US20070022475A1 - Transmission of packet data over a network with a security protocol - Google Patents

Abstract

A method, device, system and computer program for providing a transport distribution scheme for a security protocol are disclosed. A first packet data connection is established to a remote node for transmitting packet data over a network with a security protocol. An authentication procedure is performed with the remote node via the first packet data connection for establishing a security protocol session with the remote node. At least one security parameter is negotiated with the remote node for transmitting packets through the first packet data connection. A second packet data connection is established to the remote node, and at least one security parameter is negotiated with the remote node for use with the second packet data connection. The first and second packet data connections are handled as packet data subconnections associated with the security protocol session.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• The present application claims the benefit of priority from Finnish Patent Application No. FI 20050769, filed Jul. 19, 2005, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• 1. Field of the Invention
• The present invention relates to transmission of packet data over a network. In particular the present invention relates to transmission of packet data over a network with a security protocol.
• 2. Description of the Related Art
• Data transmission over packet data networks, in particularly over Internet Protocol (IP) based networks, is very common nowadays. There are, however, risks in using the Internet or other public data networks for communications. IP-based networks face threats such as viruses, malicious crackers and eavesdroppers.
• Virus-scanning software and firewalls are widely used to prevent unauthorized access to internal networks from public networks. When confidential data is transmitted over a public packet data network, the data should be encrypted and the sender and receiver of the data should be authenticated. The security concerns relating to data transmission over public networks can be addressed in a variety of ways. One example is the use of the Internet Security protocol (IPSec) on the IP level. Another example is the use of a security protocol above the IP level.
• The Secure Shell protocol is a security protocol that is typically used over the Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol. In principle, the Secure Shell can be used above any protocol providing reliable data streams. A protocol proving reliable data streams refers here to a protocol ensuring that in normal situations a receiver receives data packets in the sending order and all sent data packets are received. The Secure Shell protocol provides encryption and integrity of data and authentication of the sender and receiver of data.
• The Secure Shell protocol is in the following used as an example of a security protocol. The Secure Shell is being standardized in the SecSh Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force. The Secure Shell protocol is a packet protocol, and the protocol packets contain information about the length of the protocol packet and about padding length. The Secure Shell protocol packet then contains the actual payload and the padding data.
• A Secure Shell protocol session between two endpoints is typically established in the following manner. First, a TCP connection is established between the endpoints for an initial key exchange. Thereafter the endpoints authenticate each other and agree on various security parameters by transmitting protocol messages over the TCP connection. After a successful authentication and security parameter negotiation, the negotiated security parameters define encryption and data integrity algorithms that are used for Secure Shell protocol packets transmitted over the TCP connection. Some further transmission parameters, for example data compression algorithms, may be defined for the data to be transmitted over the TCP connection.
• There may be a plurality of channels within a single Secure Shell session. These channels share the authentication and negotiated security parameters, and data relating to all channels is transmitted over the TCP connection established for the Secure Shell session. New channels may be opened and existing channels may be closed during a Secure Shell session.
• When the TCP connection carrying the Secure Shell protocol packets is slow or the TCP connection goes via overloaded networks, the throughput of the Secure Shell protocol is quite low. For some reason, the throughput is lower than what could be expected simply based on the throughput of the underlying TCP connection. Furthermore, if some TCP packets carrying Secure Shell protocol packets are lost and need to be retransmitted, it takes a while before the Secure Shell protocol recovers. This is at least partly due to the fact that the flow control of the Secure Shell is disturbed and the data buffers of the Secure Shell session may be filled. A further problem is that in an overloaded network, a TCP connection used by the Secure Shell protocol may be slower than TCP connection on the average.
• Furthermore, data that is transmitted between the endpoints of a Secure Shell session may contains packet data relating to various applications, which have different security requirements. For example, packet data for a video player could suffice with a light encryption, whereas text files to be transmitted should be secured with a stronger encryption. It may be quite difficult to find encryption parameters to provide a suitable compromise. One option to overcome this problem is to open a plurality of Secure Shell protocol connections between the endpoints and to select the security parameters for the separate Secure Shell protocol connections to meet the requirements of the different applications, but this requires further memory and other resources in the endpoints.
• There are thus various problems relating to providing a Secure Shell session over a TCP connection or other reliable packet data protocol connection. It is appreciated that although above reference is made mainly to the Secure Shell protocol, the problems may be relevant also for other security protocols.
• Embodiments of the present invention aim to provide method for transmitting data over a network with a security protocol in a flexible manner.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• In accordance with an embodiment, there is provided a method for transmitting packet data over a network with a security protocol. In the method a first packet data connection is first established to a remote node, whereafter an authentication procedure is performed with the remote node via the first packet data connection for establishing a security protocol session with the remote node. At least one security parameter is then negotiated with the remote node for transmitting packets through the first packet data connection. A second packet data connection is also established to the remote node, and at least one security parameter is negotiated with the remote node for use with the second packet data connection. The first and second packet data connections are handled as packet data subconnections associated with the security protocol session.
• In accordance with another embodiment, there is provided a communication system that is configured to establish a first packet data connection to a remote node and to perform an authentication procedure with the remote node via the first packet data connection for establishing a security protocol session, and wherein at least one security parameter is negotiated with the remote node for transmitting packets through the first packet data connection. The system is further configured for establishing a second packet data connection to the remote node and for negotiating at least one security parameter with the remote node for use with the second packet data connection. In the system the first and second packet data connections arte handled as packet data subconnections of the security protocol session.
• In accordance with a further embodiment, there is provided a device for use in a communication system. The device is configured for establishing a first packet data connection to a remote node, for performing an authentication procedure with the remote node via the first packet data connection for establishing a security protocol session, and for negotiating at least one security parameter with the remote node for transmitting packets through the first packet data connection. The device is further configured for establishing a second packet data connection to the remote node and for negotiating at least one security parameter with the remote node for use with the second packet data connection. The devices handles the first and second packet data connections as packet data subconnections of the security protocol session.
• Furthermore, there is provided a computer program with program code means to carry out the steps of a method in accordance with an aspect of the invention. The computer program can be executed in a computer or in a set of computers.
BRIEF DESCIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
• FIG. 1ashows schematically, as an example, a communication network and two nodes, where embodiments of the present invention are applicable;
• FIG. 1bshows schematically, as an example, a security protocol connection between two nodes in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 2ashows, as an example, a block diagram of a security protocol entity in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 2bshows, as an example, a further block diagram of a security protocol entity in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 3ashows, as a first example, a partial flowchart relating to selection of packet data subconnections;
• FIG. 3bshows, as a second example, a partial flowchart relating to an alternative selection of packet data subconnections;
• FIG. 3cshows, as a third example, a partial flowchart relating to a further alternative selection of packet data subconnections;
• FIG. 4 shows, as an example, a flowchart of a method for setting up a security protocol connection in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
• FIG. 5 shows, as an example, a flowchart relating to a protocol extension mechanism for the Secure Shell protocol; and
• FIG. 6 shows, as an example, a flowchart of a method for providing distributed transport for the Secure Shell protocol in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
• In the following, embodiments of the invention are often discussed in detail with reference to the Secure Shell protocol, but it is appreciated that embodiments of the invention may be applicable in connection with any security protocol using a reliable data transport protocol.
• FIG. 1ashows schematically a communication network and twonodes10,20 communicating via the communication network, for example via the Internet. The communication network may include various subnetworks, as shown inFIG. 1a. A security protocol is used to provide secure data transport between thenodes10 and20 over the communication network. One of the nodes is typically a server and the other node is a client. The client contacts the server for forming a secure connection between the nodes.
• FIG. 1bshows schematically, as an example, a security protocol session (or a security-protocol connection)30 between twonodes10,20 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Each of the twonodes10,20 has asecurity protocol entity12,22 providing the functionality of the security protocol. The security protocol entity is a computer program or part of a computer program. Thesecurity protocol session30 is a logical connection between security protocol entities.
• The data transfer for thesecurity protocol entities12,22 is provided bytransport protocol entities14,24.FIG. 1bshows a plurality ofpacket data connections32 between thetransport protocol entities14,24. This plurality of packet data connections forms a set of packet data subconnections of the security protocol session. In a specific embodiment of the invention, the security protocol is the Secure Shell protocol and the transport protocol is the Transfer Control Protocol (TCP). As discussed above, in principle the invention is applicable to any security protocol used on top of any reliable data transport protocol. If the security protocol does not rely on support of a reliable transport protocol, any transport protocol may be applicable.
• In the following description, the term “packet data subconnection” refers to a packet data connection belonging to a set of packet data connections associated with a security protocol session. From the view of the security protocol session, there is thus either one packet data connection or a plurality of packet data subconnections associated with the security protocol session. It is appreciated that from the point of view of the transport protocol, a packet data subconnection of the security protocol session is typically similar to any packet data connection of the transport protocol.
• It is evident to a skilled person that thepacket data connections32 of the transport protocol are implemented using further protocol entities, such as Internet Protocol entities. The details of the lower protocols and the physical medium between thenodes10,20 are irrelevant for the present invention, and they are therefore not discussed in detail in this connection.
• FIG. 2ashows, as an example, a block diagram of asecurity protocol entity12 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. More specifically,FIG. 2ashows features relating to sending of information. Thesecurity protocol entity12 typically maintains information about the packet data subconnections32 relating to the security protocol session. InFIG. 2a, the information is shows as a table200. The table200 lists the available packet data subconnections. For each packet data subconnection, security parameters are typically listed.FIG. 2ashows, as an example, the following security parameters for connection1: encryption algorithm, encryption key, integrity check algorithm, and integrity check key. Additionally, information about compression mode is stored for the connections. Also other connection-specific information could be listed in table200. Typically at least parameter relating to encryption and integrity check algorithms and relating keys are among the security parameters. Any suitable encryption and data integrity algorithms may be used in connection with the present invention.
• The security parameters of the packet data subconnections are typically decided when the packet data connections are established, and information is stored in the table200 accordingly. It is possible that more than one packet data subconnection has identical security parameters. This way data can be distributed over a plurality of transport connections in the data transport level, but on the security protocol level the encryption/integrity checks/compression is the same. Distribution of security protocol packets over packet data subconnections having identical security parameters provides the advantage of distribution data over parallel connections. For example, if one of the packet data connections is slower than others temporarily, the other packet data connections may be used. Alternatively, each packet data subconnection may be used in turn (Round-Robin) for transferring security protocol packets. Alternatively, each packet data subconnection may have specific security parameters and a packet data connection is chosen based on the security needs of the data to be transmitted. A further alternative is to have groups of packet data connections, connection within each group having identical security parameters and the security parameters varying from group to group. Encryption and/or integrity check keys are typically different for the packet data subconnections.
• It may be possible to change the security parameters of the packet data subconnections during the security protocol session and to update information stored in the table200 accordingly. Alternatively or additionally, it may possible to close a packet data subconnection having security parameters no longer needed and to open a new packet data subconnection with new security parameters.
• In block201, a piece of data to be secured is received in thesecurity protocol entity12. This piece of data can be obtained, for example, from a specific application forwarding the data specifically to thesecurity protocol entity12. As a further example, there may be defined that certain data to a given destination needs to be secured. Thesecurity protocol entity12 may in this case be configured to monitor data to be sent and capture data that needs to be secured.
• Block202 is responsible for forming a security protocol packet (or a plurality of security protocol packets) containing the received piece of data. The received piece of data is thus embedded in the security protocol packet(s). The formed security protocol packets usually contain some order information, typically sequence numbers, for enabling the receiving security protocol entity to process the security protocol packets received over a plurality of transport connections in a correct order. As a further example, time stamp information may be used as order information. The order information may be omitted, if the reception order of security protocol packets is irrelevant and/or the security protocol does not employ the concept of a security protocol packet flow.
• In block203, information about the embedded data, which is relevant for selection of a subconnection, may be tagged. This tagging may be done by placing flags to the data structure corresponding to the security protocol packet or by storing information about the embedded data to a separate data structure. As this information about the embedded data is relevant for the selection of the subconnection, it is typically not sent to the receiver of the security protocol packet. This information about the embedded data is typically used only by the sender of the protocol packet.
• In block204, a packet data subconnection is selected for the security protocol packet (optionally based on the data embedded in the security protocol packet). The data embedded in the security protocol packet is protected also in block204. Information of the security parameters of the selected packet data subconnection is used in protecting the embedded data, in other words in encryption and in forming a cryptographic check sum). Also data compression possibly defined for the selected packet data subconnection is performed in block204.
• In block205, the security protocol packet is sent to the selected packet data connection. It is clear to a skilled person that thetransport protocol entity14 may manage the plurality of packet data connections of the transport protocol in a standard manner.
• FIG. 2bshows, as an example, a further block diagram of a security protocol entity in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular,FIG. 2bshows features relating to receipt of security protocol packets from atransport protocol entity24 in anode20. Thetransport protocol entity24 forwards the security protocol packets it receives in a known manner to thesecurity protocol entity22. Thesecurity protocol entity22 processes in block211 a security protocol packet in accordance with the security parameters of the packet data subconnection via which the security packet was received. In other words, the encryption/data integrity/compression and other processing is done in accordance with security parameters stored in table200. In block212, the security protocol packet flow is restored using the order information carried in the security protocol packets (if any). In block213, data to be forwarded to applications is extracted from the security protocol data packets. Typically this means forming of application data packets or upper layer protocol packets. In block214, data is forwarded to applications or other recipients.
• It is appreciated that typically a security protocol entity contains features relating to sending and receiving data, although inFIGS. 2aand2bthese features are shown separately for clarity reasons. It is also appreciated that the order of functions may be different than shown inFIGS. 2aand2b.
• FIG. 3ashows, as a first example, a partial flowchart relating to selection of packet data subconnections. Data to be sent in a secure manner is received instep311. The packet data subconnection is selected in step312 using Round-Robin algorithm. In other words, each subconnection is used in turn and for a specific security protocol packet a next packet data subconnection is selected.
• FIG. 3bshows, as a second example, a partial flowchart relating to an alternative selection of packet data subconnections. In this example, the packet data subconnection is selected instep313 based on the application from where the data originates. If the security protocol is used for tunneling packet data connections, the security protocol may determine the application, for example, based on the port number of the packet data connection to be tunneled. If the security protocol supports a number of channels within the security protocol connection, the packet data subconnections may be selected based on channels. For example, there may be a packet data subconnection (or a group of packet data subconnections with identical security parameters) for each channel.
• FIG. 3cshows, as a third example, a partial flowchart relating to a further alternative selection of packet data subconnections. In this example, the type of data to be transmitted securely in determined in step314. A packet data subconnection is then selected in step315 based on the data type. Some examples of data characteristics based on which packet data subconnections can be selected are discussed below in connection with embodiments of the invention relating to the Secure Shell protocol. The examples are applicable also in connection with other security protocols. It is possible that in step315 a packet data subconnection is selected from a group of packet data subconnections based, for example, on the Round-Robin algorithms or on the characteristics of the packet data subconnections.
• It is clear to a skilled person that the features shown inFIGS. 3ato3ccan be combined in a variety of ways. Some examples have been mentioned above.
• FIG. 4 shows, as an example, a flowchart of amethod400 for -setting up a security protocol session in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In step401, a first packet data connection is established with a remote node. The packet data connection may be a connection of any reliable transport protocol, for example, a TCP connection. Instep402, an authentication procedure is performed with the remote node via the first packet data connection for establishing a security protocol session. This authentication procedure typically provides mutual authentication between the nodes. Various authentication schemes may be employed, either alone or in combination. For example, a challenge-response scheme and/or a token-based authentication may be used.
• Instep403, at least one security parameter is negotiated with the remote node for transmitting data through the first packet data connection. Typically at least some shared secret (session key) is formed in this negotiation for encrypting data and/or providing tamperproof integrity checksums. It is possible to negotiate the algorithms used for encryption and/or integrity checks. In addition to cryptographic parameters, it is possible to negotiate further parameters. For example, it is possible to negotiate whether data to be transmitted is compressed and using which algorithm. A whole cryptographic context (algorithms and keys) for the first packet data connection may be negotiated instep403.
• In step404, the nodes negotiate use of at least two packet data subconnections for the security protocol session. In other words, in step404 the use of packet data subconnections is negotiated. Step404 may be optional, especially if the nodes already beforehand know that the other node supports use of packet data subconnections for the security protocol connection. The negotiation may be carried out using messages of the security protocol, or it may be carried out in out-of-band fashion. In its simplest form the negotiation may be one node indicating support for use of packet data subconnections for the security protocol session and the other node proceeding to step405 in response to this indication. Instep405, the node negotiates at least one security parameter with the remote node for a second packet data connection. Instep406, the second packet data connection is established with the remote node.
• In step407, the first and second packet data connections are handled as packet data subconnections of the security protocol session. This means that data to be transmitted in the security protocol session is transmitted using a plurality of packet data subconnections instead of a single packet data connection. Various proposals for selecting packet data subconnections for security protocol packets are discussed above.
• In addition to the two packet data subconnections, further packet data subconnections may be established between the node and the remote node for transmitting security protocol packets of the security protocol session.
• It is appreciated that the order of the steps inFIG. 4 is an example, and the steps may be performed in a slightly different order or interleaved with each other. For example, the negotiation of the use of packet data subconnections (step404) and the negotiation of the at least one security parameter for the first packet data connection (step403) may be interleaved. It is possible that the negotiation step404 is repeated for each further packet data subconnection. Alternatively, the negotiation in step404 may be carried out once and thereafter steps405 and406 may be performed for each packet data subconnection onward from the second packet data subconnection.
• In the following, a specific embodiment relating to the Secure Shell and TCP is discussed in more detail. It is appreciated that any features discussed in connection with this specific embodiment are applicable also in connection with the more general discussion above.
• The Secure Shell is a security protocol that can be used to securely transmit data. Some specific examples of the use of Secure Shell are secure file transfers and tunneling arbitrary TCP connections over a single encrypted Secure Shell session.
• It is possible to transmit information relating to many data channels over one Secure Shell protocol session. For example, the data channels may relate to connections between various applications run in the endpoints of the Secure Shell protocol session. New data channels may be opened and existing data channels may be closed during the course of the Secure Shell protocol session. It is appreciated that the present invention is applicable to a Secure Shell session using a plurality of channels or using only one channel. The channels can be mapped on the TCP subconnections in a variety of ways. In principle, any number of TCP subconnections can be used to transmit data relating to a given channel and a given TCP subconnection may carry information relating to any number of channels.
• When the Secure Shell protocol is used between two endpoints, a TCP connection is first set up between the endpoints for initial key exchange (compare step401 inFIG. 4). The endpoints authenticate each other after the initial key exchange (step402), and thereafter any data packet transfer between the endpoints may be encrypted using a session key. In accordance with the present invention, at least two TCP subconnections are established for transmitting data over the Secure Shell session. Each of these TCP subconnections has its security parameters, and security parameters (keys and/or algorithms) of the TCP subconnections may be changed by performing a key exchange relating to a specific TCP subconnection during the Secure Shell session. The key exchange messages need to be associated with the TCP subconnection to which they relate. In the Secure Shell protocol, the key exchange messages are typically sent using the TCP subconnection to which they relate. In general, the key exchange messages may explicitly indicate the relevant TCP subconnection, in which case they need not be sent using the TCP subconnection whose keying information they carry. The plurality of TCP subconnections relating to a Secure Shell session share authentication and server identification performed when the Secure Shell session is initially being set up.
• In connection with the Secure Shell, the client typically initiates set up of the TCP subconnections (steps401,406). The client also typically initiates the negotiations in step404. On a general level, however, the flowchart inFIG. 4 shows the steps carried out by the Secure Shell server or the Secure Shell client.
• It is possible to route part of the TCP subconnections relating to one Secure Shell session via different routes between the nodes. For example, each node may have more than one IP address and the IP addresses may relate to different service providers. This way the effect of temporary overload situation in one of the service providers' networks is reduced. Also the load of the network interface may be shared.
• Some examples of selecting a TCP subconnection for a Secure Shell protocol packet are the following. It is possible to use all set-up TCP subconnections in turns. As a more refined method, it is possible to jump over blocked TCP subconnections and this way to load evenly other TCP subconnection except the slowest TCP subconnections. Some channels within the Secure Shell session or some applications may be tagged so that data from these channels/applications is transmitted using a TCP subconnection having a specific security properties (for example, a specific encryption algorithm and a specific integrity check algorithm). This way data from different applications can transmitted using security parameters suitable for each application. For example, a video stream may be encrypted with a light encryption algorithm whereas data files maybe first compressed and then secured using strong encryption and data integrity check algorithms. This way no excessive delays are caused for the video stream and the file transfer is secured properly within a single Secure Shell session.
• A further example is to monitor the data to be sent (for example, monitor channels within the Secure Shell session) and determine the TCP subconnection for the data based on properties of the data. If the data is compressible, it can be transmitted using a TCP subconnection where the compression is in use. It is possible, for example, to monitor data within channels and tag the channels accordingly. Then all data relating to a channel is transmitted using a TCP subconnection (or a group of TCP subconnections) having security parameters in accordance with the tag information of the channel.
• In the following it is discussed how the Secure Shell protocol can be modified to support use of multiple TCP subconnections for one Secure Shell session. The Secure Shell protocol has no explicit mechanism for protocol extensions. In general, a protocol extension mechanism should be backward compatible. For example, if one of the nodes tries to use an extension mechanism, there should be no error situation if the other node does not support the protocol extension mechanism. Furthermore, if both nodes support the extension mechanism but not the same protocol extensions, the protocol connection should continue even if one node proposes a protocol extension the other node does not support. A protocol extension mechanism should provide a possibility to change basic functionalities of the protocol, for example, packet format. It should also be possible to request various protocol extensions one by one and then start using those protocol extensions supported by both nodes at a same time.
• One solution for the protocol extension mechanism for the Secure Shell protocol is to use the key exchange mechanism, which can be initiated at any time during the Secure Shell session—except when there is already a key exchange going on. The protocol extension mechanism is implemented as a new key exchange algorithm. This new key exchange algorithm does not in fact generate new entropy for shared secrets, but transforms old secrets into new form. In other words, the new key exchange algorithm generates new session keys based on information exchanged earlier (for example, based on previous session keys), typically using part of the nonce information provided in the key exchange. After the new key exchange has been carried out, the new session keys will be taken into use together with those protocol extensions that were agreed upon.
• In the following, the protocol extension mechanism for the Secure Shell protocol is discussed in more detail in connection withFIG. 5. The new key exchange algorithm (protocol extension mechanism) is indicated in the following by ext1 by way of an example.
• In step501, the client initiates the protocol extension mechanism by initiating a key exchange message sequence. The key exchange message sequence is initiated by sending a KEXINIT packet with ext1 as the first proposed key exchange method. Instep502, the server responds with a KEXINIT packet that has ext1 in its supported key exchange algorithms. As the client proposed ext1 and the server acknowledged support for ext1, ext1 is selected as the key exchange algorithm. The KEXINIT packets contain also information about supported encryption and/or integrity check algorithms. The nodes determine which encryption and/or integrity check algorithms will be used based on the KEXINIT packets.
• If the client initiated the exchange, it typically has at least one command to send to the server instep503. If the client has no commands to send, the method continues isstep507. Instep504, the client sends a COMMAND packet that performs some action in the server side. The specific structure of the command packet is defined, for example, in the IETF documentation relating to the Secure Shell protocol. The command actually does not take effect before entire key exchange is over and NEWKEYS packets are exchanged. Instep505, the server replies with a STATUS packet that contains information whether the command was successful or not. The STATUS packet contains also a possible reason for failure (for example, command not supported by the server) and can also include some command specific data. Instep506 it is checked whether the client still has one or more commands to send. If yes, the method returns to step504. Otherwise, the client sends an END_OF_CMDS packet instep507.
• If the server has no commands to send, the client receives an END_OF_CMDS packet instep508 and the method proceeds to step511. The server may send a COMMAND packet that performs some action in the client side. InFIG. 5, the command is shown to be executed instep509. It is, however appreciated that the command actually does not take effect before entire key exchange is over and NEWKEYS packets are exchanged. The client replies to a COMMAND packet with a STATUS packet instep510. The STATUS packet contains information whether the command was successful or not. Furthermore, the STATUS packet contains a possible reason for failure and can also include some command specific data.
• As the server may still have one or more commands to send, the method returns to step508. When the server sends the END_OF_CMDS packet, the method continues instep511. Insteps511 and512, both the server and the client send NEWKEYS packets. Immediately after this packet, all changes made by (successful) commands during the key exchange take effect instep513. New shared secret and key exchange hash is derived from the old secret and key exchange nonce (information contained in the key exchange initialization KEXINIT packets). New security algorithms and compression settings are taken into use according to algorithm lists in KEXINIT packets.
• The key exchange negotiation is identical in the case where the server initiates the exchange. Roles are unchanged; the client always sends its commands first.
• Since either side may choose not to send any commands during the ext1 session, the shortest possible ext1 exchange is as follows. Both sides send KEXINIT packets. The client sends END_OF_CMDS packet. The server sends END_OF_CMDS packet. Both sides send NEWKEYS packet. This simple key exchange can be used in renegotiation of security parameters, such as encryption and integrity check algorithms and compression method.
• There is a slight difficulty that arises from the algorithm selection logic of the Security Shell protocol when the server side is the initiator of the ext1 key exchange mechanism (protocol extension mechanism). The first algorithm in the list of the supported algorithms of the client is always selected. The client cannot always put ext1 first to its list, as this would make generation of a new key for an already selected algorithm (in other words, rekey) impossible because ext1 would always get selected.
• Therefore clients and servers supporting ext1 may implement the following logic. If the client is initiating a normal key exchange (initial or rekey), it adds ext1 as the last of its supported key exchange mechanisms. On the other hand, if the client is initiating an ext1 key exchange, it adds ext1 as the first of its supported key exchange mechanisms. Similarly, if the server is initiating a normal key exchange (initial or rekey), it adds ext1 as the last of its supported key exchange mechanisms. If the server is initiating an ext1 key exchange, it adds ext1 as the first of its supported key exchange mechanisms.
• If the client receives a KEXINIT message with ext1 as the first supported key exchange message it should reply with a KEXINIT message with ext1 as the first supported key exchange mechanism. If the client receives a KEXINIT message with ext1 as the first supported key exchange mechanism but has already sent its own KEXINIT where ext1 is not the first on the supported algorithms list, the key exchange is selected according to the normal algorithm selection logic and when the selected key exchange algorithm is completed, the server can try to initiate ext1 exchange again.
• It is appreciated that no special attention needs to be directed to the case where both sides are initiating ext1 exchange simultaneously. This simply leads to the situation where both sides have commands to send during the ext1 exchange and this is acceptable.
• The Secure Shell protocol extension mechanism discussed above is backward compatible. Should the other endpoint of the Secure Shell session not support the protocol extension mechanism, the client and server simply perform a key exchange. In a case where both the client and server support the protocol extension mechanism but one of them fails to support the transport distribution (or any other command sent during the protocol extension mechanism), the response to the unsupported command is an error message indicating that command is unsupported. The protocol extension mechanism terminates properly after the error message, as such error messages can occur during the key exchange. It is appreciated that in general a failure in the key exchange causes the Secure Shell session to be disconnected.
• FIG. 6 shows, as an example, a flowchart of amethod600 for providing distributed transport for the Secure Shell protocol in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Negotiations relating to the use of TCP subconnections for a Secure Shell session are performed using the protocol extension mechanism shown inFIG. 5. In step601, a first TCP connection is established between the client and the server for the Secure Shell protocol. In step602, the client and server nodes perform mutual authentication and initial key exchange in accordance with the known Secure Shell procedure. After step602, the security algorithms and key agreed in step602 are used for the first TCP connection. When a Secure Shell session using one TCP connection has been established in step601 and602, it is possible to open TCP subconnections for the Secure Shell session in the following way at any time during the Secure Shell session.
• Negotiation about transport distribution for the Secure Shell session or—in other words—negotiation about the use of multiple TCP subconnections for the Secure Shell session is carried out instep603 using the protocol extension mechanism shown inFIG. 5. The client initiates the protocol extension mechanism by placing ext1 as the first key exchange algorithm in the KEXINIT packet (see step501). Alternatively, the server may initiate the protocol extension mechanism. In the following example, it is assumed that the client is the initiator, as the client typically can better decide whether to try to use TCP subconnections and how many TCP subconnections to use. The client then sends a command to add sequence numbers or other order information to the Secure Shell protocol packets (step504), if the Secure Shell protocol packets do not already contain order information. The server responds with an OK status message (step505). Thereafter the client sends a command indicating use of TCP subconnections is in connection with this Secure Shell connection (step504). As a particular example, the command may be called a transport-distribution-init command. The server responds with a status message, which may contain some information. Thereafter the client and the server calculate shared secret data for use in securing the data to be transmitted using the already established first TCP connection. The protocol extension mechanism ofstep603 is finished with the NEWKEYS messages (steps511,512). After the protocol extension mechanism, data transfer over the first TCP connection continues using the security algorithms and keys negotiated in connection with the protocol extension mechanism.
• It is appreciated that the protocol extension mechanism for the Secure Shell protocol instep603 provides one specific example of step404. Instep603, security algorithms and security keys for the already established first TCP connection are additionally negotiated, as explained above. The security algorithms negotiated instep603 may be the same as used beforestep603, but keys typically change as a result ofstep603. It is possible that a security protocol supports a protocol extension mechanism, where new security algorithms and/or keys are not generated for the existing packet data connection.
• If it turns out duringstep603 that the other node does not support transport distribution, the Secure Shell session typically continues with the already established TCP connection.Steps604 and605 inFIG. 6 show this option. In step605, the security algorithms and key negotiated instep603 are used for the single TCP connection.
• When the negotiation about the use of the distributed transport mechanisms has been successful, a further TCP connection is established in step606. Typically the client initiates the TCP connections for the Secure Shell protocol. Once the TCP connection has been established, the client and server use the protocol extension mechanism discussed in connection withFIG. 5 for negotiating security algorithms and keys for the new TCP connection instep607. In general, this is the only case where the ext1 type key exchange can be performed as the first key exchange for a TCP connection. Step607 is carried out using the TCP connection established in step606, and thus the client and server and associate the TCP connection and the Secure Shell protocol packets relating to the key exchange. During the protocol extension mechanism instep607 typically the client requests explicit ordering information to the Secure Shell packets (step504) and sends a command that this new TCP connection is to be used together with at least one already existing TCP connection as TCP subconnections for the Secure Shell session between the nodes (step504). This command may be called, for example, a transport-distribution-execute command.
• When the protocol extension mechanism instep607 terminates, the new TCP connection does not any more serve a new Secure Protocol session between the nodes. The new TCP connection is one of multiple TCP subconnections serving a single Secure Shell Session between the nodes. Security algorithms and keys negotiated instep607 are used for the new TCP connection instep608, where the Security Shell session continues using multiple TCP subconnections. It is appreciated that when using the Secure Shell protocol extension mechanism, the keys for the new TCP connection depend also on information relating to the previous key exchange in the Secure Shell session (that is, on either a normal key exchange or on a protocol extension mechanism).
• If more than one further TCP subconnection is to be established either in the beginning of the Secure Shell session or later on during the session (step609), the protocol extension mechanism is used instep610 to initiate the establishment of a further TCP subconnection for the distributed transport. Step609 may be carried out using any of the already existing TCP subconnection relating to this Secure Shell session. This is because each of the multiple TCP subconnections has a similar role in the Secure Shell distributed transport mechanism. Thereafter steps606 to608 are performed, as shown inFIG. 6.
• Alternatively, it is possible that more than one transport-distribution-init command is sent instep603. One transport-distribution-init command is sent for each new TCP subconnection. In this case, steps606 to608 are repeated once for each new TCP subconnection.
• As a further alternative, it may be possible that in the negotiation instep603, the number of new TCP connections is indicated as a parameter in a command, for example, in the transport-distribution-init command.
• It is appreciated that if, for some reason, a new TCP connection would not be established afterstep603 or610, the Secure Shell session typically continues using the existing single TCP connection or the existing at least two TCP subconnections for the distributed transport.
• Referring toFIGS. 4 and 6, it is appreciated thatstep603 alone orsteps603 and610 in combination can be considered as a specific example of step404. Step607 provides an example ofstep405. As mentioned above, the order of steps may vary. As an example, consider the following. InFIG. 4, it is explained by way of example that security parameters for a new packet data connection are negotiated instep405 before the second packet data connection is initiated instep406. InFIG. 6, the second packet data connection is established in step606 and security algorithms and keys are negotiated instep607 using the already established packet data connection.
• If a given TCP subconnection of a Secure Shell session needs to be terminated, this can be done in the following way during the Secure Shell session. The following information is sent over the TCP subconnection to be terminated. The client initiates the protocol extension mechanism with a KEXINIT message (step501). Later on during the protocol extension mechanism, the client sends a command to terminate the TCP subconnection (step504), and the server responds with an OK status message (step505). The protocol extension mechanism is ended (steps511,512) and the TCP subconnection is terminated. The last Secure Shell protocol packets for each direction are typically the NEWKEYS packets. The Secure Shell protocol session continues using the remaining TCP subconnections or a single TCP connection.
• It is appreciated that in this description the term “node” refers to any device capable of setting up packet data connections and transmitting data using the packet data connection and a security protocol. The terms “client” and “server” refer to the client/server roles of nodes. Embodiments of the present invention are typically implemented as computer programs.
• Some specific examples of nodes where the present invention is applicable are the following. Firstly, a node may be an edge network node handling securing of virtual private network connections over a public data network. Secondly, a node may be any network node that needs to secure data to be transmitted or received. Thirdly, a node may be a portable communications device.
• A system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is typically a data processing system, which may include a number of computing devices. The system may be, for example, a server cluster supporting communications using a security protocol. A device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is typically a computer or other computing device, for example, a server supporting communications using a security protocol.
• It is appreciated that embodiments of the invention may be implemented using software running on a general purpose computing device, using dedicated hardware, or using a suitable combination of software and dedicated hardware. It is appreciated that a computer program in accordance with an embodiment of the invention may be embodied on a record medium, stored in a computer memory or carried on an electrical carrier signal. A computer program product in accordance with an embodiment of the invention may be embodied on a computer readable record medium.
• Although preferred embodiments of the apparatus and method embodying the present invention have been illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed, but is capable of numerous rearrangements, modifications and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined by the following claims.

Claims (29)

1. A method for transmitting packet data over a network with a security protocol, the method comprising:

establishing a first packet data connection to a remote node,

performing an authentication procedure with the remote node via the first packet data connection for establishing a security protocol session with the remote node,

negotiating at least one security parameter with the remote node for transmitting packets through the first packet data connection,

establishing a second packet data connection to the remote node,

negotiating at least one security parameter with the remote node for use with the second packet data connection, and

handling the first and second packet data connections as packet data subconnections associated with the security protocol session.

2. The method as defined inclaim 1, comprising negotiating use of packet data subconnections for the security protocol.

3. The method as defined inclaim 2, comprising negotiating use of each one packet data subconnection separately.

4. The method as defined inclaim 2, wherein a protocol extension mechanism of the security protocol is used for negotiating use of packet data subconnections for the security protocol.

5. The method as defined inclaim 1, comprising negotiating the at least one security parameter for use with the second packet data connection using the second packet data connection.

6. The method as defined inclaim 1, comprising:

transmitting at least one security protocol packet through the first packet data connection, and

transmitting at least one security protocol packet through the second packet data connection.

7. The method as defined inclaim 1, comprising including order information to each security protocol packet before transmission through a packet data subconnection.

8. The method as defined inclaim 1, wherein said at least one security parameter comprises at least one of an encryption algorithm, a key for an encryption algorithm, an integrity check algorithms, and a key for an integrity check algorithm.

9. The method as defined inclaim 1, comprising negotiation of at least one further parameter for a packet data connection.

10. The method as defined inclaim 9, wherein said at least one further parameter comprises a data compression mode parameter.

11. The method as defined inclaim 1, wherein the security protocol is the Secure Shell protocol.

12. The method as defined inclaim 1, wherein the first and second packet data connections are Transfer Control Protocol connections.

13. The method as defined inclaim 1, comprising selecting a packet data subconnection for transmitting a security protocol packet.

14. The method as defined inclaim 13, wherein selection is based at least on properties of the security protocol packet.

15. The method as defined inclaim 14, wherein the properties of the security protocol packet comprise at least one of type of data carried in the security protocol packet and cryptographic strength of security desired for the data carried in the security protocol packet.

16. The method as defined inclaim 13, wherein selection is based at least on properties of the packet data subconnections.

17. The method as defined inclaim 16, wherein the properties of the packet data subconnections comprise at least one of transport properties of a packet data subconnection and cryptographic strength of security provided by the security parameters of a packet data subconnection.

18. The method as defined inclaim 1, comprising:

determining a characteristic of a packet data stream transmitted within the security protocol session, and

selecting a packet data subconnection for transmitting the packet data stream based on the determined characteristic of the packet data stream.

19. The method as defined inclaim 18, wherein the characteristic is at least one of: level of compressibility of the packet data stream, cryptographic strength of encryption desired for the packet data stream, cryptographic strength of data integrity checking desired for the packet data stream.

20. The method as defined inclaim 1, comprising

determining a characteristic for at least two packet data subconnections, and

selecting a packet data subconnection for transmitting a security protocol packet at least partly on the basis of the characteristics of the at least two packet data subconnections.

21. The method as defined inclaim 1, comprising selecting packet data subconnections in turn for data to be transmitted with the security protocol.

22. A communication system comprising:

means for establishing a first packet data connection to a remote node,

means for performing an authentication procedure with the remote node via the first packet data connection for establishing a security protocol session,

means for negotiating at least one security parameter with the remote node for transmitting packets through the first packet data connection,

means for establishing a second packet data connection to the remote node,

means for negotiating at least one security parameter with the remote node for use with the second packet data connection, and

means for handling the first and second packet data connections as packet data subconnections of the security protocol session.

23. A device for a communications system comprising:

means for establishing a first packet data connection to a remote node,

means for performing an authentication procedure with the remote node via the first packet data connection for establishing a security protocol session,

means for negotiating at least one security parameter with the remote node for transmitting packets through the first packet data connection,

means for establishing a second packet data connection to the remote node,

means for negotiating at least one security parameter with the remote node for use with the second packet data connection, and

means for handling the first and second packet data connections as packet data subconnections of the security protocol session.

24. The device as defined inclaim 23, comprising a network node.

25. The device as defined inclaim 23, comprising a portable communications device.

26. The device as defined inclaim 23, comprising an edge node for a virtual private network.

27. A computer program embedded on a computer-readable medium comprising program code configured to execute:

performing an authentication procedure with the remote node via a first packet data connection for establishing a security protocol session with the remote node,

negotiating at least one security parameter with the remote node for transmitting packets through the first packet data connection,

negotiating at least one security parameter with the remote node for use with a second packet data connection, and

handling the first and second packet data connections as packet data subconnections associated with the security protocol session.

28. A system configured to:

establish a first packet data connection to a remote node,

perform an authentication procedure with the remote node via the first packet data connection for establishing a security protocol session,

negotiate at least one security parameter with the remote node for transmitting packets through the first packet data connection,

establish a second packet data connection to the remote node,

negotiate at least one security parameter with the remote node for use with the second packet data connection, and

handle the first and second packet data connections as packet data subconnections of the security protocol session.

29. A device configured to:

establish a first packet data connection to a remote node,

perform an authentication procedure with the remote node via the first packet data connection for establishing a security protocol session,

negotiate at least one security parameter with the remote node for transmitting packets through the first packet data connection,

establish a second packet data connection to the remote node,

negotiate at least one security parameter with the remote node for use with the second packet data connection, and

handle the first and second packet data connections as packet data subconnections of the security protocol session.

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