US20070161383A1 - Method and apparatus for locating a wireless device - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed is a method and apparatus for locating a wireless device especially useful for locating a cellular telephone making a call from an unknown location. The call may be a request for emergency assistance, or for location-based commercial services, for example. Various embodiments may optionally include a mobile location component, a cellular telephone enabled to chirp-on-demand, and/or an interferometer link. A mobile location component may include a directional antenna. The directional antenna may be mounted on an antenna boom on top of an emergency vehicle, for example. The mobile location component may alternately or additionally comprise a hand-held unit. System elements may cooperate to generate a situation awareness map or other display. The mobile location component may be moved in the general direction of a first location calculation associated with a first circular error of probability. After being moved in the general direction, the mobile location component may cooperate with other elements to determine a second location calculation associated with a second circular error of probability. Second and subsequent location calculations are of increasing precision, enabling an emergency vehicle or attendant to zero in on a cellular telephone.

Description

• This application claims benefit to U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/422,202 filed Oct. 30, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• The present invention relates generally to wireless communications, and more particularly to the provisioning of emergency services and location-based services using a wireless network.
• Cellular phone user's need prompt, effective emergency services that require the certain knowledge of a user's location much the same as wire-line users. In 1996 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) concluded a Consensus Agreement between wireless carriers and public safety representatives to implement a cellular location service in which carriers are required to provide the location of cell phones requesting emergency assistance by dialing 9-1-1. The E-911 Mandate is structured into two phases. The first phase requires wireless carriers to provide Public Safety Answering Points (PSAP), essentially 9-1-1 dispatchers, with information comprising a telephone number of the call originator and the cellular site location managing the 9-1-1 call. The second phase, mandatory by Dec. 31, 2005, implements more location precision through an Automatic Location Identification (ALI) service.
• One previous attempt at E-911 compliance uses a Geographic Positioning Service (GPS) receiver in the mobile unit or handset, classifying it as a handset-centric solution. In this approach, a mobile unit of a wireless network has a GPS receiver embedded therein, so that a position coordinate can be fixed using the GPS satellite network. Once the position coordinate is fixed, it can be transmitted over the wireless network to the servicing PSAP.
• Another previous attempt at E-911 compliance makes use of a location Radio Frequency RF) receiver on the cellular communications tower of a wireless network, classifying it as a network-centric solution.
• FIG. 1 shows the present inventor's analysis of a Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA) method of locating a wireless caller.System100 comprises at least threetowers102,104,106, each equipped with at least oneoverlay location receiver108,110,112, respectively, for RF detection of emission signals originating from a caller'smobile unit120. Each overlaylocation receiver unit108,110,112, shares the legacy infrastructure ofsystem100 without interfering with existing base station equipment.
• To locatemobile unit120, eachoverlay location receiver108,110,112, measures the time for the RF signals propagating frommobile unit120 in a wireless call to reachtower102,104,106. The differences in these temporal measurements are applied to a triangulation algorithm to identify the location ofmobile unit120 within a general area. Once this area is identified, a mobiletelephone switching office122 forwards this location information, along with the mobile number and voice call, to PSAP124 for emergency services.
• InFIG. 1,circle121 represents a circular error of probability (CEP) that the signal source (mobile unit120) is contained within the area. A probability may be associated with the circle. Points A, B, and Cbound circle121, so this circle is a three-point CEP. The size of the CEP depends on the signal source location relative to the threetowers102,104, and106.
• Separately, certain commercial location tracker systems are designed for tracking wildlife. These systems use a radio frequency chirp beacon transmitter and directional receiver. The user follows a vector decoded by the directional receiver to the emitting chirp beacon transmitter.
• In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a cooperative element location system includes a cellular telephone that is located at an unknown location and may be moving. The system also includes a mobile location component used to zero in on the cellular telephone's location. The mobile location component may be mounted in an emergency vehicle equipped with a directional antenna bar, for example. As the vehicle approaches a first CEP area, the system elements cooperate to generate second and subsequent CEP's of increasing accuracy and decreasing size. The elements may include a mobile location component, one or more cellular telephone tower location receivers, a cellular telephone, and an optional chirp-on-demand signal. In this manner, the mobile location component may provide an emergency vehicle with increasingly accurate estimates of a cellular telephone location, as the vehicle moves toward the general area of that location. An attendant may then take a hand-held device and carry it inside a building, for example, where the elements continue their cooperation to lead the attendant precisely to the cell phone location within the building. An optional interferometer link between cells may further enhance precision.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a diagram of a time of arrival solution to locating an emitter.
• FIG. 2 is a diagram of a cooperative element location system in the context of a wireless communication network.
• FIG. 3 is an exaggerated graph of a radiation pattern.
• FIG. 4 is a timing diagram of a chirp-on-demand signal.
• FIG. 5 is a diagram of an exemplary geographic information server.
• FIG. 6 shows a graphical user interface for use with the present invention.
• FIG. 7 is a diagram of a mobile location component including an antenna boom.
• FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating radiation patterns for a directional antenna.
• FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the relationship of time of arrival to angle of arrival of a signal wave front.
• FIG. 10 showing an antenna and associated electronics.
• FIG. 11 illustrates message flow in a cooperative element location system.
• FIG. 12 is a diagram of an interferometer link between representative cells.
• FIG. 13 is a representative diagram showing a series of Circular Error of Probability estimations of decreasing size.
• FIG. 14 is a flowchart describing the process of using towers with an interferometer link to locate a cellular telephone.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
• Referring now toFIG. 2, awireless communication network200 is shown comprising at least onecommunications tower202, at least onemobile unit120, and a mobile telephone switch/public telephone network206.
• Communication tower202 receives afirst signal208 frommobile unit120 when a user ofmobile unit120 initiates a cellular call. In a preferred embodiment,signal208 may be a radio frequency (RF) signal. In accordance with normal cellular operation, abase station receiver210, operatively coupled to the at least onecommunication tower202,process signal208. Using digital signal processing techniques, basestation radio transceiver210 analyzessignal208 to determine whethermobile unit120 is authenticated for service.
• Under current cellular protocols, a mobile unit's unique Electronic Serial Number (ESN) provides the basis for cellular authentication.Mobile unit120 transmnits its ESN totower202 when a call is initiated.Base station transceiver210analyzes signal208 to determine the ESN ofmobile unit120. The ESN is referenced in an authentication database, which indexes the ESN to a user's account information. Once the ESN is authenticated,base station radio210 issues a control channel and channel assignment. The channel may be assigned in frequency, time, or code representative of the network technology.
• Upon authentication, basestation radio transceiver210analyzes signal208 to retrieve the dialed digit sequence. The call is connected to mobile telephone switch/public telephone network206. The dialed digit sequence determines call routing and final destination.
• Now, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a cooperativeelement location system250 comprises atower location receiver252, a Geographic Information Server (GIS)254, and amobile location component256.Tower location receiver252 is operatively connected withcommunication tower202, and configured to determine a first location calculation ofmobile unit120.Tower location receiver252 receivessignal208 frommobile unit120.Tower location receiver252 decodes signal208 to search for a special predetermined sequence of digits, which indicate a need or request for an emergency or non-emergency location-based service. For example, these digits may include 9-1 -1, indicating a request for emergency services, 4-1 -1, indicating a request for information services, 5-1 -1, indicating a request for yellow pages (business directory) services, a sequence of digits for roadside assistance, or some other predetermined sequence. Preferably, the sequence may consist of three digits.
• Iftower location receiver252 does not identify any of the predetermined sequences indicating that there is no request for emergency or non-emergency location-based services, no further action is taken. However, if the dialed digits represent a request for an emergency service or a non-emergency location-based service,tower location receiver252 performs a location measurement onsignal208.
• The location measurement includes a range measurement and bearing measurement, which in combination can determine an approximate location ofmobile unit120 relative to the location oftower202.GIS254 converts the measurements to a first location calculation ofmobile unit120.
• Depending on the nature of environmental circumstances and the distance ofmobile unit120 fromtower202 at the momenttower location receiver252 takes the location measurement, the first location calculation may not meet E-911 performance and accuracy requirements. However, the first location calculations will meet the needs of many non-emergency location-based services.
• The first location calculation is a map space location comprising a latitude and longitude position ofmobile unit120.
• In one embodiment,GIS254 may be further configured to calculate a Circular Error Probability (CEP) measurement. A CEP measurement provides statistical probabilities as to the accuracy of the location calculation.
• In an alternative embodiment, thetower location receiver252 itself may be equipped to calculate the first location calculation and/or the CEP measurement, which are subsequently forwarded toGIS254.
• Ifmobile unit120 has requested a non-emergency location-based service,GIS254 forwards the location calculation to mobile telephone switch/public telephone network206, along with the digit sequence sonetwork206 may appropriately route the location calculation. The location calculation may be routed to a commercial service providing location-based information tomobile unit120. In other embodiments,GIS254 can provide the commercial service
• GIS254 routes the first location calculation and any CEP measurement to a servicingPSAP GIS network258. This link can be a dedicated connection, or alternatively, packet routed through mobile telephone switch/public telephone switch206 toPSAP GIS network258.
• PSAP GIS network258 receives the location calculation and any CEP measurement so that a PSAP operator can analyze location information, including the location calculation and any CEP measurement, to efficiently manage the progress to the site of the emergency.
• PSAP GIS network258 dispatches a vehicle or attendant over public safety landmobile network260 to a general area identified by the first location calculation in cooperation with any available CEP accuracy measurement. Public safety landmobile network260 is representative of the Private Land Mobile Radio Network used by police, fire, and medical services in accordance with 47 CFR § 90. A PSAP operator vocally confers the general location of the emergency site, which is inherently the location ofmobile unit120, using a first voice channel of anRF signal262 on public safety landmobile network260.
• Mobile location component256 may for example comprise avehicle mount257 and/or a hand-helddevice259.Mobile location component256 may be in physical association with an emergency vehicle or attendant proceeding to the site of an emergency, and is positioned some distance frommobile unit120 in accordance with the first location calculation. Upon receipt of the first location calculation,mobile location component256 is moved in the general direction ofmobile unit120 as indicated byarrow261.
• Mobile location component256 is configured to determine a second location calculation ofmobile unit120.Mobile location component256 is configured to receive a second, data channel of RF signal262 having parameter exchange protocols for receiving data necessary for fixing and tracking signal212 frommobile unit120. In apreferred embodiment signal212 may be an RF signal similar to signal208. The data includes the unique ESN ofmobile unit120 and its control channel and channel assignment issued bybase station transceiver210. Using this data,mobile location component256 is initialized to lock to signal212.
• It should be appreciated that whilemobile location component256 is configured to receive both the voice and data channel ofsignal262 in the present embodiment, other embodiments include a mobile location component configured to receive the data channel ofsignal262, while a separate radio receiver is configured to receive the voice channel ofsignal262.
• In still yet another embodiment, a radio receiver may be capable of receiving the voice channel and data channel ofsignal262.
• Most emergency vehicles or attendants communicate with dispatchers using two-way data/voice radios communicating overRF modulation signal262 to public safety landmobile network260. These radios are sophisticated in that they can multiplex several low rate channels into one high-speed air link. For example, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has opened up the UHF band for land mobile radios capable of 25.6 Kbp/s. These are commercial units with a voice channel and multiple RS-232 data channels, enabling the addition of data protocols to the voice signal simultaneously without interferences. Accordingly,mobile location component256 cooperates with an existing radio configured to receive the data from public safety landmobile network260. The data, which require a low data rate channel, may be transmitted over one of the multiple RS-232 data channels alternatively,mobile location component256 comprises a receiver for receiving the data directly fromsignal262 over public safety landmobile network260.
• As the emergency vehicle or attendant approachesmobile unit120 so does the associatedmobile location component256 as shown byarrow261.Mobile location component256 will acquire signal212 at some distance frommobile unit120. Iftower location receiver252 performs the first location measurement on a good signal, there will be sufficient information to engagemobile location component256 withsignal212 at several miles frommobile unit120. Once engaged,mobile location component256 performs a new location measurement for determining a second location calculation.
• As the distance decreases betweenmobile location component256 andmobile unit120,mobile location component256 refines the measurement, which becomes increasingly more accurate relative to the actual location ofmobile unit120 as shown byarrow263. This process continues until the highest accuracy is achieved asmobile location component256 converges uponmobile unit120 as shown byarrow265mobile location component256 continuously transmits a refined measurement over public safety landmobile network260 toGIS254.GIS254 continuously calculates and refines the second location calculation ofmobile unit120. Any CEP measurement may also be refined to reflect the updated location measurement.PSAP GIS network258 receives the second location calculation to assist the PSAP operator in efficiently coordinating emergency services.
• In the present embodiment,mobile location component256 includes a beacon transmit unit for transmitting atracking beacon signal264 for determining the present location ofmobile location component256 and consequently the location of the associated emergency vehicle or attendant. To initiate the tracking beacon, a PSAP operator requests a tracking channel be assigned for the beacon. The request alertstower location receiver252 to look for thetracking beacon signal264. The request crosses the network demarcation and is received byGIS254 and forwarded on to towerlocation receiver252. The tracking channel will be on or near the frequency channel used bymobile unit120.Tower location receiver252 differentiates the modulation of the tracking signal to process with little interference.Tracking beacon signal264 is not on continuously but on for only a low duty cycle to limit its interference with the voice channel ofsignal208.Tracking beacon signal264 is specifically designed for location accuracy. In fact, if the tracking beacon source is moving, this should negate some propagation path ambiguities providing even more location accuracy. Tracking beacon signal264 carries this location data information at regular intervals tocommunication tower202, wheretower location receiver252 receives trackingbeacon signal264, decodes trackingbeacon signal264, and forwards the location data toPSAP GIS network258. Because there is a chance that more than onetracking beacon signal264 is being transmitted ifCELS250 is servicing other emergencies, each trackingbeacon signal264 is assigned a unique beacon identification code so towerlocation information receiver252 looks for trackingbeacon signal264 and appropriately associates the emergency services ofmobile unit120, and not another mobile unit requesting emergency services. In this manner, an operator atPSAP GIS network258 who is handling the emergency service request frommobile unit120 will receive the correct location data of the vehicle or attendant reporting to the emergency site. The PSAP operator can provide updated progress reports to the user ofmobile unit120 as to the current location of the vehicle or attendant reporting to the scene of the emergency through voice communication. The beacon allows the cell tower receiver to refine the coefficients used in the location algorithm and to improve the accuracy.
• In one embodiment, the beacon transmit code is uniquely built into the beacon transmit unit ofmobile location component256 and associated with the emergency vehicle of the attendant by way of manual entry into PSAP and forwarded toGIS254 and eventually towerlocation receiver252 at the appropriate time.
• In another embodiment, the beacon transmit code is uniquely generated byPSAP GIS network258 and uploaded to the beacon transmit unit as needed.
• While the present embodiment discloses the beacon transmit unit as an integral member ofmobile location component256, the tracking unit may be independent in alternative embodiments.
• The first location calculation and the second location calculation performed byGIS254 is now discussed, including range and bearing measurements taken for achieving these location calculations is now described. Referring toFIG. 3, a mobileunit radiation pattern308 representative ofsignal208 received bytower location receiver252 or signal212 received bymobile component256 is shown. Mobileunit radiation pattern308 is characterized by radius (“r”)310, length (“l”)314, and height (“h”)312.
• The receive signal level (RSL), from which the bearing and range measurements can be obtained, should follow the “one over distance squared” law for a propagating spheroid surface, where power density is a function of the spheroid surface area. Because the originating mobile unit signal antenna power generally is limited to 600 milliwatts, the radiation sphere volume will always contain the 600 milliwatts. However, as the sphere grows, the surface energy density in watts per square meter follows the rule for a spherical sector:
  A_t=3πr²
  where A_tis the area of the spherical sector surface, and$V=\frac{2\pi {\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="r"\; filenames="US20070161383A1-20070712-D00004.png,US20070161383A1-20070712-D00010.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">r</figure-callout>}}^{2}h}{3}$
  where V is the volume of the spherical sector which estimates free space loss Lf of the signal.
• In assuming r is the location distance vector, h is assumed the error. For short distances r, error h will be noteworthy, and for long distances r, error h will be negligible. However, a sphere is not always a practical radiation pattern due to the reflection and absorption properties of Earth's surface. Earth's surface becomes a reflector under certain conditions and an absorber of signals under other conditions. The radiation pattern may be more hemispherical in practice.
• To calculate range and bearing of an RF signal, certain assumptions need to be made about its power density. Those assumptions include free space signal loss plus a number of additional factors. Those factors can be lumped into an average aggregate value that varies by climate and environmental conditions or time of year. For example, if rainy weather conditions exist, signal loss would be expected to be higher. Heavy downpours absorb more signal than light rainfall, so rainfall rate is an important factor. Fog and temperature inversions also play a modest part. Therefore L_pis total propagation loss consisting of free space loss L_fand climate loss L_c. Most Communication towers each have several antennas with two or more to a cell face. Each antenna is connected to at least one channel and space diversity could apply. By way of example let antenna gains be respectively G_T1and G_T2where T1 represents tower antenna one and T2 represents tower antenna two and so forth. The mobile unit's antenna gain is G_p. Total gain per channel (G₁, G₂, respectively) is then:
  G₁=G_T1+G_p
  and
  G₂=G_T2+G_p
  Then RSL for each channel becomes:
  RSL_L1=(G_T1+G_p)−(L_f+L_p)+P_t
  and
  RSL_L2=(G_T2+G_p)−(L_f+L_p)+P_t
  where P_Tis the mobile unit's transmit power.
  RSL is measured bytower location receiver252.
• G_T1and G_T2are known variables. While G_pis not known, it may be accurately estimated by an assumption. G_pmay be a small negative value when using a hand held mobile unit and a small positive value when using an automotive installation. L_pcan be derived from a signal strength profile such as published data. Each communication tower has a signal strength profile from measured values at the time of tower construction, and are necessary to determine handoff from tower to tower. This data can also be used to determine propagation losses. Alternatively, the signal strength profile may be measured by an interferometer or some other accurate means.
• Although not required by the present invention, tower-to-tower communications can be used to more accurately compute propagation losses as part of a rough interferometer setup, especially under current atmospheric weather conditions. For example, if a calibrated power level signal is put on a calibrated transmission line to a calibrated antenna, then path loss could be measured. Knowing the propagation velocity, location accuracy can be improved.
• Free space loss may be computed from tower face to tower face and any extra loss is mostly due to climate and fading factors. Therefore, all the variables of the RSL_L1equation are known except for L_Ffor which it is solved. Range and bearing may be calculated therefrom. The range and bearing measurement provide an estimate of the location of the mobile unit.
• At this point no provision has been made for noise interference. However, a noise figure can be included in L_p. Therefore, an accurate expression can be developed to compute range and bearing from a single communication tower or a single mobile location information component. Although not required by the present invention, multiple communication towers can compute a range and bearing measurement on a single mobile unit provided that multiple towers can receive a signal from the mobile unit. This may improve location accuracy. In this case, the original serving tower carrying the voice call has a means to indicate that it is the prime serving location receiver, so as to insure an emergency request be forwarded to the appropriate PSAP network servicing the caller's area.
• While not required by the above-disclosed embodiment, the present invention may additionally or alternately incorporate a mobile unit configured to transmit a cooperating chirp-on-demand signal to improve location performance. This chirp-on-demand signal significantly improves the accuracy of the first location calculation, as well as the fine location calculation. A chirp-on-demand signal would offer additional accuracy not available with normal RF emissions frommobile unit120 and a single communication tower solution. While emergency services will benefit from a chirp-on-demand signal, it is especially significant to commercial services that most likely do not have the benefit of implementingmobile location component256. The chirp signal, consisting of a known frequency and a calibrated time duration between chirp bursts, provides a reasonable accurate location determination resolving enough location ambiguity for commercial revenue generation using asingle communication tower202. These “radar-like” chirp signals provide resilience to RF interference and to low quality RF path propagation. The chirp-on-demand signal does not interfere with ongoing functions even while withinsignal208 or signal212 ofmobile unit120. The chirp-on-demand signal weaves into a voice call while one is ongoing.
• Chirp-on-demand works by varying the amplitude and frequency ofsignal208 and signal212 frommobile unit120 in a known, accurate pattern.Tower location receiver252, or optionally,mobile location component256, can extract known propagation variables fromsignal208 or signal212 using digital signal processing techniques. By analyzing these additional propagation variables, the RSL can be calculated to a more precise measurement.
• In this alternative method,mobile unit120 is capable of providing a calibrated chirp-on-demand signal. With respect to government performance and accuracy requirements, the chirp method may be able to meet the accuracy specification without the use of amobile location component256 in many situations such as, for example, flat terrain areas.
• FIG. 4 shows an example of a segmented, calibratedchirp signal400 weaved intosignal208. In order to alter the frequency pattern ofsignal400, a calibrated time and calibrated time interval T₁, T₂, . . . T_xhas been added.
• In one embodiment of chirp-on-demand,mobile unit120 is configured to uplink or receive absolute time as part of the RF protocol then some form of system synchronization is possible. Time intervals T₁, T₂, . . . T_xmay also be added bymobile unit120 itself. Knowing absolute time and time intervals T₁, T₂, . . . T_x, the propagation path then can be thought of as an unknown delay line. At ingress of this delay line, the calibrated time signal is injected, eventually yielding calculated information about path range. Propagation velocity variations across the cell space will be minimal because propagation velocity generally will be uniform. Propagation velocity can be measured from tower to tower as part of a rough interferometer setup.
• With knowledge of the propagation velocity and time intervals T₁, T₂, . . . T_xofchirp signal400, range accuracy is improved.
• Frequency likewise sometimes detects changes in path length and direction. Changes in RSL due to chirp frequency variations would help average out the measured RSL.
• Likewise, calibrated chirp amplitude variations A₁. . . A_xwill help average out RSL amplitude deviations. If, for example, a chirp code comprises a 3 dB change in amplitude, but the tower receiver only receives a 2.5 dB change in amplitude, then most likely diffraction is deducting from the measured RSL and would be 0.5 dB higher than the computed RSL. This helps to improve RSL accuracy.
• This demonstrates that chirp-on-demand can improve range accuracy as measure by the cell tower location receiver and add improvement to commercial location services.
• Referring now toFIG. 5, one embodiment ofGIS254 is shown.GIS254 integrates between commercial and emergency services by providing a common denominator for both.
• A demarcation point may exist betweenPSAP GIS network258, which is a publicly serviced network, andGIS254, which would most likely be privately serviced by a wireless carrier.GIS254 comprises a tower locationreceiver data link501, a PSAP network data link503, and a mobile telephone switch/public telephone switch data link505. A common message format enables interoperability and the transfer of data from one network to the other. The common message format standard could be agreed upon by PSAP interest groups and wireless carrier interest groups.
• GIS254 comprisesinterface software502 that establishes a common message format. Interface software provides protocols for the transfer of data including a range and bearing measurement, a latitude and longitude position, a CEP measurement, unique codes, RF signal intercept data, or other data as well, across tower locationreceiver data link501, PSAP data link503, and mobile telephone switch/public telephone switch data link505.
• WhereGIS254 is at a demarcation point between a wireless carrier's network andPSAP GIS network258,interface software502 implements the appropriate protocols for communication therebetween.Interface software502 facilitates communication ofGIS254 with towerlocation information receiver252,PSAP GIS network258, andmobile location component256.
• GIS254 comprises a geographic location engine (GLE)504 configured to generate a map space location from the first measurement fromtower location receiver252 and, in the case of an emergency service request, the second measurements frommobile location component256.
• GIS254 includes a communicationtower location database506 comprising a unique identification number for each of a plurality of communication towers and corresponding geographic locations. These geographic locations are in a map space, comprising latitude and longitude positions. In this manner, a single GIS may service a plurality of communication towers.
• Interface software502 receives a location measurement fromtower location receiver252 along with the identification number ofservicing tower202.GLE504 generates the location calculation ofmobile unit120 by searchingdatabase506 for the identification number and upon finding a matching identification number, calculating the location calculation from the corresponding geographic location of servicingtower202 and the location measurement.
• In some embodiments,GLE504 will geocode the latitude and longitude position to a street address using methods familiar in the art. This is most likely useful for commercial services, or for third party commercial vendors who do not provide their own geocoding software offsite.GLE504 may geocode to street addresses for emergency services, although this is more likely to be handled byPSAP GIS network258 to comply with specific geocoding performance standards.
• Non-emergency services software508 provides non-emergency location-based services that may be requested bymobile unit120. These services may include navigation directions, commercial location information on restaurants or retail outlets in the geographic area ofmobile unit120, etc.GIS254 may log such transactions in a commercial locationservices accounting database510, such as by the ESN of requestingmobile unit120 for accounting purposes. Alternatively, if a subscriber business methodology is employed,GIS254 first references the requesting ESN incommercial accounting database510, and upon a match,non-emergency services software508 provides the requested service.
• If cooperativeelement location system250 employs the chirp-on-demand capability,GIS254 is operatively configured to achirp code database512.Chirp code databases512 accommodates a pool of chirp codes. When a request for emergency or non-emergency location-based service is received,tower location receiver252 decodes the dialed digit sequence and engages location-based services by sending the ESN to servicingGIS254 viadata link501.GIS254 receives the ESN at connection514 and a database is searched for a matching ESN to identify whether requestingmobile unit120 is chirp capable.
• If no match is found, a message indicating that the chirp feature is not possible is sent back totower location receiver252.Tower location receiver252 takes bearing and range measurements without searching for a chirp signal.G1S254 calculates the first location calculation as previously described.
• However, if a match is found indicatingmobile unit120 has the chirp-on-demand capability,GIS254 retrieves a chirp code from the chirp code pool indatabase512.GIS254 sends this chirp code to basestation radio transmitter210 to transmit the code tomobile unit120.
• Mobile unit120 receives the chirp code and transmits the chirp code insignal208 and signal212 so thattower location receiver252 can make the first location measurement and, in the case of an emergency service request,mobile location component256 can make the second location measurement.
• In the case of the emergency service request, the chirp signal continues intermittently untilmobile location component256 converges uponmobile unit120, indicating that the emergency attendant has reachedmobile unit120, or is terminated byPSAP GIS network258. In the case of a non-emergency service request, the chirp signal continues intermittently untiltower location receiver252 completes the first location measurement. In either case,GIS254 notifiesmobile unit120 viacommunication tower202 to kill its chirp.GIS254 returns the chirp code to the available chirp code pool indatabase512.
• In the case of an emergency service request,PSAP GIS network258 is configured to receive location information fromGIS254 via PSAP network data link503 to generate a situation awareness map.
• FIG. 6 shows one embodiment of a situation awareness map graphical user interface (GUI)600 for use by a PSAP operator ofPSAP GIS network258.GUI600 updates the PSAP operator as the emergency situation develops. The geographic map data ofGUI600 may be provided byPSAP GIS network258.
• GUI600 includes map space location data, including alocation icon602 ofmobile unit120 layered with geographic data.
• Mobileunit location icon602 is first displayed in accordance with the first location calculation, and adjusted according to the continual updates from the second location calculation received byGIS254.GLTI600 displays aCEP measurement604 to the operator, each outlying circle representing an area with an associated location probability ofmobile unit120. For example,GUI600 shows a CEP measurement comprising twoCEP estimations604a-b.Innermost CEP estimation604amay represent a 60% probability thatmobile unit120 is within the encirclement.Outermost CEP estimation604bmay represent a 90% probability thatmobile unit120 is within the encirclement.
• GUI600 showscommunication tower icon606 in accordance with the map space location of servicingcommunication tower202.Communication tower icon606 is complemented with the tower identification number, so that the PSAP operator has this information readily available if needed.
• GUI600 displays a mobilecomponent location icon608 in accordance with the map space location ofmobile location component256 assists the PSAP operator in initially vectoring the emergency attendants to a signal intercept area represented by signal intercept circle (SIC)609. The PSAP operator vectors the emergency attendant toSIC609, at which point,mobile location component256 should pick upsignal208 ofmobile unit120 for performing the second location calculation.
• GUI600 optionally shows dispatchunit identification610, a unique identifier of the attending dispatcher unit.
• GUI600 optionally shows a channel andcode number614 over which the PSAP operator is communication on the public safety landmobile network260 to the emergency attendant.
• Referring now toFIG. 7, one embodiment ofmobile location component256 is shown.Mobile location component256 may be a vehicular unit and/or a hand-held unit. The vehicular unit fits into an emergency vehicle without requiring significant modifications to the vehicle. The vehicular unit will generally be more sensitive to RF emissions frommobile unit120 than a handheld unit because a vehicular unit can be operatively coupled with a lager antenna size. A handheld unit may be appropriate to function inside buildings or between buildings where a vehicular unit proves impractical. If targetmobile unit120 is in an area that is hard to see or navigate, or in a high-rise building, the emergency attendant can easily switch from a vehicular unit to a handheld unit when necessary.
• In one embodiment,mobile location component256 is a hand-held unit that plugs into a vehicle-mounted antenna. For example, a vehicle may have a cradle for placing a hand-held device in communication with a directional antenna bar on the roof. When desired, the hand-held device may be removed from the cradle and employ its own built-in antenna for use outside the vehicle.
• Mobile location component256 preferably comprises amobile location receiver702, abeacon transmitter704, anantenna706, a plurality ofchannels708, and adisplay710.Mobile location receiver702 may also include or be operatively coupled to a landmobile radio712 which can transmit voicecommunication using antenna706 over public safety landmobile network260.
• Mobile location receiver702 is operatively configured to receivesignal208 withantenna706 throughchannels708 for making the second location measurement. This may be done using a boom servo technique.
• As shown inFIG. 1,antenna706 may be directional, and may be placed on an emergency vehicle. For example,antenna706 may comprise a leftdirectional antenna714 and a rightdirectional antenna716. A navigation solution requires two components, a bearing and a range. A mobile platform such asmobile location component256 can make successively accurate measurements just by traveling in the direction of increasing signal level. As an alternative to simple directional antennas, omnidirectional antennas consisting of two or more each spatially separated (ReferenceFIG. 9) at the antenna boom ends coupled with time of arrival and angle of arrival computation techniques can provide bearing information. They can also be used together as shown in this example ofFIG. 7. RSL computations provide range information. Together they provide navigation information which can be overlaid on a map. As signals frommobile unit120reach antennas714,716,mobile location receiver702 uses a time difference of arrival algorithm that measures an offset time to determine a bearing measurement. Alternatively, an angle of arrival algorithm or other algorithm may be employed.Mobile location receiver702 calculates the RSL to arrive at a range measurement, providing the range required for the second navigation component.
• The velocity of propagation in the atmosphere is slightly slower than in free space. The velocity of propagation in free space has been accurately determined to be 2.99792458*10⁸meters per second by national standards groups. A very small percentage error in the atmospheric velocity calculation will generate a large position error. Atmospheric propagation speeds are dependent on atmospheric air pressure, humidity and temperature. Air pressure and temperature in turn depend on elevation and climatology. Air density is a function of air temperature, altitude and humidity. These factors affect the size of the antenna boom. To make the boom length practical for vehicles and hand held units, mobile location receiver adds a second channel with offset timing signal. In this example the second timing signal is offset from the first by some 300 picoseconds in round numbers or a third of a nanosecond. Small accurate delays can be achieved a number of ways using circuitry components. The important point is to delay the second channel relative to the first by a controlled amount soFIG. 9 can be computed with precision. Delay can be controlled by a number of methods for example extra circuitry path length in one timing signal relative to the other. It could be generated by an extra gate in a FPGA circuit. It can even be crafted by surface acoustic wave devices. In the case whereantenna706 is directional,antenna706 may have a directional antenna pattern as shown inFIG. 8, for example. An omni-directional antenna (e.g.directional antennas714 and716) may havedirectional pattern804.Null point806 occurs when theantenna boom707 is on a heading directly toward the mobile unit.
• In this example the 500-picosecond time delay gives the ability to run two antennas on a shortened boom to perform wave front angle of arrival computations. In our example of above that would be in this example roughly a meter. The short boom means the antenna boom can fit on a car roof or be hand carried into buildings. Note that the offset time is not fixed but must be variable by some fine level of increments. To detect the wave front, the measured complex signal needs to be exactly the same value on both antennas. To find this point, the offset is varied from a small value to larger values until the antenna signals match. This point is a constant wave front and the delay is the time it took for the wave front to travel to the second antenna. The time delay is related to the boom length. The offset then becomes a normalized angle with respect to the boom and gives direction. When the signal direction is straight ahead of the boom the signal path is the same for both antennas mounted at the boom ends. When the emitter is off to one side, it takes longer for the wave front to reach the farther antenna. By measuring how long it takes we can compute the angle to the boom. When the wave front is at right angles to the boom, boom length divided by signal propagation velocity should roughly equal the maximum system offset time.
• FIG. 9 shows the time of arrival to angle of arrival relationship. Three angles are shown inFIG. 9: Angle ofarrival902, angle of normal vector to wave frontpropagation direction vector904 and angle ofantenna boom707 tonormal vector906. Theantenna boom707 has a northantenna center point912 and a southantenna center point916. The responding emergency vehicle is traveling with adirection vector918. The wave front attime t₁910 and attime t₂908 is shown. The wave frontpropagation direction vectors914 are also shown. The elapsed time from the reception of wave front at southantenna center point916 to the reception at the northantenna center point912 is used to calculate angle ofarrival902. Multiplying the time between reception ofwave front910 and reception ofwave front908 it is possible to calculate the length ofside922 which represents the extra measured distance the wavefront must travel to reach the second antenna to be at the same value point as measured by the first antenna. By applying trigonometric functions to the known values length ofantenna boom707, the angle ofnormal vector920, and the length ofside922, it is possible to compute the value of the angle ofarrival902. The angle ofarrival902 indicates the direction that the radio frequency waves are emanating from.
• An alternative method is mounting the boom on a calibratedservo750 and rotating the boom to null the signal as shown inFIG. 8. Note that a handheld receiver with boom would not require a servo as the person holding the system could move the boom while walking and thus keep the boom aimed at the null until arriving at themobile unit120 location. The time of arrival technique means an omni directional antenna can be used on the boom. Directional antennas can also be used on the boom. The advantage of using directional antennas is that once the vehicle is headed directly onto the location the null V as shown inFIG. 8 will be easier to use.
• Themobile location receiver702 will need readout display to update the users in making progress. InFIG. 7, the CELSmobile location receiver702 shows adisplay710 with minimal information. Minimal information is the bearing and range to themobile unit120. More information can be added such as street address or if themobile unit120 is mobile the Highway identification and heading. This information could come from the PSAP operator over the Public SafetyLand Mobile Network260.
• In thedisplay710 is shown two readouts, Fixed and Mobile. In practice only one would be active at a time. The field denotes whether the targetmobile unit120 is moving or fixed. If it is fixed and can be tied to an address, the address is given. If it cannot be tied to an address, the closest tangent point to a highway is given. It may be given as latitude/longitude or distance to the nearest intersection. If the target cellular telephone were in an open space such as an over grown vacant lot or open space but difficult to see and navigate, the first responders would switch to the handheld location receiver and continue the final location. The same is true if the first responder came to a high rise building. In the case of a high rise, the map would show the high rise within the CEP so there would be advanced knowledge that a handheld location receiver is required.
• FIG. 10 is a schematic showing logic for performing angle of arrival computations for wavefronts impinging antenna706. Timing signal is delayed some number of nanoseconds behind the first signal. Integrated circuits inmulti-tap delay line1008 provide delay taps for a range of values, such as for example 0.3 nanoseconds to 30 nanoseconds. Such delay taps are commercially available, such as DS1110 from Dallas Semiconductor. Whenchannel2 is delayed tochannel1, theboom707 looks port side. Whenchannel1 is delayed tochannel2, theboom707 looks at the starboard side.
• For determining the second location calculation ofmobile unit120 from the second location measurement, the current location position ofmobile location component256 should be determined. For example, to determine the current location position ofmobile location component256,beacon transmitter704 sends the unique beacon transmit signal to half wave whip transmitantenna720 for reception bycommunication tower202, and eventually for processing bytower location receiver252. Using signal-processing techniques known in the art, the map space location ofmobile location component256 can be derived from the beacon signal byGIS254 using communicationtower location database506. The second location calculation ofmobile unit120 then can be calculated in combination with the second location measurements.
• Display710 ofmobile location component256 updates progress made by the emergency attendant in locatingmobile unit120. Information displayed includes bearing and range measurements ofmobile unit120. More information can be added such as street address or ifmobile unit120 is moving, the highway identification and heading. The situation awareness map illustrated as GUI 600inFIG. 6 may also be displayed ondisplay710, for example. This additional information may come fromPSAP GIS network258 over public safety landmobile network260.
• FIG. 11 illustrates message flow in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.Tower location receiver252 transmits to theGIS254 messages of the following types: tower e911 cellular telephone coarse position data; request for chirp data; RF signal parameter message including unique cellular telephone electronic identification number/electronic serial number (EID/ESN), control channel, and channel assignment forPSAP GIS network258; and tower e911 refined position data using chirp results.GIS254 transmits toPSAP G6S network258 messages of the following types: e911 cellular telephone position location data; tracking beacon location data; and e911 RF signal parameters including unique cellular telephone EID/ESN, control channel and channel assignment formobile unit256.PSAP GIS network258 transmits tomobile unit256, via public safety landmobile network260, messages of the following types: mobile cellular telephone initial position location text and graphic message for display; and RF signal parameter exchange message including unique cellular telephone EID/ESN, control channel, and control channel assignment for location receiver.GIS254 andPSAP GIS network258 are interconnected at thenetwork demarcation1106.
• FIG. 12 illustrates the optional addition of an interferometer link between cells of a cellular telephone network. This may be useful in the context of the current invention to further enhance precision, but is not strictly necessary.
• An interferometer link can be formed between any two cell points that can see each other. It is used to establish a means to compute accurately propagation velocity, propagation time, and distance between points in real time. A calibrated link will detect the type and variance of transmission losses associated with atmospheric conditions.
• InFIG. 12,cell towers1202,1204, and1206 are linked by a precision time andsynchronization network1208 which is linked to aprecise time source1210 and distributes data to all cells in a region. Precise time and time interval calibrated transmission bursts1212 are communicated betweencell towers1204 and1206, for example.
• The interferometer function provides information about propagation loss factors so an accurate estimate of basic transmission loss can be used to compare with an unknown received signal level.Tower location receiver252 may use this comparison to more accurately compute range and bearing ofmobile unit120.
• FIG. 14 shows a flowchart that describes the process of using the optional interferometer link to calculate distance from a tower to a cellular telephone. Instep1402, a test signal is transmitted from a first tower on a calibrated line. Instep1404, a second tower receives the calibrated test signal. Instep1406, the second tower measures the propagation characteristic of the test signal. Instep1408, the propagation characteristic is stored for future use. Instep1410, a communications signal is sensed from a cellular telephone. Instep1412, the system determines whether a recalculation of the propagation characteristic is needed. If a recalculation is needed, steps1414-1420 are performed. These steps are the same as steps1402-1408 described above. Otherwise,step1422 is performed. Instep1422, the propagation characteristic of the sensed signal is measured. Instep1424, the calculated propagation characteristic is compared against the measured propagation characteristic to determine a distance to the cellular telephone.
• FIG. 12 shows the addition of an interferometer capability to an existing cellular system. Note that it is not necessary to add interferometer capability to all cell sites. The network that carries the precision time and sync data can also carry the interferometer data to all cells within a geographical location. For example a geographic region as large as 500 miles could be served from one representative interferometer link. The interferometer provides useful information in the form of corrections for the path predication calculations. It is a fact that propagation loss does not exactly match the 1/r²loss model. It is in fact somewhere between 1/r²and 1/r³. What the interferometer does is allow the link equipment to measure the loss at the time and compute an accurate 1/r^xwhere 2≦x≦3. The other way to compute propagation loss in excess of the 1/r²model is use information from publications like NBS Technote101 that contain tables of climate loss values and pull those values that match the current climatic situation and enter them into the prediction model. The prediction model is used to compute the estimated range and in turn location of themobile unit120.
• FIG. 13 shows the operation of a cooperativeelement location system1300 designed to locate amobile unit120. Acoarse CEP1321 provides the initial dispatch point defined by two point circle A, B. Targetedmobile unit120 is located somewhere withincoarse CEP1321. Determination of this coarse CEP requires only onecell tower1302, for example.Mobile location component256 may includevehicle mount257 and/or hand-helddevice259. Alocation beacon1310 is transmitted from emergency vehicle1304 tocell tower1302.
• Emergency vehicle1304 receivestransmission1308 including information identifyingcoarse CEP1321. In response, emergency vehicle travels in the direction ofCEP1321. As emergency vehicle1304 travels closer to targetmobile unit120 located incoarse CEP1321, cooperativeelement location system1300 is able to provide a fine location solution of a smaller circle bounded by points C and D. The smaller circle representsfine CEP1323 which is a two point circle contained withincoarse CEP1321. Targetmobile unit120 is now known to be located infine CEP1323. This process may be reiterated until targetmobile unit120 is located.
• If necessary,handheld location receiver259 may be used to go places where emergency vehicle1304 cannot travel, such as inside a building. In that case,handheld location receiver259 receivestransmission1318 containing increasingly accurate information regarding the location of targetmobile unit120.

Claims (4)

1-18. (canceled)

19. A method of determining a location of a mobile telephone and displaying the location on a map, the method comprising:

receiving, at a controller, a first location signal from a single cellphone tower in wireless communication with the mobile telephone;

receiving, at the controller, a second location signal from a non-tower source in wireless communication with the mobile telephone;

determining the location of the mobile telephone based solely on the first and second location signals;

generating a situation awareness map including the determined location and geographic map data for an area surrounding the determined location;

digitally displaying on a digital display device the situation awareness map showing the determined location of the mobile phone on a digital map of a geographic area surrounding the determined location.

20. A system for determining a location of a mobile telephone and displaying the location on a map, the method comprising:

means for receiving a first location signal from a single cellphone tower in wireless communication with the mobile telephone;

means for receiving a second location signal from a non-tower source in wireless communication with the mobile telephone;

means for determining the location of the mobile telephone based on the first and second location signals;

means for generating a situation awareness map including the determined location and geographic map data for an area surrounding the determined location;

means for displaying the situation awareness map showing the determined location of the mobile phone on a map of the surrounding area.

21. The method of claim1 wherein the digital display device is a hand-held wireless communication device.

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