US20070208378A1 - Suture anchor and methods for implanting same - Google Patents

Abstract

Surgical devices such as implants or suture fastenings are assembled from a plurality of discrete components, one of which components includes a heat bondable plastic material for bonding the components together. At least two components are bonded to each other by the applying heat to the heat bondable plastic material of one component. The heat bondable plastic material is preferably a polymeric or composite material suitable for surgical applications and implantation in humans, and may be a biodegradable material. A laser may be used as the heat source. The present invention is advantageously embodied in heat bonded fastenings for sutures or K-wires, in which a variety of different suture anchors are usable, including expandable distal suture anchors. Other embodiments include a metal bone plate which is held to bone by a metal bone screw and a nut of bondable material bonded to the plate to secure the connection; a piece of bondable material bonded to a metal prosthesis to custom fit the prosthesis; and a surgical implant custom formed by bonding together a plurality of discrete elements one or more of which is bondable.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/295,127, filed Nov. 15, 2002, which in turn is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/737,380, filed Dec. 15, 2000 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,267). The aforementioned application Ser. No. 09/737,380 is itself a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/362,279, filed Jul. 27, 1999 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,203,565 B1). The aforementioned application Ser. No. 09/362,279 is itself a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/267,555, filed Mar. 12, 1999 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,059,817). The aforementioned application Ser. No. 09/267,555 is itself a divisional U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/019,511, filed Feb. 5, 1998 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,267). The aforementioned application Ser. No. 09/019,511 is itself a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/782,595, filed Jan. 13, 1997 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,735,875). The aforementioned application Ser. No. 08/782,595 is itself a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/453,631, filed May 30, 1995 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,425). The aforementioned application Ser. No. 08/453,631 is itself continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/833,085 filed Feb. 10, 1992 (now abandoned). The aforementioned application Ser. No. 07/833,085 is itself a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/545,919, filed Jun. 28, 1990 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,163,960). The benefit of the earlier filing dates of the aforementioned applications is hereby claimed.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to surgical devices such as implants or suture fastenings.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Mundell U.S. Pat. No. 4,506,681 shows the use of a prosthesis which includes a biodegradable thermoplastic material molded around electric resistance elements to allow for heating to soften to mold to a particular shape.
• Polonsky U.S. Pat. No. 4,662,068 discloses cutting off most of the protruding ends of a plastic suture and heating them to secure the ends together.
• Jacobs U.S. Pat. No. 4,750,492 shows crimping or clipping a biodegradable fastener or retainer on the end of a biodegradable suture.
• The compound methyl methacrylate is an acrylic resin monomer which is sometimes used in surgery to fasten or grout implants of metal to bone, or hip or knee replacements to bone. It is usable only for bone to metal applications. Tissue reacts to it and in soft tissue it creates a fibrous scar. Further, it is not biodegradable.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention includes an assembly for use in surgical applications in humans. The assembly may include two components, at least one of which comprises a heat bondable material. The first and second components are bond to each other by the application of heat to the heat bondable material, to make the heat bondable material soften, become tacky, and bond to the other component.
• If only one of the components comprises a heat bondable material, the application of heat to the heat bondable material of that component causes the heat bondable material to soften and bond to the other component.
• If both of the components comprise a heat bondable material, the application of heat to the heat bondable material of the components causes the heat bondable material of at least one and preferably each component to soften and bond to the other component.
• The assembly can also include a first component, a second component, and a third component separate from the first and second components and comprising a heat bondable material. The application of heat to the heat bondable material of the third component causes the heat bondable material to soften and bond to the first and second components to interconnect the first and second components.
• The heat bondable material is preferably a polymeric or composite material suitable for surgical applications and implantations in humans, and may be a biodegradable material where such is called for by the application.
• The present invention may advantageously be embodied in heat bonded fastenings for sutures or K-wires, in which a variety of different suture anchors are usable, including expandable distal suture anchors. Such suture fastenings are easier to form and stronger than conventional tied knots. Other examples of assemblies embodying the present invention may include a metal bone plate which is held to bone by a metal bone screw and a nut of bondable material bonded to the plate to secure the connection; a wedge of bondable material bonded to a metal prosthesis to custom flit the prosthesis; and a surgical implant custom formed by bonding together a plurality of discrete elements one or more of which is bondable. Such embodiments are further described below.
• The present invention may also provide a method of suturing body tissue. A portion of a suture is inserted into an opening in a retainer formed of a plastic material. At least a portion of the retainer is heated to a temperature in a transition temperature range of the plastic material forming the retainer. The suture is maintained at a temperature below the transition temperature range of a plastic material forming the suture while the retainer is heated. The plastic material of the retainer flows around the plastic material of the suture. A bonding of the plastic material of the retainer to the plastic material of the suture is effected by cooling the plastic material of the retainer to a temperature below its transition temperature range. The foregoing steps are performed without significant deformation of the plastic material of the suture.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• Further features of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art to which the present invention relates from reading the following specification with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
• FIG. 1 is an illustration of a metal bone plate which is held to bone by a metal bone screw and a nut of bondable material bonded to the plate to secure the connection in accordance with one of the features of the present invention;
• FIG. 1A is an illustration of a bone plate of bondable material which is held to bone by a bone screw and nut both of bondable material and bonded to each other to secure the connection;
• FIG. 2 illustrates the use of a bonded fastening in accordance with one of the features of the present invention to obtain increased holding power on a fastener extending through a bone;
• FIG. 3 is an illustration of a wedge of bondable material bonded to a metal hip prosthesis to custom fit the prosthesis;
• FIGS. 4A and 4B are illustrations of a wedge of bondable material bonded to a metal tibial prosthesis to custom fit the prosthesis;
• FIG. 5 is an illustration of a surgical implant custom formed by bonding together a plurality of discrete bondable elements;
• FIG. 6 is an illustration of the use of a third component of bondable material to custom form a surgical implant by bonding together a plurality of discrete elements;
• FIGS. 7A-7C are illustrations of a bonded suture fastening in accordance with one of the features of the present invention;
• FIGS. 8A-8I are schematic illustrations of a variety of different suture anchors usable in bonded suture fastenings;
• FIGS. 9A-9D are illustrations of an expandable distal suture anchor usable in bonded suture fastenings;
• FIG. 10 illustrates the use of a curved hole in tissue parts to be joined with bonded fastenings on either end of the joining element;
• FIG. 11A-11C are illustrations of a bonded rivet in accordance with one of the features of the present invention;
• FIG. 12 is a schematic sectional view illustrating the manner in which a suture is placed relative to body tissue and extends into openings in a retainer;
• FIG. 13 is a plan view, taken generally along the line13-13 ofFIG. 12, further illustrating the construction of the retainer;
• FIG. 14 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view of a portion ofFIG. 13;
• FIG. 15 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view, generally similar toFIG. 14, illustrating the manner in which the retainer is bonded to the suture without significant deformation of the suture;
• FIG. 16 is a fragmentary sectional view generally similar toFIG. 15, illustrating the manner in which the retainer is bonded to a braided suture;
• FIG. 17 is a schematic illustration, generally similar toFIG. 12, schematically illustrating the orientation of polymer chains relative to the retainer; and
• FIG. 18 is a fragmentary sectional view, generally similar toFIG. 12, illustrating a second embodiment of the retainer.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• In this application, the term “bondable” or “bondable material” is used to refer to any material, suitable for use in surgical applications, which can be softened and made flowable by the application of heat, and which, when softened, will become tacky and bond to other materials and will flow to fill available space. Thus, the material may be thermoplastic, but it may also exhibit tackiness or bonding ability when in its plastic form. Many materials suitable for surgery are made of or incorporate such heat bondable materials. Many biodegradables, polymers such as polyethylene, and composites fall in this class. They can be joined by heat bonding at reasonably low temperatures which can be applied in the operating room safely, unlike the very high temperatures needed to melt metal. Composite materials can include reinforced plastics, or polymers which are laminated or layered or reinforced with one or more other materials such as nylon, graphite fibers, Kevlar® fibers, stainless steel fibers, etc. Many sutures are made of polymers which are suitable for use herein. Selection of such material is within the ordinary skill of the art.
• Various components of at least some embodiments of the invention are formed of a plastic material. A plastic material is a material which contains one or more polymers and which may also contain other materials such as fillers, solvents, plasticizers, lubricants, accelerators, dyes, etc. An interconnection or bond between plastic materials occurs as a result of molecular attraction (adhesion) and/or mechanical force resulting from shrinking of the plastic material. A transition temperature range of the plastic material is a temperature range at which the plastic material changes from a solid condition in which it has a fixed form to a viscous condition in which the material readily flows and is soft enough to be molded.
• Any suitable heat generating apparatus can be used to heat and soften or spot weld the material, such as a hot air gun, a small welding or soldering gun, or a Bovie tip. Also usable are lasers, which are commonly provided in operating rooms. Lasers are especially desirable because they are precise and controlled in their application, can generate sufficient heat very quickly, and cause less thermal necrosis because there is less misdirected heat. The heating operation can be done pre-operatively to form an assembly; can be done outside the body but in the operating room to customize implants at the time of surgery; or can be done during surgery, in the body, when the bond is needed within the human body.
First Embodiment
• FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate heat bonded assemblies including existing surgical objects such as plates, screws, etc. InFIG. 1, abone plate10 is secured tobone material12 by abone screw14. Thebone plate10 and thebone screw14 are both made of metal. Ordinarily, thebone screw14 would be secured to thebone plate10 by a metal nut threaded onto thebone screw14 and run up adjacent thebone plate10. However, such a connection can loosen and thus destroy the integrity of the assembly. Accordingly, in accordance with the present invention, anut16 is provided which is made of or includes a bondable material. Thenut16 is threaded on thebone screw14 into abutting engagement with thebone plate10. Then, the bondable material of thenut16 is heated and softened to flow about the joint between thenut16 and thebone plate10, to bond thenut16 to thebone plate10. Thenut16 can also be bond to thebone screw14 if desired for a stronger connection.
• FIG. 1A illustrates an assembly similar toFIG. 1 in which abone plate18 and abone screw20 both made of or including bondable material are provided. The nut16 (FIG. 1) is not used. Instead, thebone screw20 is bonded directly to thebone plate18 at anarea22.
• As noted, ordinarily a bone plate is held to bone via a threaded fastener such as thebone screw14 or20 inFIG. 1. However, the bone is alive and is constantly remodeling the threads on the bone screw. As this happens, the fastener loses its purchase or holding power in the bone, and the screw can pull loose. Accordingly, it would be desirable to obtain more purchase by a different kind of fastener.
• FIG. 2 illustrates the use of a bonded fastening in accordance with the present invention to obtain increased holding power. The fastener extends completely through a tissue mass such as abone160, for example to secure a plate in position against the bone. Anelongate fastener162, which may be metal or may be made of or include a bondable material, is inserted through an opening in thebone160. Adistal fastener164 is secured to the distal end of thescrew162 by a plug of bondedmaterial166. Theplate168 is then placed over the bone screw, and aproximal fastener170 made of or including a bondable material is bonded to either or both of thescrew162 and theplate168. Theelongate fastener162 may optionally also be threaded in the portion engaging thebone160. Theelongate fastener162 may optionally also be threaded in the portion engaging thefastener164 and/or thefastener170.
• The bonded fastenings obtained thereby are stronger than is possible with either a threaded connection or a tied or crimped connection. Further, there is no reliance on a threaded connection between bone and fastener which will inevitably weaken over time. Also, bone screws are threaded and are always straight. Theelongate fastener162 need not be straight because it need not be threaded. Thus, it can be curved, or angled, as needed or desired to fit any particular application. In combination with the bonded connection of the fasteners at the ends of the elongate fastener, such a structure is a vast improvement over a typical metal threaded fastener.
• FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate surgical assemblies in which an existing surgical prosthesis or implant has been modified to better fit the particular application. Such prostheses or implants come from a manufacturer in only a limited range of sizes and shapes. However, the particular bone into which a prosthesis or implant is to be inserted may have defects or size discrepancies which would make it impossible to obtain a good fit with even the closest fitting prosthesis or implant.
• In accordance with one of the features of the invention, the shape and size of a prosthesis or implant are modified to fit a particular bone. Afemoral prosthesis30 illustrated inFIG. 3 has been modified with the addition of awedge32 including heal bondable material in order to better fit agap34 in thebone36. Thewedge32 is custom shaped to fit thegap34 exactly. Theconnection38 between thewedge32 and theprosthesis30 is secured by heating and softening thewedge32 so that the material of thewedge32 adheres or bonds to theprosthesis30. The assembly of the heatbondable wedge32 and thefemoral prosthesis30 fits thefemur36 much more properly than would the prosthesis alone. This assembly can easily be made right in the operating room at the time of the joint reduction, allowing the surgeon to customize or equilibrate at the time of surgery.
• Similarly, inFIG. 4, atibia40 is shown to have an area ofdefect42 which makes it impossible to properly fit atibial component44. Accordingly, as seen inFIG. 4B, anelement46 including a heat bondable material is shaped with heat as by a laser in the operating room to fit thedefect42. Theelement46 is then bonded to thetibial component44 prior to placement thereof in thebone40. The assembly of thetibial component40 and theelement46 provides a proper fit in thetibia40. There is no other suitable way of matching the requirements of bone and joint in the operating room.
• The bone components shown inFIGS. 3 and 4 are only an illustration of the many kinds of objects which can be used to form assemblies embodying the present invention. It can thus be seen, as illustrated inFIGS. 3 and 4, that the present invention gives the surgeon the ability to immediately modify the shape and size of almost any existing surgical part including a prosthesis, in order to better fit the particular application for use in the body. This is accomplished by heat bonding a piece of bondable material onto the prosthesis, to make an assembly designed for the particular application. The piece can be custom shaped in the operating room to fit the application exactly by heating and bonding of a polymer or composite.
• FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate schematically some custom fabricated implants which can be constructed in accordance with the present invention. InFIG. 5, a relativelythick plate50 is joined to a relativelythin plate52. Both theplate50 and theplate52 are made of or include a bondable material. Theplates50 and52 are joined at the area of the joint54 between them, by bonding in accordance with the present invention. A third element such as astud56 may be added, with bonding at the joint58 therebetween. Thus, the surgeon has the ability to laminate pieces in surgery and does not have to rely on pre-made hardware.
• It should be understood that the illustration inFIG. 5 of plates and a stud is not limiting, but is only illustrative of the almost limitless number of surgical devices which can be constructed in accordance with the present invention. Items such as rods, bars, plates, or any type of construct usable in medical/surgical applications object can be custom shaped or built up in accordance with the present invention. They can be made of polymers or composites which can easily be cut with a laser and also softened to custom fit. They can be made of or include a biodegradable material in those instances where it is desired that the material be replaced, over time, with natural tissue ingrowth. They can also include tissue ingrowth promoters, antibiotics, or other additives as desired.
• Rather than having one or both of the components to be joined made of a bondable material, a third component can be used to join them, with the third component being made of or including a heat bondable material. The third component is non-flowable and non-adherent at room temperature before use. When it is softened by heating and applied to the first and second components, it bonds to both components to interconnect them. A laser is ideal for heating the interpositional bonding material because of the accuracy available with the laser. As an example,FIG. 6 illustrates an assembly similar toFIG. 5 in which aplate60 and aplate62 and astud64 are joined by the use of additional bonding material atlocations66,68,70, and72. In this case, theplates60 and62 and thestud64 need not be made of heat bondable materials.
• For example, a total hip or knee replacement is possible using components bonded together by heat. If some or all of the parts are made of heat bondable material such as polymers or composites, an assembly as described herein can be produced simply by the application of heat to bond the parts together as desired. If the replacement does not fit the existing bone exactly, it can be customized at the time of surgery by cutting as with a laser, by adding as by bonding, or by heating to bond wedges or pieces to it.
• It can be seen that the present invention also provides the capability for forming a custom-fit surgical implant for bonding to a bone or to a bone prosthesis which comprises a component at least partially formed of a heat-bondable material which has been custom-shaped by the application of heat to said heat-bondable material. In this instance, the aforementioned laser is most suitable for forming the implant. The lasers which are commonly found in operating rooms can cut, shapes and otherwise form almost any suitable material used herein, including polymers, biodegradable materials, and even composites including reinforcing materials. The implant can include several components each having heat-bondable material, or several components only one of which includes a heat-bondable material, or it can be a single component which is custom made for a particular application. Such use of heat to form implants provides the surgeon with greatly extended capabilities in the operating room and does not limit him to preformed implants or prostheses.
Second Embodiment
• It is difficult to tie a suture knot to itself or to slide it down through deep tissue in a limited working area (as in fiber optic surgery). Typically, the surgeon can often not work in a straight line but needs to use a suture loop (going through the tissue twice) to bring tissue together. Any such increase in the amount of tissue through which the suture must pass increases damage to tissue. Furthermore, mechanical tying or crimping of sutures or K-wires, especially of polymers or biodegradables which are generally smooth, does not produce connections which are as strong as desirable, and suture connections sometimes may come untied as a result.
• In accordance with one of the features of the present invention, surgical connections for holding adjoining tissues together are secured by melting a fastener or anchor on the end of a suture, rather than by tying or by clipping the anchor on the end of the suture. (The term “suture” is used herein to refer to a suture, a K-wire, or any similar surgical connector.) The anchor is pushed over the free end of the suture down to the tissue, drawing the tissues together. Either the anchor alone or the anchor and the suture are melted together to lock them into position.
• With the fasteners of the present invention, therefore, a surgeon has more control since he can apply more pressure to push the tissues together and it is easier to appose the tissues; the tension on the repaired tissues is more controllable, predictable, and reproducible; and the fasteners can be used in a smaller working space. Further, a melted anchor provides a stronger bond than the mechanical interlock of a suture knot, because it will not unravel or come apart as a surgical knot may. It takes less time to fasten than it does to tie a suitable knot. There is improved contact between the tissues being joined because of the better suture connection. The straight line suture fastening also avoids buckling of the tissue edges caused by force vectors not extending in the direction of the suture.
• Since he only needs one free suture end to make a secure connection, the surgeon does not need to use a suture loop to bring tissue together, but can work in a straight line. This lessens damage to tissue because a straight line connection is easier to obtain than a loop in a limited space. Also, it improves tissue apposition and approximation when a straight line fastening is pulled together rather than a loop which tends to buckle or pucker tissue at the edges because of the force vectors not directed along the length of the suture.
• The fasteners can be used for the fixation of soft tissue, tendon, ligament, meniscus, muscle, fascia, vessels, nerves or bones to each other. They can be used, for example, to hold a rotator cuff to bone, or to join fracture fragments of bone to bone. The anchors can be custom molded, specially made at the time of surgery (or preoperatively) to conform exactly to the tissue or bone application.
• One anchor is secured to the distal end of the suture. (Alternatively, it may be preformed or connected on the suture in any known manner of connection.) The suture is then positioned in the tissues to be joined, a second anchor is slid over the free end, pulled down to close the gap, and melt it in place.
• As illustrated inFIG. 7, two pieces oftissue80 and82 are to be joined using asuture84. Adistal anchor86 is located on the end of thesuture84. The suture is then inserted through thetissues82 and80 so that afree end88 of thesuture84 protrudes at the proximal end. Afastener90 having anopening92 therein is slid over thewire84 and pulled down tight as shown inFIG. 7C to close the gap94 between thetissues80 and82.
• Thefastener90 is made of a heat bondable plastic material. (The suture can also be made of heat bondable plastic material which is bonded to secure the connection.) Thefastener90 is then bonded at anarea96 to the protrudingfree end88 of thesuture84. InFIG. 7C, it can be seen that thefastener90 is bonded to thesuture84 without significant deformation of the suture. Alternatively, thefastener90 can be bonded along the length of theopening92 to thesuture84. The protruding end of thesuture84 is then cut off. Applicant has found through testing that while a simple mechanical connection such as a knot or a crimped connector is not strong enough to hold in some circumstances, the bonded connection illustrated inFIG. 7 overcomes this difficulty and will hold.
• FIG. 8 illustrates a few of the many fasteners which can be used in accordance with the present invention.FIG. 8A shows a simplesquare fastener100 having asuture receiving opening102 therein. Thefastener104 is round and has anopening106 therein. Thefastener108 shown inFIG. 8C includes a plurality ofbarbs110 for better gripping in the tissue against which it engages. Thefastener112 shown inFIG. 8 is umbrella-like in shape, having anouter rib114 and a plurality of radially extendingribs116.
• Thefastener118 shown inFIG. 8E is filamentous, having a plurality of protrudingfilaments120. Thefastener122 shown inFIG. 8F is a T-snap. Thefastener124 shown inFIG. 5G is curved or cupped about theopening126 so that its ends128 and130 will flatten as pressure is applied upon drawing tight the suture. Thefastener132 shown inFIGS. 5H and 5I is reinforced withtransverse ribs134 andlongitudinal ribs136 for better strength. Theribs134 and136 protrude axially from themain body138 of the fastener. Finally, any anchor or fastener can be specially made, that is, custom molded at the time of the surgery or preoperatively to conform exactly to the tissue against which it will be abutting.
• FIG. 9 illustrates the use of an expandable distal suture anchor for bonded suture fastenings in accordance with the present invention. In particular,FIG. 9 illustrates the use of a bonded assembly to secure atendon140 tobone142. To make the assembly, initially, a cannula orsleeve144 is inserted through the tendon to the bone. Agouge146 is then used to gouge out anopening148 in the soft cancellous tissue under the cortical bone. Anexpandable anchor150, confined in asleeve152 and having asuture154 extending proximally from thesleeve152, is inserted through thecanula144 into theopening148 in the bone. Thesleeve152 is then withdrawn, allowing theanchor150 to expand within theopening148, blocking removal of the suture.
• Afastener156 made of or including a bondable plastic material is then slid distally over thesuture154 into engagement with thetendon140, and then further, pushing thetendon140 into engagement with thebone142. Theanchor156 is then bonded to thesuture154, providing a connection which is stronger than that of any tied knot. InFIG. 9D, it can be seen that thefastener156 is bonded to thesuture154 without significant deformation of the suture. In a similar manner, an expandable anchor as illustrated herein can be used with a bonded fastening in any application in which the anchor must be placed in a blind location. This method can work also especially well with a barbed or umbrella-like anchor as illustrated inFIG. 8C or8D.
• FIG. 10 illustrates the use of bonded fastenings in accordance with the present invention in conjunction with a curved opening in tissue parts to be joined. Illustrated inFIG. 10 are twoportions172 and174 of a fractured bone with their ends abutting at a joint176. It is possible to secure together the bone ends with a suture which extends axially through the fractured ends of the bone, while accessing the joint only from one side of the bone. Acurved opening178 is drilled through thefirst bone part172 and thesecond bone part174, beginning at the proximal end of thefirst bone part172, extending through the joint176, and exiting at the proximal face of thesecond bone part174. Asuture180 is then passed through theopening178. Afirst fastener182 made of or including a bondable plastic material is then bonded onto the protruding end of thesuture180. The suture is then pulled tight, and asecond fastener184 also made of or including a bondable material is pulled down tight against the proximal face of thesecond bone part174 and bonded by heating in location to thesuture180. InFIG. 10, it can be seen that thefasteners182 and184 are bonded to thesuture180 without significant deformation of the suture.
• FIG. 11 illustrates the use of a bonded fastening in accordance with a feature of the present invention in conjunction with a rivet type fastening. To secure together two adjoiningmasses186 and188, asleeve190 is inserted through an opening in the tissues until thedistal end192 of the sleeve projects behind thetissue186. Amandrel194 in thesleeve190 has a headedportion196 at itsdistal end192. Themandrel194 is then pulled outwardly, while thesleeve190 is held in place, spreading thedistal end192 of the sleeve to lock the sleeve in place behindtissue186. The protruding end of themandrel194 is then cut off flush with and bonded by heating as at198 to thehead end200 of the sleeve. This type of bonded connection can be used in various applications where the surgeon is connecting two tissue masses with access only from one side thereof.
• The present invention also is embodied in a method of making an assembly for use in surgical applications in humans. The method comprises the steps of providing a first component which comprises a heat bondable plastic material; providing a second component; and bonding the first and second components to each other by the application of heat to the heat bondable material to make the heat bondable material bond to the other component. In the method, the second component may be a surgical prosthesis or implant, or it may be a bone plate or bone screw. The heat bondable plastic material used in the method may be a polymer, a composite, or a biodegradable material.
• The present invention also is embodied in a method of fastening a suture or K-wire to hold together adjoining tissue masses in a human surgical application. The method comprises the steps of inserting the suture into the desired location in the tissue masses, placing in position on the suture a suture fastener, and bonding the suture to the fastener by applying heat to one or both of the fastener and the suture to bond the fastener to the suture. Further, the fastener may be mechanically crimped first and then heat bonded to provide the benefits of both types of fastenings.
• The present invention is also embodied in a kit of components for forming an assembly by heat bonding for use in surgical applications in humans and incorporating at least one heat bondable material. The kit comprises a first component and a second component comprising a heat bondable material, with the first and second components bondable to each other upon the application of heat to the second component to make the heat bondable material of the second component bond to the first component. The kit may further include heat generating means for generating heat to bond said first component to said second component. The components and the heat generating means are as described above with respect to the assemblies.
• Method and Apparatus for Suturing Body Tissue
• Anapparatus220 for use in suturing human body tissue (FIG. 12) includes a retainer or crimp222 and asuture224. Thesuture224 extends through alayer226 of skin intobody tissue228 disposed beneath the skin. Although thesuture224 as been illustrated inFIG. 12 in association withsoft body tissue226 and228, it is contemplated that thesuture224 could be used in association with relatively hard body tissue, such as bone. Thesuture224 may be placed in many different locations in the human body for many different purposes. For example thesuture224 may be used with a suture anchor in the manner disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,348 issued Apr. 4, 1995 and entitled Suture Anchor.
• Theretainer222 is formed of a plastic material. Thesuture224 is also formed of a plastic material. Theretainer222 is bonded to thesuture224 without significant deformation of the suture. This enables theretainer222 to securely hold the suture relative to thebody tissue226 and228 without impairing the strength of the suture. Although theretainer222 has been shown inFIG. 12 as being connected with opposite end portions of asingle suture224, the retainer could be connected with end portions of two separate sutures.
• In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, theretainer222 has a generally cylindrical configuration (FIGS. 12 and 13). Theretainer222 has a pair of linearcylindrical passages232 and234 through which thesuture224 extends. Thus, aportion238 of thesuture224 extends through the passage oropening232. Aportion240 of the suture extends through the passage or opening234 (FIG. 12).
• In the suture arrangement illustrated inFIG. 12, aconnector portion242 of thesuture224 interconnects the twoportions238 and240. If desired, theconnector portion242 of thesuture224 could extend through a suture anchor. It is contemplated that theconnector portion242 of thesuture224 could extend around ligaments or other human body tissue. It is contemplated that theretainer222 could be used to interconnect sutures in a series of sutures.
• After the twoportions238 and240 of thesuture224 have been inserted into the passages oropening232 and234 in theretainer222, the retainer and suture are interconnected to hold the suture against movement relative to the body tissue. To interconnect the retainer and theportion238 of thesuture224, the plastic material of theretainer222 is heated to a temperature in a transition temperature range of the plastic material of theretainer222. The plastic material of thesuture224 is maintained at a temperature below the transition temperature range of the plastic material forming the suture.
• Thus, in the specific embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIGS. 12-15, the plastic material of thesuture224 has a transition temperature range which is above 190° Celsius. Thespecific retainer222 illustrated inFIGS. 12-15 has a transition temperature range which is below 190° Celsius. However, it should be understood that at least a portion of or even the entire transition temperature range for thesuture224 could be coextensive with the transition temperature range for theretainer222. In fact, the transition temperature range of the suture could extend below the transition temperature range of the retainer. However, it is believed that it will be advantageous to have a higher transition temperature range for the suture than for the retainer.
• Once the plastic material of theretainer222 has been heated to a temperature in the transition temperature range for the plastic material of the retainer, the plastic material of the retainer flows around the plastic material of thesuture224. This occurs while the plastic material of thesuture224 is maintained at a temperature below the transition temperature range of the plastic material of the suture. Thus, the portion of the plastic material of theretainer222 forming the passage232 (FIG. 14) is heated to a temperature in its transition temperature range. The plastic material of theretainer222 then flows inwardly around theportion238 of thesuture224 to eliminate the passage232 (FIG. 15).
• As this occurs, theportion238 of thesuture224 maintains its original configuration and is not significantly deformed. Thus, anouter side surface242 of thesuture224 has the same cylindrical configuration along the length of the suture both in the areas where the outer side surface of the suture is exposed to the heated material of theretainer224 and in the areas where the suture is not exposed to the heated material of theretainer222. By maintaining the configuration of theportion238 of the suture exposed to the heated material of theretainer222 constant, thesuture224 is not weakened in the areas where it is exposed to the heated material of the retainer.
• After the material of theretainer222 has been heated and flows around theportions238 and240 of thesuture224, in the manner illustrated schematically for theportion238 of the suture inFIG. 15, the heated plastic material of the retainer is cooled to a temperature below the transition temperature range of the plastic material of the retainer. As the plastic material of the retainer is cooled to a temperature below its transition temperature range, the plastic material of the retainer bonds to thesuture224. Thus, the plastic material of theretainer222 bonds to theportion238 of thesuture224 and bonds to theportion240 of the suture.
• As the plastic material of theretainer222 is cooled and bonds to theouter side surface242 of thesuture224, a secure interconnection occurs between the material of theretainer222 and the material of thesuture224 at theportions238 and240 of the suture. The interconnection between the material of theretainer222 and the material of theportion238 and240 of the suture is the result of both molecular attraction (adhesion) of the material of theretainer222 to the material of thesuture224 and due to a mechanical interconnection between the material of theretainer222 and the material of thesuture224. Thus, as the material of theretainer222 cools, it mechanically grips thesuture224 so that the suture is held against movement relative to the retainer by interfacial forces between the material of the retainer and the material of the suture. Thus, there is a fusing of the material of theretainer222 to the material of thesuture224 along theportions238 and240 of the suture.
• Thesuture224 is formed of a plastic material which may be a biopolymer. In one specific embodiment of the invention, the suture is formed of polyglycolide (P-G) (C₄H₄O₄) which is commercially available under the trademark Dexon. Polyglycolide is a crystalline material (40-55% crystallinity) that melts at about 225° Celsius. Although thesuture224 is a monofilament suture having a continuous cylindricalouter side surface242, it is contemplated that this suture could be formed in a different manner. For example, the suture could be a braided suture.
• It is also contemplated that thesuture224 may be formed of a high glycolide-based copolymer, specifically a 10/90 P-LL/G (10% poly l-lactide and 90% glycolide) which is commercially available under the trademark “Vicryl”. “Vicryl” is a crystalline material that melts at about 205° Celsius. “Vicryl” can be used for either a monofilament or braided suture.
• Theretainer222 is also a plastic material which may be a biopolymer. In one specific embodiment of the invention, theretainer222 is formed of poly dl lactide (P-DLL) (C₆H₈O₄) and is amorphous and has a processing temperature of approximately 120° Celsius. The transition temperature range of poly di lactide will vary depending upon the specific characteristics of the material. However, theretainer222 ofFIGS. 12-15 had a transition temperature range of from about 75° Celsius to about 120° Celsius.
• In another specific embodiment of the invention, theretainer222 is formed of poly dl lactide (P-DLL) (C₆H₈O₄) and poly l lactide (P-LL) (C₆H₈O₄) copolymer and is a material having a melt temperature of approximately 165° Celsius. The transition temperature range of the poly dl lactide and poly l lactide copolymer will vary depending upon the specific characteristics of the copolymer and is from about 75° Celsius to about 180° Celsius. In still another specific embodiment of the invention, theretainer222 is formed of poly l lactide (P-LL) and has a melt temperature of approximately 145°-185° Celsius. A transition temperature range of poly1 lactide is from about 70° Celsius to about 185° Celsius.
• It is contemplated that theretainer222 may be formed of many different types of plastic materials. However, it is believed that biopolymers may be preferred. It is contemplated that polymers of lactic acid, lactides l-lactides, and isomers of lactic acids and/or lactides may be preferred. Of course, thesuture224 can also be formed of many different types of plastic materials.
• Although it is presently preferred to form thesuture224 andretainer222 of different materials, the suture and retainer could be formed of the same material if desired. By forming thesuture224 of a material having a transition temperature range which is at least partially above the transition temperature range of theretainer222, bonding of the retainer to the suture without significant deformation of the suture is facilitated.
• In the embodiment of theretainer222 illustrated inFIGS. 12 and 13, the plastic material of theretainer222 is heated to a temperature in its transition temperature range by applying heat to a portion of the retainer disposed between the twopassages232 and234. This results in a central portion of the plastic material forming theretainer222 being heated into its transition temperature range while the outer circumference of thecylindrical retainer222 is maintained at a temperature below the transition temperature range of the plastic material of the retainer.
• In the specific embodiment of theretainer222 illustrated inFIGS. 12 and 13, a generallyconical recess250 is formed in the central portion of theretainer222. The recess250 (FIG. 13) is spaced equal distances from thepassages232 and234 and has a central axis which is parallel to the central axes of thepassages232 and234. The central axis of therecess250 is coincident with a central axis of thecylindrical retainer222. In this specific embodiment of the invention, aheater element254 having aconical end portion256 is used to heat theretainer222. Of course, other devices, such as a laser, could be used to heat theretainer222.
• After theportions238 and240 of thesuture224 have been inserted into the openings orpassages232 and234 and the suture and retainer moved to the desired positions relative to thebody tissue226 and228, theheater element254 is inserted into therecess250. Heat is conducted from theheater element224 to the plastic material in the central portion of theretainer222. The plastic material in the central portion of theretainer222 is heated into its transition temperature range. As this occurs, the plastic material in the central portion of theretainer222 changes from a solid condition in which it has a fixed form to a viscous condition. The plastic material adjacent to the cylindrical outer side surface of the retainer is not heated into the transition temperature range and maintains its original configuration.
• When the plastic material in the central portion of theretainer222 has been heated into the transition temperature range and has a viscous condition, the material readily flows and molds itself around the outer side surface242 (FIG. 15) of thesuture224. As this occurs, the configuration of thesuture224 remains unaltered and there is no significant deformation of thesuture224. Theheating element254 is then removed from therecess250 and the plastic material of theretainer222 is cooled to a temperature below the transition temperature of the material. As the plastic material of theretainer222 is cooled to a temperature below its transition temperature, the plastic material bonds to thesuture224 to provide a solid interconnection between the retainer and the suture.
• In the embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIGS. 12-15, thesuture224 is a monofilament suture. In the embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIG. 16, the suture is a braided suture. Since the embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIG. 16 is generally similar to the embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIGS. 12-15, similar numerals will be utilized to designate similar components, the suffix letter (a) being associated with the embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIG. 16 to avoid confusion.
• Aretainer222aformed of a plastic material is bonded to asuture224aby heating the plastic material of theretainer222ainto its transition temperature range. After the plastic material of theretainer222ahas flowed around thesuture224awhile the plastic material of the suture is at a temperature below the transition temperature range of the plastic material of the suture, the plastic material of the retainer is cooled to a temperature below the transition temperature range of the plastic material of the retainer. As the plastic material of theretainer222ais cooled, a secure bond is obtained between the plastic material of theretainer222aand thesuture224a. This secure bond is obtained without significant deformation of thesuture224a.
• In accordance with a feature of the embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIG. 16, thesuture224ais a braided suture. Thus, thesuture224ais formed by plurality of monofilament strands which are intertwined to form the braidedsuture224a. When the plastic material of theretainer222ais heated to a temperature above its transition temperature, the plastic material of theretainer222aflows between and around the strands of the braidedsuture224a. Upon cooling of the plastic material of theretainer222ato a temperature below its transition temperature, a secure bond is obtained between the material of theretainer222aand the strands of the braidedsuture224a.
• In the embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIG. 17, the polymer chains of the plastic material forming the retainer are oriented relative to the suture. The orientation of the polymer chains of the retainer are such that the bonding which is obtained between the suture and the retainer includes a mechanical interconnection due to contracting of the polymer chains as the plastic material of the retainer is heated. Since the embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIG. 17 is generally similar to the embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIGS. 12-15, similar numerals will be utilized to designate similar components, the suffix letter “b” being associated with the numerals ofFIG. 17 in order to avoid confusion.
• Theretainer222bhas a generally cylindrical configuration. Thesuture224bhas portions which extend through theretainer222b. Portions of thesuture224bare disposed in passages (not shown) corresponding to thepassages232 and234 ofFIG. 12. Theretainer222bandsuture224bare formed of the same plastic materials as theretainer222 andsuture224 ofFIGS. 12-15.
• In accordance with a feature of the embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIG. 17, theretainer222bhas polymer chains, illustrated schematically bylines262, which are disposed in a predetermined orientation relative to theretainer222b. In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, thepolymer chains262 are orientated with their longitudinal axes extending parallel to the central axis of thecylindrical retainer222band parallel to the longitudinal axes of the portions of thesuture224bdisposed within passages in the retainer.
• Upon heating of the central portion of theretainer222b, thepolymer chains262 of the plastic material in the central portion of theretainer222bcontract in an axial direction. Thus, the distance between circular end surfaces264 and266 of theretainer222bdecreases to a greater extent and the outside diameter of theretainer222b. This results in a mechanical gripping of the portions of thesuture224bdisposed within theretainer222bby the plastic material of the retainer.
• In the embodiments of the invention illustrated inFIGS. 12-17, portions of the suture are disposed in cylindrical passages which extend through the retainer and have central axes which are parallel to a central axis of the retainer. In the embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIG. 18, portions of the suture extend through retainer passages which are skewed relative to the central axis of the retainer. Since the embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIG. 18 is generally similar to the embodiments of the invention illustrated inFIGS. 12-17, similar numerals will be utilized to designate similar components, the suffix letter “c”0 being associated with the numerals ofFIG. 18 to avoid confusion.
• In the embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIG. 18, acylindrical retainer222cis formed of a plastic material. A pair ofpassages232cand234care formed in theretainer222c. Asuture224c, formed of a plastic material, hasportions238cand240cwhich are received in the passages oropenings232cand234c. Acentral recess250cis formed in theretainer222cto receive aheater element254cwhen the plastic material of theretainer222cis to be heated. Theretainer222candsuture224care formed of the same plastic materials as theretainer222 andsuture224 ofFIGS. 12-15.
• In accordance with a feature of the embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIG. 18, thepassages232cand234chave central axes which are skewed in an acute angle to the central axis of theretainer222c. Thus, thesuture224cis inserted into thepassage232cthrough acircular opening272 in acircular end surface266cof theretainer222c. Thepassage232chas axially tapering side surface which forms a portion of a cone. The axially tapering configuration of the side surface of thepassage232cenables the side surface of the passage to securely grip thesuture224cat a location where anoval opening274 is formed in the cylindrical outer side surface of theretainer222c. The longitudinal central axis of thepassage232cis skewed at an acute angle relative to the central axis of thecylindrical retainer222c.
• Theportion240cof thesuture224cis inserted into thepassage234c. Thepassage234chas the same tapered configuration as thepassage232c. The longitudinal central axis of thepassage234cis skewed at an acute angle to the central axis of thecylindrical retainer222c. The longitudinal central axis of thepassage234cis also skewed at an acute angle to the central axis of thepassage232c.
• During use of the apparatus illustrated inFIG. 18, thesuture224cis placed in a desired position relative tobody tissue226cand228c. Theportions238cand240care then inserted through thepassages232cand234cin theretainer222c. Thesuture224cthe then tightened to position theretainer222crelative to thebody tissue226cand228c.
• Once this has been done, the material of theretainer222cis heated by inserting aheater element254cinto therecess250cin the central portion of theretainer222c. In this specific embodiment of theretainer222cillustrated inFIG. 18, the polymer chains of the plastic material forming theretainer222care oriented with their longitudinal axes extending parallel to the longitudinal central axis of theretainer222c, in the same manner as illustrated schematically by thelines262 for theretainer222binFIG. 17. Therefore, upon heating of theretainer222c, the polymer chains contract to grip theportions232cand234cunder the influence of forces extending transversely to the longitudinal central axes of theportion238cand240cof thesuture224c.
• As the material in the central portion of theretainer222cis heated into its transition temperature range, the material of the retainer flows around theportions238cand240cof thesuture224cdisposed in thepassages232cand234c. The temperature of the material forming theretainer222cis maintained at a temperature which is below the transition temperature for the plastic material of thesuture224c. Therefore, the plastic material of theretainer222cflows around the plastic material of thesuture224cwithout significant deformation of the suture.
• A secure bonding of the plastic material of theretainer222cto the plastic material of thesuture224cis obtained by cooling the material of the retainer to a temperature below its transition temperature. This secure bonding is obtained without significant deformation of thesuture224cso that the suture maintains its strength and is capable of holding thebody tissue226cand228ein a desired manner.
• From the foregoing, it is apparent that the apparatus and methods of the embodiments of the invention illustrated inFIGS. 12-18 may be used in suturing body is tissue. Aportion238 of asuture224 is inserted into an opening in aretainer222 formed of a plastic material. At least a portion of theretainer222 is heated to a temperature in a transition temperature range of the plastic material forming the retainer. Thesuture224 is maintained at a temperature below the transition temperature range of a plastic material forming the suture while theretainer222 is heated. The plastic material of theretainer222 flows around the plastic material of thesuture224. A bonding of the plastic material of theretainer222 to the plastic material of thesuture224 is effected by cooling the plastic material of the retainer to a temperature below its transition temperature range. The foregoing steps are performed without significant deformation of the plastic material of thesuture224. It should be understood that the plastic materials of the sutures and retainers of the embodiments of the invention illustrated inFIGS. 16-18 are interconnected in the same manner as the embodiment ofFIGS. 12-15.
• From the above description of the invention, those skilled in the art will perceive improvements, changes and modifications. Such improvements, changes and modifications within the skill of the art are intended to be covered by the appended claims.

Claims (12)

1. A method of implanting a suture anchor in tissue comprising:

positioning the suture anchor in tissue, a distal portion of the suture anchor having a mandrel connected thereto;

moving the mandrel relative to a proximal portion of the suture anchor to increase the diameter of at least a portion of the suture anchor thereby locking the suture anchor to the tissue; and

removing at least a portion of the mandrel from the suture anchor.

2. The method ofclaim 1 further including the step of holding the proximal portion of the suture anchor in place while moving the mandrel.

3. The method ofclaim 2 wherein the mandrel is moved proximally to increase the diameter of the at least a portion of the suture anchor.

4. The method ofclaim 1 further including the step of creating an opening in the tissue.

5. The method ofclaim 4 wherein the suture anchor is positioned in the opening while the suture anchor has an inactivated diameter.

6. The method ofclaim 5 wherein the mandrel is moved to give the at least a portion of the suture anchor an activated diameter thereby locking the suture anchor in the opening, the activated diameter being greater then the inactivated diameter.

7. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the tissue is bone.

8. The method ofclaim 7 further including the step of holding the proximal portion of the suture anchor in place while moving the mandrel.

9. The method ofclaim 8 wherein the mandrel is moved proximally to increase the diameter of the at least a portion of the suture anchor.

10. The method ofclaim 7 further including the step of creating an opening in the bone tissue.

11. The method ofclaim 10 wherein the suture anchor is positioned in the opening while the suture anchor has an inactivated diameter.

12. The method ofclaim 11 wherein the mandrel is moved to give the at least a portion of the suture anchor an activated diameter thereby locking the suture anchor in the opening, the activated diameter being greater then the inactivated diameter.

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