US20080016677A1

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Publication number: US20080016677A1
Application number: US11/650,856
Authority: US
Inventors: Francis Creighton
Original assignee: Stereotaxis Inc
Current assignee: Stereotaxis Inc
Priority date: 2002-01-23
Filing date: 2007-01-08
Publication date: 2008-01-24
Also published as: US7161453B2; US20060145799A1

Abstract

A magnet assembly comprising a magnet mounted for pivoting about a first axis spaced from the magnet, and rotating about a second axis that is perpendicular to and intersects with the first axis. The magnet comprising a plurality of segments each with a magnetization direction such that through a combination of pivoting and rotating the magnet projects a magnetic field in any direction at an operating point spaced from the front of the assembly. The segmented construction with segments of different magnetization directions allows small changes in the orientation of the magnet to substantially change the magnet field direction at a system operating point.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/056,227, filed Jan. 23, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,975,197, issued Dec. 13, 2005, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to magnet medical procedures, and in particular to a magnet useful in navigating magnetic medical devices in the body.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Electromagnets and permanent magnets have been developed for moving magnet medical devices in the body. Some magnets used in medical applications apply a gradient to pull magnet medical devices within the body. Other magnets used in medical applications simply apply a magnetic field in a selected direction to align magnetic medical devices in the selected direction. Still other magnets apply both a magnetic field and a magnetic gradient to simultaneously orient and move a magnetic medical device.

There are a number of important competing design considerations for magnets used in medical procedures. First and foremost is providing sufficient field strength or gradient to orient or move the magnetic device. Electromagnets and in particular superconducting electromagnets can create strong magnet fields and gradients, but they are expensive to construct and operate. Until recently, it was difficult to construct a permanent magnet that could provide a sufficiently strong and universally directed magnetic field and gradient at a distance sufficiently far from the magnet to be useful in medical procedures. Recently, a focused permanent magnet has been developed which can create useful magnet fields at sufficient distances from the magnet to be employed in magnet surgery. The magnet is comprised of a plurality of segments each magnetized in a direction to contribute to the desired magnetic property, for example field strength at an operating point spaced in front of a magnet. This magnet and its method of design are disclosed in co-pending, co-owned, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/546,840, filed Apr. 11, 2000, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/497,467, filed Feb. 3, 2000, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. This magnet has other useful properties in that field direction could be changed by a simple translation of the magnet. However, these magnets still had relatively large exclusion zones to accommodate the movement of the magnet. The large exclusion zone made access to the patient, and positioning of other medical equipment (particularly imaging equipment) in the procedure room difficult. Thus a second design criteria is to minimize the exclusion zone, to provide greater access to the patient for medical staff and equipment.

A third design criteria is to minimize the degrees of freedom of magnet motion to provide a universally directed magnetic field. The fewer degrees of freedom of magnet motion needed, the simpler the navigation, and the less expensive the apparatus for moving the magnet.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a magnet, and to a magnet system that is capable of generating useful magnet fields in virtually any direction, at distances from the magnet sufficient to conduct medical procedures in the patient's body. The magnet is designed so that a magnetic field can be generated in virtually any direction with a minimum amount of movement so that the exclusion zone—the zone from which the patient and other medical equipment and personnel cannot be located—or the inclusion zone—the zone that the magnet occupies—is minimized.

Generally the magnet of the present invention comprises a plurality of magnet segments each magnetized in direction to optimize the magnetic field at an operating point spaced from the magnet. The magnet is adapted to pivot about a first axis spaced behind the magnet, and to rotate about a generally horizontal axis. Through a combination of pivoting and rotating the magnet can project a magnetic field at the operating point in virtually any direction of sufficient strength to be useful. The shape of the magnet is determined to minimize the inclusion zone, which in the preferred embodiment is a horizontal cylinder, with a beveled edge on the forward face.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a front elevation view of a magnet constructed according to the principles of this invention;

FIG. 1B is a right side elevation view of the magnet;

FIG. 1C is a top plan view thereof;

FIG. 1D is a front perspective view thereof;

FIG. 1E is a rear perspective view thereof;

FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a support for pivoting and rotating a magnet in accordance with the principles of this invention, with the magnet in a first position;

FIG. 2B is a perspective view of a support for pivoting and rotating a magnet in accordance with the principles of this invention, with the magnet pivoted to a second position;

FIG. 3A is a perspective view of a housing containing the magnet and support;

FIG. 3B is a front elevation view of the housing;

FIG. 3C is a right side elevation view of the housing;

FIG. 3D is a top plan view of the housing;

FIG. 4A is a perspective view of one quadrant of a magnet block, with several surfaces of equal contribution (represented in wire frame) superposed thereon;

FIG. 4B is a top plan view of one quadrant of a magnet block with several surfaces of equal contribution;

FIG. 4C is a right side elevation view of one quadrant of a magnet block with several surfaces of equal contribution;

FIG. 4D is a rear elevation view of one quadrant of a magnet block with several surface of equal contribution.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the inclusion volume of a magnet constructed according to the principles of this invention, showing the magnet generally centered within the inclusion volume;

FIG. 6 is a front elevation view of the exclusion volume with the magnet in its centered position;

FIG. 7 is a right side elevation view of the exclusion volume with the magnet in its centered position;

FIG. 8 is a top plan view of the exclusion volume with the magnet in its centered position;

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the inclusion volume, with the magnet pivoted to the left about the z axis;

FIG. 10 is front elevation view of the inclusion volume of the magnet, with the magnet pivoted to the left;

FIG. 11 is a right side elevation view of the inclusion volume, with the magnet pivoted to the left;

FIG. 12 is a top plan view of the inclusion volume, with the magnet pivoted to the left;

FIG. 13 is a top plan view of a magnet constructed according to the principles of this invention, showing the local magnetic field directions in the space surrounding the magnet;

FIG. 14 is a horizontal cross sectional view of one half of a magnet constructed according to the principles of this invention (the other half being a mirror image thereof), showing the magnetization directions of the segments comprising the magnet, and the local field directions surrounding the magnet and lines of constant magnetic field strength;

FIG. 15 is a graph of maximum coning angle versus distance from the magnet;

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a magnetic surgery system incorporating a magnet constructed according to the principles of this invention; and

FIG. 17 is a perspective view of a magnetic surgery system incorporating two magnets constructed according to the principles of this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

A magnet constructed according to the principles of this invention is indicated generally as20 inFIGS. 1A through 1E. Themagnet20 comprises a generally cylindricalfront face22 and aback face24. There are lefttop face26 and a righttop face28, and aleft bottom face30 and aright bottom face32. Themagnet20 preferably comprises a plurality of parallel bands or segments of permanent magnetic material extending from top to bottom. The magnetization direction of each segment is preferably selected to generally optimize the magnet field at a magnet operating point spaced from the center of the front face of the magnet. This magnet operating point is a design criteria of the magnet. For applications where a magnet field is to be applied relatively close to the magnet, such a neurology applications, the magnet operating point may be selected closer to the surface of the magnet, for applications where a magnetic field is to be applied relatively far from the magnet, such as cardiac applications, the magnet operating point may be selected further from the surface of the magnet. In this preferred, embodiment the magnet operating point is 13 inches from the center of the front face of the magnet. This represents a reasonable compromise to provide a magnet useful for both neurology and cardiac applications. Of course, the magnet could be optimized for some other operating point closer to or further from the front face of the magnet.

Themagnet20 is preferably mounted for pivoting about a first axis A1, generally parallel to the vertical axis of the magnet. As shown inFIGS. 2A and 2B, upper and

lower arms

34 and36 project from theback surface24 of themagnet20. Acylindrical post38 extends between the

arms

34 and36, and is journaled in asleeve40. The magnet is preferably also mounted for rotation about a second axis A2, that is generally horizontal, and that is perpendicular to, and intersects with, axis A1. As shown inFIGS. 2A and 2B, asleeve42 extends perpendicularly tosleeve40, and is journaled around ahorizontal arbor44. Of course any other mechanism for mounting themagnet20 to pivot about a first axis, and rotate about a second axis, and in particular to pivot about a first axis that rotates about a second axis can be used. In the preferred embodiment the axis A1 is fifteen inches from the front face of themagnet20.

Ahousing50 for containing the magnet and structure for pivoting and rotating the magnet is shown inFIGS. 3A through 3D. Thehousing50 contains the magnet and mechanism so that it is isolated from the procedure. Furthermore, thehousing50 eliminates moving parts from the procedure site, so that the system is less intimidating to the patients, and does not present any hazard to anyone at the procedure site. Thehousing50 accommodates the inclusion zone of themagnet20.

As described above, themagnet20 is adapted to pivot about an axis A1 generally behind the magnet. The radius of curvature of the generally cylindricalfront face22 corresponds to the distance between the front face and the pivot axis (15 inches in this preferred embodiment). The back face of the magnet is shaped in accordance with a surface of constant contribution to the magnetic field at the operating point. Material on such a surface contributes equally to the magnetic field at the operating point, regardless of its position on the surface. By selecting the appropriate surface of constant contribution to achieve the desired magnet size and strength, an excluding material that would lie beyond the surface, the weight of the magnet can be optimized for its selected magnetic properties. A constant contribution force can be calculated or plotted by maximizing the contribution to a particular magnet property at the magnet's operating point, for example the transfer field at the magnet's operating point, and determining the surface of points that contribute equally to the selected magnetic property. The superposition of several such surfaces of constant contribution is shown inFIGS. 4A through 4D. As shown inFIGS. 4A to4D, various surfaces of constant contribution S₁, S₂, S₃, S₄, S₅, and S₆, are shown, and the final shape of back side of the magnet is determined based upon the constant contribution surface that leaves sufficient magnetic material to achieve the desired field strength, gradient, or field gradient product, while keeping the weight low. It is desirable to keep the weight of the final magnet low both to conserve magnetic material, which can be expensive, and to reduce the structural requirements for the supporting mechanism for the magnet. Because of limitations of manufacturing magnets with smooth continuously curved surfaces, the actual shape of the back surface may only approximate the shape of the constant contribution surface. In the preferred embodiment, the magnet is capable of producing a field of at least about 0.4 T at an application point at least 13 inches from the surface of the magnet, or about 0.1 T at an application point of 7.5 inches from the surface of the magnet, yet weights less than about 500 pounds.

An important design criteria for themagnet20 is its inclusion volume, which represents the combination of all of the volumes that the magnet occupies throughout all of the desired possible orientations of the magnet, i.e., all of the desired pivots and rotations. The inclusion volume of a magnet constructed according to the principles of this invention is shown inFIGS. 5 through 8, with the magnet in a first position within its exclusion zone, and inFIGS. 9 through 12 with themagnet20 in a second position within its exclusion zone, pivoted 35°, which because of the design of the magnet described above, results in a magnetic field direction shift of 90° at the system's operation point. The system's operation point is a design element, and in this preferred embodiment is thirteen inches from the center of the front face of the inclusion volume, which corresponds to thirteen inches from the center of the front face of thehousing50. The magnet's operation point and the system's operation point correspond when themagnet20 is in its centered position in its exclusion zone. In the preferred embodiment the pivot point is 15 inches behind the front face of the magnet, and 28 inches (15 plus 13 inches) behind the operating point. As shown and described in the Figures, the pivot point is generally horizontal, and extends through the pivot axis. In this preferred embodiment, the inclusion volume is generally cylindrical, with a beveled forward edge. The inclusion volume has a diameter of about 30 inches and a depth of about 14 inches. The bevel on the forward face of the volume is at approximately 45°, to a depth of about 5 inches, so that the diameter of the generally circular front face is about 20 inches. The edge of themagnet20 is shaped so that themagnet20 remains within the exclusion volume.

Twomagnets20 can be mounted in opposition, so that their magnetic fields add, to provide a useful magnetic field at greater distances, for example to conduct cardiac procedures in the chest, where the application point of the magnetic field is necessarily far away from the magnet.

As shown inFIG. 13, when themagnet20 is in its centered position, it produces a transverse magnetic field at an operating point at the front of the magnet assembly. Rotation of themagnet20 approximately 35° clockwise about an axis parallel to the longitudinal axes of the magnetic segments results in a magnetic field at the operating point at the front of the magnet assembly to point outwardly, away from the magnetic assembly, and rotation of the magnet approximately 35° counterclockwise about that axis results in a magnetic field at the operating point at the front of the magnet assembly to point inwardly, into the magnetic assembly. Thus over the span of a mere 70° of pivoting, the magnetic field direction changes 180°. This pivoting, combined with rotation of the magnet about the second axis, allows the magnet to create a magnetic field in any direction at the operating point of the assembly, through a simple pivoting and rotation of the magnet, without translation. Thus the inclusion volume of the magnet can be made very small, which means that exclusion volume is small, and access to the patient by health care professionals and medical equipment is not impaired.

While it is possible with the magnet assembly of the present invention to project a field at the application point in any direction, at sufficient strength to be useful, it may not always be possible to move smoothly and continuously from one magnetic field direction to another in the plane containing both directions. Thus when changing the field from a first direction to the second direction, it is possible that a field direction will temporarily swing out of the plane—a phenomenon known as coning. However, amount of coning depends upon the distance from the magnet, and as shown inFIG. 14, the maximum coning is slightly more than 14° from the desired plane, and occurs at distances of about six inches from the magnet. At a distance of 12 inches from the magnet, the maximum coning is about 12.75°.

A magnetic surgery system incorporating a magnet system constructed according to the principles of the present invention is indicated generally as100 inFIG. 16. Thesystem100 includes amagnet20 and its support and moving structure contained within ahousing50. Thesystem100 is particularly adapted for conduct neurological procedures, and the housing is positioned to be near the patient's head, in this case at the top of the patient's head. Thesystem100 includes a patient support, such apatient bed102, which may or may not be movable. A C-arm104 mounts bi-planar imaging equipment for making bi-planar images of the procedure site, and displaying them on thedisplays106. The bi-planar image equipment includes an imaging beam sources, such asx-ray sources108, and imaging beam receivers or detectors, such as amorphous siliconlast plates110, which are substantially unaffected by the presence of magnetic fields. Themagnet20 inside thehousing50 can be used to navigate a magnetic medical device in the patients head by pivoting the magnet about axis A1 and rotating the magnet about axis A2 to achieve the desired magnetic field to orient a magnetic medical device inside the patient's head. The bi-planar imaging allows the physician and other health care workers to monitor the orientation and position of the magnetic medical device to navigate the distal end of the magnetic medical device to its desired destination. While the magnet assembly is designed to apply a magnet field at the systems' operating point, which, as described above is a point thirteen inches from the front face of thehousing50, the system preferably allows the application of a magnetic field in virtually any direction in sufficient strength for navigation purposes, e.g. 0.1 T, anywhere in 7 inch diameter cylinder surrounding the line from the center of the front face of the housing to the system's operating point.

A magnetic surgery system incorporating two magnet systems constructed according to the principles of the present invention is indicated generally as200 inFIG. 17. The system200 includes twomagnets20 and their respective support and moving structures, each contained within ahousing50. Thehousings50 are disposed on opposite sides of the patients, so that the operating points of each magnet system overlap so that the magnetic fields produced by the two systems are additive. The system200 is particularly adapted for cardiac procedures, and thehousings50 are positioned on opposite sides of the patient's chest. The system200 includes a patient support, such a patient bed202, which may or may not be movable. A C-arm204 mounts bi-planar imaging equipment for making bi-planar images of the procedure site, and displaying them on the displays206. The bi-planar image equipment includes an imaging beam sources, such as x-ray sources208, and imaging beam receivers or detectors, such as amorphous silicon last plates210, which are substantially unaffected by the presence of magnetic fields. Themagnets20 inside thehousing50 can be used to navigate a magnetic medical device in the patient's head by pivoting the magnet about axis A1 and rotating the magnet about axis A2 to achieve the desired magnetic field to orient a magnetic medical device inside the patient's head. The bi-planar imaging allows the physician and other health care workers to monitor the orientation and position of the magnetic medical device to navigate the distal end of the magnetic medical device to its desired destination. While the magnet assembly is designed to apply a magnet field at the systems' operating point, which, as described above is a point thirteen inches from the front face of thehousing50, the system preferably allows the application of a magnetic field in virtually any direction in sufficient strength for navigation purposes, e.g. 0.04 T, anywhere in 7 inch diameter circle thirteen inches from the front face of the housing.

Claims

1.-10. (canceled)

11. A method of making a magnet assembly that generates a magnetic field which is optimized at a predetermined operating point spaced from the center of the magnet, comprising:

providing a plurality of segments of permanent magnet material configured to be arranged in a parallel manner to form a magnet assembly;

forming a radius of curvature on the top face of each of the plurality of segments, such that the segments when assembled form a generally curved top surface having a radius of curvature that corresponds to the distance between the top face and an intended pivot axis of the assembled magnet;

forming a generally curved back face of each of the plurality of segments, such that the segments when assembled form a shape in accordance with at least one select surface of constant contribution to the predetermined operating point, such that the segments of permanent magnet material will each contribute to the magnetic field generated at the predetermined operating point spaced from the center of the assembled magnet.

12. The magnet assembly of claim1 wherein the magnetization direction of each of the plurality of magnets is preferably selected to generally optimize the magnetic field at the magnet operating point spaced from the center of the magnet assembly.

13. The magnet assembly of claim1 wherein the at least one select surface of constant contribution is that which provides sufficient permanent magnetic material for the assembled segments to achieve the desired field strength and field gradient product, and excludes permanent magnet material beyond the surface to keep the weight of the magnet assembly low.

14. The magnet assembly of claim1, wherein the back side of the plurality of segments forming the magnet assembly comprises a supposition of one or more surfaces of constant contribution.

15. The magnet assembly of claim1 wherein the generated magnetic field is at least 0.4 Tesla at an application point at least 13 inches from the top surface of the magnet assembly, or at least 0.1 Tesla at an application point 7.5 inches from the top surface of the magnet assembly.

16. The magnet assembly of claim1 wherein the predetermined operating point is in the range of two to 15 inches from the top face of the assembled magnet assembly.

17. The magnet assembly of claim1 wherein the intended pivot axis is approximately 15 inches from the top face of the assembled magnet assembly.

18. The magnet assembly of claim1 wherein the plurality of segments comprise a plurality of parallel bands.

19. The magnet assembly of claim1, wherein the permanent magnet material of any segment along the back surface contributes equally to the magnetic field at the operating point.

20. The magnet assembly of claim1, wherein the back side of the plurality of segments forming the magnet assembly comprises a supposition of one or more surfaces of constant contribution.

21. A method of making a magnet assembly that generates a magnetic field which is optimized at a predetermined operating point spaced from the center of the magnet, comprising:

providing a plurality of segments of permanent magnet material that extend from top to bottom of a magnet assembly that is formed when the segments are arranged in a parallel manner;

forming a generally curved back face of each of the plurality of segments, such that the segments when assembled form a shape in accordance with at least one select surface of constant contribution to the predetermined operating point, such that the segments of permanent magnet material will each contribute to the magnetic field generated at the predetermined operating point spaced from the center of the assembled magnet; and

assembling the plurality of segments to form the magnet assembly.

22. The magnet assembly ofclaim 11 wherein the magnetization direction of each of the plurality of magnets is preferably selected to generally optimize the magnetic field at the magnet operating point spaced from the center of the magnet assembly.

23. The magnet assembly ofclaim 11 wherein the at least one select surface of constant contribution is that which provides sufficient permanent magnetic material for the assembled segments to achieve the desired field strength and field gradient product, and excludes permanent magnet material beyond the surface to keep the weight of the magnet assembly low.

24. The magnet assembly ofclaim 11, wherein the back side of the plurality of segments forming the magnet assembly comprises a supposition of one or more surfaces of constant contribution.

25. The magnet assembly ofclaim 11 wherein the generated magnetic field is at least 0.4 Tesla at an application point at least 13 inches from the top surface of the magnet assembly, or at least 0.1 Tesla at an application point 7.5 inches from the top surface of the magnet assembly.

26. The magnet assembly ofclaim 11 wherein the predetermined operating point is in the range of two to 15 inches from the top face of the assembled magnet assembly.

27. The magnet assembly ofclaim 11 wherein the intended pivot axis is approximately 15 inches from the top face of the assembled magnet assembly.

28. The magnet assembly ofclaim 11 wherein the plurality of segments comprise a plurality of parallel bands.

29. The magnet assembly ofclaim 11, wherein the permanent magnet material of any segment along the back surface contributes equally to the magnetic field at the operating point.

30. The magnet assembly ofclaim 11, wherein the back side of the plurality of segments forming the magnet assembly comprises a supposition of one or more surfaces of constant contribution.