US20070182808A1 - Writing apparatuses and methods - Google Patents

Abstract

Patterns are written on workpieces, such as, glass sheets and/or plastic sheets used in, for example, electronic display devices such as LCDs. The workpiece may be larger than about 1500 mm may be used. An optical writing head with a plurality of writing units may be used. The workpiece and the writing head may be moved relative to one another to provide oblique writing.

Description

PRIORITY STATEMENT
• This non-provisional U.S. patent application claims priority to provisional U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 60/730,009, filed on Oct. 26, 2005 and 60/776,919, filed on Feb. 28, 2006, the entire contents of both of which are incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND
• Conventional pattern generation systems for patterning large workpieces also create the pattern in stripes, swaths or rectangles. The boundaries between them, commonly referred to as butting or stitching boundaries create undesirable artifacts that may be visible in the final pattern. U.S. Pat. No. 5,495,279, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, illustrates a conventional method and apparatus for exposing substrates.
• Extremely high throughput, for example in the range of about 0.05 m²/s through about 0.2 m²/s, combined with the large size of the workpieces, (e.g., in a range of about 5 m²through 10 m², and even 20 m²or more), high optical resolution (e.g., in the range of about 3 microns through about 5 microns, and even down to 1 micron) and a sensitivity to “Mura” (visible striping or banding) defects creates a need to control certain errors to 50 nm or better. Conventional pattern generators, however, are unable to do so because merely scaling up conventional pattern generation techniques fails to achieve the required error control.
• FIGS. 1D-1F illustrate example conventional pattern generators as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,542,178, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0081499 and 2005/0104953, respectively, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• FIG. 1D illustrates a drum plotter as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,542,178. As shown inFIG. 1D, the drum plotter includes a single writing unit writing optically on a rotating drum while moving along the axis of the drum. In the drum plotter ofFIG. 1D, however, only the drum holding the workpiece, but not the single writing unit, is capable of rotating. Moreover, the drum plotter ofFIG. 1D includes only a single exposure head, and each of the drum and the single writing unit are only capable of a single type of movement. That is, the drum is only capable of rotating, whereas the single writing unit is only capable of linear translational movement.
• FIG. 1E illustrates an optical system as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0081499 for thermal transfer printing on glass substrates for LCD production. As shown inFIG. 1E, the optical system also includes a single optical writing unit moving along the axis of the rotating cylindrical workpiece holder. In the optical system ofFIG. 1E, however, only the cylindrical workpiece, but not the single optical writing unit, is capable of rotating. Moreover, the optical system ofFIG. 1E includes only a single exposure head, and each of the cylindrical workpiece and the single optical writing unit are only capable of a single type of movement. That is, the cylindrical workpiece is only capable of rotating, whereas the single optical writing unit is only capable of linear translational movement.
• FIG. 1F illustrates a system writing optically on a rotating drum using multiple light sources coupled with fibers to a single writing unit and having the power of the light sources calibrated against a single detector as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0104953. As shown inFIG. 1F, the optical system also includes a single writing unit moving along the axis of the rotating rotating drum. In the optical system ofFIG. 1F, as in the optical systems ofFIGS. 1D and 1E, only the cylindrical workpiece, but not the single optical writing unit, is capable of rotating. Moreover, the optical system ofFIG. 1F includes only a single exposure head, and each of the cylindrical workpiece and the single optical writing unit are only capable of a single type of movement. That is, the cylindrical workpiece is only capable of rotating, whereas the single optical writing unit is only capable of linear translational movement.
• The optical system ofFIG. 1F further includes a photodetector for detecting the quantity of light emitted from the single optical writing unit. This photo detector, however, only detects quantity of light from the single optical writing unit.
• Moreover, in each ofFIGS. 1D-1F, the direction of rotation is parallel with one axis of the pattern and workpiece, while being perpendicular to the other axis of the pattern and workpiece.
• FIG. 12A shows an example alignment of movements, produced by pattern generators such as those discussed above. Referring toFIG. 12A, three different coordinate systems are present. The first is the coordinate system of the pattern. In this example the patterns aredisplay devices1210,1220,1230 and1240 formed on the workpiece glass. The second coordinate system is that of thewriting mechanism1260. In this example, thewriting mechanism1260 is an SLM. The third coordinate system is formed by thedirection1250 of movement of thewriting mechanism1260. InFIG. 12A, the three coordinate systems are aligned with each other.Arrow1250 indicates the rotation direction of the workpiece relative to the pattern of thewriting mechanism1260. In the example shown inFIG. 12A, the rotation direction is parallel to a side of the writing mechanism (e.g., an SLM chip).
• Conventional art direct write machines exposing liquid crystal display (LCD) workpieces using conventional pattern generators have write times of about twenty-four hours (one day). In these conventional pattern generators, writing width may be increased to reduce write time. However, this may require a larger number of optical channels and/or lenses, which may increase cost and/or complexity of the pattern generator. The speed at which the stage is moved may also be increased. However, controlling mechanical motion and/or vibration may be more difficult as stage speed increases. For example, an increase in speed and mass along with a decrease in application time may result in greater vibrations and/or resonances at higher frequencies in the mechanical structures. In addition, control and/or mechanical systems may not settle properly before writing a new stripe. Moreover, increased speed, vibration and/or a number of optical channels may increase cost and/or complexity of conventional pattern generators.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• Example embodiments describe mechanical, optical and/or calibration methods and apparatuses, which may alone or in combination simultaneously provide increased (e.g., high or relatively high) throughput, resolution and/or image quality on larger (e.g., large, very large or relatively large) workpieces.
• Example embodiments relate to methods and apparatuses for patterning a workpiece, for example, an increased throughput and/or higher precision pattern generator for patterning multiple types of workpieces.
• Example embodiments may be applied to other workpieces with similar design and/or requirements, such as other types of displays (e.g., OLED, SED, FED, “electronic paper” and the like). The workpieces shown in the application are cut sheets, but may also be continuous sheets of glass, plastic, metal, ceramic, etc. Some example embodiments may also be used to process solar panels.
• Example embodiments are discussed herein with respect to standard photolithography, for example, exposure of a resist, however, at least some example embodiments may also be applied to patterning by laser ablation, thermal pattern transfer and/or other light-induced surface modification.
• In at least some examples embodiments, a conventional “scan and retrace” method may be replaced by a rotating scan method, according to example embodiments. In addition, or alternatively, a pattern generator including a rotor scanner may replace a scan and retrace pattern generator. The rotation of the rotor scanner pattern generator, according to at least some example embodiments, may have a higher constant speed than the scanning speed in the conventional “scan and retrace” method. A plurality (e.g., at least two) of optical writing units may be arranged, for example, on the rim of a rotating disc or ring, and may emit a beam in a radial direction.
• In at least some examples embodiments, at least one of a holder for holding a workpiece and at least one writing head may be rotated. The at least one writing head may include a plurality of exposure beams having a wavelength for exposing a layer of electromagnetic radiation sensitive material covering at least a portion of a surface of a workpiece, and may radiate in a radial direction. At least one of the holder and the at least one writing head may be moved translationally so that the at least one writing head and the holder move relative to each other, and form a trajectory of exposed area of the workpiece.
• At least some example embodiments provide a pattern generator including a holder adapted to hold at least one workpiece. At least one writing head may include a plurality of exposure beams having a wavelength for exposing a layer of electromagnetic radiation sensitive material covering at least a portion of a surface of the at least one workpiece. At least one of the holder and the at least one writing head may be adapted to move rotationally such that the holder and the at least one writing head move relative to one another. At least one of the holder and the at least one writing head may be adapted to move relative to one another such that the holder and the at least one writing head move translationally relative to each other such that a trajectory of exposed area of the at least one workpiece may be formed.
• In at least some examples embodiments, each optical writing unit may write a single pixel, an array of non-interfering pixels, or a combination thereof.
• In at least some examples embodiments, one or more optical writing units may include an SLM with at least between about 1000 to about 1,000,000 elements, inclusive.
• According to at least some example embodiments, the workpiece may be fixed, and the placement of a first pattern on the workpiece may be measured. The written pattern may be adjusted to match a distortion of the first pattern. The distortion of a first pattern on the workpiece may be measured and the distortion of said first pattern may be used to create a matching contiguous bitmap. The pattern written on the workpiece may include display devices of at least two different sizes. A pattern written on the workpiece may have one display with larger area than a quarter of the glass size.
• In at least some examples embodiments, the rotating of the at least one writing head may create a helical pattern or helical shaped trajectories on the workpiece.
• In at least some examples embodiments, the workpiece may be wrapped at least partly around the writing head.
• At least one example embodiment provides a method for generating a pattern on a workpiece. The method may include scanning at least one optical writing unit across a surface of a workpiece creating a pixel grid, the pixel grid being arranged at an angle relative to axes of features of the pattern, the angle being different from 0, 45 or 90 degrees.
• In at least some example embodiments, the scanning may create at least two equidistant scan lines. The scanning is performed in at least two directions.
• At least one other example embodiment provides a writing apparatus for generating a pattern on a workpiece. The apparatus may include a writing head including at least one optical writing unit configured to scan across a surface of a workpiece to create a pixel grid, the pixel grid being arranged at an angle relative to axes of features of the pattern, the angle being different from 0, 45 or 90 degrees. The writing head may be configured to create at least two equidistant scan lines during scanning and/or may scan the workpiece in at least two directions.
• At least one other example embodiment provides a method for generating a pattern on a workpiece. The method may include rotating a rotor scanner having a plurality of optical writing units, each of the optical writing units emitting electromagnetic radiation, and
• scanning, concurrently with the rotating of the rotor scanner, the workpiece by moving at least one of the workpiece and the at least one writing head in a direction perpendicular to a plane of rotation of the rotor scanner.
• In at least some example embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation may be emitted in a radial direction relative to the rotor scanner. In at least some example embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation may be emitted in an axial direction relative to the rotor scanner. The scanning of the workpiece may include scanning the workpiece in a first direction to create a pixel grid, the pixel grid being created at an angle relative to at least one of the first direction and axes of the pixel grid, the angle being different from 0, 45 and 90 degrees. The workpiece may be scanned in a first direction to create a helical pattern on the workpiece. The electromagnetic radiation may be emitted in a direction parallel to at least one of a plane of rotation of the rotor scanner and the scanning direction of the rotor scanner.
• At least one other example embodiment provides a writing apparatus for generating a pattern on a workpiece. The apparatus may include a rotor scanner including a plurality of optical writing units, each of the optical writing units emitting electromagnetic radiation. The rotor scanner may be configured to scan the workpiece by rotating the rotor scanner and moving at least one of the workpiece and the at least one writing head in a direction perpendicular to a plane of rotation of the rotor scanner.
• At least one other example embodiment provides a method for patterning a workpiece. The method may include scanning a plurality of optical writing units across a surface of the workpiece, each of the plurality of optical writing units having a separate final lens, and moving the workpiece and the plurality of optical writing units relative to each other, the relative motion being a combination of linear movement and circular motion in a direction perpendicular to the linear motion.
• At least one other example embodiment provides an apparatus for patterning a workpiece. The apparatus may include at least two optical writing units for patterning the workpiece, the at least two optical writing units including separate final lenses and a calibration sensor configured to detect characteristics of the at least two optical writing units. The calibration sensor may detect the characteristics of the optical writing units by scanning the at least two optical writing units across the calibration sensor.
• In at least some example embodiments, the apparatus may further include at least one control unit for adjusting at least one parameter value associated with at least one optical writing unit based on the detected characteristics.
• In at least some example embodiments, the at least one control unit may compare at least one detected characteristic to at least one set parameter value and adjusts at least one current parameter value based on the comparison. The at least one parameter may be a focus, position or power of an optical writing unit. The calibration sensor may include at least two detectors, each of the at least two detectors detecting one of the detected characteristics.
• The at least two writing units may be single-point writing units, multi-point writing units or spatial light modulators. The apparatus may be a cylindrical pattern generator.
• At least one other example embodiment provides an apparatus including a cylindrical holder for holding at least one workpiece, and a rotor scanner for patterning the at least one workpiece. The at least one rotor scanner may include at least two writing units and may be configured to move in an axial direction relative to the cylindrical holder and configured to rotate on an axis. The axis of rotation may be substantially perpendicular to the axial movement of the cylindrical holder.
• In at least some example embodiments, the cylindrical holder may hold the at least one workpiece so as to at least partially enclose the rotor scanner, and the at least one rotor scanner may create a helical pattern on the at least one workpiece by emitting electromagnetic radiation in an outward radial direction.
• In at least some example embodiments, the rotor scanner may be ring-shaped and configured to create a helical pattern on the at least one workpiece by emitting electromagnetic radiation in an inward radial direction. The cylindrical holder may further include air bearings for supporting the ring-shaped rotor scanner. In at least some example embodiments, the cylindrical holder may be stationary. The at least two writing units may be arranged in at least one row on an outer portion or an inner portion of the cylinder. Each of the at least two optical writing units may emit electromagnetic radiation in a different radial direction.
• At least one other example embodiment provides a writing apparatus for patterning a workpiece. The writing apparatus may include a writing head including a plurality of writing units, each writing unit configured to emit electromagnetic radiation for patterning the workpiece, a detector for detecting characteristics of a writing unit and a control unit for adjusting the writing head to compensate for errors determined based on the detected characteristics.
• In at least some example embodiments, the control unit may be further configured to determine at least one correlation associated with at least one of the optical writing units based on the detected characteristics and adjust the writing head based on the at least one correlation. The control unit may determine the correlation based on a comparison of the at least one characteristic and a corresponding set parameter value.
• Another example embodiment provides a method for calibrating an optical writing head. The method may include detecting at least one characteristic of an optical writing unit included in the writing head, determining a correlation between the at least one detected characteristic and a corresponding set parameter value, and adjusting the writing head based on the determined correlation. The correlation may be generated by comparing the at least one detected characteristic with the corresponding set parameter value. The correlation may be a difference between the at least one detected characteristic and a corresponding set parameter value. The detected characteristic may be one of a focus of electromagnetic radiation emitted from the optical writing unit, power of electromagnetic radiation emitted from the optical writing unit and position of the optical writing unit.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• Example embodiments will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
• FIG. 1A illustrates a rotor scanner with a single ring of single-point writing units, according to an example embodiment;
• FIG. 1B illustrates a simplified view of the single-ring, single-point scanner writing sequentially lines from edge to edge of the workpiece and the adjustments needed for each writing unit, according to an example embodiment;
• FIG. 1C shows an example embodiment of the rotor scanner using spatial light modulators (SLMs) building the image from SLM fields (“stamps”) and the adjustments needed for each writing unit, according to an example embodiment;
• FIGS. 1D-1F illustrate conventional pattern generators;
• FIG. 2 illustrates a writing apparatus, according to another example embodiment;
• FIG. 3 illustrates an arrangement of calibration sensors between workpieces, according to an example embodiment;
• FIG. 4 is a side-view of a calibration sensor, according to an example embodiment;
• FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a calibration sensor, according to an example embodiment;
• FIG. 6 illustrates a combination optical writing unit and optical measurement unit, according to an example embodiment;
• FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate different implementations and orientations of a disc-type writing apparatus, according to example embodiments;
• FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate different implementations and orientations of a ring-type writing apparatus, according to another example embodiment;
• FIG. 9 illustrates a horizontal oriented cylindrical stage or holder, according to an example embodiment;
• FIG. 10 illustrates a flat workpiece, which may be written using a writing apparatus, according to one or more example embodiments;
• FIGS. 11A-11K illustrate a plurality of different positions of a writing head in relation to the direction of a rotor scanner relative to the workpiece, according to at least one example embodiment;
• FIGS. 12A-12E illustrate an SLM arrangement and workpiece arrangement relative to the rotational direction of the rotor scanner;
• FIG. 13 illustrates an auto focus arrangement, according to an example embodiment;
• FIG. 14 is a top-view of a calibration sensor, according to an example embodiment;
• FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a writing apparatus, according to another example embodiment;
• FIG. 16 illustrates a writing apparatus, according to another example embodiment;
• FIG. 17 is a top view of thewriting apparatus1520 shown inFIG. 15;
• FIG. 18 illustrates a writing apparatus, according to another example embodiment;
• FIG. 19A is a side view of a writing apparatus, according to another example embodiment;
• FIG. 19B is a top view of the writing apparatus shown inFIG. 19A;
• FIG. 20 illustrates a method for transformation of a Cartesian grid into a bent coordinate system, according to an example embodiment;
• FIG. 21 shows a vacuum arrangement for holding the workpiece on the cylinder;
• FIG. 22 illustrates a writing apparatus, according to another example embodiment;
• FIG. 23 is a more detailed illustration of the pattern generator shown inFIG. 16;
• FIGS.24A-E illustrate methods for continuous scanning in the x and y directions, according to an example embodiment;
• FIGS. 25-28 illustrate flatbed platforms, according to example embodiments; and
• FIG. 29 shows a diagram over the position of the stage and the counter masses during scanning;
• FIG. 30 illustrates a calibration system, according to another example embodiment; and
• FIG. 31 illustrates a calibration method, according to an example embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS
• Example embodiments are described with reference to the figures. These example embodiments are described to illustrate the present invention, not to limit its scope, which is defined by the claims. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize a variety of equivalent variations on example embodiments described as follows.
• In at least some examples embodiments, a rotor scanner may be in the form of a ring. In this example, each of a plurality of optical writing units may be arranged and configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in the form of at least one laser beam. The laser beams may be emitted in at least two directions. In at least some examples embodiments, the laser beams may be emitted in at least two parallel directions. In at least some examples embodiments, the laser beams may be emitted in a radial direction inward toward a workpiece arranged on a cylindrical holder positioned inside the ring-shaped rotor scanner.
• In at least some examples embodiments, the rotor scanner may be in the form of a disc. In this example, each of the plurality of optical writing units may be arranged and configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in the form of at least one laser beam in a radial direction outward toward at least one workpiece arranged so as to at least partly enclose the disc-shaped rotor scanner. Alternatively, the disc-shaped rotor scanner may be ring-shaped.
• For the sake of clarity, a rotor scanner including optical writing units arranged and configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in the form of at least one laser beam in an outward radial direction will be referred to hereinafter as a disc rotor scanner, whereas the rotor scanner including optical writing units arranged and configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in the form of at least one laser beam in an inward radial direction will be referred to herein as the ring rotor scanner. A rotor scanner configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in the form of at least one laser beam in an axial direction will be referred to herein as an axial rotor scanner. Hereinafter, when discussing aspects of example embodiments applicable to both the disc rotor scanner and the ring rotor scanner, the disc rotor scanner and the ring rotor scanner will be referred to collectively as a rotor scanner.
• The workpiece may be flexible (e.g., very flexible) and may need a cylindrical support to have and maintain a desired radius. The inner part of the workpiece may more easily assume a cylindrical shape; however, at edges parallel to the cylinder axis, a bending moment may be introduced to start bending the workpiece at the proper bending radius. This bending moment may be on the order of a few kg*cm, and may be introduced by a lengthwise clamp. This clamp may also support the workpiece as workpiece is loaded into the machine.
• The workpiece may have a thickness tolerance of about +/−70 m and a variation of less than about 20 μm over a length of about 150 mm. This variation may disturb the focus position and may be corrected in focus and/or in the shape of the workpiece. For example, the shape from the rotor scanner may be measured, and the shape of the workpiece may be corrected. The active workpiece shape may be corrected only within the writing zone. In this example, the corrector hardware may follow along with the rotor scanner assembly, which may reduce the number of actuators. The use of a corrector may use optics with a shorter depth of field.
• The rotor scanner may be supported by bearing pads (e.g., air bearing pads) that may control the position of the axis of rotation and/or the lengthwise position of the rotor scanner. The positioning in the direction of rotation may be adjusted by timing of the pattern. The dynamic positioning in the axis lengthwise direction may, depending on the design, need active components to move the image plane.
• The rotor scanner position may be determined by several different methods, according to example embodiments. For example, in the ring rotor scanner marks on the periphery may be detected, for example, optically, and the position of the rotor scanner may be interpolated between these marks or positions. The air friction may be reduced (e.g., to about 0.1 N), and the speed may be increased. The time between markers may be shorter and/or the possible deviations due to residual forces may decrease as this “time between markers” squared. In example embodiments having a vertical axis, internal accelerometers in the rotor scanner may be mused to achieve a more accurate feedback signal. The feedback signal may be used for velocity control. In example embodiments having a horizontal axis, accelerometers may also be used; however, in this case the accelerometers may need to be balanced such that the direction of the forces of gravity is unseen. Although not described herein, interferometry or any other suitable methods may also be used.
• Velocity differences of the scanner rotor may be measured with, for example, internal rotation accelerometers and the rotational accuracy may be improved. Angular position of the rotor scanner may be measured using a plurality of markers (e.g., optical markers) around an outer edge of the rotor scanner. A control system may use the markers as an absolute measurement of position of the rotor, and may interpolate the “in between position” by time. The accuracy of the interpolation may be increased by using internal rotational accelerometers.
• The rotor may be balanced using distance sensors, a pressure signal from a bearing pad, or any other suitable measuring device. In example embodiments, the rotor scanner may be supported by bearings, air bearings, air bearing pads, etc.
• In at least some examples, transfer of data may be eased by rendering the patterns such that they are streamed to the rotor with little adjustment. In this example, the data may be rendered in a predistorted manner, and stored so that each arc is represented by a column of data in the memory. As the workpiece is written, columns may be read (e.g., successively) from left to right in a memory matrix and the data may be sent through to the rotor scanner.
• FIG. 1A shows a rotor scanner with a single ring of single-point optical writing units, according to an example embodiment.FIG. 1B shows a simplified view of the single-ring, single-point scanner writing sequentially lines from edge to edge of the workpiece, and the adjustments needed for each writing unit.FIG. 1C shows an example embodiment of a rotor scanner using SLMs to generate the image from SLM fields (“stamps”) and the adjustments needed for each writing unit.
• Referring toFIG. 1A, the pattern generation apparatus may include arotor scanner1. Therotor scanner1 may be disc shaped and may include at least one (e.g., a plurality of) writinghead10. Each of the write heads10 may emit light in a radial direction. Aworkpiece20 may partly enclose therotor scanner1. Therotor scanner1 may be rotatable and may rotate at a constant or substantially constant speed. A power slip ring may be placed at the center. The slip ring may be a graphite/copper slip ring, an HF transformer contactless slip ring, a frictionless slip ring, or any other suitable slip ring. In example embodiments, an HF slip ring may reduce (e.g., eliminate) dust common with ordinary slip rings.
• Still referring toFIG. 1A, a workpiece may be bent such that the curvature of the workpiece has a radius larger (e.g., slightly larger) than that of the disc rotor scanner and/or such that the focal spot of the optical system may be matched. Alternatively, in example embodiments of the ring rotor scanner, a workpiece may be bent such that the curvature of the workpiece has a radius less than that of the ring rotor scanner and/or such that the focal spot of the optical system may be matched. In example embodiments in which the workpiece is bent or curved, the workpiece may be, for example, a workpiece capable of bending to a desired curvature, such as, a glass workpiece, a plastic workpiece, etc.
• In an example embodiment in which a workpiece is bent (e.g., wrapped) to a curvature spanning about 180°, the disc rotor scanner may have a diameter of, for example, about 1.4 meters (m). A smaller bend radius (e.g., a minimum bend radius) of about 1.3 m may be used when the workpiece is wrapped about 180 degrees around a disc write head. The cylindrical support for a glass wrapped approximately 180 degrees may have a radius of between about 1 and about 2 meters, inclusive.
• In a system for writing one workpiece at a time the workpiece may be bent to about or near 360°. A workpiece (e.g. glass, plastic, metal, ceramic, etc.) may be between about 2 and about 3 meters, inclusive, or up to about 6 meters and the corresponding cylinder for a single glass may have a radius of about 0.35 to about 0.6 meters, inclusive, and up to about 1 meter. Bending a glass workpiece with a radius of about 1.3 meters may produce a stress of around 31 MPa per mm workpiece thickness. With workpiece thickness of about 0.7 mm the stress may be about 22 MPa, and only a smaller fraction of the safe stress.
• In another example, if the workpiece is wrapped to a curvature spanning about 120°, the disc rotor scanner may have a diameter of about 2.1 m. In this case it may be suitable to employ a cylindrical support with a radius of about 2 to about 3 m, inclusive. In these examples, the overall width of the pattern generator may be smaller than that of conventional pattern generators and/or writing apparatuses, for example, about 2 m wide. The workpiece may be sectional (e.g., cut into sheets) or in a continuous form, for example, for roll-to-roll processing of displays and/or solar panels.
• Referring back toFIG. 1A, the rotor scanner may rotate in a counter-clockwise direction; however, alternatively the rotor scanner may rotate in a clockwise direction. As shown inFIG. 1A, while rotating, therotor scanner1 may be moved in an upwardvertical scan direction50; however, it will be understood that the rotor scanner may move in a downward direction or a horizontal direction (e.g., to the right or to the left). A pattern to be printed on theworkpiece20 may be determined by a modulation of the writing heads10. During operation (e.g., patterning or writing), electromagnetic radiation from the writing heads10 may form ahelical pattern30 on theworkpiece20.
• The lengthwise scan of theworkpiece20 may be accomplished by moving theworkpiece20 and/or therotor scanner1. Because therotor scanner1 may be thinner or substantially thinner than theworkpiece20 and/or workpiece holder (not shown), therotor scanner1 may be moved and theworkpiece20 may be written without a need for additional length. The non-rotating part of therotor scanner1, or bearing pads may perform the axial scan and/or carry other (e.g., all other) functions.
• Arotor scanner1 may be supported by bearing pads (e.g., air bearing pads). In this example, the ring design may have additional room for the bearing pads on the inner ring radius.
• Therotor scanner1 may be balanced (e.g., very accurately balanced). Any residual unbalance may be more easily detected, for example, by back-pressure variations in the bearing pressure pads (e.g., air bearing pressure pads) or by other position sensors. An automatic balancing system that may continuously balance the rotor scanner may also be used. Disturbances to therotor scanner1 may be a result of airflow between the rotor scanner and/or a rotor scanner shield. If the air flow between the rotor scanner and the rotor scanner shield is forced to be laminar, for example, by choosing a suitably small gap (e.g., a few mm at 5 m/s), stability of the operating conditions may be increased. The laminar flow may introduce forces, for example, stationary forces. In example embodiments, the power loss to friction may be reduced (e.g., to a few watts), and the rotor scanner may be driven by any suitable motor. For example, the friction at a 1 mm gap at 5 m/s may have a loss of 0.5 W per m². The bearing pads may have a smaller gap and/or larger drag, which may be offset by the smaller area. The motor may have a drive system having uniform, or substantially uniform, torque while turning.
• The number of optical writing units included in thedisc rotor scanner1 may be based on write speed. In at least one example embodiment, the writing units may be fed data from a data channel with a higher (e.g., a very high) data rate, (e.g., about 200, 400, 500 or more Gbit/sec). Because the machine may be used for production, the pattern may be the same or substantially the same at all times. If the pattern is stored locally inside the rotor scanner, the pattern may be loaded at a lower speed (e.g., through a conventional high speed link) while the rotor scanner is stationary. The pattern may then reside (e.g., permanently reside) in memory. This may avoid the rotating data joint.
• As shown inFIGS. 1A and 1B, the optical writing units may be, for example, single point laser diodes. The laser diodes may be of any commercial available wavelength such as blue, red, violet, etc. The power of a laser diode may be, for example, about 5 mW to about 65 mW, inclusive for single mode, and about 5 mW to about 300 mW, inclusive for multimode diodes. An electro-optical efficiency of a laser diode may be, for example, about 13%. The laser diodes may act as an optical power source and a modulator, for example, simultaneously. Alternatively, as shown inFIG. 1C, the optical writing units may be SLMs.
• The axis of rotation of the rotor scanner may be vertical, horizontal, or any angle there between. The vertical axis arrangement may have a constant, or substantially constant, acceleration of the optical writing units at all times. The horizontal axis arrangement may handle the workpiece more efficiently and/or with less effort absent the need to counteract forces of gravity.
• FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate different implementations and orientations of a writing apparatus, according to example embodiments. The disc rotor scanner discussed below with regard toFIGS. 7A-7C may be the same or substantially the same as thedisc rotor scanner1 ofFIG. 1. Therefore, a detailed discussion will be omitted for the sake of brevity.
• Referring toFIG. 7A, the writing apparatus700 may include a holder (e.g., a tubular holder)710, adisc rotor scanner730 and/or at least oneoptical writing unit740. In at least some examples embodiments, thedisc rotor scanner730 may include a plurality ofoptical writing units740.
• Theworkpiece720 may be arranged inside theworkpiece holder710. A central axis of the formedholder710 may be arranged, for example, horizontally. Theholder710 may be kept at a fixed position, while thedisc rotor scanner730 rotates and/or moves in a direction parallel or substantially parallel to the central axis. Theoptical writing units740 may be arranged on an outer edge of the disc rotor scanner in at least one row, but are shown as including two rows inFIG. 7A. Theoptical writing units740 may face an inner surface of theworkpiece holder710. Alternatively a single row or greater than two rows ofoptical writing units740 may be used.
• Referring toFIG. 7B, the central axis of theworkpiece holder710 may be arranged vertically. Theworkpiece720 may be arranged inside theholder710 as discussed above with regard toFIG. 7A. Theworkpiece720 may be fixed in theholder710 by forces, which may flatten, or substantially flatten theworkpiece720. Alternatively, theworkpiece720 may be fixed to theholder710 by vacuum nozzles. In this example, theworkpiece720 may be fixed in theholder710 by removing the air between theworkpiece720 and theholder710. Theworkpiece720 andholder710 may be fixed while thedisc rotor scanner730 may rotate and/or move vertically (e.g., upward and/or downward).
• Referring toFIG. 7C, the writing apparatus ofFIG. 7C may be similar or substantially similar to the writing apparatus discussed above with regard toFIG. 7B. However, in the writing apparatus ofFIG. 7C, theworkpiece720 and/or theholder710 may rotate while thedisc rotor scanner730 moves in a vertical direction (e.g., upwards and/or downwards).
• FIG. 2 illustrates a writing apparatus, according to yet another example embodiment. As shown, the writing apparatus ofFIG. 2 may be used to pattern a plurality of workpieces concurrently or simultaneously. Although the writing apparatus ofFIG. 2 will be discussed with respect to patterning three workpieces222A,222B and222C, simultaneously, it will be understood that any number of workpieces may be patterned concurrently. Therotor scanner220 ofFIG. 2 may be the same or substantially the same as therotor scanner1 ofFIG. 1.
• Referring toFIG. 2, the workpieces222A,222B and222C, may at least partially enclose or surround therotor scanner220. As shown,openings224,226, and228 may be left between each of the workpieces222A,222B and222C. At least one of a detector and a calibration sensor (not shown, but described in more detail below) may be positioned in each space between the workpieces. In at least one example embodiment, the detector and/or calibration sensor may monitor the position, focus and/or power of therotor scanner220. Any misalignment of therotor scanner220 relative to a desired position may be compensated, for example, using dose, modulation delaying, timing, image distortion, or any other suitable manner.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a plurality ofcalibration sensors310,320 and330 positioned in theopenings224,226 and228, respectively. As shown inFIG. 3, three workpieces are held by the writing apparatuses and three calibration sensors are used. In accordance with example embodiments, the number of calibration sensors may be correlated to the number of workpieces concurrently arranged in the writing apparatus. In some example embodiments, the number of calibration sensors may be equal to the number of workpieces.
• FIG. 4 is a top view of a portion of the writing apparatus ofFIG. 2 including a calibration sensor (e.g., a calibration eye), according to an example embodiment.FIG. 14 is a side view corresponding to the top view ofFIG. 4.
• Referring toFIGS. 4 and 14, thecalibration sensor400 may detect position, power and/or may focusindividual beams410 of arotor scanner430 based on characteristics of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the optical writing units (not shown) of therotor scanner430. In at least some example embodiments, thecalibration sensor400 may include an interferometer (not shown) for measuring the position (e.g., the vertical position of the rotor scanner if the pattern generation apparatus is oriented vertically) of therotor scanner430. Interferometers are well-known in the art, and therefore, a detailed discussion will be omitted for the sake of brevity. Therotor scanner430 may be the same or substantially the same as therotor scanners1 and/or220, and thus, a detailed discussion will be omitted for the sake of brevity.
• If asingle workpiece420 is wrapped on the holder, thecalibration sensor410 may be arranged between the edges of theworkpiece420. In example embodiments, theworkpiece420 may be wrapped onto a holder (e.g., a tubular shaped holder). Therotor scanner430 may rotate inside the wrappedworkpiece420. In at least example embodiments, a distance between ascanner base440 and therotor scanner430 may be measured using, for example, laser interferometry or any other suitable technique.
• FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of thecalibration sensor400, according to example embodiments. Thecalibration sensor400 may include alens assembly510 through which electromagnetic radiation, emitted from the optical writing units of the rotor scanner may pass. The electromagnetic radiation may be partially reflected by abeam splitter520. A first portion of the electromagnetic radiation may pass through thebeam splitter520 and irradiate afirst quadrant detector550. A second portion of the electromagnetic radiation may be reflected by thebeam splitter520, be focused by acylindrical lens530 and impinge afocus detector550. Thequadrant detector550 may further include a plurality of quadrant detectors A, B, C and D, collectively referenced by560. Thefocus detector540 may include plurality of quadrant detectors E, F, G and H, collectively referenced by570.
• In example embodiments, thequadrant detector550 may determine a Y-measure using the equation (A+C)−(B+D), the timing of the rotor scanner using the equation (A+B)−(C+D) and the enable of the rotor scanner using the equation (A+B+C+D). Thefocus detector540 may determine the focus of the beams emitted by the writing units using the equation (E+H)−(F+G). Thefocus detector540 may be any suitable device for measuring de-focus using, for example, an astigmatic (on axis) optical system. The astigmatism is added using thecylindrical lens540. Thecylindrical lens540 adds power along an axis perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the cylinder. The axis of the cylinder may be tilted such that that the cylinder passes through centers of, for example, detectors E and H.
• Using the cylinder lens, an imaging system with two different powers may be realized. In one direction (D1), where the cylinder adds its power, and another direction (D2), where it does not.
• When the focus position matches the power of D1, a line image passing through the center of detectors E and H (e.g., along the axis of the cylinder) is produced. Conversely, if the focus point position matches the power of D2, line image is produced along the center of detectors F and G. Thus, the difference (E+H)−(F+G) is proportional to a position of the focal point.
• The calibration sensor ofFIG. 5 may be used to calibrate focus, power and/or position of the optical writing units. For example, thefocus detector540 and theposition detector550 inFIG. 5 may be used to calibrate a focus and position detector in each optical writing unit. A focus and position detector and each optical writing unit will be described in more detail with regard toFIG. 6 below.
• FIG. 6 illustrates an optical writing unit (e.g., a writing laser diode), according to an example embodiment. Theoptical writing unit600 ofFIG. 6 may be used as theoptical writing units740 ofFIGS. 7A-7C and/or theoptical writing units840 ofFIGS. 8A-8C.
• Referring toFIG. 6, theoptical writing unit600 may include a digital-to-analog converter (DAC, e.g., a high speed DAC)610 for transforming pattern data into modulation signals for theblue laser diode660. The pattern data may be received via a data channel (not shown). The data channel may be, for example, a fiber-optic cable, a radio-frequency (RF) link passing through the center of the HF transformer, or any other suitable data channel capable of providing higher data rates, such as, 200 Gbits/s, 400 Gbits/s, 500 Gbits/s, etc.
• The modulation signals generated by theDAC610 may be output to apower controller620. Thepower controller620 may control the power of ablue laser660 based on the modulation signals from theDAC610 and power control signals output by apower detector630. Theblue laser660 may emit electromagnetic radiation (e.g., blue laser beam) for patterning theworkpiece665 based on power control signals output from thepower controller620. The blue laser output from theblue laser660 may pass through alens assembly670, which may make the beam telecentric. After passing through thelens assembly670, the telecentric blue laser may be incident on abeam splitter680. Thebeam splitter680 may direct a portion (e.g., a relatively small portion) toward thelens assembly650. The remaining portion of the blue laser beam may pass through thebeam splitter680 and be focused on the workpiece by thefocus lens assembly690.
• The redirected portion of the blue laser beam may be focused by thelens assembly650, pass throughred block640 and be incident on thepower detector630. Thepower detector630 may detect the power of the incident blue laser light, and output a power control signal indicative of the detected laser power. Thered block640 may block (e.g., reflect, absorb, etc.) all, or substantially all, red laser light incident thereon.
• Ared laser diode655 may also emit electromagnetic radiation in the form of red laser beam. The red laser beam may be used for positioning, focus control and/or determining shape of the workpiece. In at least one example embodiment, the red laser beam may pass through a telecentric lens assembly645 and be incident on abeam splitter615. The telecentric lens assembly645 may be the same or substantially the same as thetelecentric lens assembly670 discussed above. Thus, for the sake of brevity, a detailed discussion will be omitted. Abeam splitter615 may transmit the red laser beam to thebeam splitter680, which may direct the red laser beam onto theworkpiece665. The red laser beam may be reflected by theworkpiece665 back toward thebeam splitter680, which may relay the red laser beam toward thebeam splitter615. Thebeam splitter615 may direct the red laser light toward the focus andposition detector685 viacylindrical lens635 and/orblue laser block625. Theblue laser block625 may block (e.g., reflect, absorb, etc.) all, or substantially all, blue laser light incident thereon.
• The focus andposition detector685 may output positioning signals to afocus Z servo675. Thefocus Z servo675 may receive the positioning signals from theposition detector685 and calibration data, and control the position of thelens assembly690 via a data connection (e.g., a 1 kHz bandwidth data line). For example, thefocus Z servo675 may move thelens assembly690 in an X-direction, Y-direction and/or Z-direction depending on the shape of the signal from the focus andposition detector685. The control loop signals may be supplemented by feed forward signals from a control system (e.g., a computer or processor, not shown) to correct for known distortions such as focus errors.
• According to at least some example embodiments, a position and/or form of the workpiece may be determined using laser diodes having a wavelength not affecting the electromagnetic radiation sensitive layer on top of the workpiece. In at least some examples, blue laser diodes may affect the electromagnetic radiation sensitive layer and red laser diodes may be used for measurement of the position and form of the workpiece. Laser diodes exposing the workpiece and laser diodes used for measurement and not affecting the electromagnetic radiation sensitive layer may be arranged in the writing head (rotor).
• FIG. 13 is a more detailed illustration of an auto focus arrangement of an optical writing unit for focusing and position (or displacement) determination, according to an example embodiment. Emitted electromagnetic radiation (e.g., a laser beam) from alaser diode1310 enters a lens assembly1330, which telecentrizes the beam. The telecentric beam may impinge on abeam splitter1340, which directs the beam toward alens assembly1350. Thelens assembly1350 may focus the beam onto theworkpiece1370. Acover glass1360 may be arranged between thelens assembly1350 and theworkpiece1370 to protect thelens assembly1350. When the beam impinges on theworkpiece1370, the beam may be reflected back through thelens assembly1350 to thebeam splitter1340. Thebeam splitter1340 may direct the reflected beam onto thedetector1320 for detecting the focus of the laser beam. Thedetector1320 may detect the focus of the laser beam in any suitable well-known manner. Because methods for detecting focus of a laser are well-known in the art, a detailed discussion will be omitted for the sake of brevity. Thelens assembly1350 may be moved in any direction based on the read out of thedetector1320.
• Referring back toFIG. 6, eachoptical writing unit600 may have a set value for each of the power, position and focus parameters. When theoptical writing unit600 passes the calibration sensor ofFIG. 5, theoptical writing unit600 obtains data as to how each set parameter value correlates to a parameter value (e.g., power, position and/or focus value) measured by the calibration sensor. The error or difference between the set values stored in theoptical writing units600 and the measured values is sent to the writing head for adjustment, for example, to offset the writing head's internal scale. This adjustment may be done, for example, each time each optical writing unit passes a calibration sensor. However, the adjustment may be performed less often.
• According to example embodiments, the calibration of power, focus and/or position (x,y, where x is done by time delay) may be in different calibration sensors, so long as the calibration source of each focus, power and position is common. That is, for example, power, focus and/or position may be calibrated using a different calibration sensor so long as each writing head uses the same calibration sensor for focus, the same calibration sensor for power, and the same calibration sensor for x position and the same calibration sensor for y-position. Power may be measured in a wavelength dependent manner to compensate for variation of wavelength sensitivity of the resist.
• FIG. 30 illustrates a calibration system, according to another example embodiment. As shown, the calibration system may include adetector3100, acontrol unit3102 and awriting head3104. Thedetector3100 may be, for example, a calibration sensor (e.g., as discussed above with regard toFIG. 5) or any other optical detector capable of detecting, for example, focus, power and/or position of one or more optical writing units. Thecontrol unit3102 may be implemented, for example, in the form of software executable on a computer or processor. Thewriting head3104 may be a writing head including a plurality of optical writing units, one or more of which may be an optical writing unit as described above with regard toFIG. 6. However, the writing head may be any writing head capable of exposing a workpiece and/or generating a pattern on a workpiece. Each of thedetector3100, thecontrol unit3102 and/or thewriting head3104 may be connected via a data channel. The data channel may be, for example, a fiber-optic cable, a radio-frequency (RF) link passing through the center of the HF transformer, or any other suitable data channel. An example operation of the calibration system ofFIG. 30 will be described with regard toFIG. 31.
• FIG. 31 illustrates a calibration method, according to an example embodiment. As discussed above, the method ofFIG. 31 may be performed, for example, by the calibration system ofFIG. 30. The method ofFIG. 31 may also be performed by one or more calibration sensors (e.g.,400 ofFIG. 4) in connection with one or more writing heads (e.g.,430 ofFIG. 4). In these examples, thecontrol unit3102 may correspond to, for example, thepower control unit620 and thefocus Z servo675 ofFIG. 6, and thedetector3100 may correspond to thequadrant detector550 ofFIG. 5, thefocus detector540 ofFIG. 5 and thepower detector630 ofFIG. 6. In the example embodiment shown inFIG. 30, thequadrant detector550 ofFIG. 5, thefocus detector540 ofFIG. 5 and thepower detector630 ofFIG. 6 may be located at thedetector3100, and thepower control unit620 and thefocus Z servo675 may be located at thecontrol unit3102. Alternatively, however, other configurations are possible.
• Referring toFIG. 31, at S3110, when an optical writing unit of thewriting head3104 passes thedetector3100 may detect at least one characteristic of the optical writing unit. For example, thedetector3100 may detect characteristics, such as, focus, position and/or power of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., the laser beam) emitted from the optical writing unit. Thedetector3100 may send the at least one detected characteristic to thecontrol unit3102.
• At S3112, thecontrol unit3102 determines a correlation between the detected characteristics and a corresponding set parameter value. For example, a detected focus characteristic may be compared with a set focus parameter value, a detected power characteristic may be compared with a set power value and/or a detected position characteristic may be compared with a set position value. The set parameter values may be set, for example, by a human operator, based on empirical data. In at least one example embodiment, the correlation associated with each detected characteristic and corresponding set parameter value may be an error or difference between the set value and the measured characteristic value. The set parameter values may be stored in a memory at thecontrol unit3102. The memory may be any suitable storage medium, such as, a flash memory or the like.
• At S3114, thecontrol unit3104 may adjust the writing head based on the determined correlation. For example, the determined correlations may be used to offset the internal scale of thewriting head3104.
• Although only a single iteration of this method is shown inFIG. 31, the operation described therein may be done, for example, each time each optical writing unit passes a calibration sensor. However, the adjustment may be performed less often.
• FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate different implementations and orientations of a ring-type writing apparatus, according to another example embodiment.
• Referring toFIG. 8A, the writing apparatus may include a holder (e.g., a cylindrical stage or tube formed holder)810, arotor scanner830 and/or at least oneoptical writing units840. Aworkpiece820 may be arranged on the outside of theholder810. Theworkpiece820 may be fixed onto theholder810 using, for example,vacuum nozzles850. Therotor scanner830 may rotate outside theworkpiece holder810 andoptical writing units840 may emit radiation in a radial direction inward toward the central axis of theholder810. In example embodiments, the optical writing units may be, for example,840 may be, for example, single point laser diodes, multi-point laser diodes or spatial light modulators (SLMs). The laser diodes may be of any commercial available wavelength such as blue, red, violet, etc. The power of a laser diode may be, for example, about 5 mW to about 65 mW, inclusive, for single mode, and about 5 mW to about 300 mW for multimode diodes. An electro-optical efficiency of a laser diode may be, for example, 13%. The laser diodes may act as an optical power source and a modulator, for example, simultaneously. The spatial light modulators (SLMs)840 may be at least partially transmissive spatial light modulators, and may create stamps orpatterns860 on theworkpiece820. SLMs are well-known in the art, and thus, a detailed discussion will be omitted for the sake of brevity. As shown inFIG. 8A, the central axis of theworkpiece holder810 may be oriented horizontally.
• Still referring toFIG. 8A, in operation, thering rotor scanner830 may rotate around the central axis of theholder810 and move in an axial direction relative to theholder810 and parallel to the central axis of theholder810. In addition, theholder810 may rotate around its central axis in a rotational direction opposite to that of thering rotor scanner830.
• FIG. 8B shows an example embodiment including a stationarycylindrical holder810 holding a wrappedworkpiece820, and arotating writing head830. Referring toFIG. 8B, the workpiece holder includes aslit870 in which acalibration sensor850 is arranged. Thecalibration sensor850 may be movable or fixed. The writinghead830 includes a plurality ofoptical writing units840 creatingpatterns860 on theworkpiece820. Analignment camera880 may capture an existing pattern on theworkpiece820 such that a written pattern may be aligned with higher accuracy, thereby increasing overlay precision.
• FIG. 8C shows an example embodiment including a rotatingcylindrical holder810 holding a wrappedworkpiece820, and astationary writing head830. The writinghead830 may include a plurality ofoptical writing units840 creatingpatterns860 on theworkpiece820. Theoptical writing units840 ofFIG. 8C may be the same or substantially the same as theoptical writing units840 ofFIG. 8A. As is the case with respect toFIG. 8B, the writinghead830 may includemultiple writing units840, although, for the sake of clarity, only onewriting unit840 is illustrated.
• FIG. 9 shows a horizontal orientation of a cylindrical stage orholder910, according to an example embodiment. When loaded horizontally, aworkpiece920 may be kept in place by gravitational force. Theworkpiece920 may be held in place by a vacuum to ensure that the surface follows the surface of thecylinder910 closely. The ends of theworkpiece920 may be fastened securely to the cylinder by alatch930. Thelatch930 may be controlled to capture or release the edge of theworkpiece920.
• The workpiece may be pushed or pulled onto or into the cylindrical support surface to assume the proper shape. In another example, a vacuum clamp or any other suitable clamp may also be used. The edges along the cylindrical part may bend locally away from the center or curvature (e.g., similar to bending an eraser). This bending may be restrained by a fixture system (e.g., a vacuum fixture system).
• FIG. 21 shows a vacuum arrangement for holding the workpiece on the cylinder. As shown, vacuum and pressure devices may be alternately arranged. A push-pull vacuum clamping system may be used to counteract workpiece deformation in the x-y plane. As shown inFIG. 21, the system may have pressure and vacuum holes spaced closer together (e.g., on a millimeter scale). The vacuum holes may hold the workpiece and reduce the deformation, and the pressure pads may keep the workpiece away from the supporting surface. The workpiece may not touch the support surface, and may be supported at a few μm (e.g., 1, 2, 10, 20, etc. μm) away from the support surface. This may allow the workpiece to more freely assume natural shape in the plane of the workpiece. The vacuum arrangement ofFIG. 21 or an arrangement similar or substantially similar thereto may be used in conjunction with each example embodiment described herein.
• FIG. 10 illustrates aworkpiece1020 in a flat state, as may be patterned in at least some example embodiments.
• FIGS. 11A-11K illustrate a plurality of (e.g., eleven) different positions of a writing head in relation to the direction of the rotor scanner relative to the glass. The arrow inFIG. 11 represents the scanning direction.
• FIGS. 11A-11C show dense matrices of pixels, for example, images of a rectangular spatial light modulator with the rows and columns of the array aligned with the sides of the rectangle.FIG. 11A illustrates an SLM in which a pixel grid is parallel, or substantially parallel, to the writing direction.FIG. 11B illustrates an SLM pixel grid, which is tilted relative to the writing direction.FIG. 11C illustrates an SLM pixel grid, which is tilted relative to the writing direction, the tilt inFIG. 11C being less than as compared to the tilt of the pixel grid axis inFIG. 11B.
• FIGS. 11D-11F show images of a dense matrix with the array rotated relative to the SLM sides, for example, by 0°, 45° and a third angle. The third angle may be an angle other than 0°, 45° or 90°.FIG. 11D illustrates an SLM with a pixel grid slanted 45° with respect to the writing direction. In example embodiments, the pixel grid may not be parallel with the edges of an outer edge of an SLM chip as inFIG. 11A-11C.
• InFIG. 11E the SLM chip is shown slanted such that one of the axes in the pixel grid may be parallel, or substantially parallel, to the writing direction.
• InFIG. 11F the SLM chip may be slanted so that the neither the outer edge of the SLM chip nor any one of the pixel grid axis are parallel, or substantially parallel, to the writing direction. The axes of the sides of the matrix of pixels (e.g., an SLM) and/or the axes of the pixel grid may be rotated with respect to the axes of movement during writing and/or the axes of the written pattern, thus providing, at least four sets of coordinate directions as will be described below with regard toFIGS. 12B-12D.
• FIG. 11G shows a relatively sparse matrix skewed or rotated so that the rows fall at different positions during scanning. In example embodiments, the area may be filled in one or several scans. InFIG. 11G a plurality of laser diodes (e.g., five lines and/or five rows) slanted to the writing direction.
• FIG. 11H shows relatively a sparse row of pixels, for example, a plurality of (e.g., three) laser diodes may be arranged orthogonal to the writing direction. If utilizing the example embodiment shown inFIG. 11H, multiple passes may be required to fill a desired area.
• FIG. 11 shows a relatively dense row of pixels, for example, an image of a one-dimensional SLM in which a plurality of (e.g., seventeen) laser diodes may orthogonal to the writing direction.
• FIGS. 11J and 11K show single rows with the pixels displaced in the scanning direction.FIG. 11J illustrates a plurality of (e.g., twelve) laser diodes in a row slanted to the writing direction.FIG. 11K illustrates a line of a plurality of (e.g., seventeen) laser diodes slanted to the writing direction according to an example embodiment.
• A common problem with optically written patterns, as well as with inkjet-printed ones is the formation of “Mura.” The formation of Mura refers to the formation of visible bands or patterns due to the visibility of the fields or stripes and/or due to moire effects between the pattern and the writing mechanism. “Mura” is an issue for image devices (displays and cameras) but not for other laser-written patterns such as PCBs and PCB masks.
• At least some example embodiments provide a method for assembling optical fields to a display pattern by repetition along an x and a y axis. The fields may be, for example, SLM fields, an SLM pixel pattern, or an array of pixels formed by another writing mechanism such as an array of diodes.
• As discussed above with regard toFIG. 12A, the arrangement according to the conventional art is used in higher-precision pattern generators and may produce acceptable levels of “Mura” defects. However, example embodiments provide writing systems having 10, 100, or even 1,000 times higher throughput than conventional pattern generators, but with essentially the same or substantially the same “Mura” reduction requirements. Higher speed, larger pixels, multiple writing units and/or multiple writing heads, may contribute to more geometrical errors in the written pattern. As will be described in more detail with regard toFIG. 12B-12D, the pattern and the axes of the writing head may be rotated relative to each other, such that a single pixel is not repeatedly printed on the edge of adjacent pixels. Furthermore, the axes between the movement system and the pixel grid created by the writing units may be rotated relative to each other. The pattern may be aligned with the movement axes, the pixel grid or neither. The rotation may be an angle different from 0, 45 and 90°.
• As discussed above with regard toFIG. 12A, the rotation direction is parallel to a side of the SLM chip in the conventional art.
• FIGS. 12B-12E show example embodiments, which may suppress the occurrence of Mura and/or weaken the effects of Moire in the pattern. As shown, in example embodiments, the pattern may be rotated relative to the axes of the writing mechanism and/or the movement system (e.g., scanning direction of the SLM).
• For example purposes,FIGS. 12B-12E will be described with regard to an SLM pattern. However, similar principles apply to other example embodiments, such as, any suitable writing unit.
• InFIG. 12B, the workpiece may be wrapped onto the workpiece holder, and may not be in parallel with the central axis of the workpiece holder. The SLM, or more generally the writing unit, may be arranged in the rotor scanner with an outer side of the SLM chip, or more generally the axes between the pixels formed in the pattern by the writing unit, in parallel, or substantially parallel, with the scanning direction. For example, the scanning direction and the SLM field are aligned, while the workpiece is rotated relative to the scanning direction and the sides of the SLM pattern. With this rotation of the workpiece, the effect of a stitching artifact no longer accumulate along a single line of the device but will pass from line to line, spreading the disturbance to many lines. In addition, a Moire pattern, which is really an intermodulation product between frequency components of the pattern and the writing mechanism (e.g. display pixels and laser scanner pixels), may be relocated to a higher frequency that is less visible in the finished display.
• InFIG. 12C the SLM chip, or a similar pixel map formed by the writing units, may be arranged in the rotor scanner with at least coordinate axes non-parallel to the rotational direction. The workpieces may be arranged with an axis of symmetry in parallel to the central axis of the workpiece holder.
• InFIG. 12D all three coordinate systems are non-parallel to each other. Together withFIG. 11 it is possible to define four coordinate systems, which may be rotated relative to each other. Two, three or four coordinate systems may be made oblique relative to each other in order to reduce “Mura” effects, while all four parallel defines the prior art.
• InFIG. 12E, the workpiece is rotated, the writing SLM field is rotated and intentional distortion is introduced.
• An angle between the sides of the SLM pattern and the workpiece for reducing Mura effects may be greater than or equal to about 0.01 radians (e.g., between about 0.01 and about 0.05 radians, inclusive). The angle used, however, may depend on the write mechanism, scale and/or type of the pattern. The angle may be adjustable from one writing job to the next, or on the other hand, fixed and built into the writing hardware.
• FIGS.24A-E illustrate methods for continuous scanning in the x and y directions, according to an example embodiment.
• FIG. 24A shows an array of pixels in the x-direction along the tool axis. The array may move with a constant speed and after the cylinder rotates one turn, the array stitches to the printed pattern. If the array is not sufficiently dense, the scanning speed may be reduced to, for example, half so that two turns are needed to move the width of the array. The scanning speed may also be reduced more or less depending on the density of the array. The array may be parallel or not parallel to the tool axis.
• FIG. 24B shows another method for patterning, according to an example embodiment, in which the array is not parallel to the tool axis.
• InFIG. 24C, an array parallel to the y-axis of the workpiece and perpendicular to the tool axis. In this example embodiment, the surface of the workpiece is patterned by continuous scanning in the x and y directions.
• FIG. 24D shows an example embodiment in which an array is less dense then those illustrated inFIGS. 24A-24C. In this example, a second array is needed to fill voids in the less dense array. The second array may be a physical array or the same array in a later pass.
• FIG. 24E shows two passes on top of each other. A first of the two passes scans to the right, and a second of the two passes scans to the left. The simultaneous scanning of x and y may provide an oblique angle and the two passes may have opposite angles. This may reduce visibility of resultant stripes. The two passes may be written sequentially with the same pixel array, or with two pixel arrays moving in opposite x-directions, for example, simultaneously. The two pixel arrays may be two physical write heads arranged on two different toolbars. The system shown in, for example,FIG. 25 with continuous scanning in x and reciprocating scanning in y may be used to write two passes in a single operation.
• As described above, the oblique writing is possible and indeed natural for a writing system with cylindrical motion. However, oblique writing is also beneficial in flat-bed writers, such as will be described in more detail below.
• FIG. 22 illustrates a writing apparatus, according to another example embodiment. As shown, the writing apparatus may include arotor scanner2200 for generating a pattern on aworkpiece2202. The example embodiment shown inFIG. 22 may be similar or substantially similar to the example embodiment shown in, for example,FIGS. 1, 7A,7B and/or7C, however, the example embodiment shown inFIG. 22 may further include aworkpiece shape controller2204. Theworkpiece shape controller2204 may scan in the same direction as therotor scanner2200. In at least one example embodiment, the workpiece shape controller may scan theworkpiece2202 such that theworkpiece shape controller2204 and the rotor scanner stay in constant horizontal alignment.
• FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a writing apparatus, according to another example embodiment. The rotor scanner ofFIG. 15 may be used to pattern a flat workpiece, such as the workpiece shown inFIG. 10.
• Referring toFIG. 15, therotor scanner1520 may include a plurality of optical writing units (not shown) arranged on a flat portion (e.g., a top and/or bottom surface) of therotor scanner1520. The plurality of optical writing units may be arranged such that they emit electromagnetic in an axial direction relative to the rotor scanner150. In at least one example embodiment, the optical writing units may be arranged around the outer edge of the bottom of therotor scanner1520. As shown, therotor scanner1520 may rotate and/or move along the surface of aworkpiece1510. The width of therotor scanner1520 may cover the width of theworkpiece1510. In example embodiments, the rotor scanner may scan the workpiece in a varying direction, and may form a relatively shallow and/or run across the workpiece at an angle such that the arc is not tangent to 0, 45 or 90 degrees. This geometry may be used with thicker and/or non-bendable masks.
• FIG. 17 is a top view of writing apparatus shown inFIG. 15. Referring toFIG. 17, the diameter D of therotor scanner1520 is narrower than the width of theworkpiece1710. In example embodiments, the rotor scanner may track or scan back and forth over theworkpiece1710 so as to cover theentire workpiece1710. In example embodiments, therotor scanner1520 may write continuously regardless of which direction the rotor scanner is moving. In an alternative example embodiment, the rotor scanner may write in a single direction.
• FIG. 18 is a top view of a portion of a writing apparatus, according to another example embodiment. The example embodiment ofFIG. 18 may be similar or substantially similar to the example embodiment discussed above with regard toFIG. 17, however, the example embodiment ofFIG. 18 may include at least tworotor scanners1810 and1815. In example embodiments, therotor scanners1810 and1815 may pattern thesame workpiece1820, for example, simultaneously.
• FIG. 19A illustrates a side view of a rotor scanner according to an example embodiment, andFIG. 19B illustrates a top view of the rotor scanner shown inFIG. 19A. In the example embodiment shown inFIGS. 19A and 19B, the diameter D of therotor scanner1520 is greater than the width of the workpiece. The rotor scanner ofFIGS. 19A and 19B may track laser diodes at a side of a workpiece in parallel with the workpiece motion. This tracking or scanning illustrated inFIGS. 19A and 19B may result in a higher dose at the sides of the workpiece than the dose in the middle of the workpiece, given that the dose of the laser diodes is the same. This may be compensated for by increasing the dose of the diodes and/or pixels when patterning the center part of the workpiece.
• FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a writing apparatus, according to another example embodiment.
• Referring toFIG. 16, the writing apparatus may include acircular stage1630 on which aworkpiece1610 may be fixed. Awriting head1620 may be arranged so as to span at least the diameter of thecircular stage1630. Thewriting head1620 may include a plurality of optical writing units (not shown) arranged on a surface portion of the writing head, such that electromagnetic radiation emitted by the optical writing heads impinges on theworkpiece1610 during writing. In example operation, the circular stage, and thus, theworkpiece1610 may rotate while thewriting head1620 moves perpendicular to the rotational axis of thecircular stage1610.
• FIG. 23 is a more detailed illustration of the pattern generator shown inFIG. 16.
• FIG. 20 illustrates a non-Cartesian coordinate system in a rotor scanner, according to an example embodiment. For example, the coordinate system may be bent. In this example, a memory mapping may be performed before, during or after patterning to transform pixels in the Cartesian grid to pixels in the bent coordinate system defined by the rotating pixels relative to the workpiece. For each circle created by a single pixel in the writing head a transformation may be made from a Cartesian grid into the bent coordinate system
• FIGS. 25-28 illustrate flatbed platforms, according to example embodiments.
• FIG. 25 illustrates a flatbed platform, according to an example embodiment. The platform shown inFIG. 25 may be a lightweight frame, shown for example purposes as a truss. However, example embodiments may be built with thin walled tubes that may be temperature controlled by fluid (e.g., air, water and/or gas) flowing within the tubes. The frame may provide a more rigid support for a stationary stage top. Writing heads (e.g., mechanical units holding writing optics) may be arranged on mechanical support structures, herein referred to as tool bars, near the surface of the workpiece. At least one toolbar may extend across the stage. Each of the toolbars may include one or more tools (e.g., writing heads). The tools may be mounted or arranged in a similar or substantially similar manner to that as described above with regard to the cylindrical stage. The toolbars may have fixtures or tools (e.g., which may be standardized). The number of toolbars and the tools attached to each toolbar may be configured according to the application and/or need for capacity.
• FIG. 25 shows howtoolbars2501 access any point on theworkpiece2503, and how the toolbars may be moved out of the way for loading and unloading. The platform ofFIG. 25 may include alinear motor2504 for driving thetoolbar assembly2506. The linear motor may be attached to arod2502 extending betweensupports2508 and2510 standing separately on the floor. A freely moving counter mass (not shown) may be used so that neither part of the linear motor is connected to the ground. The linear motor may move thetoolbar assembly2506 and the counter mass by applying a force there between, while keeping a common, stationary center of gravity.
• A separate system including the motor applying a weak force between the ground and the counter mass may keep the counter mass centered within a range of movement.
• The moving stage may slide on bearings (e.g., air bearings) and may hold the workpiece using, for example, vacuum, electrostatic force or any other suitable clamping mechanism. The moving stage may more accurately monitor and/or control the position of the stage relative to the coordinate system of the machine. The platform ofFIG. 25 may be suitable for many processes, such as, metrology, patterning, etc.
• FIG. 26 illustrates a flatbed platform, according to another example embodiment. The example embodiment shown inFIG. 26 may be similar or substantially similar to the flatbed platform ofFIG. 25; however, the flatbed platform ofFIG. 26 may include a different number of toolbars (e.g., five toolbars) mounted in a fixed position. In this example embodiment, theworkpiece2601 shuttles back and forth on a light-weight shuttle2602.
• Referring toFIG. 26, the stage may be relatively lightweight similar or substantially similar to the shape of the support. The stage may be driven by linear motor and the reaction force from the motor is isolated from the support of the stage either by separate connections to the ground or by a counter mass. The stage may slide on bearings (e.g., air bearings) and may hold the workpiece using vacuum, electrostatic force or any other suitable clamping mechanism.
• FIG. 27 illustrates another example embodiment in which theworkpiece2701 passes under the tool bars and may be patterned in passing. The workpiece may be in the form of cut sheets or a roll-to-roll endless band. As discussed above, patterning may involve exposure of photoresist, patterning of thermally sensitive resists of films, any photoactivation of the surface, ablation, thermal transfer or any similar processes using reaction to photon energy and/or heat of a light beam. According to at least some example embodiments, light refers to any electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from EUV (e.g., down to 5 nm) to IR (e.g., up to 20 microns).
• FIG. 28 shows an example operation of a flatbed platform for higher-speed patterning of workpieces, according to an example embodiment. For example purposes, this example operation will be described with regard toFIG. 26; however, other flatbed platforms, according to example embodiments, may operate in similar or substantially similar manners. The platform may have the same or substantially the same type of lightweight board frame and a floating lightweight stage, hereinafter referred to as a “shuttle,”2804.
• Referring toFIG. 28, in example operation, theshuttle2804 may oscillate (e.g., bounce) betweencounter masses2802 positioned at each end of thesupport2806. Thecounter masses2802 may freely move between position A and B viaslides2810, but may be affected by the force of the linear motor. When theshuttle2804 impacts or hits against acounter mass2802 theshuttle2804 loses at least a portion of kinetic energy. The force during the impact may be controlled by spring constants ofsprings2812 compressed during the impact. At an end of each stroke, theshuttle2804 impacts thecounter mass2802. Thecounter masses2802 may be joined by a fixedrod2814 or controlled individually by one or more linear motors.
• A linear motor may also be positioned, for example, under theshuttle2804 and may accelerate theshuttle2804 toward a first impact when theshuttle2804 begins moving. The liner motor may also be used to move and stop the shuttle at any position, and/or maintain a constant or substantially constant speed during scanning. The shuttle may operate at a constant speed, moving, for example, to the left or to the right inFIG. 28. The stiffness of thesprings2812 may be selected such that the maximum acceleration is within a desired range, such that the workpiece does not slide on the stage and such that excessive vibrations are not generated in the stage.
• In at least some example embodiments, the stage may be comprised of, for example, a leaf spring with pads floating on the support structure and other pads holding the workpiece. With a flexible light-weight shuttle the shape of the stage may be determined by the shape of the supporting surface.
• FIG. 29 shows a diagram over the position of the stage and the counter masses during scanning.FIG. 29 also shows the position of the tool scanning at a constant speed in the direction perpendicular to the paper. When the stage is scanning to the right an oblique line is traced by the tool across the workpiece and after the bounce and other oblique line is traced with a different angle. With the proper relation between the tool width, the stage speed, and the tool speed two contiguous passes may be written on top of each other. Both passes may have stripes inclined to the scanning axis of the stage which may reduce periodic defects in a pattern as shown.
• If the workpiece is about 2.8 m long, accelerating at about 10 g during bounce, and moving at a constant speed of about 6 m/s otherwise, the average scanning speed including bounce-time is approximately 5 m/s. Momentum may be transferred between thecounter masses2802 and the stage, none of which are connected to the supporting structure or to the floor. After thebounce counter mass2802 recedes with a speed significantly lower than the stage, the linear motor may reduce the speed and reverse the velocity of the counter mass until the next impact with the same counter mass.
• If thecounter masses2802 are connected by a rod, or alternatively, if a single counter mass is arranged at the center of the stage is used, the demands on the linear motor may be reduced. In this example, bounces at each end reverse the velocity of the counter mass(es), and the movement of the counter mass may be similar or substantially similar to that of the stage, except slower and with less range.
• In one or more example embodiments, patterns may be written on workpieces (e.g., glass sheets, plastic sheets, etc.) used in, for example, electronic display devices such as LCDs. In these example embodiments, a workpiece larger than about 1500 mm may be used. An optical writing head (e.g., a rotor scanner) with a plurality of writing units (e.g., greater than or equal to 5) may be used. A data channel with a data rate (e.g., greater than or equal to 100, 200, 400 Gbits/s, etc.) may provide data, and the workpiece and the optical writing head (or rotor scanner) may be rotated relative to one another in at least one direction. The workpiece and the writing head may also be moved relative to one another in a plane, for example, between 45 and 135 degrees relative to the plane of rotation. For example, in at least one example embodiment, the plane of rotation may be perpendicular to the plane of movement.
• Although example embodiments have been described with regard to workpieces, it will be understood that workpieces may be used interchangeably with workpiece. In addition, writing apparatuses, according to example embodiments, may be used in conjunction with conventional pattern generation systems.
• According to at least some example embodiments, the written pattern is not sub-divided into stripes. In at least some example embodiments with non-interfering pixels (e.g.,FIG. 1 andFIGS. 11G-11K) an image may be built from parallel lines extending from one side of the workpiece to the other.
• In some example embodiments, (e.g.,FIG. 1), the lines may be written from edge to edge and in sequence by the writing units. Two adjacent lines may be written by two adjacent writing units thereby reducing (e.g., minimizing ) the risk of the workpiece and/or writing head moving by drift and/or mechanical movement from one line to the next. The sequentially written edge-to-edge pattern local errors may be reduced and “Mura” effects may be reduced.
• In an example embodiment similar toFIG. 1, but including more than one ring of writing units (e.g.,FIG. 7A) or with an arrangement of writing units or non-interfering pixels as shown, for example, inFIG. 11G-11K the lines may not be sequentially written. However, with multiple writing units distributed around the perimeter of the cylinder, two adjacent lines may still be written by writing units in proximity to one another on the perimeter of the writing head (e.g., within 90° from each other and in relatively close time proximity). In addition, multiple writing units distributed around the perimeter of the cylinder may still limit the freedom for drift and/or vibration between the lines.
• In example embodiments using SLMs to form simultaneously contiguous arrays of pixels (e.g., one-dimensional (1D or two-dimensional (2D)) adjacent arrays may be written sequentially and/or in close proximity in time, thereby reducing the stitching areas between the pixel arrays (SLM stamps). Helical scanning with multiple writing units, together with the calibration of writing units against the same calibration sensor, may reduce mismatch between the images from the writing units, whether the images are single points, clusters of non-interfering pixels or dense areas of pixels (SLM stamps).
• As shown inFIG. 1B, lines traced by the writing units may be oblique relative to the workpiece. This can be corrected if the workpiece is rotated on its support. However, as described above, obliqueness may be used to reduce “Mura” effects, and thus, an increase in the obliqueness of the traced lines may be desirable. A pixel pattern is defined by the scan lines and may be rotated relative to the axes of the pattern, for example, the pixel pattern of the display devices.
• A third coordinate system is defined by the movement of the writing head and the rotation/shuttle movement. If the oblique angle between the pixel grid is changed by rotation of the workpiece on the cylindrical support, all three coordinate systems are rotated relative to each other. In other example embodiments only two of the three coordinate systems are oblique to each other.
• FIG. 1C illustrates images created by an SLM during scanning. As shown, the images inFIG. 1C are also rotated relative to the workpiece. As discussed in relation to, for example,FIGS. 11A-11K and/orFIGS. 12A-12E, in this example embodiment, four coordinate systems exist and two, three or all four may be rotated relative to each other to reduce “Mura” effects in the written pattern. Reduction of “mura” by rotation of the various coordinates systems may be used while scanning either cylindrically or in a flat-bed stage. In the circular stages shown inFIG. 15 and/orFIG. 16 the coordinate system of the movements rotate during the stroke from edge-to-edge thus creating a local but non-constant rotation between the coordinate systems.
• The helical scanning may be implemented by rotating the workpiece, the writing head, or both, and the workpiece can be inside or outside of the writing head.
• While example embodiments have been described with reference to the example embodiments illustrated in the drawings, it is understood that these example embodiments are intended in an illustrative rather than in a limiting sense. It is contemplated that modifications and combinations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, which modifications and combinations will be within the spirit of the present invention and the scope of the following claims.

Claims (30)

1. An apparatus for patterning a workpiece, the apparatus comprising:

at least two optical writing units for patterning the workpiece, the at least two optical writing units including separate final lenses;

a calibration sensor configured to detect characteristics of the at least two optical writing units.

2. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the calibration sensor detects the characteristics of the optical writing units by scanning the at least two optical writing units across the calibration sensor.

3. The apparatus ofclaim 1, further including,

at least one control unit for adjusting at least one parameter value associated with at least one optical writing unit based on the detected characteristics.

4. The apparatus ofclaim 3, wherein the at least one control unit compares at least one detected characteristic to at least one set parameter value and adjusts at least one parameter value based on the comparison.

5. The apparatus ofclaim 3, wherein the at least one parameter is a position of an optical writing unit.

6. The apparatus ofclaim 3, wherein the at least one parameter is power of an optical writing unit.

7. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the at least one parameter value is a focus an optical writing unit.

8. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the calibration sensor includes at least two detectors, each of the at least two detectors detecting one of the detected characteristics.

9. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the at least two writing units are single-point writing units.

10. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the at least two writing units are multi-point writing units.

11. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the at least two writing units are spatial light modulators.

12. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the apparatus is a cylindrical pattern generator.

13. An apparatus comprising:

a cylindrical holder for holding at least one workpiece; and

a rotor scanner for patterning the at least one workpiece, the at least one rotor scanner including at least two writing units, the rotor scanner being configured to move in an axial direction relative to the cylindrical holder and configured to rotate on an axis, the axis of rotation being substantially perpendicular to the axial movement of the cylindrical holder.

14. The apparatus ofclaim 13, wherein the cylindrical holder holds the at least one workpiece so as to at least partially enclose the rotor scanner, and the at least rotor scanner creates a helical pattern on the at least one workpiece by emitting electromagnetic radiation in an outward radial direction.

15. The apparatus ofclaim 13, wherein the rotor scanner is ring-shaped and configured to create a helical pattern on the at least one workpiece by emitting electromagnetic radiation in an inward radial direction.

16. The apparatus ofclaim 15, wherein the cylindrical holder further includes air bearings for supporting the ring-shaped rotor scanner.

17. The apparatus ofclaim 13, wherein the at least two writing units are single-point lasers.

18. The apparatus ofclaim 13, wherein the at least two writing units are multi-point lasers.

19. The apparatus ofclaim 13, wherein the at least two writing units are spatial light modulators.

20. The pattern generator ofclaim 13, wherein the cylindrical holder is stationary.

21. The apparatus ofclaim 13, wherein the at least two writing units are arranged in at least one row on an outer portion of the cylinder.

22. The apparatus ofclaim 13, wherein the at least two writing units are arranged in at least one row on an inner portion of the cylinder.

23. The apparatus ofclaim 13, wherein each of the at least two optical writing units emits electromagnetic radiation in a different radial direction.

24. A writing apparatus for patterning a workpiece, the writing apparatus comprising:

writing head including a plurality of writing units, each writing unit configured to emit electromagnetic radiation for patterning the workpiece;

a detector for detecting characteristics of a writing unit; and

a control unit for adjusting at least one parameter of at least two optical writing units based on the detected characteristics.

25. The writing apparatus ofclaim 24, wherein the control unit is further configured to determine correlation associated with at least one of the optical writing units based on the detected characteristics and a set parameter value and adjust the writing head based on the correlation.

26. The writing apparatus ofclaim 25, wherein the control unit determines the correlation by comparing each detected characteristic with a corresponding set parameter value.

27. A method for calibrating an optical writing head, the method comprising:

detecting at least one characteristic of at least two optical writing units included in the writing head;

determining a correlation between each of the at least one detected characteristics and a corresponding set parameter value; and

adjusting at least one parameter value for each of the at least two optical writing units based on the determined correlation.

28. The method ofclaim 27, wherein the determining further includes,

generating the correlation by comparing the at least one detected characteristic with the corresponding set parameter value.

29. The method ofclaim 27, wherein the correlation is a difference between each of the at least one detected characteristic and a corresponding set parameter value.

30. The method ofclaim 27, wherein each of the at least one detected characteristics is one of a focus of electromagnetic radiation emitted from the optical writing unit, power of electromagnetic radiation emitted from the optical writing unit and position of the optical writing unit.

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