US20080015858A1 - Methods and apparatus to perform speech reference enrollment - Google Patents

Abstract

A speech reference enrollment method involves the following steps: (a) requesting a user speak a vocabulary word; (b) detecting a first utterance (354); (c) requesting the user speak the vocabulary word; (d) detecting a second utterance (358); (e) determining a first similarity between the first utterance and the second utterance (362); (f) when the first similarity is less than a predetermined similarity, requesting the user speak the vocabulary word; (g) detecting a third utterance (366); (h) determining a second similarity between the first utterance and the third utterance (370); and (i) when the second similarity is greater than or equal to the predetermined similarity, creating a reference (364).

Description

• This application is a continuation in part of the patent application having Ser. No. 08/863,462, filed May 27, 1997, entitled “Method of Accessing a Dial-up Service” and all applications are assigned to the same assignee as the present application.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention is related to the field of speech recognition systems and more particularly to a speech reference enrollment method.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Both speech recognition and speaker verification application often use an enrollment process to obtain reference speech patterns for later use. Speech recognition systems that use an enrollment process are generally speaker dependent systems. Both speech recognition systems using an enrollment process and speaker verification systems will be referred herein as speech reference systems. The performance of speech reference systems is limited by the quality of the reference patterns obtained in the enrollment process. Prior art enrollment processes ask the user to speak the vocabulary word being enrolled and use the extracted features as the reference pattern for the vocabulary word. These systems suffer from unexpected background noise occurring while the user is uttering the vocabulary word during the enrollment process. This unexpected background noise is then incorporated into the reference pattern. Since the unexpected background noise does not occur every time the user utters the vocabulary word, it degrades the ability of the speech reference system's ability to match the reference pattern with a subsequent utterance.
• Thus there exists a need for an enrollment process for speech reference systems that does not incorporate unexpected background noise in the reference patterns.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• A speech reference enrollment method that overcomes these and other problems involves the following steps: (a) requesting a user speak a vocabulary word; (b) detecting a first utterance; (c) requesting the user speak the vocabulary word; (d) detecting a second utterance; (e) determining a first similarity between the first utterance and the second utterance; (f) when the first similarity is less than a predetermined similarity, requesting the user speak the vocabulary word; (g) detecting a third utterance; (h) determining a second similarity between the first utterance and the third utterance; and (i) when the second similarity is greater than or equal to the predetermined similarity, creating a reference.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a speaker verification system;
• FIG. 2 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the steps used to form a speaker verification decision;
• FIG. 3 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the steps used to form a code book for a speaker verification decision;
• FIG. 4 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the steps used to form a speaker verification decision;
• FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a dial-up service that incorporates a speaker verification method;
• FIG. 6 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the steps used in a dial-up service;
• FIG. 7 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the steps used in a dial-up service;
• FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a speech reference system using a speech reference enrollment method according to the invention in an intelligent network phone system;
• FIGS. 9a&bare flow charts of an embodiment of the steps used in the speech reference enrollment method;
• FIG. 10 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the steps used in an utterance duration check;
• FIG. 11 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the steps used in a signal to noise ratio check;
• FIG. 12 is a graph of the amplitude of an utterance versus time;
• FIG. 13 is a graph of the number of voiced speech frames versus time for an utterance;
• FIG. 14 is an amplitude histogram of an utterance; and
• FIG. 15 is a block diagram of an automatic gain control circuit.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• A speech reference enrollment method as described herein can be used for both speaker verification methods and speech recognition methods. Several improvements in speaker verification methods that can be used in conjunction with the speech enrollment method are first described. Next a dial-up service that takes advantage of the enrollment method is described. The speech enrollment method is then described in detail.
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of aspeaker verification system10. It is important to note that the speaker verification system can be physically implemented in a number of ways. For instance, the system can be implemented as software in a general purpose computer connected to a microphone; or the system can be implemented as firmware in a ceneral purpose microprocessor connected to memory and a microphone; or the system can be implemented using a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), a controller, a memory, and a microphone controlled by the appropriate software. Note that since the process can be performed using software in a computer. then a computer readable storage medium containing computer readable instructions can be used to implement the speaker verification method. These various system architectures are apparent to those skilled in the art and the particular system architecture selected will depend on the application.
• Amicrophone12 receives an input speech and converts the sound waves to an electrical signal. Afeature extractor14 analyzes the electrical signal and extracts key features of the speech. For instance, the feature extractor first digitizes the electrical signal. A cepstrum of the digitized signal is then performed to determine the cepstrum coefficients. In another embodiment, a linear predictive analysis is used to find the linear predictive coding (LPC) coefficients. Other feature extraction techniques are also possible.
• Aswitch16 is shown attached to thefeature extractor14. Thisswitch16 represents that a different path is used in the training phase than in the verification phase. In the training phase the cepstrum coefficients are analyzed by acode book generator18. The output of thecode book generator18 is stored in thecode book20. In one embodiment, thecode book generator18 compares samples of the same utterance from the same speaker to form a generalized representation of the utterance for that person. This generalized representation is a training, utterance in the code book. The training utterance represents the generalized cepstrum coefficients of a user speaking the number “one” as an example. A training utterance could also be a part of speech. a phoneme, or a number like “twenty one” or any other segment of speech. In addition to the registered users' samples, utterances are taken from a group of non-users. These utterances are used to form a composite that represents an impostor code having a plurality of impostor references.
• In one embodiment, thecode book generator18 segregates the speakers (users and non-users) into male and female groups. The male enrolled references (male group) are aggregated to determining a male variance vector. The female enrolled references (female group) are aggregated to determine a female variance vector. These gender specific variance vectors will be used when calculating a weighted Euclidean distance (measure of closeness) in the verification phase.
• In the verification phase theswitch16 connects thefeature extractor14 to thecomparator22. Thecomparator22 performs a mathematical analysis of the closeness between a test utterance from a speaker with an enrolled reference stored in thecode book20 and between the test utterance and an impostor reference distribution. In one embodiment, a test utterance such as a spoken “one” is compared with the “one” enrolled reference for the speaker and the “one” impostor reference distribution. Thecomparator22 determines a measure of closeness between the “one” enrolled reference, the “one” test utterance and the “one” impostor reference distribution. When the test utterance is closer to the enrolled reference than the impostor reference distribution, the speaker is verified as the true speaker. Otherwise the speaker is determined to be an impostor. In one embodiment, the measure of closeness is a modified weighted Euclidean distance. The modification in one embodiment involves using a generalized variance vector instead of an individual variance vector for each of the registered users. In another embodiment, a male variance vector is used for male speakers and a female variance vector is used for a female speaker.
• A decision weighting and combiningsystem24 uses the measure of closeness to determine if the test utterance is closest to the enrolled reference or the impostor reference distribution. When the test utterance is closer to the enrolled reference than the impostor reference distribution, a verified decision is made. When the test utterance is not closer to the enrolled reference than the impostor reference distribution. an un-verified decision is made. These are preliminary decisions. Usually, the speaker is required to speak several utterances (e.g., “one”, “three”, “five”, “twenty one”). A decision is made for each of these test utterances. Each of the plurality of decisions is weighted and combined to form the verification decision.
• The decisions are weighted because not all utterances provide equal reliability. For instance, “one” could provide a much more reliable decision than “eight”. As a result, a more accurate verification decision can be formed by first weighting the decisions based on the underlying utterance. Two weighting methods can be used. One weighting method uses a historical approach. Sample utterances are compared to the enrolled references to determine a probability of false alarm p_FA(speaker is not impostor but the decision is impostor) and a probability of miss P_M(speaker is impostor but the decision is true speaker). The P_FAand P_Mare probability of errors. These probability of errors are used to weight each decision. In one embodiment the weighting factors (weight) are described by the equation below:$a_i=\log \frac{1-P_{\mathrm{Mi}}}{P_{\mathrm{FAI}}}\mathrm{Decision}\mathrm{is}\mathrm{Verified}\left(\mathrm{True}\mathrm{Speaker}\right)$$a_i=\log \frac{P_{\mathrm{Mi}}}{1-P_{\mathrm{FAI}}}\mathrm{Decision}\mathrm{is}\mathrm{Not}\mathrm{Verified}\left(\mathrm{Imposter}\right)$
• When the sum of the weighted decisions is greater than zero, then the verification decision is a true speaker. Otherwise the verification decision is an impostor.
• The other method of weighting the decisions is based on an immediate evaluation of the quality of the decision. In one embodiment, this is calculated by using a Chi-Squared detector. The decisions are then weighted on the confidence determined by the Chi-Squared detector. In another embodiment, a large sample approximation is used. Thus if the test statistics are t, find b such that c²(b)=t. Then a decision is an impostor if it exceeds the 1-a quantile of the c²distribution. One weighting scheme is shown below:
• 1.5, if b>C_accept
• 1.0, if 1-a≦b≦c_accept
• −1.0, if c_reject≦b≦1-a
• −1.25, if b<c_reject
• When the sum of the weighted decisions is greater than zero, then the verification decision is a true speaker. When the sum of the weighted decision is less than or equal to zero, the decision is an impostor.
• In another embodiment, thefeature extractor14 segments the speech signal into voiced sounds and unvoiced sounds. Voiced sounds generally include vowels, while most other sounds are unvoiced. The unvoiced sounds are discarded before the cepstrum coefficients are calculated in both the training phase and the verification phase.
• These techniques of weighting the decisions, using gender dependent cepstrums and only using voiced sounds can be combined or used separately in a speaker verification system.
• FIG. 2 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the steps used to form a speaker verification decision. The process starts, atstep40, by generating a code book atstep42. The code book has a plurality of enrolled references for each of the plurality of speakers (registered users, plurality of people) and a plurality of impostor references. The enrolled references in one embodiment are the cepstrum coefficients for a particular user speaking a particular utterance (e.g., “one). The enrolled references are generated by a user speaking the utterances. The cepstrum coefficients of each of the utterances are determined to from the enrolled references. In one embodiment a speaker is asked to repeat the utterance and a generalization of the two utterances is saved as the enrolled reference. In another embodiment both utterances are saved as enrolled reference.
• In one embodiment, a data base of male speakers is used to determine a male variance vector and a data base of female speakers is used to determine a female variance vector. In another embodiment. the data bases of male and female speakers are used to form a male impostor code book and a female impostor code book. The gender specific variance vectors are stored in the code book. Atstep44, a plurality of test utterances (input set of utterances) from a speaker are received. In one embodiment the cepstrum coefficients of the test utterances are calculated. Each of the plurality of test utterances are compared to the plurality of enrolled references for the speaker atstep46. Based on the comparison, a plurality of decision are formed, one for each of the plurality of enrolled references. In one embodiment, the comparison is determined by a Euclidean weighted distance between the test utterance and the enrolled reference and between the test utterance and an impostor reference distribution. In another embodiment, the Euclidean weighted distance is calculated with the male variance vector if the speaker is a male or the female variance vector if the speaker is a female. Each of the plurality of decisions are weighted to form a plurality of weighted decisions astep48. The weighting can be based on historical error rates for the utterance or based on a confidence level (confidence measure) of the decision for the utterance. The plurality of weighted decisions are combined atstep50. In one embodiment the step of combining involves summing the weighted decisions. A verification decision is then made based on the combined weighted decisions atstep52, ending the process atstep54. In one embodiment if the sum is greater than zero, the verification decision is the speaker is a true speaker, otherwise the speaker is an impostor.
• FIG. 3 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the steps used to form a code book for a speaker verification decision. The process starts, atstep70, by receiving an input utterance atstep72. In one embodiment, the input utterances are then segmented into a voiced sounds and an unvoiced sounds at step74. The cepstrum coefficients are then calculated using the voiced sounds atstep76. The coefficients are stored as a enrolled reference for the speaker atstep78. The process then returns to step72 for the next input utterance, until all the enrolled references have been stored in the code book.
• FIG. 4 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the steps used to form a speaker verification decision. The process starts, atstep100, by receiving input utterances atstep102. Next, it is determined if the speaker is male or female atstep104. In a speaker verification application, the speaker purports to be someone in particular. If the person purports to be someone that is a male, then the speaker is assumed to be male even if the speaker is a female. The input utterances are then segmented into a voiced sounds and an unvoiced sounds atstep106. Features (e.g., cepstrum coefficients) are extracted from the voiced sounds to form the test utterances, atstep108. Atstep110, the weighted Euclidean distance (WED) is calculated using a generalized male variance vector if the purported speaker is a male. When the purported speaker is a female, the female variance vector is used. The WED is calculated between the test utterance and the enrolled reference for the speaker and the test utterance and the male (or female if appropriate) impostor reference distribution. A decision is formed for each test utterance based on the WED atstep112. The decisions are then weighted based on a confidence level (measure of confidence) determined using, a Chi-squared detector atstep114. The weighted decisions are summed atstep116. A verification decision is made based on the sum of the weighted decisions atstep118.
• Using the speaker verification decisions discussed above results in an improved speaker verification system, that is more reliable than present techniques.
• A dial-up service that uses a speaker verification method as described above is shown inFIG. 5. The dial-up service is shown as a banking service. A user dials a service number on theirtelephone150. The public switched telephone network (PSTN)152 then connects the user'sphone150 with a dial-upservice computer154 at abank156. The dial-up service need not be located within a bank. The service will be explained in conjunction with the flow chart shown inFIG. 6. The process starts, atstep170, by dialing a service number (communication service address, number) atstep172. The user (requester) is then prompted by thecomputer154 to speak a plurality of digits (access code, plurality of numbers, access number) to form a first utterance (first digitized utterance) atstep174. The digits are recognized using speaker independent voice recognition atstep176. When the user has used the dial-up service previously, verifying the user based on the first utterance atstep178. When the user is verified as a true speaker atstep178, allowing access to the dial-up service atstep180. When the user cannot be verified. requesting the user input a personal identification number (PIN) atstep182. The PIN can be entered by the user either by speaking the PIN or by entering the PIN on a keypad. Atstep184 it is determined if the PIN is valid. When the PIN is not valid, the user is denied access atstep186. When the PIN is valid the user is allowed access to the service atstep180. Using the above method the dial-up service uses a speaker verification system as a PIN option, but does not deny access to the user if it cannot verify the user.
• FIG. 7 is a flow chart of another embodiment of the steps used in a dial-up service. The process starts,step200, by the user speaking an access code to form a plurality of utterances atstep202. Atstep204 it is determined if the user has previously accessed the service. When the user has previously used the service, the speaker verification system attempts to verify the user (identity) atstep206. When the speaker verification system can verify the user, the user is allowed access to the system atstep208. When the system cannot verify the user, a PIN is requested atstep210. Note the user can either speak the PIN or enter the PIN on a keypad. Atstep212 it is determined if the PIN is valid. When the PIN is not valid the user is denied access atstep214. When the PIN is valid, the user is allowed access atstep208.
• When the user has not previously accessed the communication service atstep204, the user is requested to enter a PIN atstep216. Atstep218 it is determined if the PIN is valid atstep218. When the PIN is not valid, denying access to the service atstep220. When the PIN is valid the user is asked to speak the access code a second time to form a second utterance (plurality of second utterances, second digitized utterance) atstep222. The similarity between the first utterance (step202) and the second utterance is compared to a threshold atstep224. In one embodiment the similarity is calculated using a weighted Euclidean distance. When the similarity is less than or equal to the threshold, the user is asked to speak the access code again atstep222. In this case the second and third utterances would be compared for the required similarity. In practice, the user would not be required to repeat the access code atstep222 more than once or twice and the system would then allow the user access. When the similarity is greater than the threshold, storing a combination of the two utterances as atstep226. In another embodiment both utterances are stored as enrolled references. Next access to the service is allowed atstep208. The enrolled reference is used to verify the user the next time they access the service. Note that the speaker verification part of the access to the dial-up service in one embodiment uses all the techniques discussed for a verification process. In another embodiment the verification process only uses one of the speaker verification techniques. Finally, in another embodiment the access number has a predetermined digit that is selected from a first set of digits (predefined set of digits) if the user is a male. When the user is a female, the predetermined digit is selected from a second set of digits. This allows the system to determine if the user is suppose to be a male or a female. Based on this information, the male variance vector or female variance vector is used in the speaker verification process.
• FIG. 8 is a block diagram of aspeech reference system300 using a speech reference enrollment method according to the invention in an intelligent network phone system302. Thespeech reference system300 can perform speech recognition or speaker verification. Thespeech reference system300 is implemented in a service node or intelligent peripheral (SN/IP). When thespeech reference system300 is implemented in a service node, it is directly connected to a telephone central office—service switching point (CO/SSP)304-308. The central office—service switching points304-308 are connected to a plurality of telephones310-320. When thespeech reference system300 is implemented in an intelligent peripheral, it is connected to a service control point (SCP)322. In this scheme a call from one of the plurality of telephones310-320 invoking a special feature, such as speech recognition, requires processing by theservice control point322. Calls requiring special processing are detected at CO/SSP304-308. This triggers the COISSP304-308 to interrupt call processing while the CO/SSP304-308 transmits a query to theSCP300, requesting information to recognize a word spoken by user. The query is carried over a signal system 7 (SS7) link324 and routed to theappropriate SCP322 by a signal transfer point (STP)326. TheSCP322 sends a request for the intelligent peripheral300 to perform speech recognition. Thespeech reference system300 can be implemented using a computer capable of reading and executing computer readable instructions stored on a computerreadable storage medium328. The instructions on thestorage medium328 instruct the computer how to perform the enrollment method according to the invention.
• FIGS. 9a&bare flow charts of the speech reference enrollment method. This method can be used with any speech reference system, including those used as part of a intelligent telephone network as shown inFIG. 8. The enrollment process starts,step350, by receiving a first utterance of a vocabulary word from a user atstep352. Next, a plurality of features are extracted from the first utterance atstep354. In one embodiment, the plurality of features are the cepstrum coefficients of the utterance. Atstep356, a second utterance is received. In one embodiment the first utterance and the second utterance are received in response to a request that the user speak the vocabulary word. Next, the plurality of features are extracted from the second utterance atstep358. Note that the same features are extracted for both utterances. Atstep360, a first similarity is determined between the plurality of features from the first utterance and the plurality of features from the second utterance. In one embodiment, the similarity is determined using a hidden Markov model Veterbi scoring system. Then it is determined if the first similarity is less than a predetermined similarity atstep362. When the first similarity is not less than the predetermined similarity, then a reference pattern (reference utterance) of the vocabulary is formed atstep364. The reference pattern, in one embodiment, is an averaging of the features from the first and second utterance. In another embodiment, the reference pattern consists of storing the feature from both the first utterance and the second utterance, with a pointer from both to the vocabulary word.
• When the first similarity is less than the predetermined similarity, then a third utterance (third digitized utterance) is received and the plurality of features from the third utterance are extracted atstep366. Generally, the utterance would be received based on a request by the system. Atstep368, a second similarity is determined between the features from the first utterance and the third utterance. The second similarity is calculated using the same function as the first similarity. Next, it is determined if the second similarity is greater than or equal to the predetermined similarity atstep370. When the second similarity is greater than or equal to the predetermined similarity, a reference is formed atstep364. When the second similarity is not greater than or equal to the predetermined similarity, then a third similarity is calculated between the features from the second utterance and the third utterance atstep372. Next, it is determined if the third similarity is greater than or equal to the predetermined similarity atstep374. When the third similarity is greater than or equal to the predetermined similarity, a reference is formed atstep376. When the third similarity is not greater than or equal to the predetermined similarity, starting the enrollment process over atstep378. Using this method the enrollment process avoids incorporating unexpected noise or other abnormalities into the reference pattern.
• In one embodiment of the speech reference enrollment method ofFIGS. 9a&b, a duration check is performed for each of the utterances. The duration check increases the chance that background noise will not be considered to be the utterance or part of an utterance. A flow chart of the duration check is shown inFIG. 10. The process starts,step400, by determining the duration of the utterance atstep402. Next, it is determined if the duration is less than a minimum duration atstep404. When the duration is less than the minimum duration, the utterance is disregarded atstep406. In one embodiment, the user is then requested to speak the vocabulary word again and the process is started over. when the duration is not less than the minimum duration, it is determined if the duration is greater than a maximum duration atstep408. When the duration is greater than a maximum duration, the utterance is disregarded atstep406. When the duration is not greater than the maximum duration, the utterance is kept for further processing. atstep410.
• Another embodiment of the speech reference enrollment method checks if the signal to noise ratio is adequate for each utterance. This reduces the likely that a noisy utterance will be stored as a reference pattern. The method is shown in the flow chart ofFIG. 11. The process starts,step420, by receiving an utterance atstep422. Next, the signal to noise ratio is determined atstep424. Atstep426, it is determined if the signal to noise ratio is greater than a threshold (predetermined signal to noise ratio). When the signal to noise ratio is greater than the threshold, then the utterance is processed atstep428. When the signal to noise ratio is not greater than the threshold, another utterance is requested atstep430.
• FIG. 12 is agraph450 of the amplitude of an utterance versus time and shoves one embodiment of how the duration of the utterance is determined. The speech reference system requests the user speak a vocabulary which begins the response period (utterance period)452. The response period ends at a timeout (timeout period)454 if no utterance is detected. The amplitude is monitored and when it crosses above anamplitude threshold456 it is assumed that the utterance has started (start time)458. When the amplitude of the utterance falls below the threshold, it is marked as theend time460. The duration is calculated as the difference between theend time460 and thestart time458.
• In another embodiment of the invention, the number (count) of voiced speech frames that occur during the response period or between a start time and an end time is determined. The response period is divided into a number of frames, generally 20 ms long, and each frame is characterized either as a unvoiced frame or a voiced frame.FIG. 13 shows agraph470 of the estimate of the number of the voiced speech frames472 during the response period. When the estimate of the number of voiced speech frames exceeds a threshold (predetermined number of voiced speech frames), then it is determined that a valid utterance was received. When the number of voiced speech frames does not exceed the threshold, then it is likely that noise was received instead of a valid utterance.
• In another embodiment an amplitude histogram of the utterance is performed.FIG. 14 is anamplitude histogram480 of an utterance. Theamplitude histogram480 measures the number of samples in each bit of amplitude from the digitizer. When aparticular bit482 has no or very few samples, the system generates a warning message that a problem may exist with the digitizer. A poorly performing digitizer can degrade the performs of the speech reference system.
• In another embodiment, an automatic gain control circuit is used to adjust the amplifier gain before the features are extracted from the utterance.FIG. 15 is a block diagram of an automaticgain control circuit500. Thecircuit500 also includes some logic to determine if the utterance should be kept for processing or another utterance should be requested. Anadjustable gain amplifier502 has an input coupled to an utterance signal line (input signal)504. Theoutput506 of theamplifier502 is connected to a signal tonoise ratio meter508. Theoutput510 of the signal tonoise ratio meter508 is coupled to acomparator512. Thecomparator512 determines if the signal to noise ratio is greater than a threshold signal tonoise ratio514. When the signal to noise ratio is less than the threshold a logical one is output from thecomparator512. Theoutput513 of thecomparator512 is coupled to anOR gate514 and to anincrease gain input516 of theadjustable gain amplifier502. When theoutput513 is a logical one, the gain of theamplifier516 is increased by an incremental step.
• Theoutput506 of theamplifier502 is connected to asignal line518 leading to the feature extractor. In addition, theoutput506 is connected to an amplitude comparator520. The comparator520 determines if theoutput506 exceeds asaturation threshold522. Theoutput524 is connected to theOR gate514 and adecrease gain input526 of theamplifier502. When theoutput506 exceeds thesaturation threshold522, the comparator520 outputs a logical one that causes theamplifier502 to reduce its gain by an incremental step. The output of theOR gate514 is a disregardutterance signal line528. When the output of the OR gate is a logical one the utterance is disregarded. The circuit reduces the chances of receiving a poor representation of the utterance due to incorrect gain of the input amplifier.
• Thus there has been described a speech reference enrollment method that significantly reduces the chances of using a poor utterance for forming a reference pattern. While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alterations, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications, and variations in the appended claims.

Claims (26)

1-22. (canceled)

23. A method, comprising:

receiving a first utterance of a word;

receiving a second utterance of the word;

when a number of voiced speech frames associated with the second utterance is greater than a threshold, determining a first similarity between the first utterance and the second utterance; and

when the first similarity is greater than or equal to a similarity threshold, storing a reference for the word.

24. A method as defined inclaim 23, wherein determining the first similarity between the first utterance and the second utterance comprises determining a similarity between a first plurality of features associated with the first utterance and a second plurality of features associated with the second utterance.

25. A method as defined inclaim 23, further comprising:

when the first similarity is less than the similarity threshold, requesting a user to speak a third utterance of the word;

determining a second similarity between the first utterance and the third utterance; and

when the second similarity is greater than or equal to the similarity threshold, storing the reference for the word.

26. A method as defined inclaim 23, further comprising determining the number of voiced speech frames by estimating the number of voiced speech frames.

27. A method as defined inclaim 23, further comprising requesting the user repeat the word when the number of voiced speech frames is less than the threshold.

28. A method as defined inclaim 23, further comprising:

determining a signal to noise ratio of the first utterance; and

when the signal to noise ratio is less than a threshold signal to noise ratio, increasing a gain of a voice amplifier.

29. A method as defined inclaim 23, further comprising determining an amplitude histogram of the first utterance.

30. A method as defined inclaim 23, further comprising retrieving the reference and verifying a speaker based on the reference.

31. A method, comprising:

receiving a first utterance of a word;

receiving a second utterance of the word;

when the duration of the second utterance is greater than or equal to a first duration or less than or equal to a second duration, storing a reference for the word.

32. A method as defined inclaim 31, further comprising:

when the duration of the second utterance is greater than or equal to the first duration or less than or equal to the second duration, determining a first similarity between the first utterance and the second utterance; and

when the first similarity is greater than or equal to a similarity threshold, storing the reference.

33. A method as defined inclaim 32, further comprising:

when the first similarity is less than the similarity threshold, requesting the user speak the word;

determining a second similarity between the first utterance and a third utterance; and

when the second similarity is greater than or equal to the similarity threshold, storing the reference.

34. A method as defined inclaim 33, further comprising:

determining a third similarity between the second utterance and the third utterance; and

when the third similarity is greater than or equal to the similarity threshold, storing the reference.

35. A method as defined inclaim 31, further comprising:

determining if the first utterance exceeds an amplitude threshold within a time period; and

when the first utterance does not exceed the amplitude threshold within the time period, requesting the user re-speak the word.

36. A method as defined inclaim 31, further comprising:

associating a start time with a point at which a first amplitude of the first utterance is greater than an amplitude threshold;

associating an end time with a point at which a second amplitude of the first utterance is less than the amplitude threshold; and

determining the duration as a difference between the end time and the start time.

37. A method as defined inclaim 35, further comprising:

determining a signal to noise ratio of the first utterance; and

when the signal to noise ratio is less than a threshold signal to noise ratio, increasing a gain of a voice amplifier.

38. A method as defined inclaim 31, further comprising retrieving the reference and verifying a speaker based on the reference.

39. A machine accessible storage medium having instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause a machine to:

receive a first utterance of a word;

receive a second utterance of the word;

when the duration of the second utterance is greater than or equal to a first duration or less than or equal to a second duration, store a reference for the word.

40. A machine accessible storage medium as defined inclaim 39 having instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause the machine to:

when the duration of the second utterance is greater than or equal to the first duration or less than or equal to the second duration:

determine a first similarity between the first utterance and the second utterance; and

when the first similarity is greater than or equal to a similarity threshold, store the reference.

41. A machine accessible storage medium as defined inclaim 40 having instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause the machine to:

when the first similarity is less than the similarity threshold:

request the user speak the word;

determine a second similarity between the first utterance and a third utterance; and

when the second similarity is greater than or equal to the similarity threshold, store the reference.

42. A machine accessible storage medium as defined inclaim 41 having instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause the machine to:

determine a third similarity between the second utterance and the third utterance; and

when the third similarity is greater than or equal to the predetermined similarity, store the reference.

43. A machine accessible storage medium as defined inclaim 39 having instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause the machine to:

determine if the first utterance exceeds an amplitude threshold within a time period; and

when the first utterance does not exceed the amplitude threshold within the time period, request the user re-speak the word.

44. A machine accessible storage medium as defined inclaim 39 having instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause the machine to:

associate a start time with a point at which a first amplitude of the first utterance is greater than an amplitude threshold;

associate an end time with a point at which a second amplitude of the first utterance is less than the amplitude threshold; and

determine the duration as a difference between the end time and the start time.

45. A machine accessible storage medium as defined inclaim 39 having instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause the machine to:

determine a signal to noise ratio of the first utterance; and

when the signal to noise ratio is less than a threshold signal to noise ratio, increase a gain of a voice amplifier.

46. A machine accessible storage medium as defined inclaim 39 having instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause the machine to determine an amplitude histogram of the first utterance.

47. A machine accessible storage medium as defined inclaim 39 having instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause the machine to retrieve the reference and verify a speaker based on the reference.

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