US20070289475A1 - Non-lethal munitions having densified materials - Google Patents

Abstract

A non-lethal projectile having a nose component, a driving band adjacent the nose component and a body component wherein one or more of the projectile components comprises densified materials such as elastomers and foam that incorporate a dense filler material. The dense filler material is a heavy metal powder. The body component of the projectile includes a stabilizing component such as fins, drag stabilizing tails or streamers, or rifling bands for spin stabilization.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• This invention relates to the field of non-lethal impact munitions, and more particularly, to munitions having densified materials used for portions of the projectile to provide a maximum amount of kinetic energy delivered by the munition, as well as providing a means to dissipate some of the energy through compression upon impact with a target.
• Non-lethal munitions are commonly used by law enforcement, corrections, and military personnel to exert and maintain control over non-compliant subjects without inflicting serious or permanent bodily harm. They are used on individuals or in crowd control situations to provide law enforcement personnel with more alternatives for the “use of force” scale, which begins with verbal commands on the low end and escalates to the use of lethal force on the high end. To be effective, the less-than-lethal munition must inflict enough pain through blunt impact to illicit compliance, but the delivered energy to the subject must be controlled to prevent penetration or serious bodily injury. Accurate shot placement is critical to the effectiveness, because a non-lethal projectile can produce a serious or lethal injury if fired at certain areas of the human body, such as, for example, the head.
• Previous non-lethal projectile designs exist which utilize various materials to increase projectile mass, and to provide some means to dissipate energy upon impact with a target. The kinetic energy is defined as one-half the mass times the square of the velocity, and these two quantities can be adjusted to increase or decrease the kinetic energy of the projectile, which affects the lethality characteristics. Impact munitions that deliver larger amounts of kinetic energy are far more effective for controlling subjects through pain compliance, but they also carry greater risk of serious injury to the :subject. Maximizing the mass and velocity of the projectile significantly affects the range and accuracy of the round, which contributes to the safety of both the officer shooting the projectile and the target through more accurate shot placement at greater stand-off distances.
• Clearly, it is desirable to increase the projectile mass and velocity for maximum effectiveness and accuracy, up to the point that serious injury would occur as a result of the kinetic energy delivered to the subject. To address this problem, previous projectile designs have incorporated features to dissipate energy upon impact with a target. Examples of these features include projectile noses made of compliant foam or rubber, or a nose material that crushes, breaks or deforms upon impact to dissipate energy. The compliant or deformable materials have inherently low density, which makes it difficult to maximize the projectile mass. In the case of fin or drag-stabilized projectiles, it is desirable to keep the center of gravity as far forward as possible, and the use of low-density nose materials makes this difficult. Other prior designs also incorporate noses filled with fluid materials such as lead shot, liquid or gel. These materials deform upon impact to provide greater surface area contact between the projectile and the target, and can provide some energy dissipation, especially if they rupture on impact. However, their fluid-like behavior can result in deformation when fired, causing interference as the projectile leaves the shell or exits the gas gun. Additionally, deformation prior to impacting the target can adversely affect the projectile stability in flight.
• The most direct way to increase the projectile mass is to make the projectile out of a high-density material, such as a metal. However, there are significant drawbacks to the use of metals in these projectiles. In a non-lethal munition, fabricating the projectile out of metal would be unacceptable because of metal's inherent hardness and non-compliance. Further, use of a metal slug in a projectile takes up volume that could be used for a compliant nose material, and placement of the slug in the projectile body dictates the location of the center of gravity. Other options include using metal shot or powder, but these materials tend to deform like a fluid rather than deforming with dissipation of energy.
• Historically, lead has been the material of choice used in all types of bullets and projectiles because of its density and ease of manufacturing. However, lead is recognized as a toxic substance to the human body, and as an environmental hazard with some degree of regulation on its disposal. For these reasons, ammunition manufacturers are beginning to replace lead with other substances that do not present these inherent problems. The replacement material must have adequate density properties, be available in sufficient quantities to be cost effective, and must not introduce any additional hazards for use, storage or disposal.
• Thus there is a need for a less-than-lethal impact munition that will allow the projectile mass to be maximized while maintaining acceptable lethality properties. The projectile should incorporate compliant component materials that will dissipate energy upon impact with a target. The nose and body material density and compliance should be adjustable through formulation and processing changes to produce a projectile that will allow the weight, kinetic energy, center of gravity and lethality requirements to be met. The materials used in the projectile should not pose significant health or environmental concerns, and should be readily available at a cost suitable for high volume production.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention addresses the drawbacks and problems associated with prior non-lethal projectile designs and comprises a projectile used as a non-lethal impact munition when fired from a suitable delivery system such as a gas gun or shotgun. The projectile includes a nose section and a body section and is designed to deliver a prescribed amount of kinetic energy to a particular target. The projectile body includes features to provide aerodynamic stability during flight such as fins, tails or ribbons for drag stabilization, and/or rings on the body to engage rifling in the gun barrel to induce spin stabilization. The nose section of the projectile is made of an elastomeric material that has been formulated with a high-density powder, such as tungsten, to achieve increased projectile mass while maintaining the compliant or compressive qualities of the elastomer. The projectile design allows the maximum amount of kinetic energy to be delivered to the target as well as a means to dissipate some of that energy through compression of the elastomer upon impact with the target.
• The new projectile design of the present invention comprises components made of densified materials such as elastomers and foams which incorporate a dense filler material. The elastomers include, but are not limited to, thermoplastic elastomers, such as polyurethanes; polyolefins, such as polyethylene or polypropylene; silicone rubber, such as room temperature vulcanizing silicon; polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene. Any variation of these elastomeric binders that are caused to foam by the introduction of heat, gas or by chemical reaction are contemplated, whether the resulting foam is flexible or rigid. The filler material can be any dense powder additive. The projectile body can include any structural flight body having stabilizing components such as fins, drag stabilizing tails or streamers, or rifling bands for spin stabilization. The contemplated launching system for these projectiles can be shotguns, such as a 12 gauge, or 37 or 40 mm gas guns. These launching systems are by way of illustration and are not meant to limit the physical size, caliber or projectile weight incorporating the novel aspects of the present invention.
• The foregoing and other features of the present invention are hereinafter more fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims, wherein the following description setting forth in detail certain illustrative embodiments of the invention, being indicative, however of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the invention may be employed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a non-lethal projectile of the present invention, typically used for a 12 gauge shotgun;
• FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a second embodiment of a non-lethal projectile of the present invention;
• FIG. 3 is a third embodiment of a non-lethal projectile of the present invention being a 40 mm projectile; and
• FIG. 4 is a fourth embodiment non-lethal projectile of the present invention, also a 40 mm projectile.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 illustrates anon-lethal projectile10 of the present invention, for example, for a12 gauge shotgun having a moldedprojectile body12 having arifling band14 for spin stabilization of the projectile and a densified foam orpolymer nose section16. The nose section, for example could be a tungsten powder filled polyurethane. The projectile body, for example, could be a densified base such as tungsten powder filled thermoplastic elastomer (TPE). Theprojectile body12 is a cylindrical body and can also be molded or machined from polycarbonate and therifling band12 is slightly larger in diameter than the cylindrical body. The rifling band engages rifling in the barrel of a rifled-bore shotgun or launcher and impart spin to the projectile as it travels down the barrel.
• To meet projectile weight, mass property, or stability requirements, the nose, rifling band or body components can be densified using density-enhanced polymer materials. This produces components with strength and mass properties similar to the metal filler material, but with hardness and compliance properties similar to the polymer materials. The components are fabricated by calculating the required amount of filler material to produce the desired density in the finished projectile. The polymer/filler material is then compounded prior to the molding operation to assure a homogenous mold material. An example of a suitable source of tungsteri powder is a product named TECHNON, which is 99.9% pure tungsten metal powder and is sold by Tungsten Heavy Powders, Inc. of San Diego, Calif. The powder has a mean particle size in the 20-150 micron range. Other metal powders can be used as the filler material such as lead, iron or other heavy metals. The body is molded using conventional production molding techniques. The molded densified components of the present invention can be attached to each other using a suitable adhesive, such as cyanoacrylate, or the components can be molded in one piece using over-molding techniques. The dense powder additive can also be materials other than heavy metal, such as bismuth trioxide. The additive requires particulates denser than the elastomer material.
• FIG. 2 illustrates asecond embodiment projectile20 having for example, a molded polyurethane finnedbody22 and a densifiedfoam nose24. Thefinned body22 has a number offins26 uniformly spaced around the circumference of the body. The densifiedfoam nose24 is produced by a process which has been developed to introduce a dense powder such a tungsten into the elastomer prior to the foaming step, so that after foaming, a much denser foam material is obtained. Due to the extremely high density of material such as tungsten, addition of a dense powder to an elastomeric foam has a dramatic effect on the material density and the resulting projectile mass. The projectile mass and delivered kinetic energy can be maximized without the use of solid metal slugs. The primary benefit of using an elastomeric foam as a projectile nose material is its compliant response when subjected to compression. This compliance allows energy dissipation upon impact with the target, minimizing the chance for serious injury. By controlling the amount of dense powder added to the elastomer prior to foaming, the compliant properties of the finished foam product can be maintained, along with the projectile lethality benefits. By using density-enhanced foam materials, the mass properties of the projectile can be adjusted without giving up desired material properties necessary for absorbing energy upon target impact.
• A comparison of measured material properties for density-enhanced foam is illustrated in the following table which includes a comparison to a typical projectile foam nose material. The primary figure of merit that was used to compare the materials is a modified Indention Force Deflection (IFD, ASTM D3575) measurement, which is an industry standard for measuring the firmness of a foam sample by measuring the force required to compress the sample by 25%. The industry standard IFD measurement uses a sample that measures 15″ square by 4″ thick. Since this is not practical for measurement of a foam nose for a projectile, the test was modified to use a 1″×1″ cylindrical sample, and compared this measurement to IFD numbers for a material which was T600 olefin foam.

• 				In-house	ASTM
  		Wt. %	Density	IFD	D3575
  Sample	Description	Tungsten	(lb/ft3)	psi @ 25%	psi @ 25%

  1	Tungsten/	94.84	241.9	144
  	PU foam
  2	Tungsten/	93.72	189.9	55
  	PU foam
  3	Tungsten/	92.90	117.0	22.5
  	PU foam
  4	PU Foam	0.00	7.62	1.25
  5	Minicel	0.00	6.84	17	18
  	T600

• As shown in sample 5, the in-house IFD measurement yielded similar results to the ASTM test for the same -material, giving some confidence to the measurement on the density-enhanced materials.
• FIG. 3 illustrates athird embodiment munition30 having a projectile32 positioned within analuminum40mm shell case34 and comprising a moldedpolycarbonate body36 havingappropriate rifling bands38 for spin stabilization and a densifiedfoam nose40. For example, the foam nose could be a tungsten-filled polyolefin and theprojectile body36 could be a tungsten-filled polycarbonate. The projectile is propelled from the casing by asmokeless powder charge42 positioned in the casing below the projectile.
• FIG. 4 illustrate a fourth embodimentnon-lethal munition50 having a projectile52 positioned within ashell casing54 having a molded polycarbonate base56 a densifiedmaterial mid-section58 and a rigid, crushable densifiedfoam nose60. For example, the nose could be made of a tungsten filled polyurethane foam having ahollow section62 so that the nose is crushable.
• One example of a propulsion system for the present invention incorporates ablank cartridge64 and a ruptureddisc66 positioned into ahigh pressure chamber68 located at oneend70 of the shell casing. Thehigh pressure chamber68 is connected to alow pressure chamber72 by avent hole74. The projectile52 is positioned in thelow pressure chamber72 of the shell casing.
• Although the present invention has been described and illustrated with respect to four embodiments thereof, it is not to be so limited since changes and modification can be made therein which is in the full intended scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed. For example, the projectile can be molded as a single piece having a nose component and a body component or can be molded as separate components and joined together.

Claims (20)

1. A non-lethal projectile comprising:

a nose component; and

a body component,

wherein at least one of the nose component or the body component comprises a densified material comprising an elastomer or foam having a densified powder filler.

2. The projectile ofclaim 1 wherein the non-lethal projectile further comprises a driving band positioned on the body component.

3. The projectile ofclaim 1 further comprising means for providing aerodynamic stability of the projectile during flight.

4. The projectile ofclaim 3 wherein the means for providing aerodynamic stability includes at least one of a fin, tail or ribbon attached to the body component for drag stabilization.

5. The projectile ofclaim 1 wherein the elastomer of the nose or the body portion is at least one of a polyurethane, polyolefin, silicon rubber, polyvinyl chloride or polystyrene and the densified powder filler is a heavy metal being at least one of tungsten, lead or iron.

6. The projectile ofclaim 1 wherein the nose component is in elastomeric foam densified by the mixture of a heavy metal powder.

7. The projectile ofclaim 1 further comprising a shell casing for receipt of the base component.

8. The projectile ofclaim 1 wherein the projectile is to be fired from a 12 gauge launching system.

9. The projectile ofclaim 1 wherein the projectile is to be launched from a 37 or 40 mm gas gun.

10. The projectile ofclaim 1 wherein the body component is molded or machined polycarbonate.

11. The projectile ofclaim 5 wherein the filler has a mean particle size of about 20 to about 150 microns.

12. A less-than lethal munition comprising a projectile having a nose section and a body section wherein at least one of the nose section and the body section comprises a polymer that is densified by a powder filler to maximize kinetic energy delivered by the munition.

13. The munition ofclaim 12 further comprising a driving band positioned on the body section.

14. The munition ofclaim 12 further comprising a means for providing aerodynamic stability comprising at least one of a fin, tail, or ribbon attached to the body section of the munition for drag stabilization.

15. The munition ofclaim 12 wherein the polymer is selected from the group including polyurethane, polyolefin, silicon rubber, polyvinyl chloride or polystyrene.

16. The munition ofclaim 12 wherein the nose section is a foam polymer.

17. A method of manufacturing a non-lethal projectile comprising the steps of:

selecting a desired elastomer material for the projectile;

calculating a required amount of filler material for a desired density of the projectile;

compounding the selected elastomer material and the calculated filler material; and

molding the compounded elastomer and filler materials into the projectile.

18. The method ofclaim 17 further comprising molding a nose component and a body component of the projectile.

19. The method ofclaim 18 further comprising the step of joining the nose component and the body component by an adhesive or by over molding.

20. The method ofclaim 18 wherein the step for molding the nose component is by foaming.

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