US20070119701A1 - High-Power Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering - Google Patents

Abstract

Magnetically enhanced sputtering methods and apparatus are described. A magnetically enhanced sputtering source according to the present invention includes an anode and a cathode assembly having a target that is positioned adjacent to the anode. An ionization source generates a weakly-ionized plasma proximate to the anode and the cathode assembly. A magnet is positioned to generate a magnetic field proximate to the weakly-ionized plasma. The magnetic field substantially traps electrons in the weakly-ionized plasma proximate to the sputtering target. A power supply produces an electric field in a gap between the anode and the cathode assembly. The electric field generates excited atoms in the weakly ionized plasma and generates secondary electrons from the sputtering target. The secondary electrons ionize the excited atoms, thereby creating a strongly-ionized plasma having ions that impact a surface of the sputtering target to generate sputtering flux.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Sputtering is a well-known technique for depositing films on substrates. Sputtering is the physical ejection of atoms from a target surface and is sometimes referred to as physical vapor deposition (PVD). Ions, such as argon ions, are generated and then directed to a target surface where the ions physically sputter target material atoms. The target material atoms ballistically flow to a substrate where they deposit as a film of target material.
• Diode sputtering systems include a target and an anode. Sputtering is achieved in a diode sputtering system by establishing an electrical discharge in a gas between two parallel-plate electrodes inside a chamber. A potential of several kilovolts is typically applied between planar electrodes in an inert gas atmosphere (e.g., argon) at pressures that are between about 10⁻¹and 10⁻²Torr. A plasma discharge is then formed. The plasma discharge is separated from each electrode by what is referred to as the dark space.
• The plasma discharge has a relatively constant positive potential with respect to the target. Ions are drawn out of the plasma, and are accelerated across the cathode dark space. The target has a lower potential than the region in which the plasma is formed. Therefore, the target attracts positive ions. Positive ions move towards the target with a high velocity. Positive ions impact the target and cause atoms to physically dislodge or sputter from the target. The sputtered atoms then propagate to a substrate where they deposit a film of sputtered target material. The plasma is replenished by electron-ion pairs formed by the collision of neutral molecules with secondary electrons generated at the target surface.
• Magnetron sputtering systems use magnetic fields that are shaped to trap and to concentrate secondary electrons, which are produced by ion bombardment of the target surface. The plasma discharge generated by a magnetron sputtering system is located proximate to the surface of the target and has a high density of electrons. The high density of electrons causes ionization of the sputtering gas in a region that is close to the target surface.
• One type of magnetron sputtering system is a planar magnetron sputtering system. Planar magnetron sputtering systems are similar in configuration to diode sputtering systems. However, the magnets (permanent or electromagnets) in planar magnetron sputtering systems are placed behind the cathode. The magnetic field lines generated by the magnets enter and leave the target cathode substantially normal to the cathode surface. Electrons are trapped in the electric and magnetic fields. The trapped electrons enhance the efficiency of the discharge and reduce the energy dissipated by electrons arriving at the substrate.
• Conventional magnetron sputtering systems deposit films that have relatively low uniformity. However, the film uniformity can be increased by mechanically moving the substrate and/or the magnetron, but such systems are relatively complex and expensive to implement. Conventional magnetron sputtering systems also have relatively poor target utilization. By poor target utilization, we mean that the target material erodes in a non-uniform manner.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
• This invention is described with particularity in the detailed description. The above and further advantages of this invention may be better understood by referring to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like numerals indicate like structural elements and features in various figures. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a known magnetron sputtering apparatus having a pulsed power source.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a magnetron sputtering apparatus according to the present invention.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the anode and the cathode assembly of the magnetron sputtering apparatus ofFIG. 2.
• FIG. 4 illustrates a graphical representation of the applied power of a pulse as a function of time for periodic pulses applied to the plasma in the magnetron sputtering system ofFIG. 2.
• FIG. 5 illustrates graphical representations of the absolute value of applied voltage, current, and power as a function of time for periodic pulses applied to the plasma in the magnetron sputtering system ofFIG. 2.
• FIG. 6A throughFIG. 6D illustrate various simulated magnetic field distributions proximate to the cathode assembly for various electron ExB drift currents according to the present invention.
• FIG. 7 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a magnetron sputtering apparatus according to the present invention.
• FIG. 8 illustrates a graphical representation of pulse power as a function of time for periodic pulses applied to the plasma in the magnetron sputtering system ofFIG. 7.
• FIG. 9A throughFIG. 9C are cross-sectional views of various embodiments of cathode assemblies according to the present invention.
• FIG. 10 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another illustrative embodiment of a magnetron sputtering apparatus according to the present invention.
• FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of another illustrative embodiment of a magnetron sputtering apparatus according to the present invention.
• FIG. 12 is a flowchart of an illustrative process of sputter deposition according to the present invention.
• FIG. 13 is a flowchart of an illustrative process of controlling sputtering rate according to the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• The magnetic and electric fields in magnetron sputtering systems are concentrated in narrow regions close to the surface of the target. These narrow regions are located between the poles of the magnets used for producing the magnetic field. Most of the ionization of the sputtering gas occurs in these localized regions. The location of the ionization regions causes a non-uniform erosion or wear of the target that results in poor target utilization.
• Increasing the power applied between the target and the anode can increase the amount of ionized gas and, therefore, increase the target utilization. However, undesirable target heating and target damage can occur. Furthermore, increasing the voltage applied between the target and the anode increases the probability of establishing an undesirable electrical discharge (an electrical arc) in the process chamber.
• Pulsing the power applied to the plasma can be advantageous since the average discharge power can remain low while relatively large power pulses can be periodically applied. Additionally, the duration of these large voltage pulses can be preset so as to reduce the probability of establishing an electrical breakdown condition leading to an undesirable electrical discharge. However, very large power pulses can still result in undesirable electrical discharges and undesirable target heating regardless of their duration.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a known magnetron sputteringapparatus100 having apulsed power source102. The knownmagnetron sputtering apparatus100 includes avacuum chamber104 where the sputtering process is performed. Thevacuum chamber104 is positioned in fluid communication with avacuum pump106 via aconduit108. Thevacuum pump106 is adapted to evacuate thevacuum chamber104 to high vacuum. The pressure inside thevacuum chamber104 is generally less than 100 Pa during operation. Afeed gas source109, such as an argon gas source, is introduced into thevacuum chamber104 through agas inlet110. The gas flow is controlled by avalve112.
• Themagnetron sputtering apparatus100 also includes acathode assembly114 having atarget material116. Thecathode assembly114 is generally in the shape of a circular disk. Thecathode assembly114 is electrically connected to afirst output118 of thepulsed power supply102 with anelectrical transmission line120. Thecathode assembly114 is typically coupled to the negative potential of thepulsed power supply102. In order to isolate thecathode assembly114 from thevacuum chamber104, aninsulator122 can be used to pass theelectrical transmission line120 through a wall of thevacuum chamber104. A groundedshield124 can be positioned behind thecathode assembly114 to protect amagnet126 from bombarding ions. Themagnet126 shown inFIG. 1 is generally ring-shaped having itssouth pole127 on the inside of the ring and itsnorth pole128 on the outside of the ring. Many other magnet configurations can also be used.
• Ananode130 is positioned in thevacuum chamber104 proximate to thecathode assembly114. Theanode130 is typically coupled to ground. Asecond output132 of thepulsed power supply102 is also typically coupled to ground. Asubstrate134 is positioned in thevacuum chamber104 on asubstrate support135 to receive the sputteredtarget material116. Thesubstrate134 can be electrically connected to a biasvoltage power supply136 with atransmission line138. In order to isolate the biasvoltage power supply136 from thevacuum chamber104, aninsulator140 can be used to pass theelectrical transmission line138 through a wall of thevacuum chamber104.
• In operation, thepulsed power supply102 applies a voltage pulse between thecathode assembly114 and theanode130 that has a sufficient amplitude to ionize the argon feed gas in thevacuum chamber104. This typical ionization process is referred to as direct ionization or atomic ionization by electron impact and can be described as follows:
  Ar+e⁻→→Ar⁺+2e⁻
• where Ar represents a neutral argon atom in the feed gas and e^{− represents an ionizing electron generated in response to the voltage pulse applied between the cathode assembly 114 and the anode 130. The collision between the neutral argon atom and the ionizing electron results in an argon ion (Ar+}) and two electrons.
• The negativelybiased cathode assembly114 attracts positively charged ions with sufficient acceleration so that the ions sputter thetarget material116. A portion of the sputteredtarget material116 is deposited on thesubstrate134.
• The electrons, which cause the ionization, are generally confined by the magnetic fields produced by themagnet126. The magnetic confinement is strongest in aconfinement region142 where there is relatively low magnetic field intensity. Theconfinement region142 is substantially in the shape of a ring that is located proximate to the target material. Generally, a higher concentration of positively charged ions in the plasma is present in theconfinement region142 than elsewhere in thechamber104. Consequently, thetarget material116 is eroded rapidly in areas directly adjacent to the higher concentration of positively charged ions. The rapid erosion in these areas results in undesirable non-uniform erosion of thetarget material116 and, thus relatively poor target utilization.
• Dramatically increasing the power applied to the plasma can result in more uniform erosion of thetarget material116. However, the amount of applied power necessary to achieve this increased uniformity can increase the probability of generating an electrical breakdown condition that leads to an undesirable electrical discharge between thecathode assembly114 and theanode130 regardless of the duration of the pulses. An undesirable electrical discharge will corrupt the sputtering process and cause contamination in thevacuum chamber104. Additionally, the increased power can overheat the target and cause target damage.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of amagnetron sputtering apparatus200 according to the present invention. Themagnetron sputtering apparatus200 includes achamber202, such as a vacuum chamber. Thechamber202 is coupled in fluid communication to avacuum system204 through avacuum control system206. In one embodiment, thechamber202 is electrically coupled to ground potential. Thechamber202 is coupled by one ormore gas lines207 to afeed gas source208. In one embodiment, thegas lines207 are isolated from the chamber and other components byinsulators209. Additionally, thegas lines207 can be isolated from the feed gas source using in-line insulating couplers (not shown). A gasflow control system210 controls the gas flow to thechamber202. Thegas source208 can contain any feed gas, such as argon. In some embodiments, the feed gas includes a mixture of gases. In some embodiments, the feed gas includes a reactive gas.
• Asubstrate211 to be sputter coated is supported in thechamber202 by asubstrate support212. Thesubstrate211 can be any type of work piece such as a semiconductor wafer. In one embodiment, thesubstrate support212 is electrically coupled to anoutput213 of abias voltage source214. Aninsulator215 isolates thebias voltage source214 from a wall of thechamber202. In one embodiment, thebias voltage source214 is an alternating current (AC) power source, such as a radio frequency (RF) power source. In other embodiments (not shown), thesubstrate support212 is coupled to ground potential or is electrically floating.
• Themagnetron sputtering apparatus200 also includes acathode assembly216. In one embodiment, thecathode assembly216 includes acathode218 and asputtering target220 composed of target material. Thesputtering target220 is in contact with thecathode218. In one embodiment, thesputtering target220 is positioned inside thecathode218. The distance from thesputtering target220 to thesubstrate211 can vary from a few centimeters to about one hundred centimeters.
• The target material can be any material suitable for sputtering. For example, the target material can be a metallic material, polymer material, superconductive material, magnetic material including ferromagnetic material, non-magnetic material, conductive material, non-conductive material, composite material, reactive material, or a refractory material.
• Thecathode assembly216 is coupled to anoutput222 of amatching unit224. Aninsulator226 isolates thecathode assembly216 from a grounded wall of thechamber202. Aninput230 of thematching unit224 is coupled to afirst output232 of apulsed power supply234. Asecond output236 of thepulsed power supply234 is coupled to ananode238. Aninsulator240 isolates theanode238 from a grounded wall of thechamber202. Anotherinsulator242 isolates theanode238 from thecathode assembly216.
• In one embodiment, thefirst output232 of thepulsed power supply234 is directly coupled to the cathode assembly216 (not shown). In one embodiment, thesecond output236 of thepulsed power supply234 is coupled to ground (not shown). In this embodiment, theanode238 is also coupled to ground (not shown).
• In one embodiment (not shown), thefirst output232 of thepulsed power supply234 couples a negative voltage impulse to thecathode assembly216. In another embodiment (not shown), thefirst output232 of thepulsed power supply234 couples a positive voltage impulse to theanode238.
• In one embodiment, thepulsed power supply234 generates peak voltage levels of up to about 30,000V. Typical operating voltages are generally between about 100V and 30 kV. In one embodiment, thepulsed power supply234 generates peak current levels of less than one ampere to about 5,000 A or more depending on the size of the magnetron sputtering system. Typical operating currents varying from less than a few amperes to more than a few thousand amperes depending on the size of the magnetron sputtering system. In one embodiment, the power pulses have a repetition rate that is below 1 kHz. In one embodiment, the pulse width of the pulses generated by thepulsed power supply234 is substantially between about one microsecond and several seconds.
• Theanode238 is positioned so as to form agap244 between theanode238 and thecathode assembly216 that is sufficient to allow current to flow through aregion245 between theanode238 and thecathode assembly216. In one embodiment, thegap244 is between approximately 0.3 centimeters (0.3 cm) and ten centimeters (10 cm). The volume ofregion245 is determined by the area of thesputtering target220. Thegap244 and the total volume ofregion245 are parameters in the ionization process as will be discussed with reference toFIG. 3.
• Ananode shield248 is positioned adjacent to theanode238 so as to protect the interior wall of thechamber202 from being exposed to sputtered target material. Additionally, theanode shield248 can function as an electric shield to electrically isolate theanode238 from the plasma. In one embodiment, theanode shield248 is coupled to ground potential. Aninsulator250 is positioned to isolate theanode shield248 from theanode238.
• Themagnetron sputtering apparatus200 also includes amagnet assembly252. In one embodiment, themagnet assembly252 is adapted to create amagnetic field254 proximate to thecathode assembly216. Themagnet assembly252 can includepermanent magnets256, or alternatively, electro-magnets (not shown). The configuration of themagnet assembly252 can be varied depending on the desired shape and strength of themagnetic field254. In alternate embodiments, the magnet assembly can have either a balanced or unbalanced configuration.
• In one embodiment, themagnet assembly252 includes switching electro-magnets, which generate a pulsed magnetic field proximate to thecathode assembly216. In some embodiments, additional magnet assemblies (not shown) can be placed at various locations throughout thechamber202 to direct different types of sputtered target materials to thesubstrate212.
• In one embodiment, themagnetron sputtering apparatus200 is operated by generating themagnetic field254 proximate to thecathode assembly216. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 2, thepermanent magnets256 continuously generate themagnetic field254. In other embodiments, themagnetic field254 is generated by energizing a current source (not shown) that is coupled to electro-magnets. In one embodiment, the strength of themagnetic field254 is between about one hundred and two thousand gauss. After themagnetic field254 is generated, the feed gas from thegas source208 is supplied to thechamber202 by the gasflow control system210. In one embodiment, the feed gas is supplied to thechamber202 directly between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238.
• In one embodiment, thepulsed power supply234 is a component in an ionization source that generates the weakly-ionized plasma. The pulsed power supply applies a voltage pulse between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238. In one embodiment, thepulsed power supply234 applies a negative voltage pulse to thecathode assembly216. The amplitude and shape of the voltage pulse are such that a weakly-ionized plasma is generated in theregion246 between theanode238 and thecathode assembly216. The weakly-ionized plasma is also referred to as a pre-ionized plasma. In one embodiment, the peak plasma density of the pre-ionized plasma is between about 10⁶and 10¹²cm⁻³for argon feed gas. The pressure in the chamber can vary from about 10⁻³to 10 Torr. The peak plasma density of the pre-ionized plasma depends on the properties of the specific magnetron sputtering system and is a function of the location of the measurement in the pre-ionized plasma.
• In one embodiment, thepulsed power supply234 generates a low power pulse having an initial voltage of between about one hundred volts and five kilovolts with a discharge current of between about 0.1 amperes and one hundred amperes in order to generate the weakly-ionized plasma. In some embodiments the width of the pulse can be in on the order of 0.1 microseconds up to one hundred seconds. Specific parameters of the pulse are discussed herein in more detail in connection withFIG. 4 andFIG. 5.
• In one embodiment, prior to the generating of the weakly-ionized plasma, thepulsed power supply234 generates a potential difference between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238 before the feed gas is supplied between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238.
• In another embodiment, a direct current (DC) power supply (not shown) is used to generate and maintain the weakly-ionized or pre-ionized plasma. In this embodiment, the DC power supply is adapted to generate a voltage that is large enough to ignite the pre-ionized plasma. In one embodiment, the DC power supply generates an initial voltage of several kilovolts with a discharge current of several hundred milliamps between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238 in order to generate and maintain the pre-ionized plasma. The value of the current depends on the power level generated by the power supply and is a function of the size of the magnetron. Additionally, the presence of a magnetic field in theregion245 can have a dramatic effect on the value of the applied voltage and current required to generate the weakly-ionized plasma.
• In some embodiments, the DC power supply generates a current that is between about 1 mA and 100 A depending on the size of the magnetron and the strength of a magnetic field in theregion245. In one embodiment, before generating the weakly-ionized plasma, the DC power supply is adapted to generate and maintain an initial voltage between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238 before the introduction of the feed gas.
• The pre-ionized or weakly-ionized plasma can be generated by numerous other techniques including UV radiation techniques, X-ray techniques, electron beam techniques, ion beam techniques, or ionizing filament techniques, for example. In one embodiment, an alternating current (AC) power supply can be used. Generally, an AC power supply can require less power to generate a weakly-ionized plasma than a DC power supply.
• Forming a weakly-ionized or pre-ionized plasma substantially eliminates the probability of establishing a breakdown condition in thechamber202 when high-power pulses are applied between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238. The probability of establishing a breakdown condition is substantially eliminated because the weakly-ionized plasma has a low-level of ionization that provides electrical conductivity through the plasma. This conductivity substantially prevents the formation of a breakdown condition, even when high power is applied to the plasma.
• Once the weakly-ionized plasma is formed, high-power pulses are then generated between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238. In one embodiment, thepulsed power supply234 generates the high-power pulses. The desired power level of the high-power pulse depends on several factors including the desired deposition rate, the density of the pre-ionized plasma, and the size of the magnetron, for example. In one embodiment, the power level of the high-power pulse is in the range of about one kilowatt to about ten megawatts or more. This power level range corresponds to target densities that are on the order of 0.01 kilowatt per square centimeter to more than ten kilowatts per square centimeter.
• Each of the high-power pulses are maintained for a predetermined time that, in alternate embodiments, is approximately one microsecond to ten seconds. The repetition frequency or repetition rate of the high-power pulses, in one embodiment, is in the range of between about 0.1 Hz to 1 kHz. In order to minimize undesirable target heating, the average power generated by thepulsed power supply234 can be less than one megawatt depending on the size of the magnetron. In one embodiment, the thermal energy in thesputtering target220 is conducted away or dissipated by liquid or gas cooling such as helium cooling (not shown).
• The high-power pulses generate a strong electric field between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238. This strong electric field is substantially located in theregion245 that is in thegap244 between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238. In one embodiment, the electric field is a pulsed electric field. In another embodiment, the electric field is a quasi-static electric field. By quasi-static electric field, we mean an electric field that has a characteristic time of electric field variation that is much greater than the collision time for electrons with neutral gas particles. Such a time of electric field variation can be on the order of ten seconds. The strength and the position of the strong electric field will be discussed in more detail with reference toFIG. 3.
• The high-power pulses generate a highly-ionized or a strongly-ionized plasma from the weakly-ionized plasma. The discharge current density that is formed from this strongly-ionized plasma can be as high as about five-hundred amperes per squared centimeter or more for a pressure that is as high as about ten Torr. Since thesputtering target220 is typically negatively biased, the positively charged ions in the strongly-ionized plasma accelerate at high velocity towards the sputteringtarget220. The accelerated ions impact the surface of thesputtering target220, causing the target material to be sputtered. The strongly-ionized plasma of the present invention results in a very high sputtering rate of the target material.
• In addition, the strongly-ionized plasma tends to diffuse homogenously in theregion246. The homogenous diffusion results in accelerated ions impacting the surface of thesputtering target220 in a more uniform manner than with conventional magnetron sputtering. Consequently, the surface of thesputtering target220 is eroded more evenly and, thus higher target utilization is achieved. Furthermore, since the target material is sputtered more uniformly across the surface of thesputtering target220, the uniformity and homogeneity of the material deposited on thesubstrate211 is also increased without the necessity of rotating thesubstrate211 and/or themagnet assembly252. The physical mechanism responsible for this homogenous diffusion is described with reference toFIG. 6A throughFIG. 6D.
• In one embodiment, the high-power pulsedmagnetron sputtering system200 of the present invention generates a relatively high electron temperature plasma and a relatively high density plasma. One application for the high-power pulsedmagnetron sputtering system200 of the present invention is ionized physical vapor deposition (IPVD), which is a technique that converts neutral sputtered atoms into positive ions to enhance the sputtering process.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-sectional view of thecathode assembly216 and theanode238 ofFIG. 2. In one embodiment, the strongelectric field260 is located in theregion245 between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238. The strongelectric field260 facilitates a multi-step ionization process that substantially increases the rate at which the strongly-ionized plasma is formed.
• Thefeed gas264 flows between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238. A pre-ionizing voltage is applied between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238 across thefeed gas264 which forms the weakly-ionized plasma. The weakly-ionized plasma is generally formed in theregion245 and diffuses to aregion266 as thefeed gas264 continues to flow. The electrons in the weakly-ionized plasma are substantially trapped in theregion266 by themagnetic field254. In one embodiment (not shown), themagnetic field254 is generated in theregion245 to substantially trap electrons where the weakly-ionized plasma is ignited.
• After the formation of the weakly-ionized plasma, a high-power pulse is then applied between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238. This high-power pulse generates the strongelectric field260 in theregion245 between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238. The strongelectric field260 results in collisions occurring between neutral atoms and ions in the weakly ionized plasma. These collisions generate numerous excited atoms in the weakly-ionized plasma. The accumulation of excited atoms in the weakly-ionized plasma alters the ionization process. Instead of direct ionization, the strongly-ionized plasma is generated by a multi-step ionization process having an efficiency that increases as the density of excited atoms in the weakly-ionized plasma increases.
• The distance orgap244 between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238 is chosen so as to maximize the rate of excitation of the atoms. The value of theelectric field260 in theregion245 depends on the voltage level applied by the pulsed power supply234 (FIG. 2) and the size of thegap244 between theanode238 and thecathode assembly216. In alternative embodiments, the strength of theelectric field260 can vary between about 10 V/cm and 10⁵V/cm depending on various parameters and operating conditions of the magnetron system. In some embodiments, thegap244 can be between about 0.30 cm and about 10 cm depending on various parameters of the process. In one embodiment, theelectric field260 in theregion245 is rapidly applied to the pre-ionized or weakly-ionized plasma. In some embodiments, the rapidly appliedelectric field260 is generated by a voltage pulse having a rise time that is between about 0.1 microsecond and ten seconds.
• In one embodiment, the dimensions of thegap244 and the parameters of the appliedelectric field260 are varied in order to determine the optimum condition for a relatively high rate of excitation of the atoms in theregion245. For example, an argon atom requires an energy of about 11.55 eV to become excited. Thus, as thefeed gas264 flows through theregion245, the weakly-ionized plasma is formed and the atoms in the weakly-ionized plasma undergo a stepwise ionization process. The excited atoms in the weakly-ionized plasma then encounter the electrons that are trapped in theregion266 by themagnetic field254. Since excited atoms only require about 4 eV of energy to ionize while neutral atoms require about 15.76 eV of energy to ionize, the excited atoms will ionize at a much higher rate than neutral atoms. In one embodiment, ions in the strongly-ionized plasma bombard thesputtering target220 causing secondary electron emission from thesputtering target220. These secondary electrons are substantially trapped by themagnetic field254 and interact with any neutral or excited atoms in the strongly-ionized plasma. This process further increases the density of ions in the strongly-ionized plasma as thefeed gas264 is replenished.
• The multi-step ionization process corresponding to the rapid application of theelectric field260 can be described as follows:
  Ar+e⁻→Ar* +e⁻
  Ar*+e⁻→Ar⁺+2e
  where Ar represents a neutral argon atom in the feed gas and e⁻represents an ionizing electron generated in response to a pre-ionized plasma, when sufficient voltage is applied between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238. Additionally, Ar* represents an excited argon atom in the weakly-ionized plasma. The collision between the excited argon atom and the ionizing electron results in an argon ion (Ar⁺³⁰) and two electrons.
• As previously discussed, the excited argon atoms generally require less energy to become ionized than neutral argon atoms. Thus, the excited atoms tend to more rapidly ionize near the surface of thesputtering target220 than the neutral argon atoms. As the density of the excited atoms in the plasma increases, the efficiency of the ionization process rapidly increases. The increased efficiency eventually results in an avalanche-like increase in the density of the strongly-ionized plasma. Under appropriate excitation conditions, the proportion of the energy applied to the weakly-ionized plasma which is transformed to the excited atoms is very high for a pulsed discharge in the feed gas.
• Thus, in one embodiment of the invention, high power pulses are applied to a weakly-ionized plasma across thegap244 to generate a strong electric field between theanode238 and thecathode assembly216. This strong electric field generates excited atoms in the weakly-ionized plasma. The excited atoms are rapidly ionized by secondary electrons emitted by thesputtering target220. This rapid ionization results in a strongly-ionized plasma having a large ion density being formed in an area proximate to thecathode assembly216.
• FIG. 4 illustrates agraphical representation300 of the applied power of a pulse as a function of time for periodic pulses applied to the plasma in the magnetron sputtering system ofFIG. 2. At time t₀, the feed gas from thegas source208 flows into thechamber202 before thepulsed power supply234 is activated. The time required for a sufficient quantity of gas to flow from thegas source208 into thechamber202 depends on several factors including the flow rate of the gas and the desired pressure in thechamber202.
• In one embodiment (not shown), thepulsed power supply234 is activated before the feed gas flows into thechamber202. In this embodiment, the feed gas is injected between theanode238 and thecathode assembly216 where it is ignited by thepulsed power supply234 to generate the weakly-ionized plasma.
• In one embodiment, the feed gas flows between theanode238 and thecathode assembly216 between time t₀and time t₁. At time t₁, thepulsed power supply234 generates apulse302 between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238 that has a power level between about 0.01 kW and 100 kW depending on the size of the magnetron. Thepulse302 is sufficient to ignite the feed gas to generate the weakly-ionized plasma.
• In another embodiment (not shown), thepulsed power supply234 applies a potential in thegap244 between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238 before the feed gas from thegas source208 is delivered into thechamber202. In this embodiment, the feed gas is ignited as it flows between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238. In another embodiment, thepulsed power supply234 generates thepulse302 between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238 when the feed gas from thegas source208 is delivered into thechamber202.
• The power generated by thepulsed power supply234 partially ionizes the gas that is located in theregion245 between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238. The partially ionized gas is also referred to as a weakly-ionized plasma or a pre-ionized plasma. As described herein, the formation of weakly-ionized plasma substantially eliminates the possibility of creating a breakdown condition when high-power pulses are applied to the weakly-ionized plasma.
• In one embodiment, the power is continuously applied for between about one microsecond and one hundred seconds to allow the pre-ionized plasma to form and be maintained at a sufficient plasma density. In one embodiment, the power from thepulsed power supply234 is continuously applied after the weakly-ionized plasma is ignited to maintain the weakly-ionized plasma. Thepulsed power supply234 can be designed so as to generate a continuous nominal power in order to generate and sustain the weakly-ionized plasma until a high-power pulse is delivered by thepulsed power supply234.
• At time t₂, thepulsed power supply234 delivers a high-power pulse304 across the weakly-ionized plasma. In some embodiments, the high-power pulse304 has a power that is in the range of between about one kilowatt to ten megawatts depending on the size of the magnetron. The high-power pulse has aleading edge306 with a rise time that is between about 0.1 microseconds and ten seconds
• The high-power pulse304 has a power and a pulse width that is sufficient to transform the weakly-ionized plasma to a strongly-ionized plasma. In one embodiment, the high-power pulse304 is applied for a time that is in the range of between about ten microseconds and ten seconds. At time t₄, the high-power pulse304 is terminated.
• Thepower supply224 maintains the weakly-ionized plasma after the delivery of the high-power pulse304 by applying background power that, in one embodiment, is between about 0.01 kW and 100 kW. The background power can be a pulsed or continuously applied power that maintains the pre-ionization condition in the plasma, while thepulsed power supply234 prepares to deliver another high-power pulse308.
• At time t₅, thepulsed power supply234 delivers another high-power pulse308. The repetition rate between the high-power pulses304,308 is, in one embodiment, between about 0.1 Hz and 1 kHz. The particular size, shape, width, and frequency of the high-power pulses304,308 depend on various factors including process parameters, the design of thepulsed power supply234, the size of the magnetron, and the design of the sputter system. The shape and duration of theleading edge308 and the trailingedge310 of the high-power pulse304 is chosen to sustain the weakly-ionized plasma while controlling the rate of ionization of the strongly-ionized plasma. In one embodiment, the particular size, shape, width, and frequency of the high-power pulse304 is chosen to control the rate of sputtering of the target material.
• FIG. 5 illustratesgraphical representations320,322, and324 of the absolute value of applied voltage, current, and power, respectively, as a function of time for periodic pulses applied to the plasma in the magnetron sputtering system ofFIG. 2. In one embodiment, at time t₀(not shown), the feed gas from thegas source208 flows into thechamber202 before thepulsed power supply234 is activated. The time required for a sufficient quantity of gas to flow from thegas source208 into thechamber202 depends on several factors including the flow rate of the gas and the desired pressure in thechamber202.
• In the embodiment shown inFIG. 5, thepower supply238 generates a constant power. At time t₁, thepulsed power supply234 generates avoltage326 across theanode238 and thecathode assembly216. In one embodiment, thevoltage326 is approximately between one hundred and two thousand volts. The period between time t₀and time t₁(not shown) can be on the order of several microseconds up to several milliseconds. At time t₁, the current328 and thepower330 have constant value.
• Between time t₁and time t₂, thevoltage326, the current328, and thepower326 remain constant as the weakly-ionized plasma is generated. Thevoltage332 at time t₂is between about 100V and 2,000V. The current334 at time t₂is between about 0.1 A and 100 A. Thepower336 delivered at time t₂is between about 0.01 kW and 100 kW.
• Thepower336 generated by thepulsed power supply234 partially ionizes the gas that is located between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238. The partially ionized gas is also referred to as a weakly-ionized plasma or a pre-ionized plasma. As described herein, the formation of weakly-ionized plasma substantially eliminates the possibility of creating a breakdown condition when high-power pulses are applied to the weakly-ionized plasma. The suppression of this breakdown condition substantially eliminates the occurrence of undesirable arcing in thechamber202.
• In one embodiment, the period between time t₁and time t₂is between about one microsecond and one hundred seconds to allow the pre-ionized plasma to form and be maintained at a sufficient plasma density. In one embodiment, thepower336 from thepulsed power supply234 is continuously applied to maintain the weakly-ionized plasma. Thepulsed power supply234 can be designed so as to output a continuous nominal power into order to sustain the weakly-ionized plasma.
• Between time t₂and time t₃, thepulsed power supply234 delivers alarge voltage pulse338 across the weakly-ionized plasma. In some embodiments, thelarge voltage pulse338 has a voltage that is in the range of two hundred to thirty thousand volts. In some embodiment, the period between time t₂and time t₃is between about 0.1 microseconds and ten seconds. Thelarge voltage pulse338 is applied between time t₃and time t₄, before the current across the plasma begins to increase. In one embodiment, the time period between time t₃and time t₄can be between about one microsecond and ten seconds.
• Between time t₄and time t₅, thevoltage340 drops as the current342 increases. Thepower344 also increases between time t₄and time t₅, until a quasi-stationary state exists between thevoltage346 and the current348. The period between time t₄and time t₅can be on the order of one to one hundred microseconds.
• In one embodiment, at time t₅, thevoltage346 is between about one hundred and thirty thousand volts, the current348 is between about one hundred and five thousand amperes and thepower350 is between about one kilowatt and ten megawatts. Thepower350 is continuously applied to the plasma until time t₆. In one embodiment, the period between time t₅, and time t₆is approximately between one microsecond and ten seconds.
• Thepulsed power supply234 delivers a high-power pulse having amaximum power350 and a pulse width that is sufficient to transform the weakly-ionized plasma to a strongly-ionized plasma. At time t₆, themaximum power350 is terminated. In one embodiment, thepulsed power supply234 continues to supply a background power that is sufficient to maintain the plasma after time t₆.
• In one embodiment, thepower supply234 maintains the plasma after the delivery of the high-power pulse by continuing to apply apower352 that can be between about 0.01 kW and 100 kW to the plasma. The continuously generated power maintains the pre-ionization condition in the plasma, while thepulsed power supply234 prepares to deliver the next high-power pulse.
• At time t₇, thepulsed power supply234 delivers the next high-power pulse (not shown). In one embodiment, the repetition rate between the high-power pulses is between about 0.1 Hz and 1 kHz. The particular size, shape, width, and frequency of the high-power pulses depend on various factors including process parameters, the design of thepulsed power supply234, the size of the magnetron, and the design of the sputter system.
• In another embodiment (not shown), thepower supply234 generates a constant voltage. In this embodiment, the appliedvoltage320 is continuously applied from time t₂until time t₆. The current322 and thepower324 change to keep theapplied voltage320 constant. The current322 and thepower224 rise until time t₆, where thevoltage320 is terminated.
• FIG. 6A throughFIG. 6D illustrate various simulatedmagnetic field distributions400,402,404, and406 that are proximate to thecathode assembly116 for various electron ExB drift currents in themagnetron sputtering apparatus200 ofFIG. 2. The simulatedmagnetic fields distributions400,402,404, and406 indicate that high-power plasmas having high current density tend to diffuse homogeneously in thearea246 of themagnetron sputtering apparatus200 ofFIG. 2.
• The high-power pulses between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238 generate secondary electrons from thecathode assembly216 that move in a substantially circular motion proximate to thecathode assembly216 according to crossed electric and magnetic fields. The substantially circular motion of the electrons generate an electron ExB drift current. The magnitude of the electron ExB drift current is proportional to the magnitude of the discharge current in the plasma and, in one embodiment, is approximately in the range of between about three and ten times the magnitude of the discharge current.
• In one embodiment, the substantially circular electron ExB drift current generates a magnetic field that interacts with the magnetic field generated by themagnet assembly252. In one embodiment, the magnetic field generated by the electron ExB drift current has a direction that is substantially opposite to the direction of the magnetic field generated by themagnet assembly252. The magnitude of the magnetic field generated by the electron ExB drift current increases with increased electron ExB drift current. The homogeneous diffusion of the strongly-ionized plasma in theregion246 is caused, at least in part, by the interaction of the magnetic field generated by themagnet assembly252 and the magnetic field generated by the electron ExB drift current.
• In one embodiment, the electron ExB drift current defines a substantially circular shape for low current density plasma. However, as the current density of the plasma increases, the substantially circular electron ExB drift current tends to describe a more complex shape as the interaction of the magnetic field generated by themagnet assembly252, the electric field generated by the high-power pulse, and the magnetic field generated by the electron ExB drift current becomes more acute. For example, in one embodiment, the electron ExB drift current has a substantially cycloidal shape. Thus, the exact shape of the electron ExB drift current can be quite elaborate and depends on various factors.
• For example,FIG. 6A illustrates themagnetic field lines408 produced from the interaction of the magnetic field generated by themagnet assembly252 and the magnetic field generated by an electron ExB drift current410 illustrated by a substantially circularly shaped ring. The electron ExB drift current410 is generated proximate to thecathode assembly216.
• In the example shown inFIG. 6A, the electron ExB drift current410 is approximately one hundred amperes (100 A). In one embodiment of the invention, the electron ExB drift current410 is between approximately three and ten times as great as the discharge current. Thus, in the example shown inFIG. 6A, the discharge current is approximately between 10 A and 30 A.
• Themagnetic field lines408 shown inFIG. 6A indicate that the magnetic field generated by themagnet assembly252 is substantially undisturbed by the relatively small magnetic field that is generated by the relatively small electron ExB drift current410.
• FIG. 6B illustrates themagnetic field lines412 produced from the interaction of the magnetic field generated by themagnet assembly252 and the magnetic field generated by an electron ExB drift current414. The electron ExB drift current414 is generated proximate to thecathode assembly216.
• In the example shown inFIG. 6B, the electron ExB drift current414 is approximately 300 A. Since the electron ExB drift current414 is typically between about three and ten times as great as the discharge current, the discharge current in this example is approximately between 30 A and 100 A.
• Themagnetic field lines412 that are generated by themagnet assembly252 are substantially undisturbed by the relatively small magnetic field generated by the relatively small electron ExB drift current414. However, themagnetic field lines416 that are closest to the electron ExB drift current414 are somewhat distorted by the magnetic field generated by the electron ExB drift current414. The distortion suggests that a larger electron ExB drift current should generate a stronger magnetic field that will interact more strongly with the magnetic field generated by themagnet assembly252.
• FIG. 6C illustrates themagnetic field lines418 that are produced from the interaction of the magnetic field generated by themagnet assembly252 and the magnetic field generated by an electron ExB drift current420. The electron ExB drift current420 is generated proximate to thecathode assembly216.
• In the example shown inFIG. 6C, the electron ExB drift current420 is approximately 1,000 A. Since the electron ExB drift current420 is typically between about three and ten times as great as the discharge current, the discharge current in this example is approximately between 100 A and 300 A.
• Themagnetic field lines418 that are generated by themagnet assembly252 exhibit substantial distortion that is caused by the relatively strong magnetic field generated by the relatively large electron ExB drift current420. Thus, the larger electron ExB drift current420 generates a stronger magnetic field that strongly interacts with and can begin to dominate the magnetic field generated by themagnet assembly252.
• The interaction of the magnetic field generated by themagnet assembly252 and the magnetic field generated by the electron ExB drift current420 substantially generatesmagnetic field lines422 that are somewhat more parallel to the surface of thesputtering target220 than themagnetic field lines408,412, and416 inFIG. 6A andFIG. 6B. Themagnetic field lines422 allow the strongly-ionized plasma to more uniformly distribute itself in thearea246. Thus, the strongly-ionized plasma is substantially uniformly diffused in thearea246, and consequently, thesputtering target220 is eroded more uniformly thereby resulting in higher target utilization than can be achieved than in conventional magnetron sputtering systems.
• FIG. 6D illustrates themagnetic field lines424 produced from the interaction of the magnetic field generated by themagnet assembly252 and the magnetic field generated by an electron ExB drift current426. The electron ExB drift current426 is generated proximate to thecathode assembly216.
• In the example shown inFIG. 6D, the electron ExB drift current426 is approximately 5,000 A. The discharge current in this example is approximately between 500 A and 1,700 A.
• Themagnetic field lines424 generated by themagnet assembly252 are relatively distorted due to their interaction with the relatively strong magnetic field generated by the relatively large electron ExB drift current426. Thus, in this embodiment, the relatively large electron ExB drift current426 generates a very strong magnetic field that is substantially stronger than the magnetic field generated by themagnet assembly252.
• FIG. 7 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of amagnetron sputtering apparatus450 according to the present invention. Themagnetron sputtering apparatus450 includes anelectrode452 that generates a weakly-ionized or pre-ionized plasma. Theelectrode452 is also referred to as a pre-ionizing filament electrode and is a component in an ionization source that generates the weakly ionized plasma.
• In one embodiment, theelectrode452 is coupled to anoutput454 of apower supply456. Thepower supply456 can be a DC power supply or an AC power supply. Aninsulator458 isolates theelectrode452 from the grounded wall of thechamber202. In one embodiment, theelectrode452 is substantially shaped in the form of a ring electrode. In other embodiments, theelectrode452 is substantially shaped in a linear form or any other shape that is suitable for pre-ionizing the plasma.
• In one embodiment, asecond output460 of thepower supply456 is coupled to thecathode218. Theinsulator226 isolates thecathode218 from the grounded wall of thechamber202. In one embodiment, thepower supply456 generates an average output power that is in the range of between about 0.01 kW and 100 kW. Such an output power is sufficient to generate a suitable current between theelectrode452 and thecathode assembly216 to pre-ionize feed gas that is located proximate to theelectrode452.
• In operation, themagnetron sputtering apparatus450 functions in a similar manner to themagnetron sputtering apparatus200 ofFIG. 2, but with some operational differences. Themagnetic field254 is generated proximate to thecathode assembly216. In one embodiment, the strength of themagnetic field254 is between about one hundred and two thousand gauss. The feed gas is supplied from thegas source208 to thechamber202 by the gasflow control system210.
• Thepower supply456 applies a suitable current between thecathode assembly216 and theelectrode452. The parameters of the current are chosen to establish a weakly-ionized plasma in thearea246 proximate to theelectrode452. In one embodiment, thepower supply456 generates a voltage of between about one hundred volts and five thousand volts with a discharge current that is between about 0.1 A and 100 A depending on the size of the magnetron. An example with specific parameters will be discussed herein in more detail in connection withFIG. 8.
• In one embodiment, the resulting pre-ionized plasma density is in the range between approximately 10⁶and 10¹²cm⁻³for argon sputtering gas. In one embodiment, the pressure in thechamber202 is in the range of approximately 10⁻³to 10 Torr. As previously discussed, the weakly-ionized or pre-ionized plasma reduces or substantially eliminates the possibility of establishing a breakdown condition in thechamber202 when high-power pulses are applied to the plasma.
• Thepulsed power supply234 then generates a high-power pulse between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238. The high-power pulse generates a strongly-ionized plasma from the weakly-ionized plasma. The parameters of the high-power pulse depend on various parameters including the size of the magnetron, the desired deposition rate, and the concentration of the pre-ionized plasma necessary for depositing the target material.
• In one embodiment, the high-power pulse between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238 is in the range of about one kilowatt to about ten megawatts. This corresponds to target densities on the order of several kilowatts per square centimeter. In one embodiment, the ion current density that can be generated from the strongly-ionized plasma is greater than about one ampere per squared centimeter for a pressure of approximately ten mTorr.
• In one embodiment, the high-power pulse has a pulse width that is in the range of approximately one microsecond to several seconds. In one embodiment, the repetition rate of the high-power discharge is in the range of between about 0.1 Hz to 1 kHz. In one embodiment, in order to minimize undesirable target heating, the average power generated by the pulsed power supply is less than one megawatt depending on the size of the magnetron. In one embodiment, the thermal energy in thesputtering target220 is conducted away or dissipated by liquid or gas cooling (not shown).
• The gasflow control system210 provides a feed gas flow rate that is high enough to maintain the strongly-ionized plasma. Additionally, thevacuum control system206 controls the pressure so as to maintain the pressure inside thechamber202 in a range that supports the strongly-ionized plasma.
• The ions in the strongly-ionized plasma accelerate towards the sputteringtarget220 at high velocity and impact the surface of thesputtering target220. The strongly ionized plasma causes a very high sputtering rate of the target material. Furthermore, as described herein in connection withFIG. 6A thoughFIG. 6D, the strongly-ionized plasma generated by the sputtering systems according to the present invention tends to diffuse homogenously in thearea246 due to the interaction of generated magnetic fields. This homogenous diffusion results in a more uniform distribution of ions impacting the surface of thetarget material220 compared with conventional magnetron sputtering systems, thereby resulting in relatively high target utilization and relatively uniform deposition of target material on thesubstrate211.
• FIG. 8 illustrates a graphical representation of pulse power as a function of time for periodic pulses applied to the plasma in the magnetron sputtering system ofFIG. 7. In one embodiment, the feed gas from thegas source208 flows into thechamber202 at time t₀, before either thepower supply456 or thepulsed power supply234 are activated.
• In another embodiment, prior to the formation of the weakly-ionized plasma, thepower supply456 and/or thepulsed power supply234 are activated at time t₀before the gas enters thechamber202. In this embodiment, the feed gas is injected between theelectrode452 and thecathode assembly216 where it is ignited by thepower supply456 to generate the weakly-ionized plasma.
• The time required for a sufficient quantity of gas to flow into thechamber202 depends on several factors including the flow rate of the gas and the desired operating pressure in thechamber202. At time t₁, thepower supply456 generates apower502 that is in the range of between about 0.01 kW to about 100 kW between theelectrode452 and thecathode assembly216. Thepower502 causes the gas proximate to theelectrode452 to become partially ionized, thereby generating a weakly-ionized plasma or a pre-ionized plasma.
• At time t₂, thepulsed power supply234 delivers a high-power pulse504 to the weakly-ionized plasma that is on the order of less than one kilowatt to about ten megawatts depending on the size of the magnetron. The high-power pulse504 is sufficient to transform the weakly-ionized plasma to a strongly-ionized plasma. The high-power pulse has aleading edge506 having a rise time that is between about 0.1 microseconds and ten seconds.
• In one embodiment, the pulse width of the high-power pulse504 is in the range of between about one microsecond and ten seconds. The high-power pulse504 is terminated at time t₄. Even after the delivery of the high-power pulse504, thepower502 from thepower supply456 is continuously applied to sustain the pre-ionized plasma, while thepulsed power supply234 prepares to deliver another high-power pulse508. In another embodiment (not shown), thepower supply456 is an AC power supply and delivers suitable power pulses to ignite and sustain the weakly-ionized plasma.
• At time t₅, thepulsed power supply234 delivers another high-power pulse508. In one embodiment, the repetition rate of the high-power pulses can be between about 0.1 Hz and 1 kHz. The particular size, shape, width, and frequency of the high-power pulse depend on the process parameters and on the design of thepulsed power supply234 and the sputter system. The shape and duration of theleading edge506 and the trailingedge510 of the high-power pulse504 is chosen to control the rate of ionization of the strongly-ionized plasma. In one embodiment, the particular size, shape, width, and frequency of thehigh power pulse504 is chosen to control the rate of sputtering of the target material.
• FIG. 9A throughFIG. 9C are cross-sectional views of various embodiments ofcathode assemblies216′,216″, and216″′ according to the present invention.FIG. 9A throughFIG. 9C illustrate one side (the right side with reference toFIG. 7) of each cathode assembly. The left side of each cathode assembly is generally symmetrical to the illustrated right side.FIG. 9A throughFIG. 9C illustrate various configurations of theelectrode452 and thecathode assemblies216′,216″, and216′″. These various configurations can affect the parameters of the electric field generated between theelectrode452 and each of thecathode assemblies216′,216″, and216′″. The parameters of the electric field can influence the ignition of the pre-ionized plasma as well as the pre-ionization process generally. In one embodiment, these various embodiments create the necessary conditions for breakdown of the feed gas and ignition of the weakly-ionized plasma in the region between theanode238 and eachrespective cathode assembly216′,216″, and216′″.
• FIG. 9A illustrates one side of thecathode assembly216′. In this embodiment, asputtering target220′ is substantially positioned in contact with acathode218′. Thesputtering target220′ extends past thebend520 of the ring-shapedelectrode452. In this embodiment, the electric field lines (not shown) from the electric field generated between thecathode assembly216′ and the ring-shapedelectrode452 are substantially perpendicular to thecathode assembly216′ along the circumference of the ring-shapedelectrode452. This embodiment can increase the efficiency of the pre-ionization process. Furthermore, since thecathode218′ is never directly exposed to the plasma, ions from the plasma do not bombard thecathode218′ and therefore, any contamination that could otherwise be generated by the cathode material is substantially reduced.
• FIG. 9B illustrates one side of thecathode assembly216″. In this embodiment, asputtering target220″ is substantially positioned in contact with acathode218″. Thesputtering target220″ extends to thepoint524 on thecathode assembly216″. In this embodiment, the electric field lines (not shown) generated between thecathode assembly216″ and theelectrode452 are substantially perpendicular to thecathode assembly216″ at thepoint528 on thecathode218″. The electric field in thegap530 between theelectrode452 and thecathode218″ is adapted to ignite the plasma from the feed gas flowing through thegap530. Depending on various parameters such as where the magnetic field is generated relative to thesputtering target220″ and the pressure in the area proximate to thecathode assembly216″, this embodiment can increase the efficiency of the pre-ionization process.
• FIG. 9C illustrates one side of thecathode assembly216′″. In this embodiment, asputtering target220′″ is substantially positioned in contact with acathode218′″. Thesputtering target220′″ extends to position532 on thecathode assembly216′″. In this embodiment, the electric field lines (not shown) generated between thecathode assembly216′″ and theelectrode452 are substantially perpendicular to thecathode assembly216′″ at theposition538. The electric field in thegap540 between theelectrode452 and thecathode218′″is adapted to ignite the plasma from the feed gas flowing through thegap540. Depending on various parameters such as where the magnetic field is generated relative to thesputtering target220′″ and the pressure in the area proximate to thecathode assembly216′″, this embodiment can increase the efficiency of the pre-ionization process.
• FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of amagnetron sputtering apparatus450′ according to the present invention. This embodiment is similar to themagnetron sputtering apparatus450 ofFIG. 7. However, in this embodiment, theelectrode452′, which is a component of the ionization source, substantially surrounds thecathode assembly216. The position of theelectrode452′ relative to thecathode assembly216 is chosen to achieve particular electrical conditions in thegap244 between theanode238 and thecathode assembly216. For example, in this embodiment, since thepre-ionizing electrode452′ is not physically located in theregion245′ between theanode238 and thecathode assembly216, it does not interfere with the strong electric field that results when a high-power pulse is applied between theanode238 and thecathode assembly216. Additionally, the location of thepre-ionizing electrode452′ results in a more uniformly distributed weakly-ionized plasma in theregion246′.
• Thepower supply456 applies a substantially constant voltage between thecathode assembly216 and theelectrode452′. The substantially constant voltage generates a weakly-ionized or pre-ionized plasma proximate to theelectrode452′ and thecathode assembly216. The pre-ionized plasma substantially eliminates the possibility of establishing a breakdown condition in thechamber202 when high-power pulses are applied to the plasma. In one embodiment, thepower supply456 is a DC power supply that generates a DC voltage that is in the range of between about one hundred volts and several kilovolts with a discharge current that is in the range of between about 0.1 A and 10 A. In another embodiment, thepower supply456 is an AC power supply that generates voltage pulses between thecathode assembly216 and theelectrode452′.
• Since theelectrode452′ substantially surrounds thecathode assembly216, adistance462 between theelectrode452′ and thecathode218 can be varied by changing the diameter of theelectrode452′. For example, thedistance462 can be varied from about 0.1 cm to about 10 cm. Thedistance462 is optimized to generate sustainable weakly-ionized plasma in theregion246′. The vertical position of theelectrode452′ relative to thecathode assembly216 can also be varied.
• FIG. 11 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another illustrative embodiment of amagnetron sputtering apparatus450″ according to the present invention. Themagnetron sputtering apparatus450″ is similar to themagnetron sputtering apparatus450 ofFIG. 7. Theelectrode452″ is a component of an ionization source. However, theelectrode452″ is coupled to afirst power supply464 and also to an additionalsecond power supply466. The position of theelectrode452″ relative to thecathode assembly216 is chosen to achieve particular sputtering characteristics.
• Afirst output468 of thefirst power supply464 is coupled through theinsulator458 to afirst side470 of theelectrode452″. Asecond output472 of thefirst power supply464 is coupled to asecond side474 of theelectrode452″ through aninsulator476. Thefirst power supply464 is adapted to generate a current through theelectrode452″. The current essentially generates heat in theelectrode452″. Theheated electrode452″ emits electrons in thearea245″.
• In one embodiment, thefirst power supply464 is a DC power supply and applies a substantially constant current through theelectrode452″. In another embodiment, thefirst power supply464 is an AC power supply.
• Afirst output478 of thesecond power supply466 is coupled to theanode238 through aninsulator480. Asecond output482 of thesecond power supply466 is coupled to thesecond side474 of the electrode. Thesecond power supply466 is adapted to apply a voltage between theelectrode452″ and theanode238. Thesecond power supply466 can be an AC power supply or a DC power supply. In one embodiment, thesecond power supply466 generates a voltage in the range of about one hundred volts and several kilovolts with a discharge current that is in the range of between about 0.1 A and 10 A.
• In one embodiment, thesecond power supply466 applies a substantially constant voltage that generates a weakly-ionized or pre-ionized plasma proximate to theelectrode452″ and thecathode assembly216. The pre-ionized plasma substantially eliminates the possibility of establishing a breakdown condition in thechamber202 when high-power pulses are applied to the plasma.
• Thepulsed power supply234 then generates a high-power pulse between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238. The high-power pulse generates a strongly-ionized plasma from the weakly-ionized plasma. The parameters of the high-power pulse depend on various parameters including the size of the magnetron, the desired deposition rate, and the concentration of the pre-ionized plasma necessary for depositing the target material, for example.
• FIG. 12 is aflowchart600 of an illustrative process of sputter deposition according to the present invention. The process is initiated (step602) by activating various systems in themagnetron sputtering apparatus200 ofFIG. 2. For example, thechamber202 is initially pumped down to a specific pressure (step604). Next, the pressure in thechamber202 is checked (step606). In one embodiment, feed gas is then pumped into the chamber (step608). The gas pressure is then checked (step610). If the gas pressure is correct, the chamber pressure is then re-checked (step612). If the chamber pressure is correct, an appropriate magnetic field is generated proximate to the feed gas (step614). In one embodiment, themagnet assembly252 ofFIG. 2 includes at least one permanent magnet, where magnetic field is generated constantly, even before the process is initiated. In another embodiment, a magnetic assembly (not shown) includes at least one electromagnet, where the magnetic field is generated only when the electromagnet is operating.
• When the magnetic field is appropriate (step616), the feed gas is ionized to generate a weakly-ionized plasma (step618). In one embodiment, the weakly-ionized plasma can be generated by creating a relatively low current discharge in thegap244 between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238 ofFIG. 2. In another embodiment, the weakly-ionized plasma can be generated by creating a relatively low current discharge between theelectrode452 and thecathode assembly216 ofFIG. 7. In yet another embodiment, theelectrode452″ is heated to emit electrons proximate to thecathode assembly216 ofFIG. 11. In the embodiment ofFIG. 11, a relatively low current discharge is created between theanode238 and theelectrode452″.
• In the embodiment shown inFIG. 2, the weakly-ionized plasma is generated by applying a potential across thegap244 between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238 before the introduction of the feed gas. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 7, the weakly-ionized plasma is generated by applying a potential difference between theelectrode452 and thecathode assembly216 before the introduction of the feed gas to generate the weakly-ionized plasma.
• When the gas is weakly ionized (step620), a strongly-ionized plasma is generated from the weakly-ionized plasma (step622). In one embodiment, the strongly-ionized plasma is generated by applying a high-power pulse in thegap244 between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238. As previously discussed, the high-power pulse results in a strong electric field being generated in thegap244 between theanode238 and thecathode assembly216. The strong electric field results in a stepwise ionization process. In one embodiment, the strongly-ionized plasma is substantially homogeneous in thearea246 ofFIG. 2. This homogeneity results in substantially uniform erosion of thesputtering target220 and, therefore, relatively high sputtering target utilization.
• Thecathode assembly216 attracts ions from the strongly-ionized substantially uniform plasma because thecathode assembly216 is negatively biased relative to theanode238. This causes the ions to bombard thecathode assembly216 causing sputtering of the target material.
• In one embodiment, the sputter deposition is monitored (step628) by known monitoring techniques. Once the sputter deposition is completed (step630), the sputter process is ended (step632).
• FIG. 13 is aflowchart650 of an illustrative process of controlling the sputter rate according to the present invention. The process is initiated (step602) by activating various systems in themagnetron sputtering apparatus200 ofFIG. 2. For example, thechamber202 is initially pumped down to a specific pressure (step604). Next, the pressure in thechamber202 is evaluated (step606). In one embodiment, feed gas is then pumped into the chamber (step608). The gas pressure is evaluated (step610). If the gas pressure is correct, the pressure in thechamber202 is again evaluated (step612). If the pressure in thechamber202 is correct, an appropriate magnetic field is generated proximate to the feed gas (step614).
• Assuming that the magnetic field is appropriate (step616), the feed gas is ionized to generate a weakly-ionized plasma (step618). In one embodiment, the weakly-ionized plasma can be generated by creating a relatively low current discharge between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238 ofFIG. 2.
• After the weakly-ionized plasma is generated (step620), a strongly-ionized plasma is generated from the weakly-ionized plasma (step622). In one embodiment, the strongly-ionized plasma is generated by applying a high-power pulse in thegap244 between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238. In one embodiment, the strongly-ionized plasma is substantially homogeneous in thearea246 ofFIG. 2. This homogeneity results in more uniform erosion of thesputtering target220.
• Thecathode assembly216 attracts ions from the strongly-ionized substantially uniform plasma because the thecathode assembly216 is negatively biased relative to theanode238. This causes the ions to bombard thecathode assembly216 causing sputtering of the target material.
• In one embodiment, the sputter rate is monitored (step652) by known monitoring techniques. If the sputter rate is not sufficient (step654), the power delivered to the plasma is increased (step656). Increasing the magnitude of the high-power pulse applied in thegap244 between thecathode assembly216 and theanode238 increases the power delivered to the plasma. The sputter rate is again evaluated (step652). This process continues (step658) until the sputter rate is sufficient (step654). Once the sputter deposition is completed (step660), the sputter process is ended (step662).
• Equivalents
• While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined herein.

Claims (21)

1-40. (canceled)

41. A magnetically enhanced sputtering source comprising:

a) an anode;

b) a cathode assembly that is positioned adjacent to the anode, the cathode assembly including a sputtering target;

c) an ionization source that generates a weakly-ionized plasma proximate to the anode and the cathode assembly;

d) a magnet that is positioned to generate a magnetic field proximate to the weakly-ionized plasma, the magnetic field substantially trapping electrons in the weakly-ionized plasma proximate to the sputtering target; and

e) a power supply generating a voltage pulse that produces an electric field between the cathode assembly and the anode, the voltage pulse having at least one of an amplitude and a rise time that increases an excitation rate of ground state atoms that are present in the weakly-ionized plasma to create a multi-step ionization process that generates a strongly-ionized plasma without forming an arc discharge.

42. The sputtering source ofclaim 41 wherein the power supply generates a constant power.

43. The sputtering source ofclaim 41 wherein the power supply generates a constant voltage.

44. The sputtering source ofclaim 41 wherein the electric field comprises a quasi-static electric field.

45. The sputtering source ofclaim 41 wherein the electric field comprises a pulsed electric field.

46. The sputtering source ofclaim 41 wherein the at least one of the amplitude and the rise time of the voltage pulse is chosen to causes substantially uniform erosion of the sputtering target.

47. The sputtering source ofclaim 41 further comprising a substrate support that is positioned in a path of the sputtering flux.

48. The sputtering source ofclaim 47 further comprising a temperature controller that controls the temperature of the substrate support.

49. The sputtering source ofclaim 47 further comprising a bias voltage power supply that applies a bias voltage to a substrate that is positioned on the substrate support.

50. The sputtering source ofclaim 41 wherein the ionization source is chosen from the group comprising a UV source, an X-ray source, an electron beam source, and an ion beam source.

51. The sputtering source ofclaim 41 wherein the sputtering target is formed of a material chosen from the group comprising a metallic material, a polymer material, a superconductive material, a magnetic material, a non-magnetic material, a conductive material, a non-conductive material, a composite material, a reactive material, and a refractory material.

52. A method of generating sputtering flux, the method comprising:

a) ionizing a feed gas to generate a weakly-ionized plasma proximate to a sputtering target;

b) generating a magnetic field proximate to the weakly-ionized plasma, the magnetic field substantially trapping electrons in the weakly-ionized plasma proximate to the sputtering target;

c) generating a voltage pulse having at least one of an amplitude and a rise time that increases an excitation rate of ground state atoms present in the weakly-ionized plasma to create a multi-step ionization process; and

d) applying the voltage pulse to the weakly-ionized plasma to generate a strongly-ionized plasma without forming an arc discharge.

53. The method ofclaim 52 wherein the voltage pulse generates a quasi-static electric field.

54. The method ofclaim 52 further comprising selecting at least one of the amplitude and the rise time of the voltage pulse to increase an ionization rate of the strongly-ionized plasma.

55. The method ofclaim 52 further comprising selecting at least one of the amplitude and a pulse width of the voltage pulse to increase an ionization rate of the strongly-ionized plasma.

56. The method ofclaim 52 further comprising selecting at least one of the amplitude and a pulse width of the voltage pulse to cause the strongly-ionized plasma to be substantially uniform in an area adjacent to a surface of the sputtering target.

57. The method ofclaim 52 further comprising controlling a temperature of the film.

58. The method ofclaim 52 further comprising applying a bias voltage to the film.

59. The method ofclaim 52 wherein the ionizing the feed gas comprises exposing the feed gas to at least one of a UV source, an X-ray source, an electron beam source, and an ion beam source.

60. A magnetically enhanced sputtering source comprising:

a) means for ionizing a feed gas to generate a weakly-ionized plasma proximate to a sputtering target;

b) means for generating a magnetic field proximate to the weakly-ionized plasma, the magnetic field substantially trapping electrons in the weakly-ionized plasma proximate to the sputtering target; and

c) means for generating a voltage pulse with at least one of an amplitude and a rise time chosen for generating a multi-step ionization process; and

d) applying the voltage pulse to the weakly-ionized plasma to generate a strongly ionized plasma.

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