US20070089656A1 - Device and a method for stabilizing and controlling the lowering or raising of a structure between the surface and the bed of the sea - Google Patents

Abstract

A device for stabilizing or controlling the lowering or raising of a structure between the surface and the bed of the sea. The device includes at least one connection element of the cable or chain type. The connecting element has a first end that is connected to and wound on a winch located on board a floating support or ship on the surface, and a second end that is connected to a fastener element on the structure. The length of the connection element is such that the winch is capable of winding or unwinding the first end of the connection element so that a bottom portion of the connection element can hang beneath the fastener element.

Description

• The present invention relates to a device and a method for stabilizing and controlling the lowering or raising of a structure between the surface and the bed of the sea, and more particularly a structure constituting a receptacle having a leaktight compartment useful for recovering polluting effluent from a wreck.
• The term “structure” refers to any equipment, tool, machine, and in particular underwater well-head elements on oilfields, oil processing units, or even segments of underwater pipe that are towed on the open sea from their site of manufacture for installation on the sea bed.
• The present invention also relates to a method and an installation for confining and recovering effluent at sea, and more particularly polluting effluent contained in a sunken and damaged ship lying on the sea bed, and it also relates to a method of putting the installation into place on the sea bed.
• When an oil tanker is wrecked, the ship sinks, generally after it has been severely damaged and has already lost part of its cargo. When the depth of water is considerable, for example 100 meters (m) or 200 m, it is generally not practical to recover or refloat the wreck, however the hull must be completely emptied and rinsed, or covered in an external “big top” type structure so as to ensure that corrosion of the shipwreck over time leading to local or generalized holes will not allow the content of the ship to be released and dispersed by currents, thereby leading to pollution that might extend over years or even tens of years.
• Numerous methods and devices have been studied and used in the past in an attempt to recover highly polluting cargoes, but they are very difficult to implement, and the operations involved take a great deal of time, generally leading to secondary pollution, since recovery rates are far from satisfactory, particularly when a method needs to be implemented at great depth.
• In particular, French patent No. FR 2 804 935 in the name of the Applicant describes a method of recovering polluting effluent that is lighter than water and that mixes poorly or not at all with water, the effluent being contained in a tank in a sunken and/or damaged ship lying on the sea bed, that method comprising the following steps:
• 1) a receptacle having a bottom orifice is lowered with the help of positioning means to directly in the vicinity of and vertically above at least one opening in the hull and/or the tank of the ship that is putting the inside of the tank of the ship into communication with the outside, so as to recover said polluting effluent directly as it flows out through said hole directly facing the receptacle, by virtue of the effluent rising into said bottom orifice of said receptacle;
• 2) when said receptacle is full of polluting effluent, it is raised using said positioning means until means for emptying said receptacle are accessible from the surface, said emptying means comprising a closable top orifice in said receptacle and/or an emptying pipe connected to said top orifice at the top of said receptacle;
• 3) said receptacle is emptied into an installation or a ship on the surface via said emptying means accessible from the surface; and
• 4) steps 1) to 3) are repeated until the desired quantity of effluent has been recovered.
• In a first variant described in FR 2 804 935:
• a) said receptacle consists in a funnel-shaped bell whose open large base constitutes said bottom orifice and covers solely the zone through which said effluent is leaking out, said zone being a localized zone of small area including one or more of said openings in the hull and/or the tank of said ship, and the top small base of said funnel gives access to said top orifice;
• b) said positioning means comprise:
• • means for anchoring said receptacle to the ship, said means comprising cables connecting attachment points fixed to the circumference of said large base of the funnel to attachment points on the ship or in the vicinity thereof; and
  • tensioning means comprising:
    • floats connected to the circumference of said open large base of said receptacle and around the tubular section in the top portion of the small base of said funnel; and
    • winches corresponding to said attachment points on the ship or in the vicinity thereof; and
• c) said emptying means comprise a said emptying pipe connected at one end to said top orifice of said tubular section at the top of said funnel, said pipe being put under substantially vertical tension by means of a float connected to the free end of said pipe.
• In that first variant, operating said positioning means during successive operations of lowering and raising said receptacle takes a very long time and is quite difficult to perform at great depth. In addition, pumping through a said emptying pipe is not possible at said depth, in particular when the effluent is highly viscous and tends to freeze in the form of a paraffin. Even if a heating system were to be installed in the collection zone or in the top of the bell while rising, the viscous effluent tends to freeze, thus making pumping very difficult.
• In a second variant described in FR 2 804 935, said receptacle consists in:
• • a rigid container of substantially tubular shape which is held in a vertical position by means of floats installed at least at the top end or at both the top and bottom ends of said container; and
  • said top and bottom orifices of said container are closable such that said receptacle can be raised to the surface and installed floating in a horizontal position when said orifices are closed, said receptacle then being suitable for towing to an installation or a ship for storing said effluent.
• Such rigid containers of a so-called “cigar” shape are large in size and difficult to lower to the sea bed, and in order to avoid successive operations, a preferred implementation is described in which said container occupies the full depth of the water between the wreck and the surface. However it is clear that that second variant cannot be envisaged for depths in excess of 1000 m since that would require a receptacle that is much too large, impossible to install or lower frequently.
• In practice, the various implementations described in FR 2 804 935 are not suitable for acting in depths greater than 1000 m since because of the very great depth of water, the accumulated length of time for go-and-return trips to depth becomes completely unacceptable given the very high cost of the intervention ships used to perform those operations.
• The various devices and installations described above need to be implemented over each leakage zone from the wreck, and that represents a serious difficulty in terms of operation and duration of operations since as a general rule wrecks contain numerous leakage zones and in addition, as the wreck is emptied, because that leads to deformation of the hull, new cracks generally arise thus requiring substantially continuous monitoring of the wreck and correcting actions to be taken at once.
• Open-based rigid receptacles have been proposed that are bell- or cap-shaped for the purpose of covering not a localized leakage zone but an entire shipwreck on the sea bed in order to recover the polluting effluent escaping therefrom via a plurality of leakage zones in said wreck. Such receptacles are of large dimensions since they are designed to cover ships of large dimensions of the oil tanker type. Putting such a structure of large dimensions into place on the sea bed raises problems of manufacture and of positioning on the sea bed under conditions that are technically reliable. Such structures present a considerable amount of weight and require the use of numerous and bulky floats in order to place them on the sea bed using procedures that are complex and costly to implement since the effects of currents, even if they are smaller at great depth, nevertheless remain considerable because of the immense areas of such structures.
• A recovery method is also known in which said effluent is recovered using a shuttle tank including at least one bottom orifice fitted with a valve that is suitable for co-operating with an emptying device secured to a tank wall, and the method comprises the following steps:
• 1) lowering said shuttle tank from the surface to the bed of the sea, causing said bottom orifice of the shuttle tank to co-operate with an emptying device on the wall, and closing the valve of the bottom orifice;
• 2) filling said shuttle tank until it is full of effluent;
• 3) allowing the shuttle tank to rise to the surface, said shuttle tank including buoyancy elements which enable it to rise to the surface more easily;
• 4) preferably storing the shuttle tank full of effluent in a surface ship, and emptying said shuttle tank into said ship, or transporting it to a site where it is emptied; and
• 5) where appropriate, lowering said shuttle tank again or lowering another shuttle tank, and repeatingsteps 1 to 4 until the desired quantity of effluent is recovered.
• The lowering and raising of the shuttle tanks, as with any massive structure that is to be lowered to the sea bed or raised from the sea bed to the surface, is difficult because of the mass of said structures or of said shuttle tanks. It is known to lower loads having an apparent weight in water of several hundred (metric) tonnes to the sea bed using hoist means situated on a floating support, e.g. a crane; but when the depth becomes considerable, the use of conventional steel cables is problematic since, in addition to the load of said structure, it must also support its own weight, and that can represent up to 50% of said load capacity for a depth of 3000 m. Synthetic cables can also be used that do not present that drawback, but their cost is very high and their use with winches or capstans presents extreme difficulties for heavy loads and depths of 1000 m to 4000 m, or even greater.
• Thus, it is generally sought to reduce the apparent weight in water of such loads by creating buoyancy. But, the mass of said loads is thus increased by the mass of said buoyancy elements, and by the “added mass” of water, i.e. the mass of water adjacent to the load that is entrained upwards or downwards during vertical movements, and this can represent an overall inertial mass of 400 tonnes or 500 tonnes for a load mass of 100 tonnes.
• The cable connecting the load to the floating support is tensioned in a vertical straight line, and since said floating support is subjected to swell, said cable is subjected to rolling and pitching which requires the use of winches having controlled tension, or the use of hydraulic devices known as pounding compensators, which prevent said cable from rupturing by limiting the tension in said cable to an acceptable value. Such equipment is technically complicated and very costly, especially for heavy loads or for depths of 2000 m to 3000 m, or even 4000 m or greater.
• The object of the present invention is to provide a device and a method for controlling and facilitating the lowering and raising of a structure that is heavy, and possibly bulky, such as the above-mentioned receptacles or shuttle tanks for recovering effluent. However, the invention is also applicable to any other type of structure, and it is even applicable to stabilizing such a structure between the surface and the bed of the sea, particularly at great depth.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and an installation making it possible to confine and recover the content of the hold and/or tanks of a ship, e.g. an oil tanker, resting on the sea bed in great depths, e.g. greater than 3000 m or even 4000 m to 5000 m, while avoiding the drawbacks of prior art methods and devices, and in particular being easy and simple to implement in spite of being of very large dimensions.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and an installation making it possible to confine and recover polluting effluent from a vessel that has sunk, particularly in great depth, by means of an open-based rigid receptacle in the form of a cap that completely covers the shipwreck so as to channel all of the effluent escaping therefrom into a single volume, and so as to organize raising the polluting effluent to the surface from said receptacle at the sea bed under the best possible conditions.
• A more particular object of the present invention is thus to provide an open-based receptacle of cap-shape suitable for completely covering a wreck on the sea bed and for recovering polluting effluent escaping therefrom, and which is technically reliable and capable of being implemented on the sea bed using a method that is simple and technically reliable.
• To do this, the present invention provides a device for stabilizing or controlling the lowering or raising of a structure between the surface and the bed of the sea, said device being characterized in that it includes at least one connection element of the cable or chain type, having:
• • a first end that is connected to a winch on board a floating support or surface ship, and on which winch it is wound; and
  • a second end that is connected to a fastener element on said structure, or on at least a first buoyancy element connected to said structure; and
  • the length of said connection element is such that said winch is suitable for winding or unwinding said first end of said connection element, so that a bottom portion of said connection element can hang beneath said fastener element, i.e. beneath the fastener point for fastening said second end to said fastener element.
• Where appropriate, said structure is therefore suspended from one or a plurality of said first buoyancy elements disposed thereabove. Said structure can also include second buoyancy elements integrated or incorporated inside said structure, i.e. said second buoyancy elements do not displace a volume of water that is additional to the volume of water displaced by said structure.
• The term “buoyancy element” refers to an element that presents a dead weight that is lighter than sea water, and that thus makes it possible to increase the overall buoyancy that it forms together with the structure to which it is connected or in which it is integrated.
• The term “to increase the buoyancy” of an element when it is immersed refers to increasing the ratio ω between the buoyancy thrust exerted on said element and its dead weight out of water. Thus, if said ratio is ω<1, the element has negative buoyancy, so it tends to sink, if ω=1, said element is in equilibrium, and if ω>1 said element floats and its buoyancy increases as ω increases.
• The buoyancy of the structure can be made positive so as to make it easier for said structure to rise. For “positive buoyancy”, said buoyancy elements compensate the weight of said structure, so that the buoyancy thrust that is applied both to said structure and to said buoyancy elements is not less than the dead weight of said structure and said buoyancy elements taken together, also including, in particular, one or more connection-element bottom portions, with the resultant of the forces being directed upwards for positive buoyancy.
• It should be understood that the device of the invention makes it possible to vary the length and therefore the weight of said bottom portion of the connection element hanging beneath said fastener element on said structure and supported by said structure.
• For a massive structure, the stabilizing and control device of the invention includes at least two of said connection elements and said structure includes a plurality of said fastener elements, and said connection elements and said fastener elements are preferably disposed symmetrically, respectively around and on the periphery of said structure.
• More precisely, the present invention also provides a method of lowering, raising, or stabilizing a structure between the surface and the bed of the sea by means of a device, said method comprising the following steps: unwinding or winding each connection element at its first end by means of a said winch; and controlling the lowering and raising of each connection element by regulating the speed at which each connection element is respectively wound off or on said winch, so as to adjust the length of said bottom portion of said connection element hanging beneath said fastener element on said structure or said first buoyancy element and supported by said fastener element, the lowering, raising, or stabilizing of said structure being obtained when the sum of the weight of the fraction of said bottom portion(s) of the connection element(s) between firstly said fastener point(s) for fastening to said fastener element(s) or said first buoyancy element on said structure, and secondly the lowest point of said bottom portion(s), plus the weight of said structure as a whole and of said first buoyancy element(s), is respectively greater than, less than, or equal to the buoyancy thrust that is exerted on said structure and on said first buoyancy element(s) (i.e. the weight of the total volume of water displaced).
• In an embodiment, the stabilizing and control device of the present invention includes a said connection element constituted by a cable having a bottom portion that comprises weighting blocks disposed in a string on a said cable, said weighting blocks preferably being metal blocks secured to said cable by clamping.
• In a preferred embodiment, said blocks present a shape such that when said bottom portion hanging beneath said fastener elements curves, two of said blocks disposed side by side are capable of coming into abutment against each other, thereby limiting the curvature of said cable.
• More particularly, the curvature of said cable is limited so that the minimum radius of curvature of said cables at said bottom portion enables a minimum distance to be maintained between said cable and said structure that is sufficient to prevent any mechanical contact between them while said structure is being lowered or raised.
• Still more particularly and advantageously, each of said blocks presents a cylindrical central portion between two frustoconical ends having axes (i.e. the axes of said cylinder and of the two frustoconical ends covering its end faces) that correspond to the direction of said cable when said cable is disposed linearly, two adjacent blocks being in contact at said frustoconical ends along a generator line of said frustoconical ends in the curved parts of said bottom portion.
• In another embodiment, said connection element comprises a chain having a bottom portion that comprises links that are heavier than the links of the rest of the chain, and that are preferably larger so as to limit any curvature of the chain.
• Where appropriate, said first buoyancy elements are advantageously disposed above said structure, with said structure being suspended therefrom, and where appropriate, said second buoyancy elements are integrated in the top of said structure, preferably integrated above said fastener elements so that the center of gravity of said structure together with said first buoyancy elements is situated below the center of thrust that is exerted both on said structure and on said first buoyancy elements, so as to provide overall stability during the entire installation stage.
• The term “center of thrust” refers to the point at which the resultant of the buoyancy thrust is exerted. (The center of thrust is the center of gravity of the volume of water displaced by said structure).
• As mentioned above, said heavy structure can be constituted by any load, in particular a heavy load, module, tool, or base as described in unpublished European patent application No. 0435802.6 in the name of the Applicant, that is to be immobilized in the vicinity of the sea bed or anchored on a wall or an element lying on the sea bed.
• Preferably, said structure is a rigid structure of steel, other metal, or composite synthetic material containing at least one and preferably a plurality of buoyancy compartments that are preferably leaktight and that are suitable for receiving a fluid that is lighter than sea water so as to form a said buoyancy element, said compartments each being fitted with at least one filling orifice and preferably with at least one emptying orifice, said preferably leaktight compartments preferably being distributed symmetrically in said walls.
• In a particularly advantageous embodiment, said structure is a massive structure constituted by an open-based receptacle in the form of a cap, the receptacle comprising a peripheral side wall surmounted by a roof wall and being suitable for completely covering a wreck of a ship on the sea bed in order to recover polluting effluent escaping therefrom, said receptacle having at least one emptying orifice for discharging said effluent contained in the inside volume of said receptacle; said emptying orifice preferably being situated in the roof of the receptacle.
• The preferably leaktight compartments are designed to be filled completely or in part with a fluid that is lighter than sea water, and they thus constitute compartments that provide buoyancy to the structure constituting the receptacle, thereby enabling it to be towed at the surface and then to be lowered to the sea bed while it is being put into place, under conditions that are technically reliable and simple to implement, as explained below.
• Concerning the distribution of the compartments in the walls, the term “symmetrically” means that the compartments are disposed symmetrically about one or more midplanes of symmetry of said receptacle, thus making it possible as explained below to facilitate balancing and positioning the open base of said receptacle in a manner that is substantially horizontal.
• In general, said receptacle presents a longitudinal axis of symmetry like that of the ships it is designed to cover, and said receptacle presents a vertical longitudinal axial plane of symmetry when the open base of the receptacle is in the horizontal position, and more particularly, said receptacle also presents a second vertical plane of symmetry that extends transversely.
• In known manner, the walls constituting said roof flare so as to define a narrow top space. Similarly, the side wall which forms a peripheral skirt of the cap is also preferably inclined so as to form a flared funnel defining at its bottom the open base of said receptacle and encouraging effluent escaping from the wreck to rise and accumulate under the roof of the receptacle.
• In an advantageous embodiment, the receptacle is in the form of an upside-down hull with a longitudinal axial plane and with lateral roof walls constituted by contiguous plane walls of different inclinations, thus defining flat sloping surfaces of the hull.
• In a more particular embodiment, the receptacle presents a vertical and longitudinal axial plane of symmetry XOZ, and it comprises:
• • a roof wall comprising two longitudinally extending side walls that are inclined relative to said vertical axial plane of symmetry of said receptacle so as to form an upside-down V-shape in cross-section YOZ; and
  • a side wall comprising:
  • two longitudinally extending side walls that are vertical or inclined relative to said vertical axial plane of symmetry XOZ, each being contiguous with one of said longitudinally extending roof walls; and
  • two transverse end walls that are vertical or inclined, preferably symmetrically about a vertical transverse plane of symmetry YOZ.
• In an advantageous embodiment, said receptacle is constituted as an upside-down double-walled ship hull comprising a rigid structure of steel, other metal, preferably a light metal such as aluminum or titanium, or composite synthetic material, said leaktight compartments being defined by spaces between said double walls and by structural elements interconnecting the double walls.
• The term “double-walled” is used herein to mean a wall constituted by an inner wall and an outer wall spaced apart by structural elements of the beam type forming framing that unites said inner and outer walls, themselves being made of rigid or semirigid material, specifically steel, some other metal, preferably a light metal such as aluminum or titanium, or a composite synthetic material, for example glass fibers embedded in a matrix of epoxy or polyester resin type.
• In this embodiment, the compartments are thus formed by the inner and outer walls of said double walls together with transverse or longitudinal structural elements interposed between the double walls and uniting them.
• In another variant embodiment of the invention, the rigid structure of the walls constituting said receptacle is constituted by steel or metal beams assembled to one another and having leaktight compartments incorporated between them, said structure being covered on at least one face, preferably the outer face, by leakproof diaphragms or webs, for example made of reinforced cloth covered in a thermoplastic material, and fixed to said rigid structure in leaktight manner. In this embodiment, said leaktight compartments are constituted by a self-contained closed casing incorporated inside said structure and secured thereto.
• Also advantageously, the rigid structure of the walls of the receptacle is made of concrete, preferably lightened concrete, preferably lightened by hollow expanded clay beads, within which concrete hollow volumes are provided for defining said leaktight compartments.
• In a preferred embodiment, the receptacle has posts, preferably regularly distributed around its periphery, with at least some of them preferably being retractable, said posts being suitable for supporting said receptacle in quasi-isostatic manner when it is standing on the sea bed via said posts, the posts being deployed where necessary, and with the open base of said receptacle preferably being in a substantially horizontal position. The lengths of said posts, as deployed, where appropriate, possibly differing from one another so as to enable said open base of the receptacle to be maintained in a substantially horizontal position.
• In order to make it easier to put the receptacle of the invention into place on the sea bed, the walls of said receptacle are fitted on the outside:
• • with second fastener elements enabling cables or chains to be secured thereto for lowering said receptacle from the surface, and for putting it into place and anchoring it to the sea bed; and
  • preferably with thrusters, more preferably steerable thrusters enabling the receptacle to be moved in a horizontal direction in order to be positioned over said wreck.
• Said second fastening elements may also be used for fastening additional floats to the receptacle.
• The present invention also provides a method of putting a structure, and in particular a receptacle of the invention, into place in order to cover a shipwreck on the sea bed and recover polluting effluent escaping therefrom, the method being characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
• 1) filling said leaktight compartments completely or partially with a fluid, preferably a fluid that is lighter than sea water, with the extent to which said leaktight compartments are filled being adjusted so as to cause said structure, and in particular said receptacle, to occupy an equilibrium position when immersed close to the surface, in particular several meters therefrom, e.g. 10 meters therefrom; and
• 2) lowering said structure, and in particular said receptacle, to its desired immersed position close to the sea bed over the wreck by controlling lowering by means of a device for stabilizing or controlling the lowering or raising of a structure of the invention, in particular by means of a plurality of cables preferably unwound from winches on board surface ships, said cables being connected to lengths of heavy chain, the chains themselves being connected at their opposite ends to said fastener elements secured to said structure, and preferably being distributed symmetrically around the periphery of said structure, the weights of the lengths of chain hanging beneath the fastening points on said fastening elements enabling said structure to be lowered, and the lengths of said chains hanging beneath said fastening points of the fastening elements being adapted by winding said cables out or in, preferably around said winches so as to regulate the rate of descent of the receptacle and so as to ensure that the base of said structure, and in particular the open base of the receptacle, is maintained in substantially horizontal equilibrium throughout the descent;
• 3) once said structure is in place in its desired position, in particular when said receptacle is in position on the sea bed so as to cover said wreck, emptying said leaktight compartments filled with fluid lighter than sea water, and simultaneously filling said leaktight compartments with sea water.
• Before and/or after step 1), but before above step 2), it is possible to use ships to tow said structure, and in particular said receptacle, while it is floating at the surface, said leaktight compartments being filled with air and the receptacle floating with neutral buoyancy level with the surface or with said leaktight compartments being completely filled with a fluid that is lighter than sea water.
• At above step 1), it will be understood that the filling of said leaktight compartments with a fluid that is lighter than sea water is performed in the various compartments as a function of how they are distributed in the walls of the receptacle, so that the open base of the receptacle remains substantially horizontal and so that the center of buoyancy of the receptacle remains substantially above the center of gravity of the receptacle. This applies to selecting which compartments to fill and also the rates at which they are filled.
• Advantageously, in step 1), additional buoyancy is applied to said receptacle using additional floats by means of said first buoyancy elements connected to said structure, and in particular to said receptacle, and in step 3), once said structure is in the desired position, said additional floats are released.
• Also advantageously, after step 1) and before step 2), once said structure, and in particular said receptacle, has reached the desired position in the vicinity of the wreck, overlying it, the lengths of said heavy chains hanging beneath said fastening elements and supported by the structure are reduced so as to stabilize said structure in suspension, and said receptacle is anchored to the sea bed, and then said heavy chains are fully lowered so that their entire weight contributes to stabilizing said structure, and in particular said receptacle, on the sea bed.
• The heavy chains may be recovered by being disconnected from the receptacle, but as explained below, in order to increase the stability of said structure, and in particular of said receptacle, said heavy chains may have both ends connected to said fastening elements on said structure, or more simply the free ends of said heavy chains may be laid over the roof of said structure, and in particular of said receptacle, while still connected to the cables themselves connected to the surface ships, and then the cables connected to the surface ships are separated from said chains.
• Preferably, said receptacle includes posts, at least some of which are preferably retractable, and said retractable posts, if any, are deployed, in such a manner that said receptacle rests on the sea bed on each of said posts in quasi-isostatic manner, and preferably with the open base of said receptacle in a substantially horizontal position.
• Advantageously, in the method of the invention, the receptacle is positioned on the axis above the wreck by actuating thrusters mounted outside the receptacle and preferably distributed symmetrically about its periphery.
• The fluid lighter than sea water filling said leaktight compartment may be gas oil, oil, fresh water, or a liquefied gas that is lighter than sea water such as propane, butane, or ammonia, said gas remaining in the liquid state at the temperature of sea water (2° C. to 20° C.) providing the pressure exceeds a few bars.
• Still more particularly, in a method of the invention, in step 1), said leaktight compartments are filled with a first fluid that is lighter than sea water; and in step 2), said structure is lowered to a depth of 30 m to 60 m corresponding to a pressure of 3 bars to 6 bars, at which depth a liquefied gas that is lighter than sea water is injected under pressure into said leaktight compartments from a gas tanker ship on the surface.
• Using liquefied gas as the fluid lighter than sea water makes it possible to obtain fluids presenting relative density in the liquid state lying in the range 0.55 to 0.7, thus giving two to three times more buoyancy than gas oil (d=0.85), and thus making it possible to use leaktight compartments of considerably smaller volume. In addition, in the event of an accident occurring such substances are much less polluting than gas oil or other oil, since they disperse naturally on reaching the surface.
• Still in order to make it easier to lower the receptacle and avoid having to use leaktight compartments of excessive volume, it is advantageous in the method of the invention for installing the receptacle to fill a portion of the inside volume of said receptacle as defined on top by the roof of said receptacle and at the bottom by a diaphragm or web tensioned between said side walls of said receptacle, using a fluid that is lighter than sea water, preferably fresh water, thereby providing additional buoyancy while the receptacle is being towed at the surface, and once said receptacle is close to the sea bed, said diaphragm or web is removed and the receptacle is placed over the wreck on the sea bed, preferably by means of said posts, as deployed, where appropriate, and then said fluid that is lighter than sea water is emptied from the inside of said receptacle via said top emptying orifice.
• Finally, the present invention also provides a method of recovering polluting effluent that is lighter than sea water, as contained in the tanks of a shipwreck lying on the sea bed, in which method:
• 1) a receptacle is put into place in accordance with a method of the invention for stabilizing and controlling descent; and
• 2) the effluent recovered inside said receptacle is collected by being emptied out through said top emptying orifice.
• In order to recover effluent escaping through said top emptying orifice, it is possible to use a pipe connected to a surface ship or recovery devices of the kind described in French patent No. FR2804935 in the name of the Applicant, or indeed to use shuttle tanks as described in as yet unpublished European patent application No. 03/358003.6 in the name of the Applicant.
• More particularly, step 2) of the above-mentioned method of recovering effluent comprises the following steps:
• • lowering an empty said shuttle tank;
  • positioning said shuttle tank over said receptacle in such a manner that its open bottom orifice is just above said emptying orifice of said receptacle;
  • preferably securing said shuttle tank to said receptacle;
  • emptying the effluent contained in said shuttle tank; and
  • once full, detaching said tank from said receptacle, and raising said tank full of effluent to the surface.
• Other characteristics and advantages of the present invention appear better on reading the following description given in illustrative and non-limiting manner with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
• FIG. 1 is a side view in section of a receptacle referred to herein as a “sarcophagus” while it is being lowered towards a wreck;
• FIG. 2 is a side view in section of a rigid receptacle resting on the sea bed and completely covering the wreck;
• FIG. 3 is a cutaway perspective view showing the structure of the sarcophagus;
• FIG. 4 is a side view in section of the sarcophagus as it is being lowered, showing how lowering is controlled with the help of heavy chains;
• FIGS. 4aand4bshow details of how said heavy chains can be implemented in varying manner;
• FIG. 5 is a side view in section of the sarcophagus while it is being lowered, with its buoyancy being produced by gas oil in leaktight compartments integrated in its walls, in combination with fresh water inside the internal volume of the sarcophagus-receptacle;
• FIG. 6 is a side view in section of the sarcophagus, showing details of orifices for filling and discharging buoyancy fluids to and from the insides of the leaktight compartments, and for removing effluent contained inside the receptacle;
• FIG. 7 is a side view in section of a sarcophagus made up of a rigid load-carrying structure made of metal beams associated with buoyancy tanks filled with a low-density fluid integrated between the beams and closed by leakproof diaphragm webs on the outside face of the structure;
• FIG. 8 is a side view in section of a sarcophagus made out of lightweight concrete, having internal volumes forming leaktight compartments filled with a low-density fluid for providing buoyancy;
• FIGS. 9aand9bare side views in section of a sarcophagus respectively while it is being towed, its buoyancy compartments being filled with sea water (FIG. 9a), and vertically above the wreck during the stage in which said buoyancy compartments are filled with a low-density liquefied gas (FIG. 9b);
• FIG. 10 shows a said receptacle fitted with posts on which it stands on the sea bed;
• FIG. 11ais a side view of a shuttle tank that is stabilized, while rising, by a connection cable that is weighted by blocks secured to said cable and also serving to limit curvature;
• FIGS. 11band11cshow states similar to those inFIG. 11a,with the shuttle tank being in the rising stage inFIG. 11band in the lowering stage inFIG. 11c;
• FIG. 11dshows a detail of twoblocks31 in contact with each other, when said connection cable is curved;
• FIG. 12 shows a shuttle tank co-operating with the top wall of a structure of the sarcophagus type, for recovering therefrom, the oil flowing from a ship that has sunk and that is confined beneath the sarcophagus; and
• FIG. 13 shows an anchoring and drilling device controlled by a stabilizing chain of the invention and by buoyancy elements.
• FIG. 1 shows the hull of a wreck or a wall of atank6 lying on thesea bed7 and filled withhydrocarbon8 of density lower than that of sea water. Said hydrocarbon is confined in the top portion of the tank or thewreck6, its bottom portion being filled with sea water. Theship6 generally possesses multiple openings that are hermetically closed at deck level, and leakage might occur whenever the sealing becomes damaged because of the hull becoming deformed or breaking while the ship was being wrecked.
• Arigid receptacle1 referred to herein as a “sarcophagus” constituted by a rigid structure is lowered from the surface under the control ofcables12 connected to dynamically-positioned ships20 on the surface, as shown inFIGS. 1 and 2.
• Thereceptacle1 shown in FIGS.1 to3 has a vertical and longitudinal axial plane of symmetry XOZ and comprises:
• • a roof wall (3,3a,3b) comprising two longitudinally extending side walls (3a,3b) that are inclined relative to said vertical axial plane of symmetry of said receptacle so as to form an upside-down V-shape in cross-section YOZ; and
  • a side wall2 comprising:
  • two longitudinally extending side walls (2a,2b) that are vertical or inclined relative to said vertical axial plane of symmetry XOZ, each being contiguous with one of said longitudinally extending roof walls (3a,3b); and
  • two transverse end walls (2₁) that are vertical or inclined, preferably symmetrically about a vertical transverse plane of symmetry YOZ.
• As shown in detail inFIG. 3, thesarcophagus1 is constituted by an upside-down hull shape, said hull being leaktight and double-walled, thus constitutingleaktight compartments4, preferably a multitude of leaktight compartments in continuity one with another. The structure is constituted bytransverse framing members4₃that may be perforated or solid within a given leaktight compartment, and associated with perforated or solid framing members extending longitudinally4₆. InFIG. 3, there can be seen in an exploded cross-section corresponding to the plane YOZ, a right-hand half of the double wall3bof the roof which is plane and inclined relative to the horizontal, e.g. at 10° to 20°, but which could be horizontal, and when it is inclined, it co-operates with the other double-walled half of the roof3bto form a roof with an upside-down V-shape. Each longitudinal roof wall3a,3bis connected via its bottom edge to a plane double-walled side wall2a,2bwhich is vertical or inclined relative to the vertical, in particular at an angle of 5° to 20°, and preferably at an angle that is smaller than the angle of said inclined longitudinally extending roof walls. The two ends of thesarcophagus1 in the longitudinal direction XX′ are closed by end double walls2,2a,2₁that provide a connection between the end edges of the side double walls2a,2band the ceiling double walls3,3a,3b,with said end side walls2₁being perpendicular to the longitudinal axis XX′. The bottom is entirely free so as to enable the sarcophagus to act like a bell to cover thewreck6 that is to be confined.
• The volumes inside the various double walls2₁,2,2a,2band3,3a,3bare defined by the inner and outer walls and by thesolid framing members4₃,4₆that form compartments which are leaktight relative to the outside, thus enabling them to be filled with a fluid of density lower than that of sea water, said fluid then acting as buoyancy material and compensating the dead weight of the rigid structure constituting thesarcophagus receptacle1.
• Said hull constituting the sarcophagus is advantageously built dry in an open basin, and then the leaktight compartments4 within the double walls2₁,2,2a,2band3,3a,3bare closed off in leaktight manner. After the open basin has been flooded, thesarcophagus1 floats, projecting well above water level because said compartments4 are filled with air. If there is any risk of instability at this stage, it is advantageous to add ballast temporarily to the bottom thereof.
• Thesarcophagus1 is then towed to deep water where all of thecompartments4 constituting the buoyancy volumes are filled with the buoyancy fluid, for example gas oil of relative density close to 0.85. The buoyancy volume is advantageously adjusted so that the sarcophagus is in neutral equilibrium in water, with overall equilibrium optionally being provided by means ofadditional floats19 capable of withstanding deep sea pressures, i.e. about 350 bars for a depth of 3500 m. Saidadditional floats19 may be made of syntactic foam, i.e. microspheres of glass held captive in a binder of the polyurethane or epoxy resin type, but they are advantageously constituted by a rigid or flexible casing filled with liquefied gas, e.g. butane or propane, as explained below.
• Thesarcophagus1 is then towed to the site, and once in position, at least two and preferably four ships20 are connected to the ends of thesarcophagus1 as follows.
• Each ship20 has awinch12₁provided with acable12, preferably a steel cable, of length that is greater than the depth of the water, e.g. 130% of said water depth. The end of saidcable12 is connected to a length ofheavy chain13, e.g. 100 m of chain having a diameter of 6 inches (″), the end of said chain being connected to a reinforcedbeam10 constituting a fastener element secured to the structure and projecting out from thesarcophagus1, as can be seen inFIGS. 1, 4,5, and8.
• Theheavy chains13 have a self-regulating effect as the sarcophagus is being lowered towards thesea bed7, and their operation is explained with reference toFIGS. 4, 4a,and4b.
• InFIG. 4, thecable12 is in an intermediate position and forms a catenary type curve, with a portion of the weight of the chain13 (F) being supported by the sarcophagus while the remainder of the weight of the catenary is supported via thecable12 directly by the ship20 on the surface. Thus, the sarcophagus is maintained in neutral equilibrium under the effect of this force F.
• When thewinch12₁on the surface ship20 winds in thecable12, it raises thechain13 as shown inFIG. 4a,thereby reducing the weight of chain that is carried by the receptacle to a weight F_min, since the entire weight of the chain is then supported by the surface ship20: thesarcophagus1 then presents an apparent weight in water that is smaller and it rises in order to come closer to an equilibrium position as shown inFIG. 4 and stabilized in that position.
• Conversely, when thewinch12₁on the surface ship20 unwindscable12, it lowers thechain13 as shown inFIG. 4b,thus having the effect of increasing the weight carried by the receptacle up to a weight F_max. The apparent weight of thesarcophagus1 in water is then increased and it sinks in order to approach the equilibrium position shown inFIG. 4 and be stabilized therein.
• Thus, under all circumstances, the configuration of thechains13 as catenaries produces a self-regulating effect on the position of the sarcophagus while it is being lowered. Nevertheless, it is still appropriate to synchronize the unwinding of thecables12 from all of thewinches12₁involved in the maneuver in a manner that is very accurate so as to ensure that thesarcophagus1 is lowered while remaining substantially horizontal. In addition, the ship20 must remain at a substantially constant distance from the axis of the receptacle, and preferably the twoships20aand20bconnected to opposite fastener elements10 (FIG. 1) should be situated in substantially the same vertical plane as includes the points where thechains13 are attached to thebeams10 of thesarcophagus1, which means that it is advantageous for the ships to make use of dynamic positioning techniques relying on a radiolocating system of the GPS type (global positioning system).
• Thesarcophagus1 is preferably lowered continuously down to a distance where it is close to thewreck6, for example 50 m from the sea bed. The sarcophagus is then positioned relative to the axis of thewreck6 and is oriented in the proper direction by moving the ships20 on the surface. Said movements of the ships20 produce an effect that is delayed by several minutes to several tens of minutes on corresponding movements of the sarcophagus situated several thousand meters below. In order to facilitate this operation, it is advantageous to installsteerable thrusters16, preferably at the ends of the structure, and more particularly at the four corners of the roof, saidthrusters16 being powered by anumbilical cord16₁delivering power and control signals and connected to a surface ship20.
• In the variant shown inFIGS. 1 and 2, winches14₁are installed on the side peripheral walls of the sarcophagus, and once saidsarcophagus1 is close to the wreck, an automatic underwater remotely operated vehicle (ROV)22 controlled from the surface connects thecables14 of said winches14₁to anchorpoints15₁,15₂that have been previously installed in the vicinity of the wreck, e.g. constituted by suction anchors15₁or by deadweight blocks15₂.
• Once the sarcophagus has been put finally into place, the heavy chains rest on thesea bed7 as shown inFIG. 2, and theadditional floats19 are detached by means of theROV22, with these floats then rising freely to the surface where they are recovered. Care is taken to ensure that each of them is fitted with an acoustic beacon, thus enabling their upward travel to be followed by means of sonars on board the ship20, and consequently making it possible to move the ships so as to avoid any collision when the floats surface. Thesarcophagus1 is then stable on the sea bed, but its stability can be further improved by recovering its buoyancy material, e.g. gas oil, as shown inFIG. 2. For this purpose, aROV22 is used under control from the surface to connect a preferablyflexible pipe23, preferably having an S-shaped configuration, to an orifice that is provided with an isolatingvalve4₄and situated in the top of thecompartment4, with care being taken to begin by opening avalve4₅situated at the bottom of thesame compartment4 so as to allow sea water to penetrate therein as the buoyancy fluid rises to the surface.
• After the buoyancy compartments4 have been emptied of their buoyancy fluid, thetop valves4₄at least are closed and the sarcophagus then presents its maximum weight which provides it with a high degree of stability, even in the event of large amounts of leakage from the wreck. The effluent escaping from the wreck via said leakage collects in the top portion of the internal volume of the sarcophagus, thereby creating significant buoyancy, however this buoyancy is much less than that of the fluid that was in thecompartment4, which is generally gas oil presenting relative density of 0.85. With highly viscous crude oils, relative density is generally greater than 0.95 and is often close to 1.02, thereby creating little buoyancy and running no risk of destabilizing the sarcophagus.
• After the buoyancy compartments4 have been emptied, the chains may be recovered, however if it is preferred to improve the stability of the sarcophagus, it is advantageous to raise thechains13 so that their opposite ends are also carried by the beam already carrying their first ends, or else they are raised and merely placed on top of the sarcophagus, so that their entire weight contributes to stabilizing said sarcophagus.
• By increasing the distance between the double walls defining thecompartments4, and by using light metals, e.g. aluminum for the structure, it is possible advantageously to replace gas oil with fresh water as the buoyancy fluid.
• The relative density of sea water is about 1.026 at the surface and about 1.045 at a depth of 4000 m and at 3° C., whereas the relative density of fresh water is 1 at the surface and 1.016 at a depth of about 4000 m and a temperature of 3° C., so the buoyancy provided by fresh water per cubic meter (m³) thus lies in therange 26 kilograms force (kgf) at the surface and 29 kgf at a depth of 4000 m. The total volume of thecompartments4 in the following example enable the dead weight of the sarcophagus structure described below to be balanced. A sarcophagus having aluminum walls, a length of 180 m, a width of 40 m, and a height of 35 m, with a distance of 3 m between its inner and outer double walls represents a mass of aluminum equal to 3000 (metric) tonnes (T), i.e. an apparent weight in sea water of 1850 tonnes. The total volume of the compartments is 73,125 m³, giving a buoyancy of 1480 tonnes when filled to 75% with fresh water. Additional buoyancy of 470 tonnes is applied in the form of floats distributed along the structure, and the stabilizing chains for lowering purposes are constituted by four identical lengths of chain each weighing 50 tonnes, each of them being installed at a corner of the sarcophagus.
• For a sarcophagus having the same dimensions and made of steel, it is necessary to use a fluid of lower density than fresh water, e.g. gas oil, and the total volume of the buoyancy compartments requires the distance between the inner and outer walls to be 2.5 m. The sarcophagus then presents a mass of 7500 tonnes, i.e. an apparent weight in sea water of 6300 tonnes. The total volume of the compartments is 60,200 m³, giving buoyancy of 6320 tonnes when filled to 70% with a fluid presenting relative density of 0.85, e.g. gas oil. The additional floats (280 T) and the stabilizing chains (50 T×4) remain the same as for the aluminum sarcophagus.
• In an advantageous variant shown inFIGS. 5 and 6, it is advantageous to install a horizontal diaphragm orweb21 that is tensioned between the side walls2,2a,2b,and2₁in such a manner as to isolate the top portion of the inside volume of the sarcophagus, which top portion is advantageously filled with fresh water. This generates additional buoyancy, thereby contributing to the buoyancy of the sarcophagus as a whole, and making it possible to reduce correspondingly the volume of the main buoyancy fluid such as gas oil that is used for filling theinternal compartments4 within the structure of the sarcophagus. By way of example, for the two cases described above, a diaphragm situated at half height serves to confine 126,000 m³of fresh water, thereby contributing overall buoyancy of 3400 tonnes and enabling the buoyancy compartments to be reduced correspondingly, particularly if the structure is made of steel, thus correspondingly reducing the volume of gas oil. In addition, in those zones of the structure that do not have buoyancy compartments, it becomes possible to simplify the structure, thereby reducing its weight by locally omitting one of its walls, preferably the inner wall. Thisdiaphragm21 is secured mechanically to the walls, e.g. by means of straps. There is no need for the connection to be entirely leaktight, since the role of thediaphragm21 is mainly to ensure that stirring created by the current during towing to the site does not cause the fresh water to mix with sea water, which would lead to a large fraction of said fresh water being lost quickly by being dispersed in the sea water, thereby losing a large portion of the buoyancy of the structure as a whole. Once thesarcophagus1 has been lowered to the immediate vicinity of thewreck6, and prior to it being placed on the sea bed, thediaphragm21 is removed, either by means of theROV22, or by using automatic release systems of the hydraulic actuator or explosive bolt type, and then the sarcophagus is lowered into its final position on the wreck. At the end of installation, atop drainage orifice9 through the roof of the sarcophagus is advantageously opened so that the fresh water can escape and the stability of the sarcophagus can be improved. After the fresh water has been exhausted, saidtop orifice9 is closed so as to recover any leakage coming from the wreck.
• The sametop orifice9 is advantageously used for recovering theeffluent9 that escapes from thewreck6 over time, which effluent collects in the top of the inside volume of the sarcophagus underneath its roof3,3a,3b.By making a connection with thistop orifice9 and after opening the isolating valve, theoil8 that has accumulated since the preceding campaign is advantageously transferred either by means of apipe23 connecting thetop orifice9 to a recovery ship situated on the surface, or else by using a recovery device between the sarcophagus and the surface ship, e.g. a device of the kind described in French patent application No. FR 2 804 935, or indeed a shuttle type device as described in yet-to-be-published European patent application No. 03/358003.6.
• In a version of the invention shown inFIG. 7, a hangar type load-carrying structure is made built up from beams of steel orother metal24 assembled together by welding or bolting, and leaktight compartments are incorporated therein, being distributed continuously or otherwise, either on the side walls2,2a,2bor in the roof3,3a,3b,or in both of them. The structure as a whole is made leaktight against a fluid that tends naturally to escape upwards by means of diaphragms orwebs25 fixed outside the structure and against it in leaktight manner, so as to recover all leakage from the wreck and direct it towards a high point where it can be stored while waiting to be recovered, either by means of a bottom-to-surface connection23 or by means of a recovery device or shuttle as mentioned above.
• In a version of the invention shown inFIG. 8, the sarcophagus structure is made of lightweight concrete26 that is reinforced and prestressed, and it containscompartments4 which are filled in the same manner as before with a fluid of density lower than that of sea water. The concrete26 is advantageously made using lightweight aggregate, such as expanded clays for example, associated with high-strength mortars, thus giving excellent behavior at great depth, even at depths of 3000 m to 4000 m, or even more. Expanded clays are substantially spherical in shape leaving gaps that are filled with air or gas, thus giving them very low density; when taken within a matrix constituted by high strength mortar, it is the matrix proper which provides overall strength. When the structure is subjected to very high pressures, e.g. the pressure of 400 bars that exists at a depth of about 4000 m, water will migrate over time into the mass of concrete and will, little by little, invade the expanded clay aggregate, thereby considerably increasing the apparent weight of the sarcophagus. Since this migration process is relatively slow it is not a disadvantage during installation since after being towed to the site, the critical operation of lowering said sarcophagus from the surface to its final position resting on the sea bed over the wreck will occupy a maximum duration of 12 hours (h) to 24 h. Once in place, the dead weight of the sarcophagus increases day by day, thereby increasing its stability, with the water migration phenomenon continuing over a period of several weeks or even several months. In order to retard water migration phenomena into the porous aggregate, it is advantageous to cover the walls of the concrete structure that come into contact with water completely in a layer of elastomer type paint, thereby creating an effective sealing barrier. This layer is advantageously also applied to the inside of the buoyancy compartments integrated in the concrete structure in order to minimize migration of buoyancy fluid into said aggregate.
• It is advantageous to use a fluid of very low density, thus reducing the overall volume of the buoyancy compartments. For this purpose, it is advantageous to use butane, propane, ammonia, or any other similar gaseous compound whose relative density in the liquid state lies in the range 0.55 to 0.70. These compounds are gaseous at atmospheric pressure and at a temperature of 20° C., but they liquefy once they have been compressed to a few bars. It is thus highly advantageous to use them as buoyancy fluid since their efficiency (in terms of buoyancy per m³of fluid) is much more advantageous than that of gas oil or fresh water, however the compartments then need to be filled in a particular manner in order to avoid any risk of accidents or difficulties.
• For this purpose, the procedure is as follows. After the sarcophagus has been built and taken out of the open basin, itscompartments4 still being empty, the compartments are filled with sea water and the assembly is made buoyant by means ofbarges27, preferably two or four barges floating on the surface as shown inFIG. 9a.
• The sarcophagus is connected to each of said barges27 by acable28 connected to awinch28₁, in association with a poundingcompensator29 seeking to ensure that thecable28 does not break. The assembly is then towed to the site, and then as shown inFIG. 9b,the sarcophagus is lowered to a depth of 30 m to 60 m which corresponds to a pressure of 3 bars to 6 bars, at which pressure the gas that is to be injected into thecompartments4 is in liquid form. Apipe23 is then lowered and connected to thehigh point4₄of the buoyancy compartments and liquid gas stored on board a specialized gas tanker ship31 (known to the person skilled in the art), is injected under pressure. Thebottom orifice4₅of the compartment is left open so the liquid gas expels the sea water therein and fills thecompartment4 completely, little by little. At the end of filling, thetop valve4₄is closed in leaktight manner. Once all of the compartments have been filled, thebarges27 used during towing can be released after the retainingcables28 have been disconnected. The sarcophagus can then be lowered as explained above. InFIG. 9b,the right-hand compartment is full of gas in the liquid state, whereas the left-hand compartment is being filled, with sea water escaping through thebottom valve4₅which is in the open position.
• At the end of installation, it can suffice to open thetop orifice4₄situated at the top of each of the buoyancy-compartments to a small extent so as to allow the gas to escape in liquid form: it then rises naturally towards the surface, initially in liquid form and finally in the form of gas close to the surface where it becomes diluted in the atmosphere. These gases are not dangerous for the environment or for personnel, insofar as the instantaneous quantities thereof remain reasonable, i.e. constituting a few tens or a few hundreds of kilograms per hour, but it is nevertheless preferable to recover the cargo of liquefied gas. For this purpose, a bottom-to-surface connection23 is installed as described above with reference toFIG. 2, which connection connects thetop orifice4₄of each compartment to the gas tanker ship and enables nearly all of the gas cargo to be recovered in a very short length of time since the gas in liquid form is very fluid and the pressure difference between the sea bed and the surface is very high, particularly when the wreck is at a depth of 3000 m to 4000 m.
• In each of the variants of the invention described above, the leaktight compartments are positioned and dimensioned in such a manner as to comply with the rules applicable to ship-building, and in particular with the ρ-a rule which consists in ensuring that the center of vertical thrust due to buoyancy remains above the center of gravity of the structure. It is common practice to consider that for a value of ρ-a>1 m, the structure can be considered as being stable and not in danger of turning over by pivoting about its axis XX′. For this purpose, it is advantageous to addexternal floats19 which are preferably situated above the structure of the sarcophagus, and possibly also to ballast its bottom portions.
• In each of the variants of the invention, a structure is described which covers the wreck completely down to the sea bed, however it would remain within the spirit of the invention to make use of a structure that remains at a distance of a few meters from the sea bed, standing on posts constituted by posts provided at their bottom ends with support plates, so as to limit penetration into the sea bed. This disposition makes it possible, advantageously to access the wreck under the sarcophagus by means of anROV22 in order to inspect it or indeed in order to operate valves, drill holes to release crude oil for recovery purposes, or indeed to place destructive explosives in order to create localized openings in the wreck.
• Thus, in a preferred version of the invention as shown inFIG. 10, the sarcophagus is provided at each of its corners with apost40 having asupport plate40₁so that the structure does not rest directly on the sea bed but stands above it, e.g. by 2 m, thereby leaving access around its entire periphery for theROV22 to perform inspection and other operations. Given the considerable dimensions of the structure, it is advantageous to install intermediate posts41 along each of its faces, with said posts then being in a high, retractedposition41aduring transport and lowering of the sarcophagus. Thus, once the sarcophagus has been lowered onto the wreck and is resting on the sea bed, it initially stands only on the corner posts40, thereby conferring quasi-isostatic trim thereto. At this stage, with buoyancy still being at a maximum in the buoyancy compartments and the additional floats, the apparent weight of the structure is small and can be supported by the structure. The ROV then acts on each of the posts to operatebolts42 for releasing the posts so that under their own weight they move away from the high, retractedposition41ainto the low, deployedposition41b.Thereafter, the ROV again actuates thebolts42 so as to lock said posts relative to the structure of the sarcophagus. By acting in this way one each of the posts so as to cause them to go from the retracted position to the deployed position, and by locking them in the deployed position, the trim of the sarcophagus structure is greatly improved, and this applies regardless of the nature of the sea bed and any obstacles that might be present beneath each of the posts. This ensures that none of the posts are left hanging while others have too great a fraction of the overall load concentrated thereon, running the risk of leading to significant damage or even total loss of the structure. This disposition thus makes it possible to have quasi-isostatic trim over the entire surface via a large number of posts, and to achieve this regardless of the nature of the sea bed and any obstacles that might be encountered. Once all of the posts have been deployed, it is possible to empty the buoyancy material from the buoyancy compartments so that the structure then presents its maximum weight and rests safely on the sea bed even if the sea bed itself is highly non-uniform.
• The buoyancy compartments are described above as having a top orifice and a bottom orifice each fitted with an isolating valve, however it would remain within the spirit of the invention if the compartments were to be open-based, with the buoyancy fluid remaining in place solely because of its difference in density.
• For buoyancy compartments having bottom orifices fitted with respective valves, it is preferable to keep said valves closed while the structure is being towed to the site, however it is advantageous for them to be opened while the structure is being lowered towards the bottom so that variations in the volume of the buoyancy fluid due to ambient pressure and temperature do not give rise to unacceptable deformation of the structure of said compartment, since that would run the risk of damaging the structure of the sarcophagus.
• It is advantageous to fit square openings having a size of 2 m or 3 m halfway up the side walls2,2a,2b,2₁so as to facilitate access forROVs22 for the operations described above. These openings are advantageously closed under normal conditions by hinged flaps that are locked in place in leaktight manner so as to avoid losing any polluting substances coming from the wreck.
• FIGS. 11ato11dand12 show ashuttle tank32 of the type serving to recover effluent from a wreck on the sea bed by lowering and raising said shuttle tank respectively when empty and when full, between the surface and the bed of the sea. Theshuttle tank32 is constituted by aside wall34 that is flexible and leaktight, e.g. made of strong reinforced plasticized fabric, said side wall being secured at its top portion to adome33 having a circular horizontal section and having a bullet-shaped profile in vertical section, and that is made of a strong and rigid material, preferably a composite material, and said side wall being secured at its bottom portion to a plane, solid, strong, rigid, and preferablycircular bottom wall35, which is itself also preferably made of composite material so as to represent a minimum apparent weight in water, while guaranteeing extreme rigidity and strength. Saidbottom wall35 is pierced at its center by amain orifice35₁and is fitted with a valve, preferably a draw-off valve, e.g. of the guillotine type, said valve being fitted with a flange. A complementary side orifice of smaller diameter is provided with avalve35₂, thereby enabling sea water to be exchanged between the inside of the shuttle tank and the marine environment, and in particular enabling sea water to escape while the tank is being filled with oil.
• Thedome33 and thebottom wall35 can present a diameter in the range 5 m to 10 m, thedome33 can present a height in the range 2 m to 5 m, and theside wall34 can present a height in the range 10 m to 50 m, once deployed.
• The apparent weight in water of theshuttle tank32 is advantageously adjusted by integrating buoyancy into the highest portion of thedome33, e.g.syntactic foam33₁constituted by microspheres of glass coated in epoxy, polyurethane, or other resins.
• Theshuttle tank32 is thus lowered to the wreck ortank6, or even to asarcophagus1 placed over a said wreck or tank, in the collapsed position, and presents an apparent weight in water that is very light and that can be adjusted both positively and negatively, thereby making it easy to install directly by using an ROV controlled from the surface and provided with manipulator arms.
• FIG. 11ashows that the raising of theshuttle tank32 is controlled by aconnection cable12 having a fraction of itsbottom portion13 that is weighted, e.g. bymetal blocks31 secured to said cable30 by clamping at31₁like a string of beads.
• As shown inFIG. 11d,thebeads31 have a cylindrical central body that is prismatic or circularly cylindrical, and frustoconical ends, so that when the cable is curved, the frustoconical ends of two adjacent beads thus come into abutment against each other at31₂, thereby limiting the local radius of curvature to a value that is greater than R₀. Thus, theconnection cable12, being fastened to theshuttle tank32 at saidfirst fastener point36 at the bottom of the tank, descends, then moves away through an arc of a circle of radius R₀, before finally rising vertically or in a catenary configuration at a distance of about at least 2R₀from theside wall4 of said shuttle tank, thereby avoiding any mechanical contact during raising, and thereby preventing said connection cable from being damaged by rubbing.
• InFIG. 11a,the buoyancy of the shuttle tank filled with hydrocarbons F_vthat corresponds to the buoyancy thrust that is exerted on the tank and its cargo is compensated by the weight of the cable up to the horizontal tangent point corresponding to thebead31_i, added to the weight of thebeads31_gbetween the tank and thelowest bead31_i, i.e. 8.5 beads inFIG. 11a,the overall weight P_ethus corresponding to the system being in equilibrium.
• By way of example, in order to illustrate.FIG. 11a,the shuttle tank having a volume of 250 m³of oil of density 1011 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³), in sea water at 3° C. of density 1045 kg/m³, has a buoyancy of about 8.5 tonnes.
• Each of the beads of the equilibrium device30-31 thus has a weight in water of about 1 tonne.
• InFIG. 11b,the top end of theconnection cable12 connected to a winch installed on board a surface ship (not shown) is raised, thereby bringing thebead31_ginFIG. 11 into the bottom horizontal position, and thereby reducing the number of beads hanging from the tank to 6.5 beads, the overall weight opposing the F_vthrust thus being reduced to P−. The resultant F_v+P− is thus upwardly positive and the shuttle tank can rise until the force equilibrium ofFIG. 11ais reached.
• In addition, inFIG. 11c,the top end of theconnection cable12 is veered (lowered), thereby bringing thebead31_kinto the bottom horizontal position, and thereby increasing the number of beads hanging from the tank to 10.5 beads, with the overall weight thus being equal to P+. The resultant F_v+P+ is thus downwardly positive and the shuttle tank can move back down until the force equilibrium ofFIG. 11ais reached.
• Thus, the stabilizing device of the invention presents a stabilizing effect while the shuttle tank is being raised. When the surface ship moves excessively under the effect of swell or moves away from the vertical above the position of the shuttle tank, the movements have an instantaneous effect on only the zone of the beads surrounding thebeads31_gto31_k, thebead31_icorresponding to the mean value of the oscillations.
• Thus, in order to control the raising of theshuttle tank32, it suffices to wind the connection cable onto the winch situated on board the surface ship20 at a speed that is compatible with the natural rate of rise of said shuttle tank, with said shuttle tank naturally always seeking to, return to its equilibrium position shown inFIG. 11a.In the event of difficulties, it suffices to slow down or stop winding onto the winch, the shuttle tank then finding its position of equilibrium almost immediately, while waiting for the winch to restart.
• FIG. 12 shows ashuttle tank32 installed in register with of anemptying device9 fitted with a valve provided on the top wall of asarcophagus1 to which said shuttle tank is connected by aconnection50. When the valve is in its open position, it passes through the crude oil that has accumulated inside said sarcophagus, after flowing out from the tanks of theship6. It can thus be collected in the shuttle tank, which can be raised to the surface once full and once theconnection50 has been broken, with the rise to the surface being performed under the control of a device of the invention for stabilizing and controlling raising and lowering. Thesarcophagus1 is fitted with a stabilizing and control device of the invention havingconnection elements12 constituted by cables, each having a bottom portion that comprises a string of metal blocks31.
• The device for controlling the lowering or raising of a heavy or massive structure is described above as being constituted either by a cable provided with blocks or beads clamped onto said cable, or by a chain having links that are modified so as to create the minimum radius of curvature R₀merely by abutment between links. But, it is not beyond the ambit of the invention for said heavy portion of said connection elements to be constituted by a string of heavy bars that are hinged together so that deformation of the string of hinged bars creates a load imbalance of P+ or P− relative to the equilibrium load Pe, as described above with regard toFIGS. 11a,11band11c,said bars advantageously presenting mechanical abutments at the hinges, making it possible to limit the curvature to a minimum value R₀.
• FIG. 13 shows a heavy structure consisting of adevice1 for placing and anchoring a base52 on thewall54 of a tank and/or of a shipwreck on the sea bed. Thedevice1 comprises asupport structure54 constituted by a rectangular machine-welded stand, itself supporting:
• adrill body54₁comprising means for actuating acrown saw55 both in translation and in rotation, which saw, through a corresponding opening provided in said base, enables a large orifice to be pierced in saidwall6 so as to allow fluid contained in said tank to be evacuated; and
• side carriages56 comprising means for actuatingcrown saws57 both in translation and in rotation that are capable of piercing holes in saidwall6 in order to anchor the base52 to said wall, thecrown saws57 being displaced throughorifices58 in said base.
• FIG. 13 shows the lowering of astructure1 consisting of an anchoring and piercing device controlled by a stabilizingchain12,13 of the invention, and by abuoyancy element19. The bottom lefthand portion of thebase52 is shown in section in order to show the cutting means57 inside anorifice58 provided in said base.
• Thedevice1 is suspended by aconnection59 from abuoyancy element19. Aconnection element12 of the cable type, having abottom portion13 comprising weighting blocks31 disposed in a string as mentioned above, and extending from a surface-floating support to afastener element36 at the base of abuoyancy element19, makes it possible to control the speed at which thedevice1 is lowered and raised, and where appropriate, makes it possible to stabilize it in the vicinity of thewall6, in accordance with the present invention.

Claims (29)

1-28. (canceled)

29. A device for stabilizing or controlling the lowering or raising of a structure between the surface and the bed of the sea, said device including at least one connection element of the cable or chain type, having:

a first end that is connected to a winch on board a floating support or surface ship, and on which winch it is wound; and

a second end that is connected to a fastener element on said structure, or on at least a first buoyancy element that is connected to said structure; and

the length of said connection element is such that said winch is capable of winding or unwinding said first end of said connection element, so that a bottom portion of said connection element can hang beneath said fastener element.

30. A device according toclaim 29, including at least two of said connection elements, said fastener elements preferably being disposed symmetrically, respectively around and on the periphery of said structure.

31. A device according toclaim 29, wherein said connection element is constituted by a cable having a bottom portion that comprises weighting blocks disposed in a string on a said cable, said weighting blocks preferably being metal blocks secured to said cable by clamping.

32. A device according toclaim 31, wherein said blocks present a shape such that when said bottom portion hanging beneath said fastener elements curves, two of said blocks disposed side by side are capable of coming into abutment against each other, thereby limiting the curvature of said cable.

33. A device according toclaim 32, wherein the curvature of said cable is limited so that the minimum radius of curvature (R₀) of said cables at said bottom portion enables a minimum distance (2R₀) to be maintained between said cable and said structure that is sufficient to prevent any mechanical contact between them while said structure is being lowered or raised.

34. A device according toclaim 31, wherein each of said blocks present a cylindrical central portion between two frustoconical ends having axes that correspond to the direction of said cable when said cable is disposed linearly, two adjacent blocks being in contact at said frustoconical ends along a generator line of said frustoconical ends in the curved parts of said bottom portion.

35. A device according toclaim 29, wherein said connection element comprises a chain having a bottom portion that comprises links that are heavier than the links of the rest of the chain, and that are preferably larger so as to limit any curvature of the chain.

36. A device according toclaim 29, wherein said first buoyancy elements are disposed above said structure.

37. A device according toclaim 29, wherein said structure includes second buoyancy elements, preferably integrated in the top of said structure, and more preferably integrated above said fastener element(s) so that the center of gravity of said structure together with said first buoyancy elements is situated below the center of thrust that is exerted both on said structure and on said first buoyancy elements.

38. A method of lowering, raising, or stabilizing a structure between the surface and the bed of the sea by means of a device according toclaim 29, said method comprising the following steps: unwinding or winding each connection element at its first end by means of a said winch; and controlling the speed at which each connection element is lowered or raised by regulating the speed at which each connection element is respectively wound off or on said winch, so as to adjust the length of said bottom portion of said connection element hanging beneath said fastener element, the lowering, raising, or stabilizing of said structure being obtained when the sum of the weight of the fraction of said bottom portion(s) of the connection element(s) between firstly said fastener point(s) for fastening to said fastener element(s) and secondly the lowest point of said bottom portion(s), plus the weight of said structure as a whole and of said first buoyancy element(s), is respectively greater than, less than, or equal to the buoyancy thrust that is exerted on said structure and on said first buoyancy element(s).

39. A method according toclaim 38, wherein said structure is a rigid structure of steel, other metal, or composite synthetic material containing at least one and preferably a plurality of buoyancy compartments that are suitable for being filled with a fluid that is lighter than water, and each being fitted with at least one filling orifice and preferably with at least one emptying orifice, said compartments preferably being distributed symmetrically in said structure.

40. A method according toclaim 38, wherein said structure is a massive structure constituted by an open-based receptacle in the form of a cap, the receptacle comprising a peripheral side wall surmounted by a roof wall and being suitable for completely covering a wreck of a ship on the sea bed in order to recover polluting effluent escaping therefrom, said receptacle having at least one emptying orifice for discharging said effluent contained in the inside volume of said receptacle; said emptying orifice preferably being situated in the roof of the receptacle.

41. A method according toclaim 39, wherein said receptacle is constituted as an upside-down double-walled ship hull comprising a rigid structure of steel, other metal, or composite synthetic material, said leaktight compartments being defined by spaces between said double walls and by structural elements interconnecting the double walls.

42. A method according toclaim 40, wherein the rigid structure of the walls constituting said receptacle is constituted by steel or metal beams assembled to one another and having leaktight compartments incorporated between them, said structure being covered on at least one face, preferably the outer face, by leakproof diaphragms or webs fixed to said rigid structure in leaktight manner, said leaktight compartments being constituted by a self-contained closed casing incorporated inside said structure and secured thereto.

43. A method according toclaim 39, wherein the rigid structure of the walls of the receptacle is made of concrete, preferably concrete lightened by clay beads, within which concrete hollow volumes are provided for defining said leaktight compartments.

44. A method according toclaim 39, wherein said receptacle presents a vertical and longitudinal axial plane of symmetry XOZ, and comprises:

a roof wall comprising two longitudinally extending side walls that are inclined relative to said vertical axial plane of symmetry of said receptacle so as to form an upside-down V-shape in cross-section YOZ; and

a side wall comprising:

two longitudinally extending side walls that are vertical or inclined relative to said vertical axial plane of symmetry, each being contiguous with one of said longitudinally extending roof walls; and

two transverse end walls that are vertical or inclined, preferably symmetrically about a vertical transverse plane of symmetry.

45. A method according toclaim 39, wherein said receptacle has posts, at least some of which are preferably retractable, said posts being suitable for supporting said receptacle in quasi-isostatic manner when it is standing on the sea bed via said posts, the posts being deployed where necessary, and with the open base of said receptacle preferably being in a substantially horizontal position.

46. A method according toclaim 38, wherein said structure is fitted on the outside:

with fastener elements enabling cables or chains to be secured thereto for lowering said structure from the surface, and for putting it into place, and, where appropriate, anchoring it to the sea bed; and

preferably with thrusters, more preferably steerable thrusters enabling said structure to be moved in a horizontal direction in order to be positioned over said wreck.

47. A method according toclaim 38, comprising the following steps:

1) filling said leaktight compartments completely or partially with a fluid, preferably a fluid that is lighter than sea water, with the extent to which said leaktight compartments are filled being adjusted so as to cause said structure to occupy an equilibrium position when immersed close to the surface;

2) lowering said structure to the desired position by means of a device according to claim1 for controlling lowering, so as to regulate the speed at which the receptacle is lowered, and so as to provide equilibrium to the open base of said substantially horizontal structure while it is being lowered; and

3) once said structure is in place at the desired depth, emptying said leaktight compartments filled with fluid lighter than sea water, and simultaneously filling said leaktight compartments with sea water.

48. A method according toclaim 47, wherein,

in step 1), additional buoyancy is provided to said structure by means of said first buoyancy elements consisting of additional floats connected to said receptacle; and

in step 3), once said structure is in the desired position, said additional floats are detached.

49. A method according toclaim 47, wherein, after step 1) and before step 2), once said structure has reached the desired position, the lengths of said heavy cables (or chains) hanging beneath said fastening elements and supported by said structure are reduced so as to stabilize said structure in suspension, and

where appropriate, said structure is anchored to the sea bed, and then

said heavy cables (or chains) are filly lowered so that their entire weight contributes to stabilizing said structure.

50. A method according toclaim 47, wherein said structure is a said receptacle and includes posts, at least some of which are preferably retractable, and said retractable posts, if any, are deployed, in such a manner that said receptacle rests on the sea bed on each of said posts in quasi-isostatic manner, and preferably with the open base of said receptacle in a substantially horizontal position.

51. A method according toclaim 47, wherein the receptacle is positioned on the axis above the wreck by actuating thrusters mounted outside the receptacle and preferably distributed symmetrically about its periphery.

52. A method according toclaim 47, wherein the fluid lighter than sea water filling said leaktight compartment is gas oil, oil, fresh water, or a liquefied gas that is lighter than sea water such as propane, butane, or ammonia.

53. A method according toclaim 52, wherein,

in step 1), said leaktight compartments are filled with a first fluid that is lighter than sea water; and

in step 2), said structure is lowered to a depth of 30 m to 60 m corresponding to a pressure of 3 bars to 6 bars, at which depth a liquefied gas that is lighter than sea water is injected under pressure into said leaktight compartments from a gas tanker ship on the surface.

54. A method according toclaim 47, wherein said structure is a said receptacle, and a fraction of the inside volume of said receptacle defined on top by the roof of said receptacle and at the bottom by a diaphragm or web tensioned between said side walls of said receptacle is filled with a fluid that is lighter than sea water, preferably with fresh water, so as to create additional buoyancy while the receptacle is being towed at the surface and/or while the receptacle is being lowered to the sea bed; and

once said receptacle is close to the sea bed, said diaphragm or web is removed and said receptacle is placed on the sea bed over the wreck, preferably via said posts, after they have been deployed, where appropriate, and said fluid that is lighter than sea water is removed from the inside of said receptacle via said top emptying orifice while said receptacle is close to the sea bed.

55. A method of recovering polluting effluent that is lighter than sea water, as contained in the tanks of a shipwreck lying on the sea bed, in which method:

1) a said receptacle is put into place in accordance with the method ofclaim 47; and

2) the effluent recovered inside said receptacle is collected by being emptied out through said top emptying orifice.

56. A method according toclaim 55, comprising, in step 2), the following steps:

lowering an empty said shuttle tank;

positioning said shuttle tank over said receptacle in such a manner that its open bottom orifice is just above said emptying orifice of said receptacle;

preferably securing said shuttle tank to said receptacle;

emptying the effluent contained in said shuttle tank; and

once full, detaching said tank from said receptacle, and raising said tank full of effluent to the surface.

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