommerce Utility Systems90 for their role in maintaining and managing the value chain. As described above, the DistributedCommerce Utility75 provides very important services, such as financial clearing, usage auditing, permissioning, certification, etc. Entire businesses or industries may be based on efficiently and reliably providing these kinds of administrative and support services. Commerce Utility Systems need to be compensated for their own investments and efforts. One way for them to be compensated is to receive a small part of every transaction—“a piece of the tick.” The same payment disaggregation mechanisms described above can also be used to support such micropayments toCommerce Utility Systems90.
• FIG. 23 shows one example in which theCommerce Utility Systems90 receive 3% (e.g., $0.60 in the example shown) of the value of each transaction. Because electronic control sets188 discussed above can be used to implement such micro-payment capabilities, any desired business arrangement or objective can be flexibly and efficiently accommodated.
• FIG. 26 shows that payment disaggregation can be used to disaggregate or split up a single consumer payment into an arbitrary number of different amounts (even recording amounts in different types of currencies for international trading purposes) at a variety of different destinations and using a variety of different payment mechanisms (e.g., credit cards, bank accounts, electronic money, etc.).
• FIGS. 27 and 28 show still additional payment disaggregation examples to further illustrate the flexibility in which DistributedCommerce Utility75 can handle these and other arrangements. TheFIG. 27 example shows the customer's payment being split up among theauthor164, thepublisher168, theaggregator170, arepackager174 and two additional authors164a,164bsupplying additional works incorporated within the electronic property being provided to the customer. TheFIG. 27 example is particularly applicable, for example, where therepackager174 takes content from several sources on related matters and combines them into mixed source products such as multimedia combinations, “current awareness” packages, or newsletter-like publications for sale to interested parties.
• For example,repackager174 might publish a newsletter on contemporary politics, and select an essay written byauthor164 for publication along with two other works written by authors164a,164bfor publication in the next newsletter issue.Authors164,164aand164bmay grantrepackager174 the right to reformat and redistribute the work. Taking advantage of this reformatting right,repackager174 may create the latest issue of the newsletter and distribute it in a secure electronic container for reading bycustomer95. In this example, the secureelectronic container152amay contain at least four separately “delivered” sets of business requirements—one for each of the three works (as specified by each ofauthor164, author164aand author164b) and one for the overall newsletter (as specified by repackager174). Alternatively, the various works and/or the controls applying to them can be sent and delivered in independentsecure containers152, and/or some or all of the works and/or controls may be located remotely.
• To read the newsletter,customer95 openselectronic container152a. Suppose that the newsletter cost (as set by repackager174) is $10 per issue. The customer's $10 payment or payment authorization is sent tofinancial clearinghouse200, which resolves it to give each value chain participant compensation (for example,author164 may get $1,publisher168 may get $1,aggregator170 may get $0.50, each additional author164a,164bmay each get $1 and therepackager174 may get the rest—all as directed by the applicable electronic controls. Thus, the repackager can be compensated for selecting appropriate articles on the topic and combining them in a single, easy to read publication, and may also bring its own brand name recognition as an indicator of overall quality, and may itself add unique content of its own creation.
• FIG. 28 shows a “superdistribution” example. One key rights holder concern is copyright infringement from “pass-along”—that is, illegal duplication and redistribution. This pass-along problem is serious in digital environments such as the Internet. The virtual distribution environment disclosed in the Ginter et al. patent specification and the administrative and support services arrangements disclosed in this specification fundamentally transform pass-along from a clear threat to an important opportunity. Because of the unique, automated, secure electronic management of value chain rights provided by the virtual distribution environment in the preferred embodiment, the consumer can be treated as a trusted member of the value chain. This makes possible a superdistribution model in which all customers become potential distributors. Since revenue from superdistribution incurs only minimal rights holder costs, superdistribution provides large profit potentials to holders of rights in successful works.
• Looking atFIG. 28, assume thatcustomer95 received a work fromaggregator170 that she likes so much that she wants to pass it along to several friends and colleagues. Assuming thataggregator170 has grantedcustomer95 the right to redistribute the work, the customer may simply and easily be able to send a copy of the work to each of any number of additional potential customers95(1) . . .95(N). These additional people may knowcustomer95 and believe that she would not be sending them something that was not potentially interesting and of high quality. In addition, the downstream customers may be able to read an abstract or see extracts of the work (e.g., view a trailer of a film, read the first chapter of a novel, or the like) without triggering payment.
• After reading the abstract or watching the first five minutes of the film without cost, suppose six of the downstream customers95(3)-95(8) agree to pay for the content at an example cost of $3.25 each.Financial clearinghouse200 may ensure that theauthor164,publisher168 andaggregator170 each receive an appropriate share of the income (e.g., $7 to the author, $7 to the publisher and $8.75 to the aggregator).
• Superdistribution makes possible any number of levels of redistribution. For example, suppose that of the six downstream customers95(3)-95(8), three of them decide to pass the work along to each of six additional potential customers—so that eighteen additional people receive a copy. Since the redistributed works have associated control structures mandating the same payment arrangement,author164,publisher168 andaggregator170 each receive additional payments from each of these new customers. The snowballing effect of redistribution can continue in this manner across any number of consumers for a long time, and can dramatically increase revenue with minimal additional cost to the value chain members.
• Payment Aggregation or Bundling
• Micro-fees and micropayments may become an important basis for content usage transactions. For example, a consumer might pay each time she views a particular work or uses a certain piece of computer software, or listens to a certain piece of music. Different payment arrangements can be flexibly provided so that the consumer might have the option of paying a larger initial fee for unlimited usage or smaller micropayments on a per use basis. In addition, micropayments may be the least burdensome and most practical way forCommerce Utility Systems90 to be compensated for their services. The ability to efficiently handle micropayments is thus very important in terms of supporting and enabling small charges.
• Traditional financial payment mechanisms, such as credit cards, checks and the like, are unsuited to manage micropayments. These systems typically have levels of transaction overhead that impose severe burdens on business models based on many purchases below $5 each. For example, if it costs $0.50 to handle a payment transaction, it becomes uneconomical to handle payments for less than some value, perhaps $2 each because the cost of handling the payment is such a large portion of the transaction value, or even exceeds the payment itself. Hence, traditional financial payment mechanisms favor larger purchases and disfavor micro-purchases.
• FIG. 29 shows how payment aggregation or bundling can be used to circumvent these concerns by reducing the number of individual financial transactions that need to be cleared, and/or by reducing the amount of messaging required to clear those transactions. The example payment aggregation shown inFIG. 29 may be performed on the consumer's ownelectronic appliance100 within a protectedprocessing environment154; or at a centralizedfinancial clearinghouse200; or part of it can be performed at the appliance and part of it performed at the centralized clearinghouse. This payment aggregation process can aggregate or combine many small payments together into larger payments—or into a bundle of small payments that can be handled all at once. Such larger payments and/or bundles can be reported periodically along with other transaction data if desired to be reconciled and recorded by DistributedCommerce Utility75. This ability to aggregate smaller payments has important beneficial effects in terms of increasing efficiency, reducing the number of individual transactions that need to be cleared, and decreasing messaging traffic overelectronic network150. Of course, payment aggregation is not necessarily suitable for every transaction (some large, critical or risky transactions may require real time clearing, for example), but can be used in a large number of routine transactions to reduce the burdens onCommerce Utility Systems90 and overall system50.
• In one variation on this concept, payment aggregation may preserve the amounts of each individual transaction to allow high degree of reporting granularity but may be used to trigger when reporting occurs (e.g., after X dollars have been charged, or Y number of transactions have occurred) so that many individual transactions can be bundled and transmitted/processed together. This type of aggregation is useful for reducing the number and frequency of individual messages traveling overelectronic network150. In such instances, the reportingelectronic appliance100 may report: (i) the sum of the aggregated individual transactions, or (ii) each of the individual transactions, or (iii) both, or (iv) a combination of the two.
• FIG. 29 shows that a consumer may use his or herelectronic appliance100 for a number of different activities, such as, for example, reading a novel, watching a video program, obtaining and reviewing research results, interacting with and enjoying multimedia presentations, and home financial management such as checkbook balancing. A per use micro-payment may be associated with each of these activities. For example, the consumer might pay $1 to a publisher A and $1.50 to an author A each time the consumer accesses an electronic version of a work written by the author and distributed by the publisher. Suppose that the author A's works have become so popular that they have been made into films. The consumer might pay on a per-use basis to watch one of these films—paying the publisher A $5, the author A $3 and DistributedCommerce Utility75 $0.50.
• Payment aggregators266 (which may, if desired, operate at the consumer's site within the protectedprocessing environment154 provided by the consumer's electronic appliance100) may aggregate payments to common entities, keeping a running total of the amount of money owed to publisher A, the amount of money owed to author A, and the amount of money owed to the DistributedCommerce Utility75. This running total can be incremented each time the consumer triggers an additional payment event. The aggregated payment amounts can be periodically or otherwise reported tofinancial clearinghouse200 or otherCommerce Utility Systems90 based on certain time intervals (for example, weekly, monthly, or daily), the occurrence of certain events (for example, the consumer has exceeded her credit authorization and needs a new one, certain electronic controls have expired, etc.), and/or a hybrid of any or all of these techniques.
• FIG. 30 shows another example of payment aggregation across a number of consumer transactions. In this example, payments to the same value chain participants and using the same payment method are aggregated together to provide totals. This payment aggregation—which may take place at the consumer's site and/or within a financial clearinghouse—reduces the number of overall financial transactions that need to be cleared. This increases efficiency and throughput, and decreases the cost for handling each individual consumer transaction.
• FIG. 31 shows a still additional payment aggregation example in which aggregation is performed over transactions of a number of different consumers. For example, all transactions using a particular payment method pertaining to a particular provider could be aggregated by afinancial clearinghouse200. Note that the payment aggregation techniques shown inFIGS. 29-31 do not necessarily result in loss of individual transaction detail. In other words, it is still possible for consumerelectronic appliances100 to log and report detailed per-transaction information, and forfinancial clearinghouse200 and/or theusage clearinghouse300 to report detailed usage information on a transaction-by-transaction basis—even though individual transaction payments are being combined for more efficient payment processing and handling. This ability to separately handle and process more detailed and granular usage information while at the same time aggregating payments can provide a high level of auditing accountability without unduly burdening the payment handling mechanism. In some cases, loss of the detail records leads to savings on the clearinghouse side. They may be discarded, but there are advantages to keeping them around on the user's system and/or in a repository on aCommerce Utility System90. If there is a billing dispute, for example, the local copy of the detail records might serve as useful evidence of what actually occurred—even if they were never transmitted to the clearinghouse.
• FIG. 32 shows how an examplefinancial clearinghouse200 might be modified to include apayment aggregator component268.Payment aggregator268 could be used to aggregate payments incoming from a number of different consumerelectronic appliances100 or other sources, and provide those aggregated payments to switch200 for handling via third party settlement services, for example.Payment aggregator268 could selectively aggregate only certain payments while permitting other payments to pass through directly to switch200 for direct handling without aggregation. Payment aggregation can be based on a number of different factors. For example, payments can be aggregated based on consumer, provider, payment method, or a combination of any or all of these factors. This aggregation function can be performed entirely or in part withinconsumer95 electronic appliances, or it could be performed centrally by acentralized clearinghouse200.
• Usage Clearinghouse300
• FIG. 33 shows an example usage clearinghouseCommerce Utility System300. Usage clearinghouses services and functions, in general, may collect, analyze and “repurpose” detailed, summary, and/or derived usage information about the use and/or execution of digital properties and/or digital processes. This information may include any information descriptive of electronic transaction activity. Usage clearinghouses and/or support services may, for example, provide and/or facilitate the following:
• • Independent auditing and reporting (which may be presented independently of financial settlement clearing services);
  • General market researching;
  • Negotiating, implementing, determining, and communicating levels of privacy and confidentiality with customers and value chain participants regarding such usage information; and
  • Mass customized marketing and consolidated list selling, renting, or licensing.
• In more detail, usage clearing services in accordance with the present inventions may provide, for example, any combination of the following detailed features and/or functions:
• • Compiling, aggregating, using, deriving and/or providing information descriptive of and/or otherwise relating to, use of a secure container(s), secure container contents, and/or any other content and/or any digital control process(es), wherein such information describes and/or otherwise relates to (a) one or more users of content and/or processes, (b) one or more classes of content, control processes, uses of content, and/or users, and/or (c) one or more recipients of such usage information.
  • Enabling tracking and reporting of content and/or process control usage and/or processing information at a highly granular (e.g., detailed) level.
  • Can collect, aggregate, analyze, summarize, extract, report, distribute, rent, license, and/or sell usage information.
  • Employing information derived from user exposure to content, such as advertising, information materials, entertainment, training materials, business productivity software applications, etc., and securely supplying at least a portion of such derived information and/or related to such information, through the use of VDE mechanisms in the preferred embodiment, to usage information aggregating and/or analyzing clearinghouses, and where such clearinghouse securely provides at least a portion of said usage information, or information derived from said information to at lest one further clearinghouse and/or value chain rightsholder; and wherein said clearinghouse may securely provide differing derived usage information to different other parties who have a clearinghouse role or other rightsholder role.
  • Using the “information exhaust” audit trails created by, and/or derived from, user protected processing environment metering based on a variety of different techniques (for example those disclosed in Ginter, et al.).
  • Ability to collect and analyze detailed usage information such as the number of times a digital property or any portion of a property has been opened, extracted from, embedded into, or executed; or the length of time a value chain participant has used a property such as an interactive game or multimedia presentation, computer software, or modules or subparts of such products.
  • Providing a variety of repurposing capabilities for usage information arriving from consumers or other secure protected processing environments.
  • Providing independent third party auditing capabilities useful, for example, for archiving and non-repudiation.
  • Providing information based upon usage auditing, user profiling and/or market surveying related to use of one or more secure containers and/or content and/or VDE managed process control in the preferred embodiment.
  • Providing neutral, trusted third-party audit usage aggregating and reporting services for rights holders, consumers, and/or other value chain participants and/or interested parties such as governmental bodies (information for taxation, law enforcement, commercial surveying and statistics, etc.).
  • Providing audit opportunities in conjunction with rules and controls rights and permissions clearing (for example, to provide a report about which rules and controls permissions and rights, were exercised, for example by whom, for what, and when—thereby tying actual user activity back to specific permissioning and rights and/or rules and controls templates).
  • In the preferred embodiment, providing standardized and custom reporting and analyzing based upon VDE rules and controls and produced and delivered in VDE containers to each and/or any one or more grouping of content creators, content distributors, industry analysts, trade associations, and any other stakeholders and value chain participants, and/or any other interested parties such as government statisticians, regulators, and/or taxation authorities.
  • Providing any combination of raw, refined, summarized, derived, and aggregated trusted data reporting for the support of plural business models within any value chain, and/or across and/or plural value chains.
  • Distributing, to value chain participants and other parties within or outside of the electronic community, usage information separately from and/or with financial settlement clearing services.
  • Supporting privacy and confidentiality controls fully protecting rights of all value chain participants interests related to usage information, including, for example, rights inherent in VDE chain of handling and control managed business models.
  • Can accommodate privacy concerns, e.g., to not reveal more information than a consumer or value chain content distributor, aggregator, repurposer, or other user of an electronic device that employs, in the preferred embodiment, VDE for secure, managed content or other process control, authorizes, and, for example, to inform such authorizing user of what kind of information is being gathered and/or cleared).
  • Can be trusted to automatically, based at least in part upon rules and controls, conceal (e.g., encrypt), remove, and/or transform one or more portions of confidential or proprietary usage information before further processing of such information or delivering of such information to any one or more additional parties, including any further usage clearinghouse(s), thereby efficiently protecting privacy and confidentiality, including protecting business trade secret information.
  • Protecting key business model information from prying eyes of other interested parties, and/or from inadvertent disclosure to other interested parties and/or to the public, thereby laying the foundation for truly trusted, commercial networks.
  • Allowing value chain participants, including, for example, commercial publishers and distributors, and/or consumers and service and/or product provider organizations, to negotiate the level of detail of usage information to be conveyed to any given value chain rightsholders, and wherein such level of detail may differ according to who the specific receiving parties are and the specific type and/or subtype of usage information, and where plural, differing levels of detail for differing portions of such usage information may be provided to a given usage information receiver and/or as a given deliverable, and where such determination of detail is, at least in part, determined by the rights of a given party at least in part described by VDE rules and controls information in the preferred embodiment.
  • Allowing consumers and organizations to negotiate the level of detail of information conveyed to value chain rightsholders.
  • Allowing consumers or other value chain participants—creators, publishers, distributors, repurposers—to specify and/or negotiate the level(s) of detail, aggregation and/or anonymity they desire with respect to usage information regarding their usage of any given piece of content, content class, specific process, process class, and/or payment requirement (e.g., anonymity, and/or the maintenance of privacy related to some or all usage details, may require a payment premium to offset the loss of the value of such information).
  • Allowing information consumers and/or other value chain participants to customize their “information exhaust” and to set rules and controls for how they wish to have their usage information aggregated, or otherwise used—subject to the competing requirements of rightsholders to receive information they are entitled to and/or receive information that user and rightsholders mutually, electronically agree may be provided to rightsholders. Users and/or one or more rightsholders may have the right to specify limits upon (e.g., use VDE chain of handling and control), and/or describe specific usage information that may or must be to be delivered to, one or more other rightsholders.
  • Supporting substantial value chain participant control over what kind of value chain participant usage information is accumulated, who can access which information and how such information may be used, how such information is gathered and processed, and the extent that usage records are tied to a specific value chain participant or organization.
  • Securely using containers (e.g., using VDE secure containers in combination with VDE protected processing environment and communications security capabilities as described in Ginter, et al.) in any step, part, and/or process of providing secure usage clearing services.
  • Supporting providing discounts, subsidies and/or coupons to value chain participants, for example to consumers, distributors, repurposers, etc., in exchange for usage data or more finely grained usage data (for example, ameliorating privacy concerns in some contexts).
  • Generating and supplying to interested parties marketing research and reporting and consolidated marketing lists (for targeted mailing, direct sales, and other forms of targeted marketing. Such materials are generally analogous to independent magazine and newspaper circulation audits, television audience ratings reports, and/or commercial targeted marketing lists, but generating in a highly efficient, distributed, and secure electronic environment. Such materials, when desired, can be provided with important new forms of detail (e.g., viewing, printing, extracting, reusing, electronically saving, redistributing, etc.), with far greater granularity of information, and with customized, selective reporting of materials based upon recipients requests, payments, rights, and/or conflicts of interest with one or more parties who have a rightsholder's interest in one or more portions of the underlying information.
  • Using detailed usage information to automatically generate classification hierarchies, schemes, groups, and/or classes, and automatically assigning individuals, groups of individuals, organizations, groups of organizations, digital and/or analog content or groups of digital and/or analog content to one or more classes derived from usage data created, collected, transmitted, in conjunction with at least one secure container and/or VDE in the preferred embodiment.
  • Supporting advertising and marketing, including supporting efficient value chain automation of the delivery of such services, such as automatic targeting or delivery of advertising and/or other marketing materials to defined sets (e.g., one or more classes) of consumers, professionals, employees and companies, in which the sets may be defined by self-selection, usage data, usage data profiles, or by any other means, and wherein said sets may be comprised of any one or more value chain participants (e.g., creators, consumers, distributors, service providers, web sites, distributed clearinghouses) and wherein said one or more participants may receive differing, customized materials, and wherein said receiving participants may redistribute such materials, if authorized by rules and controls, and where such participants may receive credit, coupons, monetary payment, and/or other forms of consideration for such redistribution, and where such redistribution may take the form of directing some or all of such received materials to one or more other parties at least in part based upon self-selection, usage data, usage data profiles, or by any other means, and wherein all such processes may be securely managed (e.g., supported) by internodal VDE chain of handling and control in the preferred embodiment.
  • Determining payments and/or other consideration due to rights holders from advertisers based on value chain user exposure to advertising and at least in part, securely automating the distribution of portions of such consideration among plural parties having rightsholder interests related to the content and/or processes that served as a basis for determining such consideration.
  • Supporting superior, targeted market segmentation and the design of more suitable information products and business models based on direct, more specific and detailed usage data and on customer and value chain preferences implied, explicit, and/or automatically derived from usage information, user profiles, class(s) identification information, etc.
  • Enabling “private” usage clearinghouses (a usage clearinghouse controlled and/or operated by an organization) to acquire certain detailed usage information and where such usage clearinghouses may perform usage analysis and/or other processing of such information and provide to more centralized and/or other party clearinghouses and/or other value chain participants, selectively limited usage information (e.g., employing higher level abstractions, summary information, restrictions on and/or manner of use of usage information—viewing, printing, saving, redistributing, etc.) for some or all of such usage information, and where differing limitations on such usage information may be applied to usage information derived from usage of differing classes of content, processes, users, and/or user groups, and where such limitation capabilities provide important additional protection of the confidential trade secret information of a company or other organization by concealing the detailed nature of certain internal activities, and where there may be a requirement by one or more other parties in a value chain for payment and/or other consideration in return for the retention of such detailed usage information.
  • Enabling organizations to employ private usage data clearinghouses on corporate Intranets, where such clearinghouses are integrated with organization document workflow and/or data warehousing systems.
  • Receiving, with private usage organization (e.g., corporation, government agency, partnership, or any other organized operating entity) clearinghouses, usage data from electronic appliances within the organization, and aggregating records into detailed reports for internal use, and/or reporting raw, detailed data for internal use, but only aggregating usage data into summary reports for external distribution, for example, to rights holders and/or other value chain participants, and/or one or more commercial clearinghouses, and where detailed data for internal use is, in the preferred embodiment, protected as VDE protected content and access or other use of such content is limited to specified parties and/or in specified ways based, at least in part, on the specified parties securely maintained electronic identity, including, for example, any relevant party class identification information (e.g., member of a certain research group, senior executive officer) that has associated specific information usage privileges.
  • Identifying and supplying, through private usage clearinghouses, usage related information providing important value usage data for allocating internal organization resources, directing research, and other important business purposes.
  • Distributing usage clearing (e.g., for efficiency and/or other reasons).
  • Distributing usage clearing functions across a network or other system (for example, every consumer and/or other value chain participant node is potentially a distributed usage clearing service at least in part initiating its own, secure usage clearing, and where such participant node may communicate usage information directly to one or more other participants) and, in the preferred embodiment, in accordance with rules and controls and other VDE techniques as described in the Ginter, et al patent specification.
  • Hierarchically organizing usage clearinghouses, at least in part to protect confidentiality at each level in the hierarchy.
  • Granting authority and/or providing services to, or in conjunction with, one or more distributed usage sub-clearinghouses whose operations may be located logically and/or physically elsewhere, such as within a company or government agency and/or within one or more jurisdictions and/or serving subsets of the overall business focus area of a senior usage clearinghouse.
  • Distributing and/or otherwise authorizing usage clearing functions across a system or network, for example, where every consumer and/or certain or all other value chain participant protected processing environment (node) can potentially support a distributed usage clearing service, and function in the context of the overall Distributed Commerce Utility.
  • Initiating its own, secure usage clearing transactions directly with one or more other participants.
  • Providing interoperable operation with one or more other participant interoperable nodes, using any or all activities employing Virtual Distribution Environment techniques.
  • Use of clearinghouse to generate usage information used, at least in part, in the design and/or marketing of products and/or services related to the products and/or services whose usage is described by such usage information.
  • May be organized hierarchically, peer-to-peer, or in a combined mode where responsibility for usage clearing may be distributed in differing fashions for differing commerce models and/or activities and/or value chains, and where certain one or more parties may be, for example, hierarchically more senior to other parties in one or more instances, and hierarchically a peer or less senior in one or more other instances, that is, the relationship among participants is programmable and may be set (and later modified) to represent one or more desired usage clearing arrangements for given commerce activities, value chains, or models.
• FIG. 33 shows anexample usage clearinghouse300 from a process point of view.Usage clearinghouse300 in this example collects, analyzes and reports on the usage of digital information including, but not limited to, the usage of digital content.Usage clearinghouse300 in this example performs the following functions:
• ?Data collection314,
• ?Database management316,
• ?Privacy control318,
• ?Secure auditing320,
• ?Secure reporting322,
• ?Data aggregation324,
• ? Advertising andmarketing326,
• ?Usage analysis328,
• ?Replication330, and
• ?Propagation332.
• Communication betweenusage clearinghouse300 and otherelectronic appliances100 may be by way of secureelectronic containers152, if desired. As explained in more detail in connection withfinancial clearinghouse200,usage clearinghouse300 may receive the containers in real time and/or on an asynchronous receipt basis. In theusage clearinghouse300, the real time requirement may involve advertising or ratings information that loses some or all of its value as a function of time (e.g., if certain ratings information isn't delivered by a particular time, it may no longer be relevant in a given market analysis; or if advertisers don't receive usage information promptly, they may not be able to respond to customer tastes as effectively). Another case may involve a required delivery of usage information (e.g., a user on vacation returns to find their required audit date and grace period has expired, and their use of certain properties is prohibited until the audit is performed). The asynchronous delivery case would still be preferable in some instances for the same reasons as above in connection withfinancial clearinghouse200.
• Data collection function314 is used to gatherusage records302 in addition to other types of information, such as, rules and controls188 (which may provide information concerning prices and permissions, for example),financial statements240a, detailedfinancial reports240b, and requests for usage information and/oranalysis336.Data collection function314 may closely interact withdatabase management function316—resulting in various types of information being stored and maintained in a usage or other database. Replication andpropagation functions330,332 may be used to synchronize the contents ofdatabase316 with other databases (for example, maintained by other usage clearinghouses300) and/or to provide a distributed database across a number of secure network protected processing environments or electronic appliances.
• Data aggregation324 andanalysis328 may be used to analyze the contents of data collected bydata collection function314 and/or stored withindatabase316, enablingusage clearinghouse300 to performauditing320 and/or reporting322.Privacy control318 may be used in conjunction withreporting function322 to expose only certain information and not others to third parties—thereby protecting the privacy and confidentiality concerns of consumers for whom usage information has been collected. Such pendingcontrol316 can be expressed in rules associated with the containers in which the information arrived.
• Reporting function322 may generate a variety of usage auditing reports304. In addition,usage clearinghouse300 may be used to provide advertising and/or marketing support326 (e.g., to help target advertising to demographically appropriate consumers and/or to provide market and advertising research). Thus, in one example,usage clearinghouse300 may itself produce and/or distributeadvertising340 for viewing by certain targeted consumers or deliver such advertising on behalf of others.Usage clearinghouse300 may also generate customizedresponses342 in response toinformation requests336, and can also generaterelease signals344 authorizingelectronic appliances100 to delete and/or make “no longer pending” the usage information from local databases once associated audit records have been transferred tousage clearinghouse300 and that transfer has been confirmed.Consumer95 may have an interest in keeping rather than deleting this usage information after it has been “released” (e.g., as a matter of curiosity, to monitor others' behavior (employees, children, etc.))
• Usage clearinghouse300 may generate itsown controls188bto, for example, govern how usage information, market analysis information or other information can be used by others. For example,usage clearinghouse300 might be prepare a proprietary report or analysis that it provides to third parties in return for compensation.Usage clearinghouse300 may insist that the people that they provide the report to do not redistribute the report to anyone else.Usage clearinghouse300 may enforce this requirement electronically by delivering the report within one or moreelectronic containers152, and associatingelectronic controls188bwith the report. Theseelectronic controls188bcould enforce the “no redistribute” prohibition along with other conditions grants and/or limitations (e.g., the report can't be modified, the report can be printed and viewed, the report may be excerpted, etc.).
• As mentioned above,usage clearinghouse300 may also receivefinancial statements240aand/or detailedfinancial records240bor other financial information—and may generate its ownfinancial statements240cand/or detailedfinancial records240d. For example, theusage clearinghouse300 might provide a service to content providers in which theusage clearinghouse300 receivescontrols188afrom content providers similar to the controls delivered toconsumers95. Based on a comparison of these data,usage clearinghouse300 might make estimates as to the amounts of money that the content providers should expect to receive fromfinancial clearinghouses200.Usage clearinghouse300 might thus provide an independent audit function—serving as a double check onfinancial clearinghouses200 and providing a fraud detection function (e.g., people submitting usage records that don't have associated payments or otherwise incorrect payment amounts may be detected by the usage clearinghouse300). In addition, thecontrol188 might represent closed models that content providers are considering implementing, andusage clearinghouse300 might then offer a service in which it runs a comparison against the usage data it actually collects to build a model of what the financial results might look like if the content provider actually instituted the proposed model.
• FIG. 34 shows an example architecture ofusage clearinghouse300. In this example,usage clearinghouse300 includes asecure communications facility346, a database andtransaction processor348, anauthenticator350, anauthorization checker352 and adata aggregator354.Usage clearinghouse300 architecture may be based on the rights operating system architecture shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 of the Ginter et al. patent disclosure.
• Secure communications346 provides communications with a variety ofelectronic appliances100 overelectronic network150 viasecure containers152 in this example. Database andtransaction processor348 in this example performs most of theFIG. 33 functions. Anauthenticator350 may be used to authenticate consumers and/or data, anauthorization checker352 may be used to check authorizations, and adata aggregator354 may be used to perform thedata aggregation function324.Authenticator350 andauthorization checker352 perform authentication functions as described in the Ginter et al. disclosure in connection with secure electronic appliances and protected processing environments.
• FIG. 35 shows an example overall usage clearing process. In this example, aprovider164 provides a digital property to consumers95(1),95(2),95(3). For example,provider164 might provide a novel orother work166 to each of theconsumers95 withinelectronic containers152. One or more control sets188 may be associated with the work166 (and may, in one example, be delivered within the sameelectronic container152 used to deliver the work166). Thecontrols188 may specify that certain types of usage information must be gathered in the form of an audit trail, and that the audit trail must be reported based on certain time and/or other events.
• Becausecontainer152 can only be opened within a secure protectedprocessing environment154 that is part of the virtual distribution environment described in the above-referenced Ginter et al. patent disclosure,provider164 can be confident that the required audit trails will be generated and reported as he or she instructs. Asconsumers95 use theproperty166, theirelectronic appliances100 automatically gather and store the usage information in the form of audit trails302. Then, upon the occurrence of a specified event (e.g., once a month, once a week, after a certain number of uses, etc.), the consumerelectronic appliances100 sendaudit trail information302 within digital containers tousage clearinghouse300.
• Usage clearinghouse300 collects theaudit trail information302, may store it in itsdatabase316, and analyzes the audit trail information to generate areport304 which it may send toprovider164 within a furtherelectronic container152.
• Provider164 automatically receives secure information auditing the amount his or her work has been used and how it has been used, withusage clearinghouse300 relieving the provider from having to collect or analyze this detailed usage information. In addition,usage clearinghouse300 may serve to protect the privacy ofconsumers95 by revealing only summary details authorized by them (for example, how many consumers have used thework166 but not their names or addresses). This confidentiality function would be more difficult or problematic ifprovider164 attempted to analyzed detailed usage records himself or herself.
• FIG. 36 shows a more detailed example usage clearing process involving two different usage clearinghouses300(1),300(2). In this example, aprovider164 delivers awork166 directly toconsumers95, and also todistributors168 that may redistribute the work to the consumers. Thecontrols188 associated with the distributedcontent166 may specify that usage clearinghouse300(1) is to collect and analyze information relating to the usage of thecontent166 directly distributed bycreator164, and that another usage clearinghouse300(2) is to collect and analyze usage information pertaining to the usage of thework166 as distributed bydistributor168. Alternatively, usage clearinghouses300(1),300(2) may gather different types of usage information pertaining to the same electronic property166 (for example, one usage clearinghouse might gather information pertaining to “pay per view” usage, whereas the other usage clearinghouse might gather usage information for all one-time purchases). Usage clearinghouses300(1),300(2) may each issue reports304 tocreator164 and/ordistributor168 and/orconsumer95.
• FIG. 37 shows how ausage clearinghouse300 can be used in combination with afinancial clearinghouse200. In this example, a consumer'selectronic appliance100 may send:
• • tousage clearinghouse300,audit trail information302 pertaining to usage of electronic content, and
  • tofinancial clearinghouse200, usage and paymentaudit trial information228 pertaining to financial clearing activities.
• If desired,usage clearinghouse300 andfinancial clearinghouse200 may be operated by the same business (in this case, both usage and financial audit trail information could be sent within the same electronic container152). The usage clearing functions performed byusage clearinghouse300 may operate in parallel with the financial clearing functions performed byfinancial clearinghouse200 to support both detailed usage reporting and efficient financial clearing.
• FIG. 38 shows another example usage clearing operation based on media and/or advertising content placement. Consumers95(1),95(2),95(N) may subscribe to variousinformation distribution services170A,170B . . . Theseinformation distribution services170 may distribute program material and advertisements (commercial content) produced bycontent providers164.Consumers95 consume the distributed content, and theirelectronic appliances100 gather and report associated usage data to usage clearinghouses300(1),300(2) . . .
• Theusage clearinghouses300 may perform demographic analysis on the received usage data and, based on this demographic analysis, target particular ads for othercommercial content164 toparticular information services170. For example,information service170A might distribute program material andcommercial content164 of interest to runners and others with physical fitness interests. Usage clearinghouse300(1) might analyze the usage data provided by theconsumers95 who subscribe to and view this type of information. Usage clearinghouse300(1) is thus in a unique position to place ads in other commercial and non-commercial content that might be of interest to the same interest group. Similarly, information service170B might specialize in broadcasting information of interest to car enthusiasts. Usage clearinghouse300(2) may gather usage data about the usage of this type of information—and is thus in a unique and well placed position to distribute and target advertisements, commercial and non-commercial content to this group of consumers.
• FIG. 39 shows an additional example usage clearing operation that may be performed byusage clearinghouse300. In this example,usage clearing house300 may be authorized byrights holders164 to offer discounts based on the amount of usage information aconsumer95 is willing to disclose. This can, for example, be done withcontrols188 for the property by selecting from among control sets and/or entering into an electronic negotiation (see Ginter et al.FIGS. 76A and B). A rights holder might premeditate this as a general rule for their property—or given rights andpermissions clearinghouses400 could be authorized to deliver these control sets (e.g. based on their special position as collectors of particular categories of usage information).
• As one example, the consumer's electronic appliance might be a personal computer, andrights holders164 who distribute computer software may be interested in knowing what software programsconsumer95 is using in addition to the ones they themselves are distributing.Consumer95, on the other hand, may not want to reveal this detailed information about all of the software programs that are present on his or her personal computer.
• As another example, digitalbroadcast rights holders164 may want to know about every broadcasted program thatconsumer95 watches, whereas the consumer may not want anyone else to know the kinds of programs he or she is interested in.
• Usage clearinghouse300 can effectively accommodate these countervailing interests by offering consumer95 a financial incentive for more full disclosure but giving the consumer a choice.
• In this example,rights holder164 distributes electronic content and associated controls toconsumer95. The controls may specify options for revealing usage information. The consumer may choose:
• • to pay full price and keep all usage information other than that essential for insuring payment absolutely secret;
  • to allow limited usage disclosure in return for a small discount on price; or
  • to take advantage of a big discount in return for allowing full disclosure of usage information.
• Some secretive consumers may want the outside world to know as little as possible about their usage habits and will be willing to pay full price to protect their privacy. Other consumers may not care what the outside world knows about their usage habits, and will want to take advantage of large discounts based upon more full disclosure. Any number of such option levels may be provided, allowing the consumer to, for example, select precisely what kinds of information are revealed and which ones are kept secret. Because usage data is being collected within a secure protectedprocessing environment154 that is part of the consumer'selectronic appliance100, the consumer can be confident that the usage data will be securely handled and that unauthorized disclosure will not occur without his or her consent.
• Based, for example, on one or more control sets188 provided to the consumers' protectedprocessing environment154 and/or the consumer's selection made possible through such control sets, the consumer's protectedprocessing environment154 could reveal no (or minimal) usage information, limited usage information or full usage information, tousage clearinghouse300.Usage clearinghouse300 can then freely analyze the limited and full usage information it collects, providing reports and analysis torights holders164 and to other third parties such as market researchers, brokers, advertisers, auditors, scientists and others.
• Rights and Permissions Clearinghouse
• FIG. 40 shows an example of a rights and permissions clearinghouseCommerce Utility System400. Rights and Permissions clearinghouse services may perform any combination of the following overall functions:
• • Registering digital objects and associated permissions, prices and/or other permitted and/or required operations supporting the execution of consequences for performing and/or failing to perform such operations;
  • Providing pre-approved permissions on demand in accordance with specified circumstances and/or other requirements such as class(s) of permission requester, fulfillment, or ability to fulfill, payment requirements, etc.;
  • Securely and efficiently performing electronic copyright registration with the appropriate agency for one or more countries and/or other jurisdictional units; and
  • Reporting functions.
• In more detail, rights and permissions support services in accordance with these inventions that may include, for example, some or all of the following functions and features:
• • Identifying, distributing and verifying specific property rights and/or other business rules and controls along a digital electronic value chain.
  • Providing object registry services and rights, prices and/or other control information for registered objects.
  • Assigning to each digital object at least one identifying number and/or name in accordance with its own numbering and/or naming scheme and/or in accordance with one or more numbering and/or naming schemes defined by one or more other organizations, associations (e.g., standards consortiums), companies, and/or agencies (e.g., governmental regulatory bodies).
  • Receiving authority from secure chain of handling and control embodied in electronic control sets.
  • Securely providing permissions (e.g., rules and controls based descriptions of permitted operations and associated consequences such as prices) for digital properties that have been registered and supporting automated association of such registered properties with rules and controls sets (e.g., updating of rules and controls, employing preset templates based upon classes of properties, etc.), that may be provided, for example, at least in part remotely and securely downloaded to the registering site during, or as a result of, such registration.
  • Allowing rights holders in digital content to determine and flexibly define and securely provide to one or more rights and permissions clearinghouse ways in which they want their intellectual property products (for example, VDE protected digital properties) to be used and not used, and any consequences of such use and/or misuse.
  • Providing VDE supported capabilities to distribute and manage rights and business rules (including pre-approved and other permissions) along an ad hoc electronic value chain, where such rights and business rules are persistently supported.
  • Providing digital object permissions on demand to people authorized to use a digital object.
  • Can provide different terms based on different permissions securely associated with one or more combinations of classes of users (e.g., different age groups, jurisdictions, business capabilities, consumers, creators, providers, partners, government, non-profit organizations, educational organizations, organization membership, etc.).
  • Providing rights holders with assurances that the terms they set are being adhered to by a potentially diverse and distributed value chain participant base.
  • Can provide controls that do not include all possible permissions and/or distribute further, required and/or desired permissions upon request on an ad hoc and/or pre-planned basis according to the requester's rights (class and/or individual), for example, allowing rights holders to elect to distribute only the most frequently used permissions associated with a particular digital property, and allowing appropriate parties to obtain new permissions in accordance with the rights holder's model.
  • Refreshing expired permissions upon request and/or upon an automated recognition of the expiration of such rights through the use of clearinghouse database mechanisms and the automated provisioning and/or messaging to provide such permissions and/or notify, in the preferred embodiment, a VDE value chain participant of the need to acquire such permissions (notify such user, for example, before the user is actively attempting to use associated information and/or electronic control processes and thereby avoiding user frustration and inefficiency).
  • Using secure containers such as those described in et al., in any step, part, or process of providing secure rights clearing services.
  • Creating, storing, distributions, and receiving rights and permissions “templates” allowing rights holders to efficiently and adequately specify rights, conditions and consequences, (e.g., compensation) to be associated with operations related to the use of their digital properties (and/or the use of VDE process controlled electronic events).
  • Templates can directly correspond to digital control sets associated with properties, content users, user classes, and/or other digital information and/or physical or virtual sites and/or process control for event and event consequence governance.
  • Templates can be self-executing.
  • Templates can apply to multiple objects/instances.
  • Templates can be delivered independently of any digital objects they may be associated with.
  • Templates are extensible to anticipate new operations and scenarios, including, but not limited to new payment methods, pricing models and pricing levels, and new permissions.
  • Templates can flexibly recognize all kinds of digital rights including, for example, distribution and transmission and/or retransmission rights.
  • Templates can flexibly recognize individual identity and/or class identity rights.
  • Different templates can apply to different content and/or process control arrangement property types.
  • Plural templates can apply to the same property and/or process control arrangement.
  • Rights and permissions clearinghouse(s) may maintain superset templates, permitting value chain participants and/or hierarchically sub-clearinghouses to modify one or more of such superset templates to create templates employing a subset and/or extended set of said one or more superset templates.
  • Templates can be completed in a number of different ways using, for example, a graphical user interface and/or a rights management language.
  • Template “applications” can be created and/or modified through the use of topographical, schematic, directly editable graphical representation of value chain rules and controls, where such rules and controls and value chain relationships are represented through the display of, for example, mixed iconic, positional, flow diagram, and textual information, and wherein rules and controls are implemented, for example, through the use of a rights management language, and wherein, for example, elements or higher level representation of such elements of the rights language may directly correspond to graphical representation components.
  • Multiple value chain participants can contribute to and/or modify templates and/or contribute and/or modify different templates applying to the same digital information.
  • Users can select between differing templates applying to the same digital information, including, for example, digital information describing and/or governing control processes (e.g., event management information) managed through, for example, secure VDE chain of handling and control.
  • Distributing rights clearing functions across a network or other system (for example, every consumer and/or other value chain participant node is potentially a distributed rights clearing service at least in part initiating its own, secure rights clearing, and wherein said participant node may communicate rights information directly to one or more other participant, interoperable clearing nodes, in the preferred embodiment, all activities employ VDE techniques as appropriate and as described in the Ginter, et al. patent specification).
  • Granting authority and/or providing services to, or in conjunction with, one or more distributed rights sub-clearinghouses whose operations may be located logically and/or physically elsewhere, such as within a company or government agency and/or within one or more jurisdictions and/or serving subsets of the overall business focus area of a senior rights clearinghouse distributing and/or otherwise authorizing rights clearing functions across a system or network, for example, where every consumer and/or certain or all other value chain participant nodes can potentially support a distributed usage clearing service initiating its own, secure rights clearing transactions and function in the context of the overall clearinghouse network, including, clearinghouse interoperation with one or more other participants interoperable nodes, and as elsewhere in this list, all activities employing, for example, VDE techniques as appropriate.
  • One or more rights may be automatically provided to a participant based at least in part upon some aspect of content and/or process control usage, and such provided one or more rights may be supplied, for example, as a promotional component providing coupons in compensation for certain usage (e.g., purchasing) profile which may be directly ascertained from usage information or may be derived from a weighted formula involving a variety of variables.
  • May be organized hierarchically, peer-to-peer, or in a combined mode where responsibility for rights clearing may be distributed in differing fashions for differing commerce models and/or activities and/or value chains and where certain one or more parties may be, for example, hierarchically more senior to other parties in one or more instances and hierarchically a peer or less senior in one or more other instances, that is the relationship among participants is programmable and may be set (and later modified) to represent one or more desired rights clearing arrangements for given commerce activities, value chains, or models.
• FIG. 40 shows an example rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 from a functional viewpoint. In this example, rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may perform some or all of the following four main functions:
• • ? Object registration. Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 registers digital properties and their associated permissions and prices.
    • Permissions on demand. In response to queries, rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 providespermissions188 together with associated prices in secureelectronic containers152. The permissions controls188 may be provided independently of the content.
    • Negotiated permissions. In response to queries and requests, the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 negotiates permissions and/or prices on behalf of rightsholders who have delegated this responsibility to the rights and permissions clearinghouse. The rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may also be an intermediary in the negotiations between rightsholders and rights users. Rightsholders and rights users may negotiate among themselves and report the results of those negotiations to the rights and permissions clearinghouse.
    • Reporting. Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 can provide reports to augment reporting performed byfinancial clearinghouses200 and/orusage clearinghouses300.
• In this example, rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may provide some or all of the following functions:
• ? Permission creating, updating or changing408,
• ?Permission distribution410,
• ?Database management412,
• ? Template definitions and/ormanagement414,
• ? Negotiating permissions416,
• ? Reporting417,
• ?Replication418,
• ?Registration419, and
• ?Propagation420.
• The rights andpermissions clearinghouse400's primary task of object registration is performed bydatabase management412. In this connection, rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may receive control sets188 andcorresponding object identifications422 within the same or differentelectronic containers152, and then “register” this information in adatabase412 for later reference. Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may assist rights holders in defining control sets188 specifying rights and permissions relating to the rights holder's electronic properties by providing atemplate function414.Registration process419 anddatabase412 may register control sets188 in addition to objects orproperties166.
• Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400database function412 anddistribution function410 may be used to distribute permissions on demand in response torequests402, and may also be responsible for the task of distributing (via distribution function410) all permissions relating to a particular property. Since permissions and/or prices may expire or change, rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 can also be responsible for updating control sets188 specifying previously issued permissions and/or prices and distributing those updated control sets.
• Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may also provide areporting function417, issuingreports406 pertaining to the permissions and/or prices it has issued or distributed, for example. In this example, the operation of rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 provides audit opportunities, i.e., a channel through which to attach usage information. Such audit operations (which may, for example, be provided by integrating rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 functions withusage clearinghouse300 functions) could be used to create integrated reports about which permissions were provided and which permissions were exercised—very valuable information for market research and business consequences as well as providing additional accountability to rightsholders.
• This rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 audit function can be especially beneficial to preserve confidentiality. For example, a private rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may be extended to provide payment aggregation in order to hide confidential individual transaction level information from thefinancial clearinghouse200. In another example, a rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 can issue reports426 indicating, for example, the number of registered objects indatabase412 at the beginning of a reporting period, the number of new objects registered, and some aggregate statistics concerning perhaps the numbers of kinds of permissions associated with these objects and/or average or median prices for certain kinds of objects.
• Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 can also respond toqueries402 withresponses428. A request, for example, may consist of a request for permissions—which may be automatically granted; or the request may need to be qualified by the rights andpermission clearinghouse400 to determine whether the requester is qualified to receive the permissions. Qualifications might be established by presentation of one or more valid certificates, which might be simply checked, or stored in thedatabase412 for transmission to providers along with other information about permissions granted by the clearinghouse. In the preferred embodiment, other qualifications might be based on a shared secret (e.g., one or more tags from a control set188 held by the requester) known by the requester'sPPE54 and the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400. This shared secret might be used in combination with a certificate, or in cases when qualification requirements are lower or have already been established (e.g., to have received the shared secret in the first place), the shared secret alone might be adequate to receive, for example, a permission that replaces or updates an expired permission.
• Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 also includes a permission negotiation engine416 that may be used to negotiatepermissions188 that haven't been pre-approved by the rights holder. For example, suppose that aconsumer95 wants to exercise a right that is not withindatabase412. Theconsumer95 could request the right. In response, rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 could determine whether the rights holder has authorized it to negotiate for the right on behalf of the rights holder. If the rights holder has not given the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 the power to negotiate, the clearinghouse could contact the rights holder and request authorization and/or the permission itself. If the rights holder has granted the rights andpermission clearinghouse400 negotiating authority, the clearinghouse could enter into an electronic negotiation (see Ginter et al.FIGS. 75A-76B) between the consumer's control set and the rights holder's control set. The resulting negotiated control set could be sent to the consumer, allowing the consumer to exercise the right.
• FIG. 41 shows an example architecture for rights andpermissions clearinghouse400. In this example, rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 includes asecure communications facility430, a database andtransaction processor432, anauthenticator434, anauthorization checker436, and aregistration processor438. As discussed above, the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 architecture may be based on the rights operating system architecture shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 of the Ginter et al. patent disclosure and described in associated text.
• Database andtransaction processor432 performs most of the functions shown inFIG. 40.Registration processor438 may perform theregistration function419.Secure communications facility430 communicates securely overelectronic network150 withconsumers95,authors164,publishers168,aggregators170,repackagers174, and other value chain participants viasecure containers152.Authenticator434 andauthorization checker436 perform authentication functions as the Ginter et al. patent disclosure describes in connection with secure electronic appliances and protected processing environments.
• FIG. 42 shows an example rights and permissions clearing process. In this example,author164 sends awork166 with a control set188A including controls A to apublisher168.Publisher168—in accordance with a secure chain of handling and control—adds controls B to the control set to form a new control set188AB.Publisher168 publishes thework166 with control set188AB toconsumers95.Publisher168 may also specify a less often used, but sometimes necessary additional set of permissions C within a more comprehensive control set188ABC (for example, controls C may allow journalists to excerpt certain parts ofwork166 for specific purposes).
• Publisher168 may register control set188ABC (and, if desired, also control set188AB and control set188A) with rights andpermissions clearinghouse400. Thepublisher168 may also include additional “controls over controls,” or “permissions for permissions” “D” (e.g., distribution controls described in connection with FIGS. 79-85 of the Ginter et al. patent disclosure) along with controls188ABC. These additional “D” controls may specify the circumstances under which rights A, B and/or C may be granted (qualification of credentials, frequency of reissue, number of controls for a given user, etc.).
• Consumer95 (or any other provider, such as an aggregator, repackager, author, or another publisher) may request a copy of any of these various control sets registered with rights andpermissions clearinghouse400. For example, if theconsumer95 is a journalist who uses thework166 in accordance with control set188AB and decides she wants to excerpt the work for certain purposes, she may request the control super set188ABC thatpublisher168 previously registered with rights andpermissions clearinghouse400. As another example, aconsumer95 in Germany may have received the control set188 intended for U.S. distribution, and may need to request a different control set accommodating the European legal and monetary environment. Additionally, a rightsholder may modify previously distributed controls at a later date to add new rights, provide a “sale,” take away rights, etc.—with rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 being responsible for distributing these new control sets either on demand.
• FIG. 42A shows another example in whichconsumer95 may register with the rights and permissions clearinghouse400 a control set188X that pertains to an object such as a file or software program already received byconsumer95. This new control set188X requests the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 to send to consumer95 a new control set188Y for the named object whenever the controls registered for that object at the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 are modified. The rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may automatically send updated control set188Y to all registered users of a particular digital property.
• In a different example,publisher168 might distributework166 with a very limited control set188X allowing theconsumer95 to view only the abstract and specifying rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 as a contact point for obtaining permission to view or otherwise use the content as a whole.Consumer95 could then contact rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 to obtain a more expansive control set188Y allowing additional levels of usage. This provides a high degree of accountability and expanding auditing capabilities, since it requiresconsumers95 to contact rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 in order to actually use a previously distributed property. Similarly, rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may provide updated control sets188Y to replace expired ones. This mechanism could be used, for example, to provide a variable discount on a particular item over time (for example, to allow a movie distributor to discount its first run film six months after its initial release date without having to decide at time of initial release how much the discount will be).
• FIG. 43 shows a further example rights and permissions clearing operation performed by rights andpermissions clearinghouse400. In thisFIG. 43 example, each ofauthors164,publishers168,aggregators170, and optionally other additional value chain participants, register their own control sets188A,188B,188C, respectively, with a rights andpermissions clearinghouse400—potentially also registering additional controls controlling distribution of their provider controls. Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may then distribute a new, combined control set188ABC consistent with each of the individual control sets188A,188B,188C—relieving any of the value chain participants from having to formulate any control sets other than the one they are particularly concerned about. In this example, rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may also have an interface to other organizations (e.g., with agovernment agency440, such as a Copyright Office—or with another type of organization such as professional associations). Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may automatically register copyright in works and other objects registered with the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400—reducing or eliminating such burdens from having to be performed by the rights holders themselves. The copyright registration interaction between the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 and thegovernment agency440 may, for example, make use of VDE andsecure containers152.
• FIGS. 44A-44E show an additional rights and permissions clearing process that may be performed using rights andpermissions clearinghouse400. In this example, apublisher168 may provide aproperty166 and associated control set188ato a consumer95 (seeFIG. 44A). The consumer may use herelectronic appliance100 and associated protectedprocessing environment154 to attempt to access theproperty166 using control set188a, but may determine that she requires an additional control set188bin order to access the property the way she wishes. The consumer'selectronic appliance100 may generate arequest402 to a rights and permissions clearinghouse400 (seeFIG. 44B). In response, the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may distribute the requestedcontrol188bcontaining the permissions and pricing information requested by the consumer95 (seeFIG. 44C). The consumer may then use theproperty166 in accordance with the control set188 and generate usage/audit trail information302 based on the consumer's usage (seeFIG. 44D). The consumer'selectronic appliance100 may report this usage information tousage clearinghouse300, and may delete and/or release as “pending” the internally stored usage information once it receives a release signal from the appropriate clearinghouse (seeFIG. 44E).
• Rights Templates
• FIGS. 45A and 45B showexample rights templates450, andFIG. 45C shows an example corresponding control set188.Rights template450 may be analogous in some respects to “fill in the blank” forms. Rights holders can userights templates450 to efficiently and effectively define the rights associated with a particular digital property.Such templates450 are useful in framing the general purpose capabilities of the virtual distribution environment technology described in the Ginter et al. patent disclosure in terms that are sensible for a particular content industry, provider, content type or the like. This allows a user such as a provider to be presented with a focused menu of resources that be applicable or useful for a particular purpose.
• For example,templates450 may make some assumptions about the character of the content or other information being controlled, how it is partitioned or otherwise organized and/or the attributes those organizational entities have.Templates450 simplify the process of defining permissions, and reduce or eliminate the need for specialized knowledge and substantial investments of time to exploit the underlying capabilities of the virtual distribution environment. It may be possible in this example for a user to avoid usingtemplates450 altogether and instead definepermissions188 in terms of a rights management language (for example, a natural or computer-based language)—but a large percentage of users will prefer the easy-to-use graphics interface thattemplates450 may provide—and won't mind giving up the additional flexibility and associated complexities when undertaking the day-to-day business of defining permissions for a large number of different pieces of content.
• Example rights template450 shown inFIG. 45A (which may be appropriate for text and/or graphics providers for example) defines a number of different types of usage/actions relevant to a particular digital property, such as, for example, “view title,” “view abstract,” “modify title,” “redistribute,” “backup,” “view content,” and “print content.”Rights template450 may further provide a “menu” or list of options corresponding to each type of usage. These various options allow the rights holder to define rights that others may exercise in connection with the property. For example, the rights may comprise:
• ? Unconditional permission,
• ? Permission conditional on payment,
• ? Permission based on content,
• ? Unconditional prohibition, and
• ? Prohibitions and/or permissions based on other factors.
• Rights holders may “fill in” or select between these various options to define a “rights profile” corresponding to their particular property. In this example,rights template450 may further models and/or levels for rights to be exercised conditional on payment. Such pricing models and levels may flexibly define a variety of different sorts of business pricing, such as, for example, one time charges, pay per view, declining cost, etc. SeeFIG. 45B for an example of how pricing models and levels might be specified using a graphical interface.
• Rights template450 in this example can be self executing and/or can be “translated” or compiled automatically into one or more control sets188 providing the necessary controls for implementing the rights holder's selections.FIG. 45B, for example, has a “view title”control188athat allows unconditional viewing of the title as specified by theFIG.45A rights template450. Similarly, theFIG. 45B example controls188 includes further control set elements188(2) . . .188(N) corresponding to other rights andpermissions188 the rights holder has defined based upon theFIG.45A rights template450.
• In this example,rights template450 can be extensible. For example, as new technology enables and/or creates new operations,rights template450 can be extended to accommodate the new operations while still being “upward compatible” with preexisting rights templates.Different rights templates450 can be used for different types of properties, different value chain participants, etc.—and at the same time, certain rights templates might apply to multiple objects or properties, multiple value chain participants, etc. Somerights templates450 can be supersets of other rights templates. For example, an overallrights permissions template450 could define all of the possible rights that might apply to a particular property or class of properties, and sub-templates could be further defined to define rights associated with different consumers, classes of consumers, or rights holders. Thus, for example, an author might use a sub-template that is different from the one used by a distributor. Templates can also be recursive, i.e., they can be used to refer to other templates (and similarly, the control sets they define can refer to other control sets).
• Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 might partially fill inrights template450—or an automatic process could be used (based, for example, on rights holder's pre-existing instructions) for completing and/or duplicating rights templates. Rights holders could use a graphical user interface to complete rights template450 (e.g., by displaying a list of options on a computer screen and pointing and clicking with a mouse pointing device to fill in the options desired). In another example, a rights holder could define his or her preferences using a rights management language that a computer could automatically compile or otherwise process to fill inrights template450 and/or construct associated control set(s)188.
• FIG. 46 shows an example rights and permissions clearing process usingrights template450. In this example, rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 and/or individual rights holders define rights template450 (FIG. 46, block452(1)). The rights are then filled in therights template450 to define permissions granted and withheld, and associated pricing models and levels (block452(2)). The rights holder associates the permissions defined by the rights template with the object (e.g., by creating one or more control sets188 that reference and/or apply to the property being controlled) (block452(3)). The rights holder may then convey the permissions (control set188) with or separately from the object (block452(4)). Rights holders may send these control sets188 directly to consumers95 (block452(5)), and/or they may sent them to a rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 for registration and storage in a database (block452(6)). Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may provide such preauthorized permissions to consumers (block452(7)) on demand upon receiving consumer requests (block452(8)).
• As described above, providers may control distribution of such pre-authorized permissions by rights andpermission clearinghouse400 by the mechanism of providing additional, “distribution controls” directing and/or controlling the distribution process.
• Certifying Authority
• FIG. 47 shows an example certifying authorityCommerce Utility System500. Certifying authorities and services may, in general, create digital documents that “certify,” warrant, and/or attest to some fact. Facts include, for example, identification and/or membership in a particular class, e.g., such as an organization; age group, possession of a certain credential type; being subject to one or more certain jurisdictions; and/or having a certified one or more rights to use content and/or processes for a fixed time period or terminating at a specific time.
• In more detail, a certifying authority in accordance with these inventions may provide any combination of the following advantageous features and functions, for example in the form of certificates:
• • Electronically certifying information used with or required by rules and/or controls such as authenticating, identity, class membership and/or other attributes of identity and/or context, and including automatically certifying said information based upon the source (for example, one or more certified provider identities) and/or class of said information.
  • Providing trusted verification that a consumer or other value chain participant is who she says she is and/or is a member of one or more particular groups, classes and/or organizations.
  • Providing trusted verification that a group of value chain participants are collectively who they say they are, wherein a plurality of certificates from different parties are tested as an aggregate and where such aggregate of certain certificates is required under certain circumstances to use content and/or execute one or more control processes.
  • Automatically producing a certificate, representing authentication of a value chain or value chain portion, as a result of the confluence of a plurality of certain certificates.
  • Anticipating, through the use of rules and controls, allowable collections of certificates from plural parties that can form a certificate that virtually represents a specific group of certified parties and in the presence of certain certificates identifying two or more anticipated parties and/or parties who have met a certain criterion—e.g., sufficient transaction revenue, sufficient credit worthiness, etc.—a new certificate may be automatically generated and act as a composite certificate certifying the plural parties collective and coordinated presence, and wherein said certificate can be associated with certain rules and controls allowing certain electronic activities such as usage of content and/or control processes in, for example, multiparty EDI, content distribution, trading system, and/or financial transaction systems.
  • Generating one or more certificates at least in part as a result of rules and controls governance of certificate creation, wherein such generated one or more certificates are produced, for example, as a result of secure rules and controls based one or more instructions after the satisfaction of certain required criteria such as certain specific activities by each of plural parties—e.g. provision of one or more certificates and/or authorizations and/or usage activity and/or credit and/or payment activity and/or reporting activity and/or VDE supported electronic agreement activity (including, for example, electronic negotiation activity).
  • Certifying other support services (e.g., financial clearinghouses, usage clearinghouses, rights and permissions clearinghouses, transaction authorities, and other certifying authorities, etc.).
  • Certifying based on another certificate (e.g., identity) and an automatic secure database lookup which may be performed locally, across a distributed database arrangement, or remotely.
  • Providing non-automatic (i.e., at least in part human provided or assisted) services issuing more fundamental certificates (e.g., identity certificates) based on physical evidence in addition to automatic services for issuing dependent certificates.
  • May use public key cryptography, private key, and/or secure VDE virtual networks to support, e.g. create, digital certificates.
  • Can issue certificates that support the context for rights usage in an automatic, trusted, distributed, peer-to-peer secure electronic environment that supports chain of handling and control.
  • As with other Distributed Commerce Utility services, supporting an unlimited variety of different business models and scenarios through general purpose, reusable, programmable, distributed, modular architecture.
  • Can issue certificates that support control sets having elements whose use is dependent on presence and/or absence of specific, and/or class and/or non-specific, one or more digital certificates attesting to certain facts and where differing requirements may coexist regarding the presence or absence of certificates related to differing issues.
  • Can issue one or more certificates that cooperate with conditional electronic control sets to grant certain rights only to certain consumers and/or other value chain participants, including, for example, consumers.
  • Issuing replacements for expired certificates and supporting sophisticated time and/or usage and/or other event driven expiration (including termination) of certificates—for example, where criteria for such expiration may variety based upon specific certificates, classes of certificates, specific and/or classes of users, user nodes, etc.
  • Maintaining and distributing, including selectively distributing to distributed nodes revocation list information, based, for example, upon node distributed profiles and/or rules and controls.
  • Distributing revocation list information among interoperable, peer-to-peer networked, Distributed Commerce Utility nodes on a time based, other event based manner, wherein information is selectively distributed to certain one or more nodes in accordance with agreed to revocation information requirements and/or where revocation information is non-selectively distributed to certain one or more nodes.
  • Receiving authority from secure chain of handling and control embodied in electronic control sets.
  • Distributing certificate authority functions across a network or other system (for example, every consumer node is potentially a certificate authority with respect to certain kinds of certificates; parents may be empowered to issue certificates for their children).
  • Organizing certificate authorities hierarchically, including allowing automatic verification of some certificate authorities (that is, their issued certificates and associated determinations regarding trustedness, appropriateness, etc.) through reliance on certificates issued by other certificate authorities at least in part for such purpose.
  • Granting authority and/or providing services to, or in conjunction with, one or more distributed certificate authority sub-clearinghouses whose operations may be located logically and/or physically elsewhere, such as within a company or government agency and/or within one or more jurisdictions and/or serving subsets of the overall business focus area of a senior certificate authority clearinghouse distributing and/or otherwise authorizing rights clearing functions across a system or network
  • Every consumer and/or certain or all other value chain participant nodes can potentially support a distributed certificate authority clearing service initiating its own, secure certificates and function in the context of the overall clearinghouse network, including, clearinghouse interoperation with one or more other participants interoperable nodes, and as elsewhere in this list, all activities employing VDE techniques as appropriate.
  • Providing liability acceptance control (i.e., for insuring digital certificates based on the amount of liability accepted by the issuer(s)), and may include securely maintaining information regarding such liability acceptance and providing notices to recipients of such certificates regarding the liability protection afforded by such certificates, and may further include recipients of such insured certificates accepting, for example, through explicit VDE managed electronic acceptance or through implied acceptance by continuing, any liability above the insured amounts.
  • May be organized hierarchically, peer-to-peer, or in a combined mode where responsibility for certificate authority activities may be distributed in differing fashions for differing commerce models and/or activities and/or value chains and where certain one or more parties may be, for example, hierarchically more senior to other parties in one or more instances and hierarchically a peer or less senior in one or more other instances, that is the relationship among participants is programmable and may be set (and later modified) to represent one or more desired specific certificate authority arrangements for given commerce activities, value chains, or models.
• FIG. 47 shows anexample certifying authority500 from a process viewpoint. In this example, certifyingauthority500 creates digital documents calledcertificates504 that “certify” some fact, such as identity or class membership. For example a trusted thirdparty certifying authority500 can provide a secure digital assurance that a consumer is who she claims to be or has certain characteristics, attributes, class memberships, or the like. For example, some attributes may signify membership in a particular class (e.g., all employees of a certain company), those born before a certain date, those having a certain physical disability, members of the faculty, administration or student body of a college, or retired members of the armed forces.
• In this example,digital certificates504 issued by certifyingauthority500 are used as a conveyor of the context of rights usage and transaction authorizations. As described in the Ginter et al. patent disclosure,certificates504 are particularly powerful in the virtual distribution environment because they provide contexts for rights usage. For example, class-based certificate use and automated, distributed governance of commerce rights may fundamentally enhance the efficiency of trusted networks. Suppose, for example, that a content publisher wants to charge commercial prices for a scientific journal subscription to all those but in higher education and is willing to give college and university students and professors a 20% discount.Digital certificates504 issued by a trusted certifyingauthority500 can be used to automatically provide assurances—within the context of distributed electronic network—that only people who are truly entitled to the discount will be able to exercise it (in this example, that only those certified as affiliated with an institution of higher education).
• In theFIG. 47 example, certifyingauthority500 may perform the following overall functions:
• ? Fact collection and checking522,
• ?Certification generation524,
• ? Maintaining revocation lists526,
• ? Certificate andrevocation list distribution528,
• ? Authentication530,
• ? Certificate renewal532,
• ? Authorization534,
• ?Replication536,
• ? Propagation538, and
• ?Archive554.
• Certifyingauthority500 may gatherevidence502 as a basis for which to issuedigital certificates504. In this example,evidence502 may include otherdigital certificates504′ (e.g., so that one certificate can build on another). The fact collection and checkingfunction522 may accept thisevidence502 as well as additional trustedness data540 (e.g., information concerning compromised or previously misused certificates)Certificate generation function524 may generate newdigital certificates504 based upon this fact collection andchecking process522.Distribution function528 may then distribute the newdigital certificates504, and issuebills542 to compensate a certifying authority for undertaking the effort and liability that may be associated with issuing the certificate.
• Certifyingauthority500 may also maintain arevocation list542 based on trustedness data540 indicating, for example, certificates that have been compromised or that previously certified facts are no longer true (for example, Mr. Smith used to be a Stanford University professor but has since left the University's employ). The maintained revocation list function526 is important for providing a mechanism to ensure that “bad” certificates cannot continue to be used once they are known to be bad.Certificates504 issued by certifyingauthority500 can expire, and the certifying authority can (for example, for a fee) renew a previously issued certificate by performing certificate renewal function532. The certifyingauthority500 may maintain a record or database of the certificates it has issued, and this database can be distributed—which can benefit fromreplication function536 and propagation function538 to accurately and efficiently distribute the database across a number of different locations.
• FIG. 48 shows an example architecture for certifyingauthority500. In this example, certifyingauthority500 may include asecure communications facility544, an encryption/decryption processor546, abilling system548, akey generator550, aquery mechanism552, and anelectronic archive554. In this example,secure communications544 is used to communicate with otherelectronic appliances100 and/or otherCommerce Utility Systems90.Electronic archive554 stores keys,certificates504 and other information required to maintain the operation of certifyingauthority500. Encryption/decryption processor546 is used to createdigital certificates504 by using strong cryptographic techniques.Billing system548issues bills542.Query mechanism552 is used to queryelectronic archive554.Key generator550 is used to generate cryptographic keys the certifyingauthority500 needs for its own operation.
• FIG. 49 shows an example certifying authority process. In this example, a publisher may send an electronicsecure container152 to aconsumer95. To usecertain permissions188ainsecure container152, theconsumer95 may require a certificate from certifyingauthority500 that certifies as to a particular fact about the consumer (e.g., the consumer is a United States citizen, the consumer is a retired member of the armed forces, the consumer is over18 years of age, etc.). The consumer may generate arequest502 to certifyingauthority500 for issuance of an appropriate certificate. Certifying authority may check theevidence502 theconsumer95 provides, or that some third party may provide, and—once thecertificate authority500 is satisfied—issue the consumer the requireddigital certificate504. Thisdigital certificate504 may be used not only with the publisher's control set188a, but with control sets from other rights holders that require certification of the same fact and that have agreed to trustcertificate authority500 as an issuer of certificates.
• Certifyingauthority500 may communicate withconsumer95 usingsecure containers152. It may generate and provide a control set188bwithcertificate504. This control set188bmay control some aspect of usage of the certificate504 (e.g., it may not be redistributed and/or modified) and/or to define a chain of handling and control for the issuance of further dependent certificates (e.g., parents give authority to issue certificates about their offspring).
• Onecertificate authority500 may be “proxied” to issue certificates on behalf of another—such as for example in a chain of handling and control defined by one or more electronic control sets188. Distributing the certifyingauthority500 across a number of different electronic appliances has certain advantages in terms of efficiency for example.FIG. 50 shows one useful example of this distributed certificate issuance scenario.
• FIG. 50 shows that a rightsholder164 (and/or a rights and permissions clearinghouse400) may request (e.g., by issuingelectronic controls188awithin asecure container152a) a certifyingauthority500 to issue digital certificates504(1) to accredited institutions of higher learning such asinstitution1060. Control set188amay establish the policies and procedures necessary to ascertain whether in fact a particular institution is duly accredited. Based onelectronic controls188aandevidence502 submitted by theinstitution1060, the certifyingauthority500 may issue adigital certificate504A attesting to the fact of accreditation.
• In order to take advantage ofcertificate504A, a student, faculty member and/or staff member ofinstitution1060 may need to provide a further certificate attesting to the fact that he or she is affiliated withinstitution1060. Instead of having certifyingauthority500 issue afurther certificate504 to each student, faculty member and staff member ofinstitution1060, it may be efficient and/or desirable for eachinstitution1060 holding acertificate504A to issue dependent certificates504(2) to its own faculty, staff and students. For example,institution1060 may maintain a current list of all students, faculty and employees. Rather than requesting certifyingauthority500 to issue a separate certificate504(1) to each student, faculty member and employee ofinstitution1060, the institution may undertake this responsibility itself.
• For example,institution1060 may elect to operate its own, distributed certifyingauthority500A. In one example, certifyingauthority500 may issueelectronic controls188b(subject tocontrols188aissued byrights holder164, for example) that delegate, to the institution's certifyingauthority500A, the authority and responsibility to issue dependent certificates504(2) within certain limits (e.g., attesting to a limited universe of facts such as for example “This person is officially associated with theinstitution1060”). Such dependent certificates504(2) could, for example, be copies of certificate504(1) with an addendum stating that a particular person is associated with theinstitution1060 and stating a particular expiration date (e.g., the end of the current academic term). The institution's certifyingauthority500A may then issue such dependent certificates504(2) to each faculty member, student and staff member on its current roster.
• Recipients of certificates504(2) may need a still further certificate504(1) attesting to their identity. This is because certifyingauthority500A issues certificates504(2) attesting to the fact that a certain named person is affiliated withinstitution1060—not to the fact that a particular recipient of such a certificate is that person. The recipient may need to obtain this further “identity” certificate504(1) from a governmentally operated certifyingauthority500 such as a state or federal government.
• Rightsholder164 (and/or a rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 not shown) may issue control sets188cfordigital properties166 that grant discounts or that provide other benefits to those who can provide a combination of validdigital certificates504 attesting to their membership in the class “accredited higher education institution.” Each student, faculty member and staff member of theinstitution1060 who has received a certificate504(2) may take advantage of these discounts or other benefits.FIG. 50A illustrates how such different digital certificates can be used to support certificate-conditional controls188—that is, control sets whose elements are dependent on the presence or absence ofcertificates504 that attest to certain facts.
• In thisFIG. 50A example, one or more control sets188cinclude a number of discrete controls188(1) . . .188(N) applying to the samedigital property166 or group of properties, for example. Control188(3) may provide additional and/or different rights to all students, faculty and staff members of Stanford
• University. In theFIG. 50A example, multiple certificates can be used together to provide the requested certifications. For example, the certificates504(1),504(2),504A shown in theFIG. 50 example can be used together to allow a particular person to take advantage of a discount offered to students, faculty and staff members of accredited institutions of higher learning. For example:
• • a certificate504(1) may attest to the fact that a certain person John Alexander is who he says he is.
  • anothercertificate504A may attest to the fact that Stanford University is an accredited institute of higher learning,
  • another certificate504(2) may attest to the fact that John Alexander is a student at Stanford University for the current academic semester.
• Each of thesevarious certificates504 can be issued by different certifyingauthorities500. For example, one certifying authority500 (e.g., operated by a governmental entity) might issue a certificate504(1) certifying the consumer's identity, while another certifying authority may issue certificate504(2) attesting as to student status, and a third certifying authority may issue the certificate attesting to the fact that Stanford is an accredited University (seeFIG. 50).
• As an additional example, a control set element188(1) shown inFIG. 50A may provide a certain benefit for California residents. Its condition may be satisfied by the consumer presenting a digital certificate504(3) certifying residency (e.g., in combination with the “identity” certificate504(1)). A still further permission180(N) shown inFIG. 50A might be satisfied by presenting a certificate504(5) indicating U.S. citizenship. Such certificates504(3),504(5) that warrant that a given person is subject to one or more jurisdictions (for example, a resident of, or doing business in a particular city, state, nation, or other political unit—and therefore, subject to that unit's sales, income, or other taxes, or subject to certain administrative fees) are particularly useful for interstate and/or international commerce transactions. For example, a certifyingauthority500 might issue acertificate504 to afinancial clearinghouse200 in the United Kingdom. Thiscertificate504 could be used in conjunction with control sets188 distributed by rightsholders and/or a rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 specifying that only United Kingdomfinancial clearinghouses200 are authorized to accept payment in pounds sterling. A customer wishing to pay in pounds sterling will only be able to complete the payment transaction if the financial clearinghouse being used has the appropriate UK certificate. This UK clearinghouse might then pay appropriate UK taxes—relieving the provider from the burden of having to determine which of his or her transactions were subject to UK tax payments and which were not.
• FIG. 50A also shows a further certificate504(4) certifying that a certain person is married to a certain other person. To use certificate504(4), it may also be necessary to present the first certificate504(1) certifying identity. Such certificates attesting to relationship between individual people or between people and organizations are useful in allowing, for example, family members to use the certificates of other family members (e.g., a person can obtain a benefit based on his or her spouse's or parents' certified credential(s)).
• FIGS. 51-51D show example detailed formats of variousdigital certificates504. TheFIG. 51A digital certificate504(1) may certify that a person is who he says he is. This certificate504(1) might include, for example:
• • a field560(1) stating the person's name,
  • a field560(2) specifying the person's date of birth,
  • an expiration field560(3) specifying when the digital certificate expires,
  • a public key560(4) corresponding to the person's public key, an ID code560(5) (which in this example could be a hash of the public key field560(4)), and
  • a check sum field560(6) providing an error checking ability.
• Digital certificate504(1) is encrypted in this example by the certifyingauthority500 using the certifying authority's private key of a public key-private key cryptosystem pair, such as RSA or El Gamal. The certifyingauthority500's corresponding public key can be made public (e.g., by publishing it in several publicly accessible sites on the World Wide Web or in another widely distributed context), or it could remain secret and never be exposed outside of protectedprocessing environments154. In either case, successful decryption of the digital certificate504(1) to reveal the original clear text information provides a high degree of assurance that the digital certificate was issued by certifying authority500 (presuming that the certifying authority's private key has not been compromised).
• Expiration field560(3) is useful because people who skip checks of revocation lists have at least some assurance that a certificate is good if it must be renewed periodically. Expiration date field560(3) provides an additional safeguard by insuring that certificates do not last forever—allowing certifyingauthorities500 to use different cryptographic key pairs for example to provide overall integrity and trustedness of the certification process. Changing the certifyingauthority500's key pair reduces the incentives for an adversary to break a given key, because the amount of information protected by that key is limited, and the fraudulent use of a compromised key will only have a limited time of effectiveness. Furthermore, (currently) unexpected advances in mathematics may render some cryptographic algorithms useless, since they rely on (currently) theoretically intractable computations. A built in mechanism for changing the certifyingauthority500's keys allows the impact of such breakdowns to be limited in duration if new algorithms are used for reissued certificates (alternatively, this risk can also be addressed by using multiple asymmetric key pairs generated in accordance with different algorithms to sign and validate keys, at the cost of additional decryption time).
• FIGS. 51B, 51C and51D show additional digital certificate examples containing different sorts of information (e.g., professional credential field560(7) in the case of certificate504(5), address field information560(8) in the case of certificate504(3), and student credentials field504(9) in the case of student certificate504(2)). These certificates504(2),504(3),504(5) are tied to identity certificate504(1) via the common ID field560(5), and both the identity certificate and the independent certificate would generally need to be presented together.
• FIG. 51E shows how an example digital certificate issued by one certifying authority can—in conjunction with a trusted database—be the basis for another certifying authority to grant another certificate. One certifyingauthority500A can, for example, validate user identity and create the identity certificate504(1) shown inFIG. 51A. The user can submit this identity certificate504(1) to another certifyingauthority500B that has adata base554aof people and/or organizations who have a particular attribute. For example, certifyingauthority500B may be operated by a professional organization that maintains aninternal database554a. Certifyingauthority500B will trust the contents of thisinternal database554abecause the certifyingauthority500B maintains it and keeps it accurate.
• By comparing the identity information in theFIG. 51A certificate with the contents of the trusteddatabase554a, certifyingauthority500B can issue theFIG. 51B certificate without requiring any physical evidence from the owner of theFIG. 51A certificate. This solves an important problem of requiring the user to “show up” each time he needs a highly trusted certificate—and also allows the second certificate-generating the process to be automated.
• FIG. 51E also shows that the certificate504(2) issued by certifyingauthority500B may be (along with identity certificate504(1)) a sufficient basis for a further certifyingauthority500C to issue a further certificate504(3) based on its own lookup in a trusteddatabase554b.
• Another example would be a corporation that has proven its identity to the Secretary of State in the jurisdiction in which it is organized. If this corporation has passed muster to handle hazardous material it could submit its certificate of identity504(1) from the Secretary of State (which in this case would comprise certifyingauthority500A) to the agency (certifyingauthority500B responsible for maintaining thedatabase554aof which companies are currently qualified and authorized to handle hazardous materials. The certifyingauthority500B could then issue a certificate504(2) attesting to this fact in an entirely automated way if desired.
• Insert before heading on p219 Secure Directory Services (FIG. 52 shows)
• Certification to Allow Participants to Act as Agents of an Entity
• Sometimes, one or more participants in a particular value chain, or having a particular relationship with other participants, need to be authorized to act on behalf of the collection of participants. For example, several parties may wish to act based on authorization from the partnership or joint venture of which they are a member—or all participants within a particular value chain may need to act for the value chain as a whole. Each of the participants receiving such authority from the entity may need authorization from the entity to act.
• The present invention provides a mechanism in whichdigital certificates504 may be used to create a “virtual entity” that can grant any combination of participants any combination of the same or different powers to exercise defined powers under controlled conditions of use. More particularly, a digital certificate grants each participant in a virtual entity the power to act on behalf of the entity—within the constraints of the conditions of use and further with any consequences defined in the conditions of use specified by electronic controls associated with the container.
• FIG. 51F shows an exampleelectronic container152 that encases the following information:
• avalue564 that identifies the “virtual entity,”
• signatures566(1)-566(N)—one for each member of the entity,
• other information568 pertaining to the entity,
• digital certificates504(1)-504(N)—one for each member of the entity, and
• control information188 that specifies powers (e.g., rights or permissions) and “conditions of use.”
• Value564 provides an identifier that uniquely identifies the entity. The “other information”field568 may provide further information concerning the entity (e.g., the name of the entity, the name and address of each participant, the expiration date on which the entity ceases to exist, and other information). Signatures566(1)-566(N) are like signatures on a partnership agreement—each member of the virtual entity affixes his or her “signature” to indicate assent to be a member of the entity and assent to the conditions being granted to each participant.
• Container152 in this example further includes an electronic control set188 describing conditions under which the power may be exercised.Controls188 define the power(s) granted to each of the participants—including (in this example) conditions or limitations for exercising these powers.Controls188 may provide the same powers and/or conditions of use for each participant, or they may provide different powers and/or conditions of use for each participant.
• FIG. 51G shows one example process for creating theFIG.51F container152. In this example, the parties to the virtual entity may negotiate control information governing collective action based on, for example, the electronic negotiation techniques shown inFIGS. 75A-76B of the Ginter et al. patent specification (FIG. 51G, block570). The resultingcontrol information188 specifies “conditions of use” such as the rights that may be exercised by each participant in the entity, and limitations on each of those rights (which may be defined on a participant-by-participant basis).
• The participant initiating issuance of digital container152 (actually, the participant's protected processing environment154) may select a random value for use as entity identifier value564 (FIG. 51G, block572). The participant'sPPE154 may next create the certificate information for the virtual entity by associating theentity identifier value564 with other information568 (FIG. 51G, block574). The participant'sPPE154 may next sign the virtual entity certificate information to indicate the participant's assent to be a member of the virtual entity and assents to the conditions of use control information188 (FIG. 51G, block576).
• The participant'sPPE154 may then makeelectronic container152, and place into it thecontrol information188, the virtualentity certificate information564,566,568, and the participant'sown certificate504 specifying a cryptographic key the participant may use to exercise rights (FIG. 51G, block578). The participant may then determine whether any more participants need to be added to the entity certificate (FIG. 51G, decision block580). If yes, thecontainer152 may be transmitted (FIG. 51G, block582) to another participant member of the virtual entity and accessed and validated by that next participant (FIG. 51G, blocks584,586). The next participant may similarly sign the virtual entity certificate information by adding his signature566(2) to the list—indicating the she also agrees with thecontrols188 and agrees to join the virtual entity (FIG. 51G, block588). This new information is used to add to and/or replace theentity certificate information564,566,568 (FIG. 51G, block590). This next participant also adds their own certificate504(2) to the container152 (FIG. 51G, block592).
• Steps580-592 may be repeated untilcontainer152 has been signed by each participant within the virtual entity (“no” exit to decision block580). The completedcontainer152 may then be transmitted to all participants (FIG. 51G, block594).
• FIG. 51H shows an example process a virtual entity participant may use to exercise powers on behalf the virtual entity based on thecontrols188 shown inFIG. 51F. TheFIG. 51H example process is performed by the participant's protectedprocessing environment154 based on a request. The participant's protectedprocessing environment154 writes an audit record (FIG. 51H, block594a) and then evaluates the request using the conditions of use specified by controls188 (FIG. 51H, block594b). If the request is permitted by the controls188 (“yes” exit to decision block594c,FIG. 51H), the participant's protectedprocessing environment154 accesses thevirtual entity value564 from container152 (FIG. 51H, block594d) and uses thecontrol information188 associated with conditions of use to fulfill the request and perform appropriate consequences (FIG. 51H, block594e). In one example, the participant's protectedprocessing environment154 may act as a certifyingauthority500 on behalf of the virtual entity by issuing adigital certificate504 in accordance with the conditions of use—digitally signing the digital certificate by encrypting theentity identifier value564 with a cryptographic key corresponding to the participant'sown certificate504 withincontainer152, and making the digital certificate part of the newly issued certificate. The example may then writeadditional audit information594H reporting on the action it has taken.
• If the requested action is not permitted by controls188 (FIG. 51H, “no” exit to decision block594c), the exampleFIG. 51H process determines whether the error is critical (decision block594f). If the error is critical (“yes” exit to decision block594f), the process may disable further use of the information within container152 (block594g), writes additional audit information (block594h), and then stops (FIG. 51H, block594i). If the error is not critical (“no” exit to decision block594f), the protectedprocessing environment154 writes additional audit information (block594h) and may then end this task (FIG. 51H, block594i).
• The processes and techniques shown inFIGS. 51F-51H have a variety of different uses. As one example, suppose that a first publisher publishes a derivative work including his own content and content provided by a second publisher. The two publishers may form a virtual entity that allows the first publisher to act on behalf of the entity—but only in accordance with the conditions of use negotiated and agreed upon by both partners. For example, the second publisher may be willing to allow the first publisher to republish the second publisher's content and to allow excerpting and anthologizing of that content byconsumers95—but only if the consumers present anappropriate certificate504 issued by the virtual entity attesting to the fact that the consumer is permitted to exercise that right. For example, only special subscribers having certain characteristics may be entitled to receive acertificate504. The techniques above allow the first publisher to issuecertificates504 to subscribers on behalf of the virtual entity comprising both the first and second publishers. The second publisher can be confidant that the first publisher will only issue certificates in accordance with the conditions of use negotiated and agreed by both publishers.
• Another example is a manufacturing process comprising multiple participants. The conditions of use provided bycontrols188 may allow any of the value chain participants in the manufacturing process value chain to perform certain actions on behalf of the value chain as a whole. For example, a materials manufacturer, a finished goods supplier and the shipping company that transports materials between them may for a virtual entity. This virtual entity may then submit a control set to a transaction authority that describes a process that describes all three participants acting in concert. For example, the control set created in accordance with the conditions of use applicable to their virtual entity might permit a unified presentation of materials requirements, finished appearance and delivery schedule, as one simple example.
• In another example, a semiconductor company, a systems integrator, and three different suppliers of software may form a virtual entity supporting the semiconductor company's chip design, simulation, and design testing applications. In this example, certificates may be issued to each company comprising this example entity and to particular individuals within each of the companies. Rules and controls negotiated among the companies may specify who has access to which parts of the software applications and associated databases and who may make modifications to the software and/or data. In this way, the semiconductor company can authorize access to outside contractors and/or suppliers and to specific individuals representing those outside companies. These individuals may be authorized just enough access to solve typical problems and perform system maintenance tasks. Also, they may be granted additional rights (authorizations) for a limited period of time in order to resolve specific problems requiring for resolution access to certain executables and/or data not included in their default permissions.
• The virtual entity feature of the present invention represents, in part, an extension that builds upon the chain of handling and control techniques disclosed in Ginter et al. For example, certificates produced in accordance with this aspect of the present invention can use capabilities of a VDE chain of handling and control to manage a chain of certificates.
• Secure Directory Services
• FIG. 52 shows an example of a secure directory servicesCommerce Utility System600. Secure directory services may securely provide electronic and/or other directory information such as names, addresses, public keys, certificates and the like. Transmittal of such information securely (e.g., through the use of, in the preferred embodiment, the Virtual Distribution Environment) helps prevent eavesdropping, helps ensures confidentiality, and provides significant infrastructure support by enabling important participant interaction efficiencies.
• In more detail, secure directory services provided in accordance with these inventions may provide the following example advantageous features and functions:
• • Securely and reliably providing directory information based on a variety of different parameters, including various classification information.
  • May securely provide consumer's, content provider's, clearinghouse's and/or other party's electronic address(es) and/or other communication pathway(s) based on name, function, physical location, and/or other attributes.
  • May provide consumer's, content provider's, clearinghouse's and/or other party's public key(s) and/or certificate(s) based on, for example, name, function, physical location, and/or other attributes.
  • Protects, and where appropriate may conceal, identity related information while efficiently managing and/or automating the confidential communicating of requests and responses in secure containers.
  • Using secure containers and rules and controls to guarantee integrity and non-reputability of content.
  • Receiving authority from secure chain of handling and control embodied in electronic control sets.
  • Distributing secure directory services functions across a network or other system (for example, every consumer and/or other value chain participant node is potentially a distributed secure directory service initiating its own, secure directory service transactions directly with one or more other participants using VDE as described in the Ginter, et al. patent specification).
  • Granting authority and/or providing services to, or in conjunction with, one or more distributed secure directory services sub-clearinghouses whose operations may be located logically and/or physically elsewhere, such as within a company or government agency and/or within one or more jurisdictions and/or serving subsets of the overall business focus area of a senior directory service authority distributing and/or otherwise authorizing secure directly service functions across a system or network.
  • Every consumer and/or certain or all other value chain participant nodes can potentially support a secure directory services authority providing naming and related services and function in the context of the overall naming services network, including interoperation with one or more other participants interoperable nodes, and as elsewhere in this list, all activities employing VDE techniques as appropriate.
  • May be organized hierarchically to delegate responsibility for, and operation of secure directory services for a subset of the overall directory based on name, function, physical location, and/or other attributes.
  • May be organized hierarchically to provide a directory of directories, for example.
  • May be organized hierarchically, peer-to-peer, or in a combined mode where responsibility for directory services may be distributed in differing fashions for differing commerce models and/or activities and/or value chains and where certain one or more parties may be, for example, hierarchically more senior to other parties in one or more instances and hierarchically a peer or less senior in one or more other instances, that is the relationship among participants is programmable and may be set (and later modified) to one or more desired specific directory service arrangements for given commerce activities, value chains, and/or models.
• FIG. 52 shows an examplesecure directory services600 from a process point of view. In this example,secure directory services600 is an archive that securely keeps track of directory information relating to consumers, value chain participants and/or electronic appliances, and securely provides this information upon qualified demands. In this example,secure directory services600 may provide the following functions:
• Database management606,
• Database search/retrieval608,
• Database replication610,
• Database propagation612,
• Authentication614, and
• Authorization616.
• Database606 may be accessed by search andretrieval engine608 which takes consumer-provided input information as a source and uses it to retrieve records that are relevant. For example,secure directory services600 may receiveidentities618 of individuals, organizations, services and/or devices; electronic addresses620; certificate622; and/or keys624. This information may be stored indatabase606.
• In response torequests602, secure directory services search andretrieval engine608 may accessdatabase606 to retrieve additional information (for example, the electronic mail address of a certain individual or organization, the public key of a certain individual, the identity of a person having a certain electronic mail address, the identity and address of a person having a certain public key, etc.).
• Additionally,secure directory services600 may return access controls, audit requirements and the like. For example, a user may be required to present valid credentials (e.g., a certificate504) to access the internal email addresses of a corporation. Certain fields of information known to thedatabase606 may not be available to all corners (e.g., the office location or a particular employee, their home directory(ies) on the company's servers, etc.; or a consumer's physical address may be available to people that present acertificate504 issued by the consumer acting as hisown certificate authority500, but no one else. These controls can be specified in secure containers that carry the information to thesecure directory service600.
• When the information is provided to requesters, they may be required to use the information only in authorized ways. For example, they may be allowed to use the information to formulate email messages, but not excerpt a physical address for a mailing list. These restrictions can be enforced bycontrols188bthesecure directory services600 associates with the information it provides.
• As shown inFIG. 53,secure directory services600 may provide adatabase606 and search andretrieval engine608 in addition to asecure communications facility626. The architecture ofsecure directory services600 may be based on FIGS. 12 and 13 of the Ginter et al. patent disclosure.
• FIG. 54 shows an example secure directory service process performed bysecure directory services600. In this example, a sender95(1) wants to send a message to a receiver95(2). The senders and receivers could beelectronic appliances100 owned by consumers, clearinghouses, or the like. Sender95(1) may send anaddress request602 to securedirectory services600 providing certain information and requesting other information. In response,secure directory services600 provide the requested information to sender95(1) —who may use the information to send a message to receiver95(2). In this example, both theaddress request602 and theresponsive information604 are contained within secureelectronic containers152 in order to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of the requests and responses. In this way, for example, outside eavesdroppers cannot tell who sender95(1) wants to communicate with or what information he or she needs to perform the communications—and the directory responses cannot be “spoofed” to direct the requested messages to another location. In addition, as discussed above,directory services600 can includecontrols188 along with its responses and/or request or requirecontrols188 as part of its input.
• Transaction Authority700
• FIG. 55 shows an example Transaction AuthorityCommerce Utility System700. These inventions also enable secure “transaction authority” capabilities providing the following overall functions:
• • Securely validating, certifying, and/or auditing events (including, for example, authenticating, and, for example, for non-repudiation purposes) in an overall multi-event transaction or chain of handling and control process;
  • Securely storing, validating, certifying, and/or distributing control sets (including, for example, authenticating, and, for example, for non-repudiation purposes) for multi-event transaction or chain of handling and control processes;
  • Issuing requirements for any or all of the transaction and/or process steps; and
  • If desired, actively participating in the transaction or process (e.g., through managing, directing, intermediating, arbitrating, initiating, etc., including participating in models employing reciprocal control methods and distributed, automated events for, for example, distributed computing, process management, EDI, reference to currency, etc.)
  • Can certify steps and/or pathways, including certifying proper routing for electronic information through transaction authority telecommunication switches adapted to certify certain information and wherein certificates certify that a required route was followed and/or the sending of such electronic information was pursuant to certain stipulated rules and controls, for example acquiring certain archiving information and/or not exceeding budget and/or other limits and/or restrictions for, for example: numbers of “shipped” information containers in a given period of time, value of electronic currency contained within (represented by) a current container and/or by containers over a certain period of time, financial amount committed in purchase order, proper ordering authority, etc.
• The transaction authority may simply be a secure, watchful bystander to, and certifier of, the electronic transaction and/or transaction step (in a sequence of overall transaction steps), it may be a secure facilitator of a secure plural-party electronic transaction, and/or it may actively and directly participate in the electronic transaction.
• In more detail, a transaction authority in accordance with these inventions may provide the following advantageous features and/or functions:
• • Securely maintaining and validating event notification information pertaining to a multi-stage transaction and/or chain of handling and control process(es).
  • May enforce, through requirements for its certification or authentication, a sequence of required transaction and/or chain of handling and control processes steps based on component representation of elements of a business process, where, for example, one or more transaction authorities respectively certify and/or authenticate one or more specific events at one or more step “locations” in a transaction sequence.
  • May form an overall transaction control set from a number of discrete sub-control sets contributed, for example, by a number of different participants.
  • Using reciprocal methods to coordinate required transaction events, including for example, sequence of events, between value chain participants.
  • Receiving authority from secure chain of handling and control embodied in electronic control sets.
  • May intervene to actively manage transactions and/or chain of handling and control processes.
  • Can coordinate workflow and/or chain of handling and control processes and/or other business processes.
  • Can provide automatic and efficient management based on a trusted, secure distributed electronic commerce environment, including certifying and/or authenticating steps in distributed proprietary information, EDI, financial transaction, and/or trading system value chain activities that very substantially improves security for distributed rights management, wherein such security can meet or exceed the security available with centralized, online commerce models.
  • May manage at least a portion of the transactions within and/or between value chain participants (e.g., organizations, individual consumers, virtual groupings).
  • May specify and/or monitor, at least in part through the use of rules and controls, conditions of satisfaction for, and/or consequences of, atomic transactions.
  • May direct what happens based on error conditions and/or transaction profile analysis (e.g., through use of an inference engine and/or expert system).
  • Can provide confidential coordination of security, routing, prioritizing, and negotiating processes allowing different, distributed parties to work efficiently together through a confidential, trusted interface.
  • Providing notarization, validation, certification, and/or delivery, as appropriate, for secure document and/or process control.
  • Can certify steps and/or pathways, including certifying proper routing for electronic information through transaction authority telecommunication switches adapted to certify certain information and wherein certificates certify that a proper route was followed and the sending of such electronic information was pursuant to certain stipulated rules and controls, for example not exceeding budget or other limits for: numbers of “shipped” information containers in a given period of time, value of electronic currency represented by current container and/or by containers over a certain period of time, financial amount committed in purchase order, proper ordering authority, etc., are issued to satisfy requirements regarding receiving a proper such certification or authentication at a node receiving such routed information.
  • Distributing transaction authority functions across a network or other system (for example, every consumer and/or other value chain participant node is potentially a distributed usage clearing service at least in part initiating its own, transaction authority functions, and wherein said participant node may communicate usage information directly to one or more other participants) and in accordance with rules and controls and other VDE techniques as described in the Ginter, et al patent specification.
  • May provide arbitration, mediation and negotiation services, electronic or otherwise.
• FIG. 55 shows a particularexample transaction authority700 from an overall function viewpoint.Transaction authority700 provides, among other things, a secure auditing facility for maintaining the current state of an overall transaction or process based upon event notifications it receives from the participants in the transaction.
• In this specific example,transaction authority700 performs the following functions:
• ?Event notification collection730,
• ? Validatedevent database management732,
• ?Requirement generation734,
• ? Secure authenticatedauditing736,
• ? Reporting738,
• ? Notifying740,
• ?Replication742, and
• ?Propagation744.
• In this example,transaction authority700 receives notifications that events have occurred in the form ofevent notifications748 which may be carried in one or more secureelectronic containers152. Eventnotification collection process730 collects theseevent notifications748 and may store them in a validatedevent database732.Transaction authority700 may generateadditional notifications7480 based on its validatedevent database732, and may also issueresponses750 indicating the current status of a transaction or process in response torequests752 and/or based on other requirements. In addition,transaction authority700 may generate andoutput audit records754 indicating the progress and status of transactions or processes based upon the contents of its validatedevents database732 as analyzed by auditingfunction736.Transaction authority700 may also issuereports756 based on itsreporting function738. Validatedevent database732 may be a distributed event notification database, in whichcase replication process742 andpropagation process744 are used to maintain and update the database in a distributed manner.
• Another major function oftransaction authority700 in this example is to issue new or modifiedevent requirements758 that can be used to control or influence an overall process or transaction.Transaction authority700 may receive control set188, prices andpermissions1880,event flow requirements760 and/orprocess routing requirements762. Bothevent flow requirements760 andprocess routing requirements762 can be specified in one or more control sets. In response to this information and the validatedevent database732 contents,transaction authority700 may use itsrequirement generation process734 to create new or modifiedevent requirements758.Transaction authority700 may also create new or modified control sets188″ and new or modified prices and/orpermissions188′″.Transaction authority700 may usefinancial statements764 as an input to itssecure auditing function736.
• FIG. 56 shows an example architecture fortransaction authority700. In this example, transaction authority700 (which may be based on the VDE rights operating system (“ROS”) architecture shown in Ginter et al.FIGS. 12 and 13) includes asecure communications facility770, a database andtransaction processor772,process control logic774, routing tables776, and an adaptive control set database778 (these functions could be performed by methods at one or more control sites). In addition,transaction authority700 may also include adocument notarizer780 including aseal generator782, a digitaltime stamp generator784, and a fingerprint/watermark generator786.
• Secure communications facility770permits transaction authority700 to communicate in a secure manner over electronic network150 (for example, via secure electronic containers152). Database andtransaction processor772 performs most of the processes shown inFIG. 55. Adaptive control setdatabase778 may perform the validated event database function. Routing tables776 may be used as part ofrequirement generation function734 to route appropriate messages to appropriate entities.
• Process control logic774 may include an inference engine or expert system for use in handling error conditions not fully anticipated or specified by theevent flow requirements760 and/orprocess routing requirements762.Process control logic774 might operate based on rule based principles, fuzzy logic, neural networks, or a combination of some or all of these—or any other method of process control logic.Process control logic774 determines the next event that is to occur within the overall transaction or process.
• Document notarizer780 may be used to provide authenticated document generation, for example, to affix digital seals and/or stenographic information to written and/or digital documents.
• FIG. 57 shows an example transaction authority process. In this simplified example,transaction authority700 may be an entity internal to a corporation used to securely audit and direct an overall goods delivery process. In this example, acustomer95 issues anorder788 for goods. Thisorder788 is received by anorder receiving department704 which issues anorder event710 totransaction authority700. In response to thisorder event710,transaction authority700 may issue rules and/or requirements in the form of one or more electronic control sets188 specifying how theorder receiving department704 is to handle the order. Theserules188 may specify, for example, a sequence of chain and handling that also directs the activities of afulfillment department709A, awarehouse709B, atransportation company726, and apayment collection department709C. Therules188?which may be passed from one department to the other within secureelectronic containers152—thus specifies the requirements and overall process flow of the transaction that is to occur. Each department may then pass thesecure controls188 along to the next department, with routing being directed by the rules themselves and/or bytransaction authority700. Each department may also issueevent notifications748 alertingtransaction authority700 of the current status of the overall process.Transaction authority700 may store this status information within its secure validatedevent database732 for auditing purposes and/or to permit the transaction authority to direct the next step in the process.
• Transaction authority700 can, for example, use the interaction models shown inFIGS. 17E-1 through17E-4 to interaction with an ongoing transaction or process. One particularly useful scenario fortransaction authority700 is to manage a process performed by multiple parties, such as corporations working on a joint venture or other common objective. In this type of business scenario, multiple corporations may be working toward a common overall goal but may themselves have their own objectives internally such as, for example, protecting their own confidential trade secret information.Transaction authority700 can be used as an independent third party mediator/arbitrator to coordinate activities between the multiple corporations without requiring any of the corporations to expose detailed process information to anyone other thantransaction authority700.
• For example,transaction authority700 can generate control sets specifying event flow and/orprocess routing requirements758 and/or control sets188 that mean different things in different contexts. As an example, a control set thattransaction authority700 issues might cause one corporation to perform one step and another corporation to perform another step—with each corporation never learning the particular step or sequence of steps being performed by the other corporation. Thus,transaction authority700 can develop control sets188 that can be used to provide only partial disclosure between different individual or corporate actors.
• FIGS. 58A and 58B show example steps and processes performed bytransaction authority700 to perform an “atomic transaction”. In this example,transaction authority700 performs a role that is somewhat analogous to the coach of a football team. By accepting the skill set and requirements of each individual “player” and linking them together into an overall “game plan,” thetransaction authority700 can involve any number of value chain participants in an overall “atomic” transaction.
• In this example, each value chain participant164(1), . . .164(N) in a process administered bytransaction authority700 could contribute a control set188(1), . . .188(N) specifying or governing the participant's own business requirements, limitations and processes for the transaction (FIGS. 58A and 58B, block750). These individual control sets188(1),188(N) specify how each individual participant performs its own role. Each participant164(1) . . .164(N) knows its own role in the overall transaction, but may have no idea what roles others may play or have any clear idea how to form a “team” of other participants—and so these individual control sets188(1),188(N) typically describe only sub-transactions and may not take overall transaction considerations into account.
• Transaction authority700 also receives another control set188X specifying how to link the various participants' control sets together into overall transaction processes with requirements and limitations (FIGS. 58A and 58B, block752). This overall transaction control set188Y specifies how to resolve conflicts between the sub-transaction control sets188(1),188(N) provided by the individual participants (this could involve, for example, anelectronic negotiation process798 as shown inFIGS. 75A-76A of the Ginter et al. patent disclosure). Thetransaction authority700 combines the participant's individual control sets—tying them together with additional logic to create an overall transaction control superset188Y (FIGS. 58A and 58B, block752). Transaction authority stores the resulting control superset188Y in local storage (FIG. 58B, block754). This overall control superset controls howtransaction authority700 processes events to perform an “atomic” transaction.
• Upon receipt of an incoming event requiring processing (FIG. 58B, block756),transaction authority700 may activate the overall transaction control superset188Y (FIG. 58B, block758). Thetransaction authority700 may then deliver corresponding reciprocal control sets corresponding to portions of the overall transaction control superset188Y to each participant in the transaction—thereby enabling each participant to communicate with the superset (FIG. 58B, block760). Alternatively, each participant in this example may—at the time it contributes its control set188(1),188(N) totransaction authority700—maintain a reciprocal control set that can communicate with the control set the participant sent totransaction authority700.
• Transaction authority700 may then begin monitoring events received using the activated control superset (FIG. 58B, block762). If the incoming event is not an error condition (“N” exit toFIG. 58B decision block764), thentransaction authority700 determines whether the event indicates that the atomic transaction is complete (FIG. 58B, block765). If the atomic transaction is not complete (“N” exit toFIG. 58B, decision block765), control returns to block762 to monitor events. If the atomic transaction is complete (“Y”) exit to decision block765), thetransaction authority700 determines that the transaction is finished (FIG. 58B, block774).
• If the incoming event is an error condition (“Y” exit toFIG. 58B decision block764),transaction authority700 processes the error event in the control superset188Y (FIG. 58B, block766). If the error is not critical (FIG. 58B,decision block767, “N” exit), then control returns to block762 to wait for the next event notification to arrive.
• If the error is critical (FIG. 58B,decision block767, “Y” exit),transaction authority700 may call a critical error handing routine (FIG. 58B, block768). Critical error handling routine768 may attempt to resolve the error based on the rules within the control superset188Y and/or on aninference engine774 or other process control logic. Such an inference engine or otherprocess control logic774 may be programmed concerning the business model of the overall transaction so it has enough information to select appropriate actions based on error conditions.
• The process shown inFIG. 58B can be nested. For example, the sub-transaction defined by one “participant” may itself be an atomic transaction based on the contributions of a number of participants—all of which are managed by the same ordifferent transaction authority700.
• Security Checkpoint Commerce Utility System
• ACommerce Utility System90 can include service functions that enable it to perform as a “Security Checkpoint System6000” (seeFIG. 58C) that provides security, archiving, and non-repudiation services that can certify and/or authenticate communicated information in certain ways.Security Checkpoint Systems6000 can:
• • provide a distributed, highly efficient, and automated auditing and archiving layer for electronic commerce interactions, and
  • enhance the depth of security of a distributed security environment such as VDE and the Distributed Commerce Utility layer.
• Thus,Security Checkpoint System6000 may perform security and/or administrative functions. This Commerce Utility System capability takes the positive benefits of centralized security models (e.g., ability to have a central authority physically control the processing node) and deploys these capabilities into a distributed “user space” model that can achieve maximum efficiency and flexibility, support secure and manageable scalability (a principal weakness of centralized systems), and provide the enhanced security benefits of multiple, independent, secure environment layers. The latter capability is particularly adapted for highly sensitive communications desiring extra security assurance. These security layers are enabled by the required participation and security processing of one or more independent security checkpoint protected processing environments that reinforces the foundation distributed security environment.
• Information that passes through one or moreSecurity Checkpoint Systems6000 can be certified and/or authenticated to assure an information recipient (e.g., a party receiving information in a container) that certain communications functions and/or security steps (processes) occurred prior to receiving the information. This certification and/or authentication can include, for example, certifying or authenticating proper communication routing through required and/or authorized protected processingSecurity Checkpoint Systems6000. Such checkpoints may be, for example, distributed throughout a telecommunications network, and “local” to the physical and/or logical location of end-user VDE nodes (seeFIG. 58C).
• Security Checkpoint Systems6000 may employ telecommunication switches adapted to certify and/or authenticate certain information and processes. For example, certificates issued by aSecurity Checkpoint System6000 may certify that a required route was followed and that a required checkpoint examined a communicated secure electronic container, and/or that the sending of such a container or other electronic information was performed pursuant to certain stipulated rules and controls. For example, such a service can help ensure and/or certify and/or authenticate, that certain budgets, other limits, and/or restrictions are not exceeded, and/or certain other requirements are met.
• For example, aSecurity Checkpoint System6000 may help ensure requirements (including that limits or other restrictions are not exceeded) for: the number of “shipped” information containers in a given period of time; the value of electronic currency contained within (or represented by) a given container and/or by containers over a certain period of time (very important to reduce improper electronic currency activities); the financial amount committed in a purchase order, including that proper ordering authority is present; and so on. Such requirement assessment may be in reference to, for example, container (or other digital information communication) activity communicated from a certain logical and/or physical area, node, node group, user or user organization, and/or other user grouping, wherein said reference is determined through referencing secure node and/or individual user and/or organization and/or area identification information as, for example, a VDE secure container travels through said adapted one or more telecommunication switches.
• These Commerce Utility System “communications checkpoint” capabilities can provide useful security features by, for example, providing one or more “independent” distributed security “check points” along a telecommunication route that substantially increases security reliability by requiring the presence of a proper certificate and/or authentication securely provided by such checkpoint and securely associated with and/or inserted within said container by a process managed by said checkpoint (or a group of checkpoints). This presence can be tested by a receiving node—and a proper certificate or authentication can be required to be present, for example according to rules and controls, before such receiving node will process at least a portion of the content of one or more classes of received containers. Such container classes may include, for example, containers from specific individuals and/or groups and/or containers and/or container contents that have certain one or more specific attributes.
• Security Checkpoint Systems6000 may be “independent” of end-user Virtual Distribution Environment nodes from a security perspective. Such nodes may, for example, be independent from a security perspective because they use key management to maintain multiple secure execution compartments within their protected processing environments for checkpoint management, such that a security breach in end-user nodes shall not directly comprise the security of checkpoint operation, and to help ensure that a breach related to a secure execution compartment will not comprise other such compartments.
• Security Checkpoint Systems6000 may also gather audit information including, for example, retrieving identity information of intended container recipient(s), class(es) of container information, checksum and/or other information employed for future validation (e.g., non-repudiation), and/or archiving of some or all portions of said container's content. Some of this information may be at least in part in encrypted such that one or more portions of such information may not be decrypted without the cooperation of one or more of the container sender, the intended and/or actual container recipient(s), and/or a government body having authority to access such information.
• FIGS. 58C and 58D show an example of a “checkpoint security”Commerce Utility System6000 arrangement that provides communication checkpoint security, non-repudiation, and archiving services within the context of a telecommunications network connecting users95(1),95(2),95(3). In this example, thesecurity checkpoint systems6000 may be part of the telecommunications infrastructure. For examplesecurity checkpoint systems6000 may be part of one or more telecommunications switches or other equipment that has been designed to detect secureelectronic containers152 based, for example, on the header information they contain.
• Security checkpoint systems6000 in this example have the secure ability to control whether or not asecure container152 transmitted through the communications infrastructure will be permitted to pass—and the consequences of routing the container through the communications infrastructure. In one example, controls operating with a user95(1)'s protected processing environment may require certain kinds of containers152 (e.g., containers that carry electronic currency) to includecontrols404 that require them to be routed through a security checkpoint systems6000 (or a certain class of security checkpoint systems).Such controls404 can prevent thecontainer152 or its content (e.g., currency it contains) from being used unless it is routed through the appropriatesecurity checkpoint system6000.
• For example, suppose that user95(1) wishes to send asecure container152 to user95(2). In this example, the user95(1) transmits thecontainer152 to user95(2) through the telecommunications infrastructure. That infrastructure may detect that the information being sent is a container, and may route the container for interception by the a security checkpoint system (system6000(5), for example).
• Security checkpoint system6000(5) may, after intercepting thecontainer152, examine the control information within the container to determine whether requirements for further communicating the container to user95(2) have been satisfied. Security checkpoint system6000(5) may forward the container to user95(2) only if those requirements have been met—or it may modify the container to permit user95(2) to open and use the container subject to the container's controls404 (which may limit use, for example). Thesecurity checkpoint system6000 may be authorized to modify at least a portion of the container'scontrols404—for example to add further use limitations.
• ThisFIG. 58C example shows two “webs” ofsecurity checkpoint systems6000. In this example, these “webs” represent collections ofsecurity checkpoint systems6000 that have each been certified (by a CertifyingAuthority500 for example) as being:
• (1) a security checkpoint system, and
• (2) a member of the particular class.
• Hence, in this example “web1” represents the class of certified security checkpoint systems6000(1)-6000(5),6000(7); andWeb2 represents the class of security checkpoint systems6000(4)-6000(6). As one example, “web1”security checkpoint systems6000 may be certified as being capable of handling containers containingelectronic currency6004.
• One of the requirements specified within the control information associated with thecontainer152 may be that it must pass through a “web2” security checkpoint system (e.g., system6000(5))—for example, to enable certain secure auditing functions such as trusted electronic currency tracking. A “web1” security checkpoint system (e.g., system6000(3)) may refuse to pass thecontainer152 to user95(2) based on thesecontrols404—or it may refuse to modify thecontainer152 to make it usable by user95(2).
• By way of further example, suppose user95(2) wishes to pass thecontainer152 along to another user95(3). Thecontrols404 associated with thecontainer152 may require, in this particular example, that further communication of thecontainer152 must be through a “web1” security checkpoint system6000(7). This routing requirement may be been present in thecontrols404 provided by user95(1), or it may be added by security checkpoint system6000(5) or the user95(2)'s protected processing environment.
• In the particular example shown, thecontrols404 may enable the “web1” security checkpoint system6000(7) to pass thecontainer152 along to user95(3) via a further routing that does not include a security checkpoint system6000 (e.g., via another type of commerce utility system and/or a non-secure telecommunications switch).
• FIG. 58D shows an example process performed by an example security checkpoint system. In this example process, thesecurity checkpoint system6000 receives a container152 (FIG. 58D, block6002) and determines whether the requirements specified by its associatedcontrols404 have been satisfied (FIG. 58D, decision block6004). If the requirements have been satisfied, thesecurity checkpoint system6000 may perform “requirements satisified” consequences, e.g., modifyingcontrols404 to satisfy the routing requirement mentioned above (FIG. 58D, block6006). If the requirements are not satisfied (FIG. 58D, “N” exit to decision block6004), the security checkpoint system may perform “requirements not satisfied” consequences (FIG. 58D, block6008).
• Each set of consequences may involve some form of secure auditing, for example. If thesecurity checkpoint6000 passes acontainer152 containing electronic currency for example, thesecurity checkpoint6000 may record one or more of the following auditing information:
• • sender identity,
  • sender node identity,
  • receiver identity,
  • receiver node identity,
  • certificate(s) on which the currency is based,
  • other security checkpoints6000 the currency has passed through,
  • the identity of prior handlers of the currency,
  • date, time, and location of transmission,
  • date, time, and location of receipt,
  • how long the currency has been in transit, and
  • other secure auditing information.
• If thesecurity checkpoint system6000 refuses to pass and/or modify acontainer152, it may produce an audit report including available tracking information, for example:
• sender name,
• nature of deficiency,
• intended receiver, and
• other tracking information.
• It may also notify the sender, the intended receiver, a government agency, or other authority. It may further charge a “failed communication” overhead fee to the sender, for example.
• Thesecurity checkpoint system6000 may then determine whether additional communications are required (FIG. 58D, decision block6010). If not, the process may complete. If additional communications are required (“Y” exit to decision block6010), thesecurity checkpoint system6000 may transmit thecontainer152 to the next system (FIG. 58D, block6012). The next system may be an additionalsecurity checkpoint system6000 that performs additional processing (FIG. 58D, blocks6016,6004,6006,6008).
EXAMPLESExampleElectronic Content Distribution Value Chain
• FIG. 59 shows how example DistributedCommerce Utility75 can be used to support an example electronic contentdistribution value chain162. In theFIG. 59 example, anauthor164 may create a valuable work, such as a novel, television program, musical composition, or the like. The author provides this work166 (for example, in electronic digital form) to apublisher168.
• The publisher may use his own branding, name recognition and marketing efforts to distribute the work to aconsumer95. Thepublisher168 may also provide thework166 to a content “aggregator”170—someone who provides customers access to a wide range of content from multiple sources. Examples of aggregators include, for example, traditional on-line information database services and World Wide Web sites that host content from many diverse sources. Typically, consumers use an aggregator's services by searching for information relevant to one or more consumer-defined topics. Anaggregator170 may provide the search tools to theconsumer95 who will make their own selections.
• Theaggregator170 might distribute thework172 containing some or all of theoriginal work166 directly toconsumer95.Aggregator170 may also distribute thework172 to a “repackager”174.Repackager174 may, for example, take content from several sources on related matters and combine them into mixed source products, such as multimedia combinations, newsletter publications, or “current awareness” packages. In these services, the repackager makes the selection of content and organizes based on audience-indicated interest. Aconsumer95 may subscribe to an electronic newsletter on a particular topic or the consumer may give the repackager174 a short list of topics they are interested in. Therepackager174 will select relevant information and communicate the information to the customer. Here the repackager is doing the selecting for the consumer.
• For example,repackager174 might be the publisher of a newsletter and might republish some or all of the author'swork166 in thisnewsletter176.Repackager174 could directly distributenewsletter176 toconsumer95, or the newsletter could pass through still additional channels.Repackager174 could use a search engine provided byaggregator170 to find articles of interest toconsumer95 and combine those articles into an electronic newsletter that has both theaggregator170's brand and therepackagers174's brand, and then send the newsletter to theconsumer95.
• DistributedCommerce Utility75 may support theFIG. 59 value chain in a number of ways. For example:
• 1. Certifyingauthority500 can issue certificates that allow each of the value chain participants to identify who they are and to demonstrate that they are members of one or more particular classes. For example,author164 and/orpublisher168 might specify that any certified aggregator or repackager is entitled to excerpt oranthologize work166 so long as appropriate payment is made. Certifyingauthority500 could issuedigital certificates504 supporting this desired business objective, the certificates certifying thataggregator170 is in fact a reputable aggregator and thatrepackager174 in fact a reputable repackager. So long asauthor164 and/orpublisher168 trust the security of the overall system50 and thecertificates504 issued by certifyingauthority500, they will have no fear that thework166 will be excerpted or anthologized by anyone other than the appropriate types of people they specify.
• In another example, certifyingauthority500 could issue acertificate504 toaggregator170 or other user. Certifyingauthority500 could issue thiscertificate504 at the direction ofauthor164 orpublisher168. Thecertificate504 may attest to the fact thatauthor164 orpublisher168 agree thataggregator170 or other user is authorized to modifycertain permissions404.Author164 orpublisher168 may have specifiedpermissions404 so that that will allow themselves to be modified only on the condition that an “authorized aggregator” certificate is present.
• In another example, certifyingauthority500 could issue a certificate to one or more classes of users, enabling, for example, utilization of content and/or specific portions of content and/or modification of permissions, which such enabling may be limited to specific utilization and/or modification by employing certain VDE rules and controls put in place by the author or publisher or certificate authority (as allowed by in place rules and controls).
• 2. Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 in this particular example may be used to registerwork166 and issueappropriate permissions404 consistent with authorizations and instructions provided by each value chain participant. For example, theauthor164 could registerwork166 with rights andpermissions clearinghouse400, and specify an electronic control set404 defining the rights of every other value chain participant.
• For example:
• • This control set404 could specify, as one example, thatpublisher168 can distribute an unlimited number of copies of thework166 so long as the publisher pays the author164 a certain dollar amount for each copy distributed.
  • The control set404 might permitpublisher168 to add his own additional controls that allowconsumer95 to read thework166 an unlimited number of times but prevents the consumer from copying or redistributing the work.
  • Although the electronic control set may travel in anelectronic container152 with thework166, it may also be provided separately. For example, rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 might, upon request, supply a control set associated withwork166 to anyone who requests a control set.
• Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 might maintain different versions of the control set404 for different user classes so that, for example,consumers95 might receive one control set404a,aggregators170 might receive another control set404b, andrepackagers174 might receive a still further, different control set404c. Each of these control sets can be provided in advance byauthor164 or other rights holders, providing a “pre-approved permissioning” system that makes widespread usage ofwork166 extremely efficient and yet highly secure, and further, such control sets may interact with VDE distributed template applications in a seamless manner—one or more template applications may be distributed with a control set by such distributors of such control sets (or may be otherwise made available) to such control set recipients. In one particular “superdistribution” business model,work166 is allowed to be distributed as widely as possible, and rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 does the work of providing current control sets404 authorizing particular value chain participants to use the work in particular ways under particular conditions.
• 3.Usage clearinghouse300 in this particular example may support the value chain by collecting usage information from each value chain participant. Theusage clearinghouse300 may thus provide a secure auditing function, generating, for example, reports that track how many times thework166 has been used and how it has been used.
• As one example,usage clearinghouse300 might analyze usage information to determine howmany consumers95 have read the work.Usage clearinghouse300 can, for example, report consumption information in varying amounts of detail and/or specific kinds of information, to various value chain participants consistent with privacy concerns and the accepted business rights of each party. As one example, theusage clearinghouse300 might give consumer95 a very detailed report about his or her own particular usage ofwork166, while providingauthor164 orpublisher168 with only summary report information that may, for example, not include the consumer name, address, or other direct, identifying information.
• As another example, reports could also flow directly from therepackager174 to theaggregator170,publisher168 andauthor164. Reports may be directed along any logical pathway, directly, or through any sequence of parties, and containing whatever mix of information for each party as is acceptable to the value chain and as may be enforced, for example, at least in part by VDE rules and controls
• 4.Financial clearinghouse200, in this example, may provide secure clearing of financial details of the transaction—ensuring that appropriate value chain participants compensate other appropriate value chain participants. As one example,financial clearinghouse200 may receive payments fromconsumer95 based on the consumer's use ofwork166, and distribute parts of the payments appropriately toauthor164,publisher168, and other appropriate value chain participants in an automated, efficient process managed at least in part by VDE rules and controls. For example,financial clearinghouse200 might interface with other banks or financial institutions to accomplish an automation of payment transfers, and/or it might assist in managing electronic money maintained within the overall value chain shown.Financial clearinghouse200 may also assist in ensuring that itself and the otherCommerce Utility Systems90 are appropriately compensated for the administrative and support services they provide, that is, for example, secure VDE processes operating withinCommerce Utility Systems90 may automatically ensure the payment to such administrative and support service providers.
• 5.Secure directory services600, in this example, may support the example value chain by facilitating electronic communications between value chain participants and/or betweenCommerce Utility Systems90. For example,secure directory services600 can, upon request, provide electronic address and/or routing information allowing one value chain participant to electronically contact another. As one example, suppose aconsumer95 wants to obtain the latest addition ofwork166 but discovers that the electronic address ofpublisher168 has changed.Consumer95 can electronically contactsecure directory services600, which can provide current address information. Of course, in commercial trading system applications, for example, secure directory services may provide much more elaborate services for the identification of desired parties, such as multi-dimensional searching of directory resources for identifying parties based on class attributes.Secure directory services600 may also provide services that enable the identification of content, for example based upon content type and/or rules and controls associated with such content (pricing, allowed usage parameters such as redistribution rights, etc.).
• 6.Transaction authority700 in this example might be used to assistrepackager174 in developingnewsletter176. For example,transaction authority700 might help in automating a process in which a number of different works created by a number of different authors were all aggregated and excerpted for publication in the newsletter.Transaction authority700 can securely maintain the current status of an overall multi-step process, specifying which steps have already been performed and which steps have yet to be performed.Transaction authority700 can also, for example, help arbitrate and mediate between different participants in such a multi-step process, and can in some cases actively influence or control the process (for example, by issuing new instructions or requirements based upon error or other conditions).
ExampleManufacturing Chain
• FIG. 60 shows an example manufacturing value chain supported by DistributedCommerce Utility75. In this particular example, acustomer95 places an order with amanufacturer180 and receives an order confirmation. The manufacturer may order parts and supplies from a number of different suppliers182(1)-182(N). Suppliers181(1)-182(N) may, in turn, order additional parts or sub-assemblies from additional suppliers182(a1), . . . Abank184 may supply funds tosuppliers182 based on proofs of order and assurances that the manufacturer will pay back the advances. A transportation/warehousing company186 may provide transportation and warehousing for supplies and/or final products.
• In this value chain, certifyingauthority500 andtransaction authority700 can assist with secure flow of electronic orders, confirmations, terms and conditions, and contracts, and can also help to ensure that each value chain participant can maintain the desired degree of confidentiality while exchanging necessary information with other value chain participants.Usage clearinghouse300 may assist in secure auditing of the overall process, tracking of physical and electronic parcels between the value chain participants, and other usage related operations.Financial clearinghouse200 may handle the financial arrangements between the value chain participants, for example, assisting in coordinating between the world ofelectronic network150 and a paper-oriented or other world ofbank184. Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may provide a secure archive forelectronic controls404 defining parts or all of the transaction.Transaction authority700 may securely monitor the overall progress of transactions occurring among value chain participants, and provide periodic status reports as appropriate to each value chain participant. In addition,transaction authority700 can assist in directing or arbitrating the overall transactions to ensure that all steps and requirements are fulfilled.Secure directory services600 can assist in routing information electronically between the different value chain participants. Of course, as previously stated for the present inventions and as applicable throughout this specification, VDE chain of handling and control and other capabilities, including rules and controls and secure communication techniques, would preferably be used as a foundation for the above activities.
• Examples of how Commerce Utility Systems can Support One Another
• FIGS. 16A-16E described above show how differentCommerce Utility Systems90 can support one another. In more detail,FIG. 16A shows that afinancial clearinghouse200 may provide services to one or more otherCommerce Utility Systems90, including, for example, theusage clearinghouse300, the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400, the certifyingauthority500, thesecure directory services600, thetransaction authority700 and anotherfinancial clearinghouse200′. Under such circumstances, the plural Commerce Utility Systems constitute both a virtual clearinghouse and a higher order Commerce Utility System.
• In each instance, thefinancial clearinghouse200 may collect funds due the support services and deposit these funds to at least one provider account employing at least one payment method. Thefinancial clearinghouse200 may also provide VDE audit records confirming the source and amount of the funds and the provider account in which the funds were deposited by thefinancial clearinghouse200. Thefinancial clearinghouse200 may provide assistance to one or more other support services in establishing provider accounts and communicating to such one or more support services the account number and/or numbers and terms and conditions that may apply. Both the support service request to thefinancial clearinghouse200 and its responses to the requesting support service can be communicated in VDE secure containers (as mentioned earlier) to take advantage of their substantial security, confidentiality, flexible control architecture, and trustedness, and can be processed at each location by one or more VDE Protected Processing Environments. Financial and account information may be provided in the form of VDE control sets and/or be incorporated in VDE control sets by thefinancial clearinghouse200 and/or by one or more other support services.Financial clearinghouses200 may also provide services to each other to promote further operating and administrative efficiencies. For example, onefinancial clearinghouse200 may provide services to its counterparts in other countries or in other geographic regions. In another example, onefinancial clearinghouse200 may provide anotherfinancial clearinghouse200 access to one or more payment methods not directly supported by the secondfinancial clearinghouse200.
• FIG. 16B shows that theusage clearinghouse300 may also provide services to otherCommerce Utility Systems90. In one example, theusage clearinghouse300 may provide raw data, aggregated data, at least in part derived information, and/or reports to other electronic commerce support services such asfinancial clearinghouses200, rights andpermissions clearinghouses400, certifyingauthorities500,secure directory services600,transaction authorities700, andother usage clearinghouses300′. These other infrastructure services may use this information as independent third party verification of certain transactions and their details, for market research on behalf of their own services, and/or to resell this information, perhaps in conjunction with their own usage information. In one example, a rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 might sell reports to a publisher containing a combination of their own information, and that from thefinancial clearinghouse200 andusage clearinghouse300 plussecure directory service600 and certifyingauthority500. More specifically, a report might contain a list of objects registered at the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 by a particular publisher, the number of requests to the rights and permissions clearinghouse for updated or additional rights and permissions,financial clearinghouse200 summary revenue numbers for each digital property, the number of certificates by the certifyingauthority500 on behalf of the publisher indicating that the user had been certified and had a valid subscription to the publisher's digital works, and the number of requests to thesecure directory service600 seeking information about the network addresses of the publisher's online web servers. In each case, a support service provided the information to the rights and permissions clearinghouse for incorporation in this report to the publisher.
ExampleDistributedCommerce Utility75 can Support Digital Property
• Purchasing, Licensing and/or Renting Transactions
• DistributedCommerce Utility75 provides significant trustedness, security, convenience, and efficiencies for instances in which customers pay for digital information. Moreover, information creators and distributors can price this information—indeed, any digital property in any digital format—in various ways and in different ways in different markets.
• FIG. 61 shows an example of an informationdelivery service arrangement1000 in which aninformation provider168 provides electronic content for purchase, rental and/or licensing. In this example, aninformation services company168 distributesinformation166 to several global markets, including individuals, Their market areas include professionals, home office users, and the small office marketplace, as well as medium and large companies and consumers at home. For example,provider168 may delivercontent166 in electronic form to a home consumer95(1), a professional such as a lawyer95(2), and to a corporation or other organization95(3). In one example:
• • an individual consumer95(1) buys under subscription pricing three articles166(1) from an online encyclopedia;
  • a lawyer95(2) buys three chapters166(2) from a treatise on patent law; and
  • two product marketing managers in a large company95(3) receive a proprietary market research report166(3).
• Prior to information delivery transactions, the consumer95(1), professional95(2) and company95(3) may use asecure directory service600 to locate the network address of theinformation provider168 as well as assist in identifying the content they wish to work with. Subsequently, theseparties95 may send an electronic message toprovider168 requesting the specific information they want to receive.Provider168 may deliver thisinformation166 within VDE secureelectronic containers152 along with associated rules and controls188 that control pricing and permissions. Each ofparties95 has anelectronic appliance100 including a protectedprocessing environment154 that enforces thesecontrols188.
• Theprovider168 can price information differently for different markets. For example:
• • professionals95(2) and SOHO (small office/home office) pay transaction fees;
  • large companies95(3) pay a mixture of subscription and transaction fees (e.g., company95(3) may pay $10 per page printed or excerpted from a larger report, and may also pay a subscription fee); and
  • Individual consumers95(1) pay a flat subscription rate.
• In each of these cases, local, state, and/or federal sales taxes, as appropriate, are included in the retail price. Payment methods may be provided within electronic control sets188 delivered inelectronic containers152 with, and/or independently of, the associated content166 (for example, as provided in Ginter, et al).
• Afinancial clearinghouse200 ensures thatprovider168 receives payment through any authorized payment method. Theinformation delivery service168 accepts a broad range of payment methods. Some forms of payment are more popular in certain markets than in others. For example:
• • In the professional, SOHO, and consumer markets, credit (MasterCard and Visa) and charge (American Express) are popular.
  • Consumers95(1) also like credit cards, and are making increasing use of bank debit cards.
  • Large companies95(3) also use credit and charge cards, payment through Automated Clearinghouses (ACHs), and billing and payment through traditional and VDE secure Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) transactions based, for example, on X.12 protocols.
• Afinancial clearinghouse200 makes payment more efficient in several ways. For example,financial clearinghouse200 furnishesprovider168 with a convenient, “one stop shopping” interface to the several payment methods, and keeps track of the at least one account number associated with a given provider.
• In this particular example, a certifyingauthority500 may deliver digital certificates to each ofconsumers95 specifying a consumer's one or more classes. For example, certifyingauthority500 may deliver:
• • one or more certificates504(1) attesting to the fact that consumer95(1) is an individual consumer subscriber toinformation service1000 and further attesting to the fact that the consumer is a registered college student and is a resident (for the taxation purposes related to the transaction) of California,
  • a certificate504(2) attesting to the fact that professional95(2) is a lawyer admitted before the bar of the State of California, and
  • one or more certificates504(3) attesting to the fact that corporation95(3) is a legally incorporated entity and has a certain credit worthiness.
• Control sets188 may activate the different payment methods based on the presence of an appropriatedigital certificate504. For example, control set188(1) delivered to consumer electronic appliance100(1) authorizes consumer95(1) to use each of the three articles166(1). Control set188(1) may, for example, contain a requirement that the consumer95(1) must have a certificate504(1) from an independent certifying authority500 (or from the information distributor or other party acting in a certifying authority capacity under authorization from a more senior certifying authority) attesting to the fact that the consumer95(1) has a subscription that has not yet expired to the online encyclopedia. This certificate504(1) may, for example, be used in conjunction with other certificates issued by the certifying authority500 (e.g., perhaps run by, or authorized by, the US government or other governing body) attesting to the fact that the consumer95(1) is a US citizen, resides within the US, and is a legal resident of the State of California.
• The Individual Consumer
• The consumer95(1) pays theinformation provider168 for the subscription through a transaction transmitted to thefinancial clearinghouse200 in a VDEelectronic container152. The payment transaction may involve, for example, theconsumer appliance100 sending tofinancial clearinghouse200 an electronic container152(7) including rules and controls188(4) and audit records302(1). The audit records302(1) may indicate, for example:
• • who should be paid,
  • the amount of the transaction,
  • the particular payment method (a VISA card, for example), the subscriber's VISA card number and expiration date,
  • an identifier of the information subscription, and
  • the number of the provider's account to which the payment should be credited.
• The secure container152(7) may also contain rules and controls188(4) indicating that municipal, California and US federal sales taxes should also be collected. Thefinancial clearinghouse200 collects the appropriate sales taxes and deposits the funds in the appropriate accounts, for example certain funds would be deposited in the account belonging to the appropriate State of California tax collection agency1062.
• In exchange for the payment, the subscribing customer95(1) may receive from certifyingauthority500 a certificate504(1) indicating she is in fact a subscriber and the expiration date of the current subscription.
• The Professional
• The lawyer95(2) in this example may be located in the United Kingdom. He purchases the three chapters166(2) from a treatise on patents using a MasterCard, but pays in pounds sterling rather than in dollars. To perform the purchase transaction, the lawyer95(2) may first be preauthorized by thefinancial clearinghouse200 for purchases each month of up to $500 US (or the equivalent in pounds). The pre-authorization may be sent from thefinancial clearinghouse200 to the lawyer's appliance100(2) in the form of a budget control188(5) in a secure container152(8). The protected processing environment154(2) within the lawyer's appliance100(3) may open the container152(8), authenticate the budget record188(5), and store the control within an associated secure database maintained by PPE154(2).
• Upon receiving opening each of the three chapters166(1), the lawyer's protected processing environment154(2) may create an associated audit record, and may decrement available credit in the budget record by the amount of the purchase. At month end, or when the $500 preauthorized credit has been exhausted, the lawyer's PPE154(2) may send to thefinancial clearinghouse200, a secure container152(9) with audit records302(2) indicating all the purchases, their amounts, and the provider account or accounts to be credited, this supporting efficient automation of clearing processes. Thefinancial clearinghouse200 may open the secure container152(9), debit the lawyer's credit card account, and pay the appropriate provider accounts their due.
• The Company
• Preliminary to content transactions, a distributed corporatefinancial clearinghouse200A within the company95(3), while operating under the authority of thefinancial clearinghouse200, sends to each of managers95(3)A,95(3)B asecure container152 abudget record188 indicating their currently approved monthly information and market research budget. A corporate distributed certifyingauthority500A (in the same trust hierarchy as the certifyingauthority500, in this example) may also issue digital certificates504 (not shown) to employees of the company.
• In this example, each product manager95(3)A,95(3)B prints selected portions of the report and the budget on his or herlocal appliance100, which is decremented by $10 for each page printed. The protected processing environment154(3) within the local electronic appliance100(3) securely performs this process, conditioning it on controls188(3) that may require appropriate digital certificates504(3) issued by certifyingauthority500 and/or the distributed corporate certifyingauthority500A.
• According to controls188(3) supplied by the information provider, for example, at the end of the month, or when the budget for that month is exhausted, the corporation's appliance100(3) sends to the corporate internalfinancial clearinghouse200A audit records (not shown) indicating any purchases that might have been made during the reporting interval and the amounts and provider account numbers for those purchases. The distributed, local corporatefinancial clearinghouse200A aggregates the sums in the audit records and sends in a secure container152(12) at least one audit record302(3) to the externalfinancial clearinghouse200 to authorize payment of the total amount owed the provider of the market research reports through an Automated Clearinghouse (ACH). Also in the secure container152(11) (e.g., as part of audit record302(3)) are the account number of the company95(3) from which the funds should be debited and the account number of the market research company that issued the report into which the funds should be credited. Thefinancial clearinghouse200 completes the payment process through the ACH and sends a VDE secure container (providing at least one audit record) back to the internal, corporatefinancial clearinghouse200A as confirmation. Distributedclearinghouse200A may, in turn, send, using a secure container (not shown), at least one confirming audit record to each of the product managers95(3)A,95(3)B.
ExampleDistributedCommerce Utility75 can Support Transactions where a Consumer Purchases and Pays for a Tangible Item
• A significant portion of electronic commerce will entail the sale, purchase, distribution management, and/or payment for intangibles of all kinds. Commerce in tangibles has many of the same security, trustedness, and efficiency requirements as commerce in intangibles (e.g., digital information). For the computer to become a true commerce appliance, a distributed, secure, trusted rights/event management software layer (e.g., rights operating system or middleware) such as the Virtual Distribution Environment described in the Ginter et al. specification is a necessity. Thus, even when tangibles rather than digital properties are the object of secure electronic commerce, DistributedCommerce Utility75 can play an important role.
• FIG. 62 shows an example tangible goods purchasing and payment system1010. In theFIG. 62 example, imagine a well-known provider of clothing and certain related household items, for example, L.L. Bean or Lands' End, offers their wares over a digital network such as the Internet/World Wide Web. In this example, the company creates:
• • aWeb catalog server1012 to offer a line of clothing toconsumers95,
  • aweb fulfillment server1014 that is an interface to the fulfillment function, and
  • athird web server1016 that acts as a securefinancial clearinghouse200 and as an interface to several payment methods (e.g., MasterCard (“MC”), VISA, and American Express (“AMEX”).
• The company also in this one example
• • registers the service with the securedirectory service provider600, and
  • through thefinancial clearinghouse200, establishes a provider account with at least one payment method, such as a credit card, debit card, and/or bank, and
  • registers several transactions with atransaction authority700.
• In this example, the company registers with thetransaction authority700, which may be a distributed transaction authority within the company selling the goods, an atomic transaction comprising at least one electronic control set that describes, for example:
• • sending the order to the fulfillment processing one or more organizations such as awarehouse1018 and logistics1020 (which may or may not be the same company),
  • receiving confirmation that the desired merchandise is in fact in stock,
  • receiving confirmation of the order,
  • receiving payment pre-authorization from a payment method for the particular customer placing the order,
  • shipping instructions for the merchandise,
  • confirmation that the merchandise was actually shipped, and
  • controls for completing the payment transaction.
• In this one example, the company also obtains at least onedigital certificate504 from a certifyingauthority500 attesting to at least one fact, for example, that
• • the company is a legitimate corporation registered in the State of Delaware;
  • the company is not in bankruptcy and/or the company has a certain degree of creditworthiness,
  • the company has been assigned a particular Federal tax Identification Number, and
  • that the company has State tax Identification Numbers in each of several states, the specific states and their corresponding Identification Numbers,
• Acustomer95 uses his or herelectronic appliance100 with Web browsing capabilities to access thecatalog server1012 over the Internet's World Wide Web. Thecatalog server1012 sends the customer95 aweb page1022 providing a page from an electronic catalog.Web page1022 may be sent in one or more secure electronic containers152(1). Thecustomer95 displays the web page1022A using his or herelectronic appliance100, and clicks on the part of the web page showing a men's short sleeve Oxford button down shirt selling for $15.95. The current Web page is replace by a web page1022B from thefulfillment server1014. This second web page1022B may be sent in a secure container152(2).
• The customer'selectronic appliance100 has a protectedprocessing environment154.PPE154 opens thesecure container152, and displays the page1022B on the screen. The page1022B being displayed is a form that has several fields including the catalog number and description of the shirt and retail price. Thecustomer95 fills in fields for color, neck size, normal or tall person, normal or trim fit, and quantity. Thecustomer95 also indicates where the shirt(s) are to be delivered, the class of delivery service desired, and the customer's address.
• Upon thecustomer95 completing the required information, theelectronic appliance100 puts theform field information1024 in a secure container152(3) and sends the container back to thefulfillment service1014.Fulfillment server1014 opens the container152(3) and reads thefield information1024.Fulfillment server1014 creates a VDE audit record indicating receipt ofinformation1024.Fulfillment server1014 may also create acontrol set188 and/or an event notification that initiates a purchase transaction.
• Fulfillment server1014 may communicate withwarehouse1018 directly or throughtransaction authority700. Thefulfillment server1014 then determines whether the required items are in stock and available to be shipped. Iffulfillment server1014 determines that the required items are in stock and available to be shipped, and if theinformation1024 provided by the consumer is sufficient to proceed, the fulfillment service sends back to the consumer another Web page1022C indicating:
• • that the purchase can be fulfilled,
  • what are the various sales taxes and delivery charges,
  • the address provided and class of delivery service chosen,
  • new fields for payment related information, and
  • a query asking whether the consumer wishes to proceed.
• Thefulfillment service1014 also sends audit records302(1) to the consumer'sPPE154 and to thetransaction authority700 indicating which parts of the larger, atomic transaction have been fulfilled.
• If thecustomer95 determines he or she does not wish to continue with the transaction after viewing fulfillment details, his or herappliance100 can send a secure VDE container152(5) to thefulfillment service1014 and to thetransaction authority700 indicating that the transaction is canceled. If thecustomer95 says yes, please continue with the transaction, the customer is prompted to pick a payment method from among the list provided. In this example, the list corresponds to payment methods supported by both the merchandise provider and by thefinancial clearinghouse200. Thecustomer95 fills in credit or charge card number, for example, expiration date, and billing address.
• Upon completion of the required information, the customer'sappliance100 can send the information, using his or her secure PPE, in a secure VDE container152(5) to thefinancial clearinghouse200, and may send a separate VDE container (not shown) with an audit record to thetransaction authority700.
• Thefinancial clearinghouse200 gets pre-authorization from the credit card processing company, and, for example, using a secure VDE container152(6) returns thepre-authorization approval information1026 to thefulfillment server1014.Financial clearinghouse200 may send another VDE container152(7) to thetransaction authority700 with an audit record302(2) indicating completion of the pre-authorization step.
• Thefulfillment server1014 may send a further VDE secure container152(8) to thecustomer95 with a new Web page1022D and audit record information302(3) indicating that:
• • the order process is complete,
  • the sale has been approved by payment method,
  • when the goods are shipped, the customer's credit card will be charged the total amount, and
  • a transaction confirmation number for further reference in order to be able to make inquiries with thefulfillment service1014 and/or with thetransaction authority700
• The fulfillment service1014 (e.g., in cooperation with warehouse1018) packages the goods, hands them off to anexpress delivery service1020, and, for example, sends VDE secure containers152(9),152(10) with audit records302(4),302(5) indicating shipment to thefinancial clearinghouse200 and thetransaction authority700, respectively. In this example, the express delivery service (“logistics”)1020 also sends a VDE secure container152(11) to thetransaction authority700 and to the fulfillment service (and also, if desired, to the customer95) indicating that theexpress service1020 has taken possession of the package.
• Upon delivery of the package with the merchandise, in this example, theexpress delivery service1020 sends a VDE secure container152(12) containing an audit record302(7) indicating that delivery of the package has been completed to thetransaction authority700 which then marks the transaction completed and then may send additional VDEsecure containers152 indicating completion to thefinancial clearinghouse200, to theexpress delivery service1020, to thefulfillment service1014, and in some examples to thecustomer95.
ExampleDistributedCommerce Utility75 can Support Transactions in which Customers Pay for Services
• A hallmark of advanced Western economies, especially the economy of the United States at the end of the present century, has been the transition from a largely manufacturing, “smoke stack” economy to not only an “information economy” but to a “service economy” as well. DistributedCommerce Utility75 can support transactions in which customers pay for, and in many examples, consume or otherwise make use of services.
• FIG. 63 shows an exampleonline service system1030. In one example, anonline service1032 registers with thesecure directory service600 and obtains a digital certificate504(1) from a certifyingauthority500 attesting to identity of the online service. The online service also agrees to trustcertificates504 issued by the certifyingauthority500 and by parties certified by the certifyingauthority500 to issue certificates for specified facts.
• For example, theonline service1032 agrees to accept certificates504(3) issued by a distributed certifyingauthority500A from parents certified by the certifying authority500 (through certificate504(2)) to issue certificates attesting to the facts that they have children and that these children are currently minor children. In turn, theonline service1032 will not allow children so certified to access certain subject matter materials distributed by the online service nor to accept digital signatures based on those certificates for purchase transactions, unless the adult person responsible for the child has issued another certificate attesting to their willingness to be financially responsible (e.g., unconditionally or for purchases up to some specified limit per transaction or some aggregate level of spending in a specified time period, in one example, so much per month). These certificates504(2),504(3) may be sent from the certifyingauthority500 to the parent and/or to at least one child in a VDEsecure container152.
• Now suppose the child95(2) subscribes to an online game called “chat.”Online service1032 has a Web interface specifically designed for school aged children. Thisservice1032 offers a subscription that must be renewed quarterly. Using anelectronic appliance100 such as a personal computer or TV and settop box with bidirectional communications and a protectedprocessing environment154, the child95(2) usessecure directory services600 to locate theonline service1032, and sends a message requesting a subscription. In response, theonline service1032 sends to the parent95(1) or guardian in a VDE secure container152(4), arequest1034 for payment, membership, and member information. The parent or guardian and/or other paying individual95(1) provides his or her (or their) credit card number(s), expiration date(s), andbilling address information1036 in one or more other secure containers152(5) to theonline service1032.
• In this example, theonline service1032 communicates the customer's service account, credit card and/orother payment information1036 to the financial clearinghouse using a VDE secure container152(6) (in a variation on this example, the parent95(1) may have provided this financial and related information directly to thefinancial clearinghouse200 in a VDE secure container152(5)). Theonline service provider1032 also provides to thefinancial clearinghouse200 the clearinghouse network address and provider account number. Within a protected processing environment (which may, for example, comprise a general purpose computer locked in a physically secure vault or other secure installation), thefinancial clearinghouse200 opens the secure container152(6), extracts thepayment information1036, and completes the payment transaction with the credit card company.
• For this example, thefinancial clearinghouse200, in turn, communicates the following information1038 (this list is for illustrative purposes only and does not detract from the general case in which any available set of information might have been communicated) to theonline service1032 in at least one secure VDE container152(7):
• • VDE audit record for this transaction,
  • transaction authorization number,
  • provider account number,
  • account number of the customer at the service, and
  • amount of the payment.
• In turn, theonline service1032 sends a secure container152(8) to the customer95(1) indicating that payment has been accepted. In one example,online service1032 may instruct certifyingauthority500 to issue acertificate504 attesting to the validity of the subscription until a specified date.Online service1032 may also provide audit records302(1) derived from theinformation1038 provided by thefinancial clearinghouse200.
• Each time the child95(2) logs on to theonline information service1032, the child'sPPE154 checks to determine if anycertificates504 are present or known and if so, whether:
• • these digital certificates attest to an current, unexpired subscription to the online service, and
  • any minor child certificates are present and valid (for example, have not expired because the child has not yet reached their 18^thbirthday).
• Having ascertained through thesecertificates504 that the child95(2) is authorized to use theonline service1032 and is prohibited from accessing certain “adult” content, the online service grants selective access, that is to authorized portions.
• Among the features of this online service are distributed, multiperson interactive games. The child95(2) in this example plays the game with at least one other authorized and certified minor child-adults are precluded by underlying VDE rules and controls from playing this game in this particular example. At least one portion of the software (e.g., executable code and/or interpretable code, such as Java) that implements at least oneportion1040 of the at least one game can be download from theonline service1032 to the child's information appliance100(2) using at least one VDE secure container152(9).
• Using methods described in the Ginter et al. disclosure, these programs and/or portions ofprograms1040 are determined to be authentic and unmodified. At least one of the keys used to calculate the one way hash function that produces the digital signature used for determining the integrity of the at least oneprogram1040 or at least one part of a program is bound to the identity of theonline service1032 by acertificate504 issued by certifyingauthority500.
• As the child95(2) in this example plays the game, at least a portion of his or her activities are metered according to methods disclosed in the co-pending Ginter et al. application and audit records302(2) are created that indicate this child's usage. At certain times, these audit records302(2) are transmitted to theonline service1032 which may, in this example, include ausage clearinghouse300.Usage clearinghouse300 analyzes these usage records302(2), and may use them to determine how much to charge child95(2).
ExampleDistributedCommerce Utility75 can be used to Provide Value Chain Disagcregation for Purchase and/or use of Tangible Items
• DistributedCommerce Utility75 can be used to facilitate a purchase or other type of transaction relating to tangible goods.FIG. 64 shows an example tangiblegoods delivery system1040. For example, acompany1042 places an order for office supplies using anelectronic appliance100 including aPPE154. The order is for a box of paper clips, a stapler, staples, a case of 8.5×11 inch copy paper, and a dozen yellow legal size note pads. The items are manufactured by amanufacturer1050, distributed by adistributor1048, and sold to the company by aretailer1046.
• In this example, afinancial clearinghouse200 receives apayment1052 from thecompany1042, and disaggregates the payment by dividing it up into disaggregatedpayments1052A,1052B,1052C which it delivers to each ofretailer1046,distributor1048 andmanufacturer1050.
• For example, thecompany1042 sends itsorder1044 within a VDE electronic container152(1) to aretailer1046. In this example,retailer1046 provides a fulfillment service that receives theorder1044 and, in response, provides a control set188 indicating the provider account number of thedistributor1048 and/ormanufacturer1050 of each item and the percent of the retail price to be received by each. If desired,retailer1046 may provide a different control set188 for each item ordered (regardless of quantity)—allowing different payment disaggregation to be performed on an item-by-item basis.Retailer1046 may provide this control set188atocompany1042.
• Control set188amay be conditioned on the presence of one or moredigital certificates504 issued by certifyingauthority500. For example, control set188amay requirecompany1042 to provide a digital certificate504(1) issued by the certifyingauthority500. Certificate504(1) attests to the identity of the orderingcompany1042. The company504(1) may provide another certificate504(2) in the same chain of trust hierarchy as the certifyingauthority500 warranting that the person placing the order is authorized to place orders up to a specified spending limit per order.Company1042 may provide the same or different certificate504(2) also indicating that the purchaser employee within the company is authorized to make use of a corporate charge card.
• In this example, thecompany1042 pays with a corporate charge card. Thefinancial clearinghouse200 first gets payment authorization from the credit card company prior to theretailer1046 shipping the merchandise. Upon receiving notification of preauthorization,retailer1046 may ship thegoods1047 to thecompany1042. Following delivery of themerchandise1047, theretailer1046 creates at least one VDE audit and/orbilling record1052 in at least one VDE secure container152(2), and transmits the container to the financial clearinghouse200 (audit information may also or alternatively be sent to retailer1046).
• Thefinancial clearinghouse200 then completes the charge card transaction by allocating the total payment amount to each of the value chain participants represented by control set188a(which it may have received, for example, directly fromretailer1046 and/or through company1042). In this way, thedistributors1048 and/ormanufacturers1050 receive their payments at the same time theretail seller1046 receives its payment. Control setinformation188amay also indicate shares of the total payment and provider account numbers for local, state, and federal taxes, if any, and, for example, for delivery charges, such as to an overnight express company, if any.
• ThisFIG. 64 example shows that value chain disaggregation can apply for both tangibles and for intangibles. Similar techniques can also be used much further back through the manufacturer's1050 supply chains if so desired (e.g., to the providers of the metal from which the paper clips were fabricated).
ExampleDistributedCommerce Utility75 can help Distribute Digital
• Properties By Providing Object Registry And Other Services
• DistributedCommerce Utility75 can assist the electronic community in efficiently distributing electronic or digital properties or content. For example, using anelectronic appliance100 equipped with a protectedprocessing unit154, a creator orother rights holder400 sends a digital object in a secure container to a rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 to be registered.
• The rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 opens the container using, for example, its own VDE protecting processing unit, and assigns a uniform object identifier indicating the identity of the creator, the type of object being registered—software, video, sound, text, multimedia, etc., and the digital signature for the object. The uniform object identifier may be globally unique or may be unique only in the namespace domain of the creator or some other entity, such as an online service, digital library, or specific jurisdiction, such as a specific country.
• In this example, using its protected processing environment, the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 digitally signs the uniform object identifier with the rights and permissions clearinghouse private key and returns the object and identifier to the person or organization registering it in a VDE secure container. The rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may retain a copy of the object or may retain only the uniform object identifier for the object, and the signatures for the object and its uniform object identifier. In another example, the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 digitally signs a new object comprised of the original object and its uniform file identifier, and stores both the new object and/or its signature in the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 archive.
• The creator may have also sent in a VDE secure container a permissions and pricing template450 (seeFIGS. 45A-45C) indicating which permissions are granted, the prices to be charged upon exercising those permissions, and if applicable, the individual, class and/or jurisdiction to which those prices and permissions apply. More than one permission andpricing template450 may be sent in a single VDEsecure container152, or separate VDEsecure containers152 may be used for each permission and pricing template.
• In this example, using a VDEsecure container152, the object is then transmitted from the creator to a distributor168 (seeFIG. 16). Using acertificate504, thedistributor168 can prove to the VDE instance (PPE154) interpreting the creator's control set that the distributor is indeed authorized to selectively alter permissions and prices of the object and creates a new permissions and pricing template. Thedistributor168 then sends a VDE secure container to the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 containing the uniform object identifier together with the new controls. In the preferred embodiment, if the object remains unmodified, thedistributor168 has the option of leaving the uniform object identifier unmodified; however, if the distributor has modified the object, perhaps to add its own brand, then the uniform object identifier must be modified to reflect the distributor's version. The digital signature is recomputed using the private key of the distributor. As before, the object registry has the option of storing only the digital signature or both the signature and the actual object.
ExampleDistributedCommerce Utility75 can be used to Facilitate Copyright Registration
• As a value added service, the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 can provide a copyright registration service (seeFIG. 43). The rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 can send a copy of the object to the appropriate online copyright registration service of theappropriate government agency440, for example, the US Copyright Office. The object and uniform object identifier may be sent in a VDE secure container together with controls indicating the mode of payment, if a registration or processing is being charged.
• In this example, the copyright registration service can send at least one VDE secure container to thefinancial clearinghouse200 with at least one audit record indicating the amount to be paid, the payment method and account of the registering party, and the account of the government to receive the funds, and receives in return in a VDE secure container an audit record indicting that the transaction has been pre-authorized (or that for whatever reason, the proposed transaction has not been authorized).
• If the transaction has been pre-authorized by thefinancial clearinghouse200, a VDE enabled computer located, in this one example, in US Copyright office opens the secure container and adds the uniform object identifier and the object to the registration database. Under a chain of trust emanating from the certifyingauthority500—which in this example may be operated by, or on behalf of the US government—the copyright registration service issues at least onedigital certificate504 attesting to the facts that an object with a specified uniform object identifier and with a specified digital signature has been in fact registered with the registration authority and that the at least one person is in fact the owner of the copyright at the time the object was registered. Thiscertificate504 is sent in a VDE secure container to the person who registered the object (and/or who was named as the person to be notified) and to the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 who, in turn, may provide copyright registration information upon request in a secure VDE container.
• The copyright registration service sends at least one VDE secure container to thefinancial clearinghouse200 with at least one audit record instructing theclearinghouse200 to proceed with fulfillment of the pre-authorized transaction (if all necessary information was part of the pre-authorization process) and/or providing information to theclearinghouse200 regarding, for example, the amount to be paid, the payment method and account of the registering party, the account of the US government to receive the funds, and that the payment transaction should be completed, and receives in return from the financial clearinghouse in a VDE secure container an audit record indicting that the transaction has been completed and funds deposited in the appropriate account or accounts, or that the payment transaction fail and the reason why it failed to be completed.
ExampleDistributedCommerce Utility75 can Support Renewal or Modification of Permissions And Prices
• DistributedCommerce Utility75 can further facilitate the distribution of electronic and digital properties by providing a mechanism for renewing rights and permissions that have expired. SeeFIG. 42A.
• In one example, suppose an employee of aFortune 1000 company has a control set for a digital property, perhaps a piece of software or a Java applet, that has expired. The VDE protected processing environment on the employee's computer can send a VDE secure container to the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400.
• DistributedCommerce Utility75 can also facilitate the distribution of electronic and digital properties by providing a mechanism for distributing rights, permissions and prices that have been changed by one or more participants in a distribution chain. In one example, suppose a customer has a digital object on her hard disk and its VDE control set as distributed by the publisher. The permissions and prices originally indicated a pay per use model in which the user pays 10 cents for each operation on the object, such as printing or viewing.
• To determine if new rights and prices are now available, the protected processing environment on the customer's PC can send a VDE secure container to the Rights andPermissions clearinghouse400 using its network address obtained from the control set together with MIME-compliant electronic mail. The customer obtained the address of the rights and permissions clearinghouse from thesecure directory service600, having, for example, sent a query in a VDE secure container and having received a response in a VDE secure container.
• The VDE secure container sent to the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 contains the object identifier plus a request for the current controls including prices. The protected processing environment at the rights andpermission clearinghouse400 server opens the VDE secure container, retrieves the most recent control set from the database of controls, and sends via return electronic mail another VDE secure container with the desired controls. The customer's protected processing environment opens this container, and replaces and/or augments the expired controls with the new ones. The customer is now able to use the content according to the rules and controls specified in the control set just received from the rights and permissions clearinghouse and processed by the instance of VDE on the local computer or other appliance. In this example, these new rules and controls have reduced the pay per use price from ten cents per operation to five cents per operation.
ExampleDistributedCommerce Utility75 can Support Models to Distribute New Rights
• DistributedCommerce Utility75 can also support transactions in which some or all rights are not initially distributed to the ultimate consumer with the content, but must be requested instead. In one example, suppose a lawyer decides to go into the publishing business by combining her/his own articles with other materials obtained from legal information distributors. The legal information distributors have chosen a rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 to be their distributor of control set information for their many properties. With each object they register at the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 they also register two control sets in the formats described in the Ginter et al. disclosure:
• • one control set specifies default controls including prices for retail customer, and
  • a second control set conveys rights and prices seldom of interest to the retail customer, for example, the anthologizing right.
• The attorney newsletter publisher obtains a chapter from a treatise on patent law and wants to include a1000 word excerpt in the newsletter in addition to other articles. Having already obtained the treatise chapter and its retail control set, the newsletter publisher sends an inquiry in a VDE secure container using Internet MIME-compliant e-mail to the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 asking for the excerpting right and the anthologizing right for the chapter identified by the enclosed uniform object identifier. The lawyer found the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 using a secure directory service600 (alternatively the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 address may be contained in the original retail version received by the lawyer).
• Therights clearinghouse400 checks the object database, locates the control set information for the object named in the universal object identifier, and determines that both the excerpting and anthologizing rights are available along with the prices for each. The excerpting right does not convey the right to modify the excerpted portion. The anthologizing right is conveyed along with controls that set the price to a 30% discount from retail prorated for the length of an excerpt if the whole chapter is not anthologized.
• Using a VDE aware page composition application, the newsletter publisher combines several works, including the 1000 word excerpt into a new work, and registers the new object with the rights and permissions clearinghouse together with its control set(s). The newsletter publisher also registers the new object with a copyright registration function, for example, the US Patent and Copyright Office. The newsletter publisher distributes the new work in a VDE secure container, which also contains control sets for each of the separate anthologized works, and for the whole, complete newsletter as well. The local VDE protected processing environment on the appliance of the user keeps track of usage according to the controls that apply to the composite object and to the controls of each of its parts for which there are separate rules. At some time, the VDE instance sends audit records to theusage clearinghouse300 and to thefinancial clearinghouse200.
ExampleDistributedCommerce Utility75 can Support Electronic Rights Negotiations
• DistributedCommerce Utility75 can support electronic rights negotiations. In one example, suppose a professor is creating a “course pack”: a compilation of many different works to be used by students in a particular course that in this example, lasts only one semester. In this example, the professor sends a VDE secure container with a query to the appropriate rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 and gets back control sets for the digital properties listed in the query. Upon reviewing the permissions and prices, the professor notes that a chapter from a book carries a price large enough to make the overall price of the course pack higher than the maximum s/he desires.
• Using the negotiation mechanisms disclosed in Ginter et al. (see, for example, FIGS. 75A-76B), the professor attempts a negotiation with the rights andpermission clearinghouse400. The rights andpermissions clearinghouse400, in turn, automatically determines it lacks the authority to negotiate and redirects the negotiation to the publisher.
• Having obtained anappropriate certificate504 from acertificate authority500 by providing credentials indicating membership in the class “higher education”, the protected processing environment of the publisher's Web server makes an offer of a new, modified control set for the property targeted for this professor. The controls have a discounted price, require that the copies be printed on a VDE enabled authorized printer that will keep track of the number of copies printed, and report back to the various parties to the transaction using VDE techniques. Still unhappy with the price, the professor sends a VDE negotiation counter-offer in a secure container to the publisher. The publisher's VDE instance negotiates with the professor's negotiation counter-offer control set and an agreement is reached that and provides a new control set with the new, agreed-upon prices and terms and conditions to the professor, who then goes ahead to produce the course pack. The rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 is willing to grant the reduced price in part because the professor in this example is able to provide a digital certificate attesting to the fact that she has a full-time appointment at the University of California, Los Angeles and has a certain, minimum number of students who will employ the materials. This authentication meets requirements stated by the publisher to the rights andpermissions clearinghouse400.
ExampleCertification of Executables
• One valuable use of certifyingauthorities500 is for the issuance of digital certificates on behalf of the government. In addition to issuing certificates attesting to identity, legal status, etc.,government certifying authorities500 might issue certificates certifying executables, for example load modules. For example,government certifying authorities500 at all levels might certify the set of executables that represents the laws and trade practices of their administrative districts. For example, Saudi Arabia might insist that all appliances in their administrative control have load modules certified by the government that examine attributes of containers to insure that only appropriate content is released. The State of California might certify a load module that calculates state tax, etc.
ExampleEntertainment Distribution
• DistributedCommerce Utility75 can be used to efficiently and flexibly support models for film distribution to the consumer market. For example, suppose that a film and entertainment company such as Disney wants to provide electronic DistributedCommerce Utility75 to support distribution of its films toconsumers95. Disney could open aCommerce Utility System90 itself, or it might contract with a neutral third party to provideCommerce Utility Systems90 on its behalf. The purpose of theCommerce Utility Systems90 in this example is to support secure pay-per-view/pay-per-use, rental, lease and other film distribution transactions to consumers.
• The films themselves could be distributed in digitized linear form—for example, on Digital Versatile Disk (DVDs) or other high capacity media. Such media would store, in addition to the films themselves, one or more secure containers including control sets for controlling use of the films.Consumers95 could play the films using a media player104 (seeFIG. 1) having anetwork150 connection or other “back channel” (e.g., the ability to read from and write to a smart card or the like).
• Media player104 has a protectedprocessing environment154 such as a secure processing unit for use in managing rights and manipulating the electronic containers. The storage media might also be played by apersonal computer124 equipped with a protected processing environment and a network connection.
• Settop box104 may be controlled by electronic controls distributed on the media and/or via the back channel. The controls require the settop box104 to record customer usage and payment information for each property the consumer decides to view. For example, aconsumer95 might place a media such as an optical DVD disk intomedia player104 and hit the “play” button. The consumer'smedia player104 might next display (e.g., on television set102) a message telling the consumer how much it will cost to view that particular film (e.g., $2.95), and ask the consumer if she wants to proceed. If the consumer answers “yes”,media player104 will play the film on the consumer'stelevision set102—recording usage and payment information for reporting toCommerce Utility Systems90. The protectedprocessing environment154 withinmedia player104 may, under secure control of one or more associated electronic control sets delivered to it—monitor and collect information that can ultimately be used to ensure the consumer pays for watching the film and to provide a secure usage audit. The secure usage audit may be used, for example, to allow Disney, the film's actors and director, and others involved in making the film to securely verify how many consumers watched the film (and also potentially to provide demographic information for targeting advertising or the like). For example, themedia player104's protected processing environment may securely collect and record, for example, the following information within meter, billing and/or budget audit trails associated with particular controls:
• • name of film
  • digital identifier of film
  • time and date property played
  • number of times property played
  • who played the property.
• In one example,consumers95 would have to possess a digital certificate122 issued by an appropriate certifying authority that attests to certain facts. Such a digital certificate122 can be used to provide a context for the electronic control set(s) delivered tomedia player104. Such a certificate might need to be present before the consumer would be permitted to play the film and/or to prevent the film from playing under certain conditions and/or to effect the controls that apply when the film is played.
• For example, the parents could obtain a digital certificate122 indicating that the household has children. This “child present” digital certificate122 could be used to preventmedia player104 from playing any films other than those that have “G”, “PG” ratings. Such certificates122 could be issued by the same organization that provides the other administrative and support services in connection with this example if desired.
• The electronic controls provided with a particular film on a media such as an optical disk may also specify a particular value chain disaggregation to be applied in connection with payment arrangements. For example, themedia player104 would “know” from the electronic rules and controls delivered to it that the film distributor, studio and the DistributedCommerce Utility75 are to receive particular percentages of the $2.95 usage fee, and that a state government authority must receive a certain tax payment in the form of a sales tax or VAT. Because this information is maintained within the protectedprocessing environment154 withinmedia player104, theconsumers95 may never be exposed to the payment disaggregation scheme and/or its details. (Typically, consumers do not care what the distributor “cut” is as opposed to the studio revenue. The protected processing environment withinmedia player104 may provide this payment disaggregation locally or through a distributed or centralizedfinancial clearing function200 as described above.)
• Media player104 can report the usage containment information it has collected on a real time (online) and/or periodic event-driven basis. In one example, media player may report at the end of each month the information it has collected over the preceding month. It may report collected payment information (including disaggregation data provided by the control set) to afinancial clearinghouse200 run by Disney (or, for example, such information may be reported directly to clearinghouse200).Financial clearinghouse200 ensures that the consumer's account is appropriately debited and that the various payees (e.g., Disney, the film's distributor, and others in the value chain) receive appropriate “splits” of the consumer's payment. Thefinancial clearinghouse200 may also provide consumer credit checks and authorizations, helping to ensure that the consumer doesn't run up a big bill she can't pay.
• Media player104 may report the usage information it has collected to ausage clearinghouse300 operated by an independent auditor (the film's producer and actors may insist that an independent third party auditor—not Disney—performs this function) or, for example, may report such information to Disney and/or clearinghouse200—certain of such information may be concealed from Disney if required by rules and controls to ensure other value chain party rights and Disney may not be able to identify, alter, and/or remove such information due, for example, to VDE protection mechanisms. Theusage clearinghouse300 may analyze the usage data and issue reports indicating total number of views, market share, etc.Usage clearinghouse300 may also further analyze the information to provide demographic and/or other marketing research information. This type of information can be very useful to advertisers and marketers.
• Disney may also operate a rights andpermissions clearinghouse400. Even though permissions are distributed on the optical media in this example, the rights and permissions clearinghouse can provide supplemental control sets for various reasons. For example, the control sets distributed on the media may expire on a certain date. Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may issue new control sets in lieu of the expired ones. Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 may also issue permissions to provide “sales” and/or to otherwise change prices (e.g., to reduce the price of an older film). Rights andpermissions clearinghouse400 can also issue special permissions (e.g., an extracting or anthologizing right that multi-media developers or advertisers might be able to request, and/or, for example, redistribution rights to certain frames such as an approved image of Mickey Mouse for printing purposes). Disney could “pre-approve” some of these special permissions so that the rights and permissions clearinghouse could automatically provide them on demand. Digital certificates122 might be used to interact with the permissions—thereby assuring that the user receiving the control set is entitled to take advantage of it.
ExampleDistributedCommerce Utility75 can Support the Collection, Analysis, and Repurposing of Usage Information
• Prior to the inventions disclosed in the Ginter et al. specification, the electronic community lacked general purpose, reusable, distributed, peer-to-peer technologies that could, among other things, efficiently and effectively monitor and measure usage on the local computer or protected processing environment. Collecting, analyzing, and reporting usage data provides significant value to rightsholders and to other distribution chain participants, to infrastructure Distributed Commerce Utility75, to customers, and to other interested parties. Understanding what has happened can often be a fundamental determinant or contributor to what might or should happen. In addition, usage information can be repurposed to support a wide range of other commercial activities, including advertising and merchandising models.
• Suppose one or more customers in each of several companies haveinformation appliances100, in this one example such as personal computers, with VDE protected processing environments (PPEs)154 as described in Ginter et al.
• Suppose further that over some time period, perhaps a month in this example, that VDE has been keeping track of detailed usage information and storing this information in the encrypted database on each hard drive on each computer that is a logical extension and under the control of each consumer PPE. These consumers have each been purchasing different combinations of information and entertainment from generally different sources. Each instance of VDE keeps track of usage information according to the controls associated with the content and/or service being purchased or otherwise used.
• On or shortly after the first of each month, and/or any other required (or, if supported, allowed) reporting intervals, each instance of VDE communicates the usage records to theusage clearinghouse300 according to the controls associated with each of the digital properties they have used during the previous month. In turn, theusage clearinghouse300 provides reports to each of the rightsholders regarding any use of a property during the previous month or other reporting interval (e.g., daily, weekly, quarterly, annually, etc.).
• In one example these reports contain information identifying both the individual customer and the company that employees them. In another example, the reports contain detailed usage information, but the identities of the individual customers has been removed by theusage clearinghouse300. Alternatively, both the individual and corporate identities may be removed. Instead, the usage information may be aggregated by any one or more certain classes, such as by industry, geography, and/or by country, and/or any other useful classes.
• In another useful example, a particular company or individual customer may have not permitted VDE (subject, of course, to this right being available through in place rules and controls) to communicate identity information to theusage clearinghouse300 from their information appliances in the first place. The user may have established VDE controls prohibiting disclosure of such identifying information. In another example, the user may have used the negotiation mechanisms disclosed in the Ginter et al. application to negotiate additional levels of privacy and confidentiality other than those required in the various control sets associated with the information being purchased or otherwise used by each customer, that is, the electronic negotiation process generates a modified or new rules and controls set reflecting the additional levels of privacy and confidentiality. In yet another example, a rightsholder, rights and permissions clearinghouse400 orusage clearinghouse300 or other party, may have used the same negotiation mechanisms to negotiate, through the use of VDE rules and controls sets alternative levels of privacy and confidentiality.
• As illustrated inFIGS. 11 and 33-39, the usage clearinghouse functions that may remove identifying information, aggregate data, analyze data, generate reports, and/or transmit those reports to rightsholders and other interested parties may exist in one or more logical and physical locations. For example, adistributed usage clearinghouse300 executing on the local computer (or other information appliance) may perform any or all of these usage clearinghouse functions. One or more usage clearinghouses may exist within a given company or within a given collection of companies comprising a vertical industry, healthcare, for example, trading group, or family of companies (“keiretsu”). Similarly these usage clearinghouse functions may be performed by usage clearinghouses within each country or other jurisdiction or defined by any other class and/or geographic variable.
• Usage clearinghouse300 may also provide raw data, aggregated data, and/or customized reports to rightsholders, distribution chain participants, and/or other interested parties. These parties include: for example, content creators, publishers, repackagers, repurposers, advertising agencies and their clients, trade associations, market research and consulting companies, circulation audit and audience measurement bureaus, the sales, marketing, and advertising functions of companies with an interest in one or more markets, and government agencies.
• In another example theusage clearinghouse300 may also sell information to advertisers indicating exposure to particular ads and/or classes of ads by individuals, customers within a company and/or group of companies, markets, and/or other analysis groupings and categories.
ExampleSecure Directory Services Protect Confidentiality and Privacy
• Personal and business confidentiality and privacy are often essential aspects of the modern experience. Individuals may not want others to know with whom they are associating. In many aspects of business, firms may not wish to reveal their interest in communicating or interacting or conducting business with other parties. In today's Internet, for example, it is possible for those with certain kinds of access to determine the nature of queries between a given person and a directory service. Such information may provide important clues regarding existing or pending business arrangements that have not yet been publicly announced, a merger or acquisition, for instance.
• VDE secure containers provide one basis forsecure directory services600 in which confidentiality and privacy are preserved. In one example, the Corporation Counsel in a Fortune 100 company wishes to obtain the email address of the investment banker in the firm handling a proposed acquisition—but without revealing her interest to anyone else. The attorney sends a query in a VDE secure container to thesecure directory service600 with the name and company of the person she wishes to contact. The secure directory service then sends the response in another VDE secure container back to the attorney. Both the query and the response can make use of certificates issued by thecertifying authority500 authenticating both the attorney and thesecure directory service600. Payment for the query can be handled by thefinancial clearinghouse200 who deposits payment in the provider account of thesecure directory service600 while debiting the account of the company that employs the attorney.
• Because these transactions are conducted using VDE and VDE secure containers, those observing the communications learn no more than the fact that these parties are communicating. Security analysts have developed techniques for “traffic analysis”, in which the frequency of communications among two or more parties is observed and changes in the frequency of communications are correlated with other information to make inferences regarding the content and/or purpose of these communications.
• Using VDE and VDE secure containers, it is possible to defeat traffic analysis, however at some added expense. In this one example, the company could send a VDE container to thesecure directory service600 with an empty or “null” query that would generate in the average amount of elapsed time a return message in a VDE container with a null response. The instance of VDE on the attorney's computer would generate a payment transaction destined for the financial clearinghouse, but would aggregate these payment records with others to eliminate correlations between the pattern of queries and payments. While inefficient from a commerce standpoint, this method of using VDE and VDE secure containers to defeat traffic analysis attacks can in principle be used among plural parties wishing to hide the pattern of communications among them while taking advantages of the secure, trusted, efficient distributed transaction capabilities disclosed in the Ginter et al. application.
ExampleCooperation Among Clearinghouses Internal and External to an Organization
• The variousCommerce Utility Systems90 may be distributed to varying degrees and in varying combinations as illustrated inFIGS. 2A-2E and3A-3C). In one example shown inFIG. 65, anAmerican Fortune 100 company1070 with operations in several countries (e.g., the United States, Japan and Europe) and within many of those, in multiple locations within each country, has found it desirable to internationally distribute VDE DistributedCommerce Utility75. To increase the efficiency of purchasing external information, and to maximize its leverage with information providers, the company1070 has chosen to negotiate with several providers, agreements that treat all purchases as having been made from within the US and being in US dollar currency. In this example, the company1070 maintains its ownglobal Intranet1072.Intranet1072 connects company headquarters1074HQ (shown here as being located within the United States) with company US employee electronic appliances1074US(1), . . . ,1074US(N), company Japanese employee electronic appliances1074JP(1), . . . ,1074JP(N), and company European employee electronic appliances1074EU(1), . . . ,1074EU(N).Intranet1072 also permits each of these employees1074 to communicate with one another. VDE-based transactions between the company1070 and its information suppliers are also routed through one or another of the company's US gateways to the Internet.
• To provide efficient administrative and support services, the company1070 has deployed in each country at least one distributedfinancial clearinghouse200 and at least one distributedusage clearinghouse300. For example, company1070 may operate afinancial clearinghouse200A and ausage clearinghouse300A in the United States, afinancial clearinghouse200B and ausage clearinghouse300B in Japan, and afinancial clearinghouse200C andusage clearinghouse300C in western Europe. In countries with multiple sites and within the United States, several of these distributed clearinghouses may exist. In addition to negotiating agreements with information providers, the company1070 may also have negotiated agreements with a largecommercial usage clearinghouse300 and with a majorfinancial clearinghouse200. These centralized clearinghouses could be located anywhere, and may communicate with company1070 via the Internet and thecorporate Intranet1072. Neither of theseclearinghouses200,300 are affiliated with the company1070 other than through this business arrangement. Each of the distributed clearinghouses within the company1070 operates under the simultaneous authority of both the company and the external clearinghouses with which the company has a business arrangement.
• In this one example, a product marketing manager1074JP(1) employed by this company1070 in Japan acquires amarket research report166 from anAmerican distributor1076. The report and associated controls are sent from theAmerican distributor1076 to this employee1074JP(1) in a VDEsecure container152a. The instance of VDE on the manager's appliance1074JP(1) keeps track of usage and the payment due the information provider. Periodically, these audit records302(1),302(2) are transmitted in VDE secure containers1052b,1052cto distributed usage clearinghouse (private usage clearinghouse)300B and to the internalfinancial clearinghouse200B—both of which are located in Japan on the company's internal, private corporate network (or Intranet)1072. From time to time and in accordance with VDE controls associated with the content purchased, theprivate usage clearinghouse300B removes, in this example, individual identifying information in accordance with VDE rules and controls managing protected processing environment processes and sends in a VDE secure container the audit records302(3) to the external,commercial usage clearinghouse300. All of the company's internal, distributedusage clearinghouses300A,300B,300C send periodic communications in VDEsecure containers152 to thecommercial usage clearinghouse300. In turn, themaster usage clearinghouse300 creates and sells, licenses, and/or otherwise distributes reports to rightsholders and other parties (e.g., third parties having a commercial interest in obtaining the information) in which the identities of individuals are removed, and which in many circumstances company names, in accordance with VDE rules and control, have also been removed.
• From time to time and in accordance with VDE controls188aassociated with thecontent166 purchased, copies of the complete usage records (with employee identification information) are also sent to the company's master usage clearinghouse300HQ (which may be located at corporate headquarters), as are audit records from all the company's distributedusage clearinghouses300A,300B,300C. These are then aggregated and combined for further analysis, reporting, and auditing.
• The internal, distributedfinancial clearinghouses200A,200B,200C also receiveaudit records302 in VDEsecure containers152 in accordance with VDE controls sets for the purchased information from each of the VDE protected processing environments1074 reporting to them. Each internalfinancial clearinghouse200A,200B,200C aggregates the payments and from time to time sends a VDEsecure container152 withaudit records302 indicating the aggregate sums to be transferred to the information providers as a result of transactions. The company may also provide update information regarding the accounts from which the company's funds are to be transferred and/or the provider accounts that are to receive such funds. In turn, the external masterfinancial clearinghouse200 completes these payment transactions and sends audit records back to the company1070 and to the information providers confirming the payment transactions. In the preferred embodiment, these activities occur securely under the control of distributed VDE nodes, and are automated at least in part through the use of VDE containers and chain of handling and control managing multi-nodal, multi-party, sequence of processes. As an alternative example, the calculation for the amount of payment and the completion of the payment transactions is performed at the external masterfinancial clearinghouse200 from usage information received from the usage clearinghouse300 (of course, ifusage clearinghouse300 andfinancial clearinghouse200 are the same party, the financial clearinghouse already has received such information). The external and internal financial might then, in this example, compare payment information.
• This example does not depend on the extent to which administrative and support services are distributed. In a related example, the usage and financial clearinghouse functions could have been distributed to each VDE-aware protected processing environment1074 as illustrated inFIGS. 2A-2E and3A-3C. In this example, each protected processing environment1074 could report directly to the masterexternal clearinghouses200,300, to distributed external clearinghouses, and/or to internal clearinghouse functions organized differently than described just above, for example, by continent (North America, South and Central America, Australia, Europe, etc.) rather than by country and company1070 location.
• In one further example, the corporate headquarters1074HQ and its associated headquarters-based clearinghouses200HQ,300HQ provide a centralized clearinghouse system through which all usage and financial information must flow. In this particular, more centralized example, all user appliances1074 report their usage and financial transactions to headquarters-based clearinghouses200HQ,300HQ insecure containers152 overIntranet1072. Company headquarters financial clearinghouse200HQ may interface directly into VDE compliant general purpose payment systems that directly support the use of VDE chain of handling and control for ensuring the enforcement of automated, secure, financial transaction fulfillment in accordance with rules and controls governing payment related variables such as payment amounts, parties, locations, timing and/or other conditions. These headquarters-based clearinghouses200HQ,300HQ, (which may function as a single, integrated Commerce Utility System) in turn, may communicate appropriate aggregated and/or other audit trail and/or payment information to theindividual clearinghouses200A,200B,200C,300A,300B,300C within each country. While less efficient than the less hierarchical example described above, this arrangement may appeal to large corporations who wish to exert centralized control over usage and financial information by acting as the central administrator for the provision of credit and/or electronic currency to distributed internal financial clearinghouses and by efficiently managing in-house collection of transaction related information.
ExampleTransaction Authorities can be used within and between Organizations
• FIG. 66 shows an example use oftransaction authority700 for inter and intra organizational communications.FIG. 66 shows an organization A (left-hand side of the drawing) as having an “Intranet” (a private data network within a particular organization)5100(A). Intranet5100(A) may be a local and/or wide area network for example. User electronic appliances100(A)(1), . . . ,100(A)(N) (for example, employees of organization A) may communicate with one another over Intranet5100(A).
• FIG. 66 also shows another organization B that may have its own Intranet5100(B), user electronic appliances100(B)(1), . . . ,100(B)(N), and private transaction authority700(B). In addition,FIG. 66 shows a public data network5104 (such as the Internet for example) and a public transaction authority700(C).FIG. 66 shows that in this example, organizations A and B communicate with the outside world through trusted transaction authority700(A),700(B) (which may, if desired, also include “gateways”, “firewalls” and other associated secure communications components). In other examples, trusted transaction authority700(A),700(B) need not be the actual “gateway” and “firewall” to/fromInternet5104, but could instead operate wholly internally to the respective organizations A, B while potentially generatingelectronic containers302 for transmission overInternet5104.
• In this example, organization A user protected processing environments100(A)(1), . . . ,100(A)(N) each have an instance of a virtual distribution environment protected processing environment, and can communicate with one another over Intranet5100(A) via secureelectronic containers302. Similarly, organization A user electronic appliances100(B)(1), . . . ,100(B)(N) each have an instance of a virtual distribution environment protected processing environment, and can communicate with one another over Intranet5100(B) via secureelectronic containers302. In addition, organization A and organization B can communicate with one another overInternet5104 via secureelectronic containers302.
• Organization A's private trusted transaction authority700(A) may be used for facilitating organization A's internal communications and processes. Private trusted transaction authority700(A) might be used, for example, to carefully track items sent from one user to another within organization A. The public transaction authority700(C), meanwhile, can be used to coordinate between organization A and organization B without, for example, revealing confidential information of either organization to the other organization. Below are more detailed examples of how theFIG. 66 arrangement might be advantageously used to conduct business transactions.
• Suppose a confidential memo needs to be approved by users100(A)(1),100(A)(3) and100(A)(5) (who can each revise the memo) before being distributed to each of users100(A)(2),100(A)(7)-100(A)(10) and100(A)(12) (none of whom can change the memo), with copies to users100(A)(1),100(A)(3) and100(A)(5) (who also can't change the memo after all three of them have signed off on it) and to no one else. Private transaction authority700(A) can maintain a rule set that specifies these requirements. Transaction authority700(A) can:
• • send the memo (in secure containers) in “round robin” fashion to each of users100(A)(1),100(A)(3) and100(A)(5) for approval.
  • If any one of these users changes the memo, then transaction authority700(A) can circulate the revised memo to the other two for additional comments and revisions.
  • Once all three of users100(A)(1),100(A)(3) and100(A)(5) approve the memo, transaction authority700(A) may be empowered to place each of their digital and/or handwritten signatures or initials on the memo, place it into one or more secure containers with a control set specifying it is read only and can only be read by users100(A)(1)-100(A)(3),100(A)(5),100(A)(7)-100(A)(10) and100(A)(12).
  • Transaction authority700(A) may then send a copy of the memo in a container to each of these users, or could require the same container to circulate from one to another.
  • Thetransaction authority700 may require the electronic controls to maintain a secure audit trail indicating where the container has been, who has opened it, who has accessed the memo it contains, and when. Transaction authority700(A) might thus increase personal accountability by evidencing whether a particular person had seen a particular document, when, and for how long.
• Organization A'sIntranet5104 might also be used to exchange and/or distribute highly confidential design specifications. Transaction authority700(A) can, for example, maintain, in digital form, a detailed record of who has “signed off” on the design specifications—thus ensuring personal accountability and providing a high degree of efficiency.
• As mentioned above, private transaction authorities700(A),700(B) can also provide a “firewall” function to protect confidential information from escaping to outside of the respective organizations A, B. Suppose for example that organization A is an integrated circuit design house and organization B is an integrated circuit foundry. Organization A designs and specifies the circuit layout of a chip, producing a “tape out” that it sends to organization B. Organization B manufactures an integrated circuit based on the “tape out”, and delivers chips to organization A.
• Transaction authority700 can be used to facilitate the above business transaction while protecting confidentiality within each of organizations A and B. For example:
• • organization A's private transaction authority700(A) can supervise an overall design and specification development effort within organization A. All communications take place insecure containers302 over organization A's Intranet5100(A) to maintain confidentiality. Transaction authority700(A) can maintain a secure archive of historical design documents, works in progress, and specification versions as the design process progresses.
  • Organization A's private transaction authority700(A) can manage the final design specification development—ensuring that all conditions required to finalize the design specifications are followed.
  • Once the design specification has been finalized, transaction authority700(A) can circulate it withinsecure containers152 to those individuals within organization A that need to “sign off” on it. Their respective appliances100(A)(1), . . .100(A)(k) can affix and/or embed digital signatures, handwritten signatures, seals and/or fingerprints as described above to indicate specification approval.
  • Upon being satisfied that the specification has been “signed off” by the appropriate people, transaction authority700(A) can send it over Internet1104 within asecure container302 to public transaction authority700(C). Public transaction authority700(C) may be a commercial transaction authority retained by organizations A and B to act as a liaison between them. Organization A's private transaction authority700(A) can filter (or protect) all information it sends to public transaction authority700(C) to ensure that organization B can access only that information intended for it. For example, private transaction authority700(A) might provide additional electronic controls within the container to prevent organization B from seeing any detailed audit information showing where the specification has been within organization A.
  • The public transaction authority700(C) might act as an independent trusted third party, notarizing and/or certifying the design specification to later evidence that organization A delivered it on a particular date and time in accordance with a contract.
  • Public transaction authority700(C) could then forward the design specification (still within a secure container) overInternet5104 to organization B's private transaction authority700(B).
  • Organization B's private transaction authority700(B) could automatically send a copy of the design specification over organization B's Intranet5100(B) to the appropriate users100(B)(1),100(B),(N) within organization B. No one outside of organization B would need to know who received a copy of the specification. On the other hand, organization A's transaction authority700(A) could, if desired, include electronic controls restricting access to only certain engineers within organization B—and these secure controls would be carried along into organization B and securely enforced by electronic appliances100(B)(1), . . . ,100(B)(N).
• Organization B's transaction authority700(B) could manage the chip manufacturing process, ensuring that all steps and conditions required to manufacture chips in accordance with organization A's design specification are followed.
ExampleTransaction Authority can Facilitate International Commerce
• FIG. 67 shows an example of howtransaction authority700 can be used to conduct international commerce. In this particular example, atransaction authority700 coordinates a complex multi-national transaction betweencompanies1106A,1106B and1106C located in their own respective countries (e.g., the United States, Australia and Europe).Company1106A has itsown bank1108A andlawyers1110A. Similarly,company1106B has itsown bank1108B andlawyers1110B, andcompany1106C has itsown bank1108C andlawyers1110C.
• Thetransaction authority700 may assist in forming agreements between the international parties, by for example passing offers and counteroffers back and forth in secure containers and using the contract forming techniques described above to establish some or all of the terms and provide non-repudiation. Once a contract is formed,transaction authority700 may maintain a master set of rules and controls specifying all the conditions that must be satisfied to complete the transaction—and may thus provide consequences for different events. Alternatively, once the contract is executed, the transaction authority role may be virtual, particularly in simpler models, that is the value chain rules and controls can be carried by VDE containers whose rules and controls may, as a whole, specify all processes and conditions that must fulfilled, including their sequence of operation. Rules and controls provided by atransaction authority700 may take international law into account—with differing rules applying to different countries. The rules could take into account various import and export requirements and restrictions, international tax treaties between nations, contain upfront and/or ongoing customs related routing and filing requirements, identify reputable currency transaction authorities, assist in filing contracts or certain contract terms with relevant national and international authorities, manage any shipping or other transportation requirements, assist in establishing conclusive translation services for contract terms (particularly standard terms and conditions), manage differences in international certifying authority requirements and formats, impose societal regulations required by applicable governing bodies, and collect applicable governing body taxes, such as taxes for both national and regional governing entities, etc.Transaction authority700 may communicate between the various international parties using secure electronic containers, and may securely validate and authentic various event notifications provided by the international parties.
ExampleDistributed Transaction Authorities
• Complex business interactions under the control of atransaction authority700 may also be distributed within and among, for example, organizations and/or jurisdictions. Suppose a complex international real estate transaction requires participation of several functions within the purchasing and selling companies, several financial institutions, insurance companies, and law firms, and perhaps government agencies in a few countries. Suppose further that each of the organizational and individual parties to the transaction has computers that are VDE-aware, and that within each organization or agency there is at least one distributed transaction authority that performs services for this real estate transaction under an authority granted by amaster transaction authority700.
• In this one example, each of the parties to the real estate transaction has contributed commerce rules and parameters representing their business relationships in the form of VDE rules and controls that define each parties role in the overall transaction. For instance, the insurance company must insure the property at a value and cost that the purchaser finds acceptable and that is also approved by the mortgage lender(s). Also, suppose that these transaction VDE rules and controls have already been mutually agreed upon using negotiation mechanisms described in the Ginter et al. application, and that the negotiated rules and controls together with the history of negotiating these rules and controls have all been stored at the master transaction authority for this real estate transaction. The most senior transaction authority may be amaster transaction authority700 or might be any mutually agreed upon distributed transaction authority. In this one example we assume the former. In short, in short, all parties have agreed to the rules and controls that govern the transaction. The negotiation process may have been simplified because thetransaction authority700 may have distributed a distributed template application for international real estate sales, the template being based on thetransaction authority700's past experience or that were created by thetransaction authority700 especially for this transaction as a value added service to its important customers.
• Each of the parties to the transaction is, according to the VDE control sets that define this atomic transaction, responsible for seeing that certain pieces of the transaction are completed prior to the closing and consummation of the overall transaction. In some cases, plural parties are jointly responsible for completing part of the over all transaction. For example, the buyer and seller must have agreed on a purchase price. In this example, they contribute their business requirements, including, for example, their price and other variables, and they use the VDE negotiation mechanisms to arrive at an agreement that represents a fair balance of interests. If the electronic negotiation is unsuccessful, the parties may directly negotiate, or VDE secure containers with audit records indicating failure are sent to the transaction authority who, in turn, notifies each of the other parties authorized to participate in the overall transaction.
• If the buying and selling parties do agree, in this one example, notification is sent by the VDE protected processing environment that completes the negotiation (or receives negotiation completion instructions digitally signed by both parties through the use of VDE techniques) to a distributed transaction authority, which in turn, notifies other parties, including other participating transaction authorities, that price has been agreed upon. Based on VDE controls for subtransactions, VDE may securely notify a party or parties that certain other subtransactions are now to be completed. In this example, the title search company may now perform their task; an insurance company may now begin negotiations with the buyer for coverage using the VDE negotiation mechanisms. An attorney in the Counsel's office for the purchaser may begin negotiations with his counterpart in the seller's company; both in-house attorneys may interact with their outside counsel using VDE and VDE secure containers in creating and negotiating the various documents whose execution completes parts or the overall transaction.
• In this example, each of the parties may have one or more digital certificates issued by the certifyingauthority500 to authenticate each of the parties to this transaction and its subtransactions. Thefinancial clearinghouse200 provides a payment vehicle for various value added services, in one example, those provided by thetransaction authority700. Theusage clearinghouse300 collects audit records sent from time to time in VDE secure containers from each of the participating VDE protected processing environments and provides an independent third party audit of these transactions. Thesecure directory services600 helps participants locate each other's electronic addresses while maintaining confidentiality and privacy.
• As each of the subtransactions is completed, a distributed transaction authority within the organization within which the subtransaction is completed notifies the master authority for thistransaction700 of completion of that subtask. According to the previously agreed upon VDE rules and controls sets, some or all of the persons participating in the transaction may also be notified by audit records and/or messages that are securely sent from, and authenticated by, at least one participating VDE protected processing environment, including, for example, PPEs at nodes for individuals, distributed Commerce Utility Systems, a distributed transaction authority, and/or the master authority for this transaction.
• When all the component elements of the overall transaction have completed, a transaction authority, in this example, the master transaction authority for this real estate sale, notifies each of the participants and each of the participating distributed transaction authorities, that the preconditions have all been met and settles the overall transaction. Optionally, the transaction authority may give seller and purchase a last opportunity to proceed to completion or to hold up the transaction.
• This one example shows thatCommerce Utility Systems90, includingtransaction authority700, may be distributed to intermediate VDE protected processing environments that support one or moreCommerce Utility Systems90.
ExampleDigital Broadcasting Network
• Amortizing infrastructure and other resources across many users, building critical mass more rapidly than competitors, supporting specialization to tailor and deliver the most appealing products and services to customers, maximizing negotiating leverage power for purchasing, and building the most comprehensive infrastructure to serve as the best “one-stop” resource for a given business activity—these are all central concepts in building successful, modern businesses. VDE and Distributed Commerce Utility provide a foundation for creating highly competitive and successful cyberspace businesses that demonstrate these attributes. Many of these businesses will reflect the character of the Internet and the World Wide Web. Like VDE and Distributed Commerce Utility, they will comprise a distributed community that realizes maximum advantage by supporting electronic commerce partnerships. They will provide different layers of services and complementary products and services, and will realize great advantage in coordinating their activities to their mutual benefit.
• The Digital Broadcasting Network (“DBN”) will be just such an innovative commercial enterprise. Comprised of many different World Wide Web (“WEB”) based sites and services, DBN participants will gain greater leverage and operating efficiency by sharing resources, experiencing maximum buying power, generating marketing and customer information, and supporting a rational administrative overlay that ties together their many, frequently complementary, activities. Much like the consistent rules that enable and underlie both the World Wide Web and the design of VDE and Distributed Commerce Utility, and layered upon the capabilities of both these architectures, the Digital Broadcasting Network employs their inventions to support a highly efficient, largely automated and distributed community that maximizes business efficiencies. In a similar manner, other examples would include other groupings of entities that function together as Virtual Enterprises (e.g. corporations or other organizations). The distributed nature of VDE and the Commerce Utility Systems are particularly important in providing an effective infrastructure for these modern, potentially large scale, cyberspace business activities.
• The Digital Broadcasting Network may function as a cooperative of WEB sites and, for example, service providers, with a central and perhaps regional and logical (e.g. market based) headquarters groups, or it may function as a for profit, shareholder corporation in a business model reminiscent of television broadcast companies (e.g., NBC), or it may function as a cooperative or virtual corporation that has some mix or combination of mixes of the above attributes and employ distributed peer to peer, hierarchical, and centralized administrative business relationships and activities. In one example, a plurality of corporations may join together to provide the advantages of size and coordination with individual participants providing some degree of specialty expertise and the body of entities coordinating together in some fashion in a “higher” level cooperative or corporation.
• In one example, the Digital Broadcasting Network may be a single corporation that has many licensed franchisees. The licensed franchisees may comprise WEB sites that serve geographically and/or logically specialized market areas and/or serve other WEB sites in a hierarchy and/or peer-to-peer context of Distributed Commerce Utility services as described above. On behalf of itself and its franchisees, this corporation may, for example:
• • negotiate optimal rates for exposure time with advertisers and their agents,
  • obtain the lowest costs for content provided by third parties,
  • resell market analysis and user profiling information,
  • share its revenue with its franchisees which themselves may share revenue with DBN and/or other franchisees,
  • provide advertising to franchisees in response to franchisee and/or franchisee user base profiles,
  • guarantee a certain number of “eyes” (exposures and/or other interactions) with respect to advertiser materials,
  • provide a secure virtual network employing VDE and Distributed Commerce Utility capabilities so that the overall organization can operate in a secure and highly efficient manner, including using common user application tools, interfaces, and administration operations,
  • do advertising for the network to the benefit of the network and the franchisees,
  • purchase and/or otherwise supply content to franchisees in response to franchisee needs as demonstrated by their requests and/or usage profiles,
  • collect and analyze content (including advertising) usage, cyberspace purchasing, and other data as allowed under its agreement with franchisees,
  • allow franchisees to perform many of the network functions on a local basis—that is acquire and make available geographically and/or logically local (consistent with there focus) content (and/or other content of particular interest to its user base),
  • negotiate agreements regarding advertising materials that are of commercial value given the franchisees physical and/or logical market focus,
  • control at least a portion of its WEB “broadcasting” space—that is exercise local control over at least some portion of the content—with the remainder of the control, by agreement, and, for example, enforced by rules and controls, being under the control of DBN and/or some one or more other network participants, and
  • perform other administrative, support and/or service functions on behalf and/or for the network.
• In one example, DBN may employ many of the security and administrative capabilities of VDE and many of the service functions provided by the present inventions to manage and automate the distributed relationships and activities that are central to the DBN business model. For example:
• • Transaction Authority700 can provide the overall administrative context for managing the network community. For example, thetransaction authority700 may manage (through the use of VDE rules and controls in the preferred embodiment) the routing of content to appropriate franchisees. It may also manage the chains of handling and control related to reporting usage information. Thetransaction authority700 may obtain and/or derive its electronic control sets from the agreement relationships between DBN and its franchisees. Electronic negotations may be used to create these agreement relationships. Thetransaction authority700 may also receive controls reflecting bilateral or other networked relationships directly among franchisees and other participants.
  • Rights andPermissions Clearinghouse400 can extend commercial rights related to content to network franchisees. It acts as a repository of rights related to content that is supplied by network entities to customers—including content rights held by network entities themselves, and made available to other network entities. Such content rights may include, for example, displaying, vending, redistributing, repurposing, and for advertising. It can provide additional rights (e.g., redistribution rights or specialized repurposing rights) upon request and/or automated profiling based, for example, upon usage.
  • Usage Clearinghouse300 can collect usage data in support of market analysis, user profiling, and advertising. It may also analyze that information and derive reports. It may distribute those reports internally to the DBN as appropriate, and sell reports and/or other usage based information externally based upon commercial opportunity.
  • Financial Clearinghouse200 can ensure proper compensation fulfillment throughout the network. It may collect payments due to DBN from franchisees for content. It may distribute to franchisees payments due them as a result of advertising and reselling of usage information. It can collect payments from franchisees for support of generally DBN infrastructure and services such as, for example, network advertising. It connects to general purpose financial clearinghouse infrastructure to transmit and receive payment related information.
  • Thesecure directory services600 may maintain directory services based upon unique identity and/or class attribute(s). There may be a very large number of franchisees globally.Directory services600 could also maintain directory information on customers, including unique identifier and profiling information.Secure directory services600 may maintain directory infrastructure for content owned, managed and/or available to the network.
  • A certifyingauthority500 may certify the roles of all participants in the network. It would issue a certificate to each franchisee, for example. It may also issue certificates certifying commercial relationships of groupings of network entities to facilitate efficient, secure relationships with third parties. They may also issue certificates to customers to represent certain specialized customer rights regarding customer commercial activities with outside parties (for example, discounts, or being a member of the greater “DBN” community).
• Portions or all of specific service functions (e.g., as described above) may be highly distributed and may operate significantly, primarily or even exclusively on franchise and service network web servers.
• While the inventions have been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the inventions are not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, are intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

Claims (24)

1-20. (canceled)

21. A method performed by an electronic appliance, the method comprising:

displaying a rights template, the rights template defining a number of different types of usage relevant to a digital property and a menu of options corresponding to each type of usage;

filling in the menu of options based at least in part on input from a rightsholder;

translating the rights template into a control set;

associating the control set with the digital property, the control set being configured to be used by tamper-resistant hardware and/or software at a user's electronic appliance to govern use of the digital property by the user; and

sending the control set to a first remote site.

22. The method ofclaim 21, further comprising:

sending the digital property to the first remote site.

23. The method ofclaim 22, in which the control set is sent to the first remote site separately from the digital property.

24. The method ofclaim 22, in which the control set and the digital property are sent to the first remote site together in a secure container.

25. The method ofclaim 21, in which the first remote site comprises a user site operable to use the control set to govern use of the digital property.

26. The method ofclaim 25, in which the user site includes a secure processing unit for use, at least in part, in governing use of the digital property.

27. The method ofclaim 21, further comprising:

sending the control set from the first remote site to a user site, wherein the user site is operable to use the control set to govern use of the digital property.

28. The method ofclaim 21, in which at least part of the menu of options is automatically filled in without provision of input from the rightsholder.

29. The method ofclaim 21, in which the one or more potential actions include two or more of: (a) viewing the digital property; (b) distributing the digital property; (c) printing the digital property; and (d) modifying the digital property.

30. The method ofclaim 21, further comprising:

encrypting the digital property and the control set.

31. A computer-readable medium containing executable program instructions, the executable program instructions including instructions for:

displaying a graphical user interface comprising a template for facilitating specification, by a user, of permissions to be associated with a piece of digital content, the template including a list of potential actions to be performed on or using the piece of digital content, the template further providing a place for the user to specify if a given action is to be permitted;

obtaining user input from the user, the user input specifying one or more permitted actions; and

generating a control set based on the user input, the control set being associated with the piece of digital content, the control set being configured to be used by tamper-resistant hardware and/or software at an electronic appliance to govern use of the piece of digital content by the electronic appliance in accordance with the one or more permitted actions specified by the user input.

32. The computer-readable medium ofclaim 31, in which the executable program instructions further include instructions for encrypting the piece of digital content.

33. The computer-readable medium ofclaim 32, in which the executable program instructions further include instructions for encrypting the control set.

34. The computer-readable medium ofclaim 31, in which the one or more potential actions include two or more of: (a) viewing the piece of digital content; (b) distributing the piece of digital content; (c) printing the piece of digital content; and (d) modifying the piece of digital content.

35. The computer-readable medium ofclaim 33, in which the one or more potential actions include three or more of: (a) viewing the piece of digital content; (b) distributing the piece of digital content; (c) printing the piece of digital content; and (d) modifying the piece of digital content.

36. The computer-readable medium ofclaim 31, in which the one or more potential actions include three or more of: (a) viewing the piece of digital content; (b) distributing the piece of digital content; (c) printing the piece of digital content; and (d) modifying the piece of digital content.

37. The computer-readable medium ofclaim 31, in which the one or more potential actions include viewing the piece of digital content.

38. The computer-readable medium ofclaim 31, in which the one or more potential actions include distributing the piece of digital content.

39. The computer-readable medium ofclaim 31, in which the one or more potential actions include printing the piece of digital content.

40. The computer-readable medium ofclaim 31, in which the one or more potential actions include modifying the piece of digital content.

41. The computer-readable medium ofclaim 31, in which the one or more potential actions include: (a) printing the piece of digital content; and (b) modifying the piece of digital content.

42. The computer-readable medium ofclaim 41, in which the piece of digital content comprises textual content.

43.-74. (canceled)

Images