US20060287093A1 - Method and apparatus for facilitating game play and generating an authenticatable audit-trail - Google Patents

Abstract

A remote gaming systems whereby a player can gamble against a wagering establishment or state-run lottery from a remote location on a personal computer or portable computer device where it is unnecessary to establish an on-line connection with a host computer associated with the wagering establishment, the gaming computer having associated gaming software for providing at least one wagering opportunity and enabling the player to obtain gambling credit and cash-out any resulting winnings, the host computer enabling the player to purchase and redeem gambling credit at the remote location in one embodiment of the invention using cryptographic protocols such as through a series of authenticatable message exchanges between the player and the wagering establishment, the gaming computer and the host computer directly on-line, or the gaming computer having a detachable tamper-resistant or tamper-evident credit module associated therewith or for use with a personal computer being provided to the player with preinstalled or preloaded gambling credit, the gaming system also enabling participation in future events of which the outcome is uncertain such as, for example, a lottery whereby the player makes selections on a gaming computer at a remote location.

Description

• This Application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 08/269,248, filed on Jun. 30, 1994, which is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 08/212,348, filed on Mar. 11, 1994.
BACKGROUND
• 1. Field of the Invention
• The present invention relates generally to a remote gaming system, and more particularly, to a remote gaming system by which a player can wager on a plurality of games of chance and/or future public events of which the outcome is uncertain, offered by a casino, government lottery organization, or other wagering establishment.
• 2. Description of the Prior Art
• In the past, a player wishing to wager on a game of chance such as those offered in a casino or on a public event of which the outcome is uncertain such as sporting events, had a limited number of options. In order to wager on casino games such as roulette, blackjack, poker and the like, the player had to physically travel to a gaming establishment specifically engaged in such activities or to a location where stand-alone gambling devices such as video poker terminals or slot machines were available. Although public events such as horse races may be wagered on by telephone contact with an authorized “off-track betting” gaming establishment or its agent, such methods utilizing telephone contact have not been amenable to typical casino games.
• As a result of advances in computer technology and telecommunications, remote gaming systems have been devised in which a player can participate in a plurality of games of chance being offered by a gambling establishment without having to be physically located on the premises. An example is found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,339,798 and 4,467,424, both to Hedges et al. The Hedges Patents disclose a remote gaming system wherein a player proceeds to gamble against the casino at a remote player station which includes a live game display to permit the player to engage in actual games of chance as they are being played in real-time at a croupier station comprised of one or more gaming tables in the casino. The player station includes a changeable keyboard communicating with a microprocessor for displaying a selected one of a plurality of wagering possibilities corresponding to a selected one of the plurality of games being played and for displaying the results of the game being played. The player becomes part of the game as if he or she were actually present at the gaming table in the casino. To provide a secure communications link, the remote gaming station communicates with the croupier station and a credit control station through an encryption/decryption device to prevent tampering by unauthorized sources.
• While such a system provides a means by which a player can gamble from a remote location, its primary disadvantage resides in the fact that the player can gamble only by participating in games being actually conducted in the gaming establishment and monitored over real-time closed circuit video. Moreover, such a system has limited practicality since the player can only gamble on a specialized gaming station which must be electronically linked to the casino. It would therefore be highly desirable to provide a remote gaming system by which a player could engage in gambling on a gaming computer at a remote location at the player's convenience where the casino provides for the purchase and redemption of casino credit, notwithstanding the absence of any direct electronic communication link between the gaming computer and the casino.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a remote gaming system by which the player can wager on any one of a plurality of games of chance typically offered by a wagering establishment (e.g., a casino or whatever entity is offering to bet against the player) at the player's convenience.
• It is another object of the present invention to provide a remote gaming system by which the player can wager against the wagering establishment on any one of a plurality of wagering opportunities such as games of chance generated by computer software installed or loaded on any personal computer.
• It is a further object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system by which a player can wager against the wagering establishment on a conventional multi-media apparatus (e.g., a NINTENDO apparatus coupled to a television set) through compatible plug-in data storage media.
• It is yet another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system by which a player can purchase and redeem wagering credit from remote locations without the need for an on-line electronic communications link to be established between the player's gaming computer and the wagering establishment,
• It is still another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system by which a player can wager on any one of a plurality of games of chance generated by software installed or loaded on a dedicated gaming computer, including a hand-held portable device, which can be provided to the player, yet need not be electronically linked on-line to the wagering establishment for purposes of gambling, purchasing and redeeming gambling credit.
• It is yet another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system wherein authenticatable messages communicated between, read and authenticated by a remote gaming computer, including a dedicated machine for wagering, a general-purpose game machine, a personal computer or personal digital assistant (PDA), or any other device for computing and communicating with the house or wagering establishment, and a host computer associated with the wagering establishment, either on-line (including wireless electronic communication hardware) or off-line (orally with an agent or electronic communications over the telephone, but where no connection is necessary between the gaming computer and the wagering establishment), prevent unauthorized users from gaining access to or fraudulently obtaining or redeeming gambling credit.
• It is another object of the present invention to provide a remote gaming system in which a gaming computer and/or host computer associated with the wagering establishment restricts access to wagering opportunities by means of hardware or software for authenticating a personal identification number (PIN) or passphrase.
• It is still another object of the present invention to provide a remote gaming system in which a gaming computer and/or host computer associated with the wagering establishment restricts access to wagering opportunities, using authentication from some external credit card, smart card, funds transfer system, digital cash system, or other payment system.
• It is yet another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system in which a gaming computer and/or host computer associated with the wagering establishment restricts access to wagering opportunities utilizing biometrics including, but not limited to, fingerprints, voiceprints, retinal-prints and the like.
• It is still another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system in which a gaming computer and/or host computer associated with the wagering establishment restricts access to wagering opportunities using a physical access token or physical key.
• It is a further object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system in which a gaming computer and/or a host computer associated with the wagering establishment restricts access to wagering opportunities using authorization transferred from a remote system, whether or not that system is working as and agent or provider of the wagering opportunities.
• It is another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system in which a gaming computer and/or host computer associated with the wagering establishment, in addition to or in lieu of other security measures, restricts access to wagering opportunities by consulting an internal or external database having stored lists of banned and/or valid identification codes, including but not limited to EFT account numbers, userIDs, credit card account numbers, and the like.
• It is a further object of the present invention to provide a remote gaming system which is made secure by incorporating cryptographic protocols or methods such as digital signatures, one-way hashes, zero-knowledge proofs, encryption, message-authentication codes, bit-commitment protocols and the like
• It is a further object of the present invention to provide a remote gaming system which is made secure by utilizing internal checksums and audit sums.
• It is another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system which is made secure by using hardened “agents” of the “house”, i.e., the wagering establishment, in the form of software and/or hardware devices, humans, or any or all of these, in a remote or nearby location, or installed in or on a remote gaming computer.
• It is still another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system which is made secure by utilizing digital tine stamping to generate authenticatable messages to be read and authenticated by a host computer associated with the wagering establishment for verification.
• It is a further object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system which is made secure by incorporating secure timers, counters, running hashes or checksums, digital signatures, or other hidden values to frustrate attempts to defraud or tamper with the gaming software of data storage media associated with the gaming computer.
• It is yet another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system which is made secure by employing batch communications between the gaming computer and the wagering establishment.
• It is still another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system in which a player receives a tamper-resistant or tamper-evident read/write device from the wagering establishment containing data storage media for dedicated gaming software which can be linked to or installed on any personal computer, yet is inspectable by the wagering establishment to prevent unauthorized manipulation of, or alteration to, the software.
• It is still another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system in which the gaming and/or banking software is embodied in data storage media such as, for example, a computer disk, where the unique magnetic signature of that disk is readable by the gaming computer as an authenticatable message for authentication by the gaming computer and/or the wagering establishment host computer to make unauthorized duplication of the disk or alteration to data on the disk detectable by the wagering establishment.
• It is still another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system by which a player can wager on future public or external events of which the outcome is uncertain such as a lottery, either through an on-line connection between a gaming computer and the wagering establishment, or off-line where the player's wager is time-stamped to generate an authenticatable message, representing the player's choice of wagering elements (i.e., numbers) for a given lottery event (occurring at some time in the future) and, including, at least one of a date/tine stamp or authenticated time message, player's identification code, and computer/software identification code.
• It is yet another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system by which a player can obtain and redeem wagering credit from the wagering establishment embodied in tamper-resistant or tamper-evident data memory media which interface with a remote gaming computer.
• It is still another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system by which a completely self-contained, dedicated gambling personal digital assistant may be obtained with a preprogrammed and/or predetermined amount of non-renewable credit embodied in gaming software installed on or loadable into the digital assistant.
• It is a further object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system by which a player can engage in a game of skill (e.g., a crossword puzzle) residing in software installed on a dedicated gambling personal digital assistant having a preprogrammed and/or predetermined amount of non-renewable gambling credit.
• It is yet another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system in which winnings and collection on losses may be authorized by means of a digital cash protocol.
• It is a further object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system in which payment of winnings and collection on losses is authorized by means of an electronic funds transfer mechanism.
• It is still another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system in which payment of winnings and collection on losses is authorized by means of a credit card authorization mechanism.
• It is yet another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system in which payment of winnings and collection on losses is authorized through the wagering establishment or its agents through communication between a remote gaming computer and a host computer associated with the wagering establishment.
• It is still another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system in which winnings and collection on losses are paid directly in currency form.
• It is a further object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system in which all gambling credit is loaded into a gaming computer by the wagering establishment or its agent(s) prior to providing the player with the gaming computer.
• It is still another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system in which a premium application enables a player who purchases a product such as a computer, or software on data storage media, to win something as determined by the output of a gaming program embedded within such product.
• It is yet another object of the invention to provide a remote gaming system by which a player wagering at a remote location is subject to predetermined limitations on winnings by a wagering establishment.
• In accordance with the above objects and other objects which will become apparent hereinafter, the present invention provides a remote gaming system which enables a player to gamble against a wagering establishment using a gaming computer at a remote location. The gaming computer may or may not be electronically linked, i.e., “on-line”, to a host computer associated with the wagering establishment while gambling takes place. The term “wagering establishment” as used herein is intended to include authorized agents or other parties which act on behalf of the wagering establishment to implement the gaming process. The term “host computer” includes a single device, multiple devices and/or computer networks and systems. The gaming computer can be any personal computer, hand-held computer device (e.g., a personal digital assistant), or multi-media apparatus which functions as the gaming computer (e.g., a NINTENDO or like apparatus), and may or may not be a dedicated gambling computer provided by the wagering establishment. If provided by the wagering establishment, the gaming computer can be preloaded with gaming software. It the gaming computer is a conventional personal computer, the gaming software is either preinstalled on a secure data storage media device, e.g. a hard disk, CD-ROM, etc., or module provided by the wagering establishment, or installed directly on the gaming computer by the player.
• The gaming software includes a game program and a banking program. The game program generates a plurality of games of chance typically offered by the wagering establishment, e.g., blackjack, roulette, craps, poker, slots, etc., games of skill or makes available wagering on external events or future public events of which the outcome is uncertain, e.g., a lottery. The banking program provides for the purchase or loading of gambling credit into a banking file from the wagering establishment to enable gambling, and increments or decrements the player's account balance to enable the player to cash-out any gambling winnings. The term “gambling credit” as used herein, means purchased credit, accumulated gambling winnings, collection on losses and the like. The gaming software may also include an audit program which records the outcome of each wager and the data communicated between the player and the wagering establishment as read, authenticated and/or generated by the gaming computer in order to effect gambling, and the purchase and redemption of gambling credit.
• The wagering establishment has a host computer with software containing a banking program which enables players to purchase, accumulate and redeem gambling credit at remote locations, even if no on-line communications exist with the gaming computer, and an audit program for recording such transactions. This may be accomplished, in one preferred embodiment of the invention, by communicating a plurality of authenticatable messages between the gaming computer and the host computer, which messages are respectively read and authenticated by each device, either through oral communications between the player and the wagering establishment, e.g., such as via an automated public telephone network having interactive voice capabilities using a touch-tone phone. The words “authenticatable”, and “authenticate” as disclosed and claimed herein include cryptographic protocols such as encryption and decryption, digital signatures, one-way hashes, checksums and the like. The utilization of authenticatable messages is one way to prevent a third party or a verified player from gaining unauthorized access to the system and then attempting to fraudulently obtain or redeem gambling credit and/or tamper with the game program to produce altered wagering opportunities having only a favorable outcome. Alternatively, gambling credit can be “built-in” or preinstalled on a tamper-evident or tamper-resistant module for installation on a conventional personal computer, or pre-installed on a dedicated gaming computer provided by the wagering establishment. In the off-line embodiment, the automated public telephone network or “agent” is associated with the host computer of the wagering establishment, but it is not necessary to have a direct electronic on-line connection between the gaming computer and the host computer.
• If the gaming computer is networked to the host computer, the connection may or may not serve to regulate or control the simulation of casino games on the gaming computer by the gaming software. For example, the connection nay serve to have the host computer keep a record or audit-trail of all or selected activities taking place at the gaming computer for purposes of additional verification or security. Alternatively, the connection may be of a controlled nature to vary the odds of a given wager based upon any of a variety of factors such as gambling duration or a progressively increasing jackpot (e.g., in a slot machine simulation). In such an on-line embodiment, security and player verification can be obtained by utilizing a stand-alone secure message generation and authentication device, such as, for example, an encryption/decryption unit of the type commonly employed in making wireless money transfers. This device generates an authenticatable verification code based upon the user's personal identification code and possibly a second code provided to the user from the host computer or stored in the stand-alone authentication device to prevent an unauthorized user from obtaining on-line access upon having stolen a user's personal identification code.
• At all times, each wager by the player generates an electronic audit-trail on the gaming computer, the host computer and/or on any networked computers by recording the amount of each wager, the outcome of each gambling event and any resulting gambling earnings or losses, in an authenticatable message or a series of messages which are read and authenticated by the host computer and/or the gaming computer. The financial resolution of each wager is cumulatively tracked by the software on the gaming computer and perhaps also on any networked computers, so that the player is able to constantly monitor his or her gambling credit balance with the wagering establishment.
• A player gambles in substantially the same way he or she does in a casino. The player chooses which games to play as presented by the gaming software, the amount of each wager and the length of time each game is played. The player may remain active over several different gaming sessions which may take place at several different times and/or places. The player may at any time place wagers which are for practice only which do not affect the player's gambling credit balance. As an option, the player's gambling credit balance may be transferred and stored on data storage media which can be installed on other computers where software has been, or can be, installed to recognize the player's gambling credit balance. The player may then continue to wager on any of such other computers. Whenever the player wishes to cash-out his or her gambling credit, redemption from the wagering establishment may be implemented by contacting the wagering establishment by telephone in an “off-line” embodiment, either through an automated telephone network with voice capabilities, or a live agent, or by communicating on-line in an “on-line” embodiment. In one embodiment described above, when the player desires to cash out, a series of authenticatable messages are exchanged with the host computer, such as orally through an automated telephone network, or are transmitted electronically on-line by conventional means in the on-line embodiment. In the off-line embodiment, these authenticatable messages are generated by the gaming computer software and the host computer software, and communicated between and read by the gaming computer and host computer for authentication to verify the player's identity and authenticity of the player's gambling credit account prior to cashing-out gambling credit. In the on-line embodiment, a stand-alone device or software associated with the gaming computer generates an authenticatable log-on or confirmation message for verification by the host computer. Alternatively, where the gaming computer itself, e.g., a personal digital assistant, is provided to the player by the wagering establishment, it or a tamper-resistant or tamper-evident plug-in module may be physically returned to the wagering establishment for credit redemption. The module includes data-storage media preferably disposed in an inspectable tamper-resistant or tamper-evident casing which can be examined by the wagering establishment for any indication of tampering. Such gambling credit can be redeemed from the wagering establishment in any of a variety of forms of payment including, but not limited to, cash, bank-wire transfers, credits or some other form of payment mutually agreed to by the player and the wagering establishment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1A is a schematic view of the remote gaming system in a first off-line embodiment;
• FIG. 1B is a schematic view of the remote gaming system in a second off-line embodiment;
• FIG. 1C is a schematic view of the remote gaming system in a third off-line embodiment;
• FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the remote gaming system in an on-line embodiment;
• FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a gaming computer connected to a tamper-resistant or tamper-evident read/write data storage media device provided by the wagering establishment;
• FIG. 4 is a flowchart of the start-up and registration sequence in the off-line embodiment;
• FIG. 5 is a flowchart of the handshake recognition sequence in the off-line embodiment;
• FIG. 6 is a flowchart of the purchase credit sequence in the off-line embodiment;
• FIG. 7A is a flowchart of the wagering sequence for games of chance generated by the game program in the off-line embodiment;
• FIG. 7B-1-2 is a flowchart of the wagering sequence for an off-line non-registered lottery system embodiment;
• FIG. 7C-1-5 is a flowchart of the wagering sequence in an off-line registered lottery system embodiment;
• FIG. 8 is a flowchart of the credit cash-out sequence in the off-line embodiment;
• FIG. 9 is a flowchart of the registration and start-up sequence in the on-line embodiment;
• FIG. 10 is the purchase credit sequence in the on-line embodiment;
• FIG. 11 is a flowchart of the wagering sequence in the on-line embodiment;
• FIG. 12 is a flowchart of the credit cash-out sequence in the on-line embodiment;
• FIG. 13 is a schematic of a memory chip made secure by an external tamper-resistant or tamper-evident structure;
• FIG. 14 is a schematic of a first means for verifying the integrity of the gaming software;
• FIG. 15A is a schematic of a second means for verifying the integrity of the gaming software;
• FIG. 15B is a schematic of a third means for verifying the integrity of the gaming software;
• FIG. 15C is a schematic of a fourth means for verifying the integrity of the gaming software; and
• FIG. 15D is a schematic of a fifth means for verifying the integrity of the gaming software.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
• With reference to the several views of the drawings, there is depicted a remote gaming system generally characterized by thereference numeral10 by which aplayer12 with access to a computer14 (“the gaming computer”) wagers on a plurality of games of chance, or on future public events where the outcome of such events is uncertain, offered by a casino, government lottery organization orother wagering establishment16. For convenience, these and any authorized agent thereof will be generally referred to hereinafter as “the wagering establishment.”
• Referring now toFIG. 1A, theplayer12 has access togaming computer14 having avideo display18 and akeyboard20. Thegaming computer14 can be a personal home computer, lap-top, or hand-held personal digital assistant device, which may or may not be a dedicated gaming apparatus provided by wageringestablishment16, or may be a multi-media apparatus, e.g., a NINTENDO or similar device for use with a television or the like. Thegaming computer14 can be located at thewagering establishment16 or some other establishment, e.g., a lottery ticket vendor, or off-site at a remote location. Agaming computer14 which is located at thewagering establishment16 can still be classified as “remote” in the context of the invention claimed herein. In this regard, it is anticipated that a casino could provide players, in for example the hotel where the casino is located, with adedicated gaming computer14 which could be used to gamble either within or outside of the physical boundaries of the casino. A primary advantage of providing theplayer12 with a wagering establishment-furnishedgaming computer14 is greater security, specifically with regard to making unauthorized access to the data storage media such as a computer disk drive or module more difficult. Moreover, in a dedicated gaming computer, thekeyboard20 can be customized with specialized function keys identifying commands, e.g., keys dedicated to blackjack might have indicia stating “hit me”, “stand”, “purchase insurance”, etc., which the player selects to proceed to gamble on the various games of chance, games of skill or future events of which the outcome is uncertain, offered by thewagering establishment16.Gaming computer14 operatesspecial gaming software22 comprised of agame program24, abanking program26 and optionally, anaudit program27.Gaming software22 can be preinstalled on adedicated gaming computer14 provided by thewagering establishment16, preinstalled in an external tamper-resistant or tamper-evident read/write datastorage media apparatus28 provided by wageringestablishment16 which interfaces with a personal computer functioning as thegaming computer14 as shown inFIG. 3, or installed directly on the personal computer by theplayer12. Furthermore, thegaming software22 may be made available to theplayer12 in a tamper-resistant or tamper-evident plug-in module for use with a conventional personal computer or multi-media apparatus which functions as thegaming computer14, to be described in more detail hereinbelow.
• It is critical that thewagering establishment16 be able to determine if the software itself or data associated therewith was copied, tampered with or in any way altered, otherwise anunscrupulous player12 could make a plurality of copies and keep playing with identical disks until such time that one of the copied disks produced a favorable outcome, or theplayer12 could alter the software itself in an attempt to control the outcome, the winnings or losses, or a combination thereof, i.e., adishonest player12 modifies the software code of thegaming software22 in such a way as to make the software generate a winning outcome more frequently than chance would dictate (e.g., in a roulette simulation, causing the roulette wheel to land one a more favorable number more frequently). This could be achieved by replacing the software in its entirety or by modifying certain code lines or software instructions of the program, either physically or by some other externally applied influence such as high-intensity electromagnetic radiation, e.g., an RF field. Of course, the most secure system is an on-line arrangement where thegaming software74 resides in ahost computer30 associated with and/or on the premises of the wagering establishment (FIG. 2). The most difficult security issues with regard to tampering arise in embodiments where thewagering establishment16 provides theplayer12 with software for use on a remotely disposedgaming computer14 or with adedicated gaming computer14 itself (e.g., a PDA). In this connection, the present invention provides a variety of means for ensuring that system security and integrity are not compromised.
• In one application, software can be provided which instructs thegaming computer14 to read the unique magnetic characteristics, i.e., “fingerprint,” of the specific disk or data storage media on whichgaming software22 is made available for installation, for the purpose of creating a unique authenticatable message to be read and authenticated by thewagering establishment16 to reveal to thewagering establishment16 any unauthorized duplication of, or tampering with, data on that disk or data storage media. Alternatively, a plug-in device can interface with the gaming computer disk drive to read a portion of the disk to acquire the unique magnetic characteristics of the disk, or thewagering establishment16 can utilize the same hardware and/or software to obtain this magnetic signature and keep this information on file for use at some future time should tampering be suspected, or as a prerequisite to authorizing any gambling functions to aspecific player12, e.g., this data can be registered with or required by thewagering establishment16 prior to allowing theplayer12 to cash-out any gambling winnings.
• In another embodiment shown schematically inFIG. 13, thegaming software22 resides on a tamper-resistant or tamper-evident chip23 disposed within or otherwise associated with thegaming computer14, i.e., where a dedicated device is provided by thewagering establishment16, or otherwise connected to thegaming computer14, e.g., a secure, external disk drive connected to a conventional personal computer. Thechip23 can be situated within aphysical casing84 which is isolated and unaccessible from any external data port connection. In an exemplary embodiment, thechip23 can be housed within special seals, insulation, wrapping, or the like86, which can be inspected by thewagering establishment16 to reveal whether any authorized attempts were made to remove, alter or otherwise tamper with thechip23. Thus, thewagering establishment16 can readily ascertain if the player tampered with the gaming software and, if such tampering is discovered, it can deny such player any claimed winnings and/or future gambling credit.
• In yet another embodiment shown schematically inFIG. 14, unique mathematical attributes can be derived from certain characteristics of the software code in a self-test process. To perform such a test, the characteristics of the code are kept secret and are known only to thewagering establishment16 by using checksums, one-way hashes and other cryptographic protocols, including, for example, a check-digit type algorithm based upon the sum of the bits located in certain parts of the program, for example, lines476 through655 of the code as shown. Alternatively, the self-test can verity special codes which are embedded within the software or code instructions in some predetermined random manner known only to thewagering establishment16.
• In a variation of the above shown schematically inFIG. 15A, external keys known only to thewagering establishment16 can be applied to intermittently or continuously verify whether the software code has been or is being tampered with, by causing altered software to malfunction and shut down the gaming application in thecomputer14. The use of external keys may or may not employ cryptographic protocols such as encryption to safeguard against their being somehow forged by theplayer12. This can be implemented in several ways, including, but not limited to: (1) broadcasting a continuous or intermittent authenticatable message, such as an encoded or encrypted external signal, e.g., RF, from thewagering establishment16, which is received by receivingmeans88 operably associated with thegaming computer14, where such signals are subsequently authenticated by thegaming computer14, converted into the appropriate form and used by thegaming software22 to verify or enable the same (FIG. 15B); (2) having theplayer12 physically enter a message on an intermittent basis (FIG. 15C); or (3) utilizing an internally generated clock signal furnished by a hardened, tamper-resistant or tamper-evident clock89 (FIG. 15D). In this connection, thechip23, or even the gaming computer14 (if provided by the wagering establishment16), may be shielded from electromagnetic interference (EMI) by conventional methods to prevent unauthorized attempts to influence the gaming software with externally generated electromagnetic radiation.
• Aside from the use of external keys, thegaming software22 can be made to require the acquisition of data from an external source in order to function. For example, a wireless broadcast of an authenticatable message comprised of random numbers and/or alphanumeric data (possibly encrypted) might be accessed by thegaming software22 such that these random numbers are called upon by the program as a basis to select and/or generate a wagering outcome in a predictable or unpredictable manner. Such external input may be incorporated into a hardened, tamper-resistant or tamper-evident plug-in device or module, which interfaces with thegaming computer14.
• Another way to prevent fraudulent attempts to alter thegaming software22, is through the use of anaudit program27 which can only be accessed by thewagering establishment16. To prevent a forged audit trail, theaudit program37 might, by way of example, create dozens or even hundreds of data strings (e.g., such as in a roulette simulation, data strings corresponding to spins of the roulette wheel each time the wheel is spun), where all such data is then recorded for future verification should thewagering establishment16 suspect tampering with thegaming software22.
• It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that thegaming software22 can be arranged such that a message or data-string of alphanumeric codes, which are either preloaded into eachgaming computer14, or provided on a disk or plug-in uncopyable module, can be used to discover any tampering with the software, disk or module by theplayer12. In this connection, the code sequence can be made different for eachgaming computer14 or module, and copies of such codes can be kept on file by thewagering establishment16. These codes may be used to provide the basis for generating a random outcome of each gaming event, and can thereby provide evidence of tampering. In other words, a specific arrangement of codes might correspond to a certain outcome of a wagering event (e.g., the Roulette wheel lands on “5”). Even though these codes are known to thewagering establishment16, they are sequenced to ensure a random outcome—something which could be verified by an independent third party. If aplayer12 seeks to modify the gaming software, the altered software instructions and/or codes could be discovered upon comparison of the same with the originals on file with, and known only to, thewagering establishment16.
• As another means of preventing player fraud, an element of “double-randomness” can be implemented by requiring theplayer12 to press a button for each selection or desired response on thegaming computer14 twice, with the time interval between selections (i.e., in milliseconds) used to address and enable a specific preprogrammed random outcome codified in corresponding software codes.
• Thegame program24permits player12 to wager on any one of a plurality of wagering opportunities, including games of chance, future public or external events where the outcome is uncertain or games of skill, e.g., a crossword puzzle. The games of chance are generated ongaming computer14 bygame program24 in accordance with conventional techniques and include, but are not limited to, common casino wagering activities such as blackjack, craps, roulette, poker, slots and the like. Each game offers opportunities for theplayer12 to place wagers on one or more various wagering elements within a given wagering event depending upon the rules applicable to that game. This will be described in more detail below.
• Game program24 can be made to accept wagers on future public or external events where the outcomes of such events are uncertain as in, for example, sporting events such as a football game or a boxing match, or a state-run or other lottery. This can be implemented by establishing communications, either orally via a public telephone network, or electronically, with thewagering establishment16 in order to place, register and confirm bets. The wager is placed on thegaming computer14, which, through thegaming software22 produces a message for registration with thewagering establishment16. This message is then time stamped by thewagering establishment16 to form an authenticatable message, which authenticatable message can only be authenticated by thewagering establishment16, using appropriate software instructions or hardware to lock in the bet or fix the time of the wager for the purpose of ascertaining the proper payoff. This implementation will be described in detail below. Similarly, games or skill such as a crossword puzzle can be verified through the use of an authenticated date/time message which fixes the time of completion of the game, such that prizes are later awarded based upon the first player to complete that game.
• Thebanking program26 enables theplayer12 to wager with available gambling credit and “cash-out” any gambling winnings. In certain embodiments, thebanking program26 facilitates the purchase of credit from thewagering establishment16 where such credit is “loaded” into an appropriate datafile in the gaming computer in the form of an authenticatable message or a series of authenticatable messages. Alternatively, as shown inFIG. 1C, the banking program can receive gambling credit electronically, such as from anelectronic card reader91 compatible with credit ordebit cards93 in a conventional manner, or by downloading the credit from a plug-in tamper resistant or tamper-evident credit module90.
• As one way of ensuring security in the credit purchase/redemption process, thebanking program26 or a dedicated authentication device provides for the authentication and generation of authenticatable messages, such as, for example, an encryption/decryption apparatus utilizing an encryption and decryption algorithm of the type known in the art, e.g., public-key, to encrypt and decrypt alphanumeric messages exchanged between theplayer12 and thewagering establishment16 which are input to, communicated between and generated by thegaming computer14 and thehost computer30. These messages can be communicated between theplayer12 and thewagering establishment16, including its authorized “agent”38 through apublic telephone network40. The term “agent” is intended to include an automated telephone or like system having interactive voice capabilities, which generates computerized instructions communicated to theplayer12 over the phone to prompt theplayer12 to communicate responses to thewagering establishment16 by pressing the appropriate numbers or symbols on the touch-tone phone36 by conventional methods which are well known. Thehost computer30 hasgaming software33 operably associated therewith, which software includes abanking program35 and anaudit program37. Thehost computer30 either includes or communicates with a dedicated device orsoftware39 for generating and authenticating authenticatable messages using cryptographic protocols with keys or secret algorithms known only to thewagering establishment16. In this manner, thewagering establishment16 enables a verifiedplayer12 to purchase and redeem gambling credit at the remote location, notwithstanding the absence of any on-line link to thewagering establishment16 and/or thehost computer30 associated with thewagering establishment16. The sequence of steps in the illustrative embodiment required to purchase and cash-out gambling credit by exchanging and authenticating authenticatable messages off-line are described in greater detail below.
• In the usual course of practicing the invention,FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart of a representative start-up and registration sequence in an off-line embodiment which must occur prior to wagering.Player12 first registers various personal information with thewagering establishment16 and obtains an alphanumeric personal identification message orcode32. Thewagering establishment16 providesplayer12 withgaming software22 containing agame program24, abanking program26, and anaudit program27 as described above, having an associated software identification message orcode34. Thegaming software22 may be independently tested, verified and provided on data storage media in a sealed envelope by a third party. Such data storage media can include a hard disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM and the like. Thewagering establishment16 then provides an alphanumeric start-up identification message orcode33 which theplayer12 enters into the gaming computer to run thegaming software22. Optionally, thegaming computer14 may utilize biometrics including, but not limited to, fingerprints, voiceprints, retinal-prints and the like, using an appropriate chip or recognition software, to deny access to any unauthorized user. Such hardware and/or software is known in the art.
• Thegaming software22 is programmed to prompt theplayer12 with an inquiry as to whether a current session is for practice or to place a wager. If it is a practice session, thegame program24 generates a plurality of game choices and a confirmation that the games are being played for practice only. If theplayer12 chooses to engage in gambling, thebanking program26 will permit actual wagering to the extent that there is sufficient gambling credit available in the player's account to cover all bets. If there is insufficient gambling credit, theplayer12 must contact thewagering establishment16 and go through the purchase credit sequence described below. As noted above, thegaming computer14 may or may not be on-line with thewagering establishment computer30. Ifgaming computer14 is off-line, greater flexibility in terms of being able to engage in gambling at virtually any location is possible. As discussed above, a series of authenticatable messages are communicated between theplayer12 and thewagering establishment16 permit credit purchase and redemption at a remote location to be governed by thewagering establishment16 notwithstanding the absence of an on-line link between thegaming computer14 and thehost computer30. Alternatively,gaming computer14 can be networked on-line to thehost computer30 through apublic telephone network29 such thathost computer30 monitors and controls all or part of the activities taking place on the remote gaming computer14 (seeFIG. 2).
• In the off-line embodiment shown inFIG. 1, theplayer12 places a call to thewagering establishment16 by way oftelephone36 and communicates via thepublic telephone network40 to obtain or redeem gambling credit. Ifplayer12 already has credit,gaming software22 will permit wagering on any of the games of chance, future or external events or games of skill, provided bygame program24 upon receivingplayer12's appropriatepersonal identification message32. Ifplayer12 requires credit to play, thewagering establishment16 must be contacted and the following series of steps are followed for the purpose of verifying the player's identity and confirming that the player is utilizinggaming software22 registered to his or herpersonal identification message32.
• Wheneverplayer12 contacts thewagering establishment16, he or she goes through what is referred to as a handshake recognition sequence, the verification of the player's identity with thewagering establishment16. In this regard, as depicted in the flowchart ofFIG. 5,player12 first calls thewagering establishment16 ontelephone36. Thewagering establishment16queries player12 for his or her uniquepersonal identification message32 andsoftware identification message34. These are provided to thewagering establishment16, and are read by and authenticated by thehost computer30, which in turn generates anauthenticatable handshake message42 which is provided toplayer12 for entry intogaming computer14.Gaming computer14 reads and authenticateshandshake message42 and then generates an authenticatablerecognition response message44 which is provided to thewagering establishment16.
• Thehost computer30 reads and authenticatesrecognition response message44 to verify theplayer12's identity and to confirm that thespecific gaming software22 is registered to thatplayer12. The verifiedplayer12 then proceeds with appropriate interaction by thewagering establishment16.
• FIG. 6 is a flowchart depicting a first embodiment of a purchase credit sequence in the off-line embodiment.Player12 first contacts thewagering establishment16 and establishes his or her identification through the handshake sequence depicted inFIG. 5 and described above. Thehost computer30 generates an authenticatable bankingprogram activation message46, and thewagering establishment16 provides theactivation message46 to theplayer12 for the purpose of allowingplayer12 to access the credit purchasing/redemption function of thebanking program26 ingaming computer14.Player12 then enters the amount of gambling credit requested, and theauthentication software29 combines thepersonal identification message32 andsoftware identification message34 to generate an authenticatablecredit request message48, which embodies the numeric value of the amount of gambling credit requested and is unique toplayer12 and his or hergaming software22. Theplayer12 communicates thecredit request message48 to thewagering establishment16, where thehost computer30 reads and authenticates thecredit request message48 to reveal the amount of credit requested by theplayer12. The amount of gambling credit requested is confirmed with theplayer12. Thewagering establishment16 then decides whether or not to provide all or part of the gambling credit requested. If the credit request is denied,player12 is given anauthenticatable reactivation message50 which is read and authenticated bygaming computer14 to enableplayer12 to continue wagering with any available gambling credit balance. Alternatively, theplayer12 has the option to cash-out any gambling winnings in accordance with the sequence depicted inFIG. 8 and described below. If the credit request is partially or fully granted, the process continues for the amount of gambling credit thewagering establishment16 is willing to sell to theplayer12. Thehost computer30 generates an authenticatablenew credit message52 which is provided toplayer12 for the purposes of loading a pending amount of credit requested into the player'sgaming computer14 via thebanking program26 of thegambling software22. Thegaming computer14 reads and authenticates thenew credit message52 and displays the exact amount of new credit added toplayer12's available gambling credit balance. The amount of new gambling credit is shown toplayer12 as pending, but is not yet available for use.Banking program26 then instructsauthentication software29 to generate an authenticatablecredit pending message54 which is based in part on the monetary value of the new credits pending. Theplayer12 communicates thiscredit pending message54 to thewagering establishment16 where it is read and authenticated by thehost computer30 to positively and irrefutably verify that the specific amount of gambling credit requested was properly loaded intoplayer12'sbanking program26. Thehost computer30 then generates an authenticatablecredit release message56. Thiscredit release message56 is provided to theplayer12, and then read and authenticated by thegaming computer14 to release the amount of pending gambling credit inbanking program26. The gaming computer generates an authenticatable creditrelease verification message58 which theplayer12 provides to thewagering establishment16. Thehost computer30 then reads and authenticates the creditrelease verification message58 and in turn generates an authenticatableprogram reactivation message60. Thereactivation message58 is communicated to theplayer12, and thereafter read and authenticated by thegaming computer14 to enable thegame program24. Simultaneously or subsequently, thewagering establishment16 charges theplayer12 for the value of gambling credit purchased in a manner mutually agreed upon by the player and thewagering establishment16. For example, a credit card may be charged, a bank transfer authorized, or some other form of payment or delayed payment may be made to the casino in exchange for the credits purchased. If at any point during this process one or more of the various authenticatable messages do not match those expected by the respective authentication software and/or hardware associated with thegaming computer14 and thehost computer30, theplayer12 is denied access to the banking program and associated gambling credit, and thegaming software22 in such cases is disabled until the dispute is resolved. In this manner, the correct generation and authentication of each of the various messages communicated between thegaming computer14 and thehost computer30 positively confirms the amount, value and authenticity of gambling credit obtained by or made available to theplayer12.
• It will be appreciated that gambling credit can also be furnished to theplayer12 in predetermined amounts and/or preinstalled on adedicated gaming computer14, e.g., a personal digital assistant, provided by thewagering establishment16. Alternatively, theplayer12 can obtain a disk ormodule90 having a specified amount of authorized credit which is then “loaded”, into thebanking program26 associated with thegaming computer14 to enable wagering to the extent of the available gambling credit balance. Alternatively, as shown inFIG. 1C, theplayer12 can obtain gambling credit using his or herown credit card93, either through oral or electronic communications with thewagering establishment16, or via an electronic card-reader apparatus91 connected to the creditcard issuing bank95 in the conventional manner.
• Once theplayer12 has obtained gambling credit, he or she may place wagers by selecting wagering elements within various wagering events in any one of a plurality of games of chance offered by thegame program24 ofgaming software22. Each game provides opportunities forplayer12 to place wagers on one or more various wagering elements within a given wagering event depending upon the rules applicable to that game. As an example, the casino game of roulette involves a series of wagering events based upon the outcome of a random number selected by a ball spun within a roulette wheel. Each spin of the wheel is a single wagering event. Within that event, theplayer12 may bet on many different wagering elements such as red and black colors, single numbers, groups of numbers and the like. All wagers for each event are placed prior to the spin of the wheel.
• FIG. 7A is a flowchart depicting the wagering sequence for games of chance created by thegame program24 which proceeds as follows. Theplayer12 first makes the appropriate selections on thegaming computer14 to enter thegame program24 of thegaming software22, and then chooses a particular game on which to wager. Theplayer12 can wager on one or more events within the game as described above. Thegame program24 prompts theplayer12 to confirm the placement of wagers made and the total amounts of wagers entered. Such wagers may be withdrawn or modified until such time as they are confirmed. Confirmation is typically made by having theplayer12 enter aconfirmation message62 prior to closing of all bets. Theconfirmation message62 is generated by thegaming software24, and can be made different for every wager for security reasons. It can be a simple one or two digit alphanumeric message which is read and used by thegame program24 to confirm that each bet placed for any wagering event was, in fact, what was intended by theplayer12 and not placed in error. Thegame program24 can be set up such that theconfirmation message62 may be simplified further to a single key stroke in certain highly repetitive games such as, for example, slots, or when the total value of all wagers falls below a certain predetermined level. Afterconfirmation message62 has been entered byplayer12, thegame program24, in accordance with the rules of a given casino game, generates a specific outcome for a given wagerable event (e.g., cards are dealt, the wheel is spun, etc.). Thegame program24 determines the outcome of each wager placed (win, lose or draw), calculates and then displays the proposed correct payoff for that wager on thegaming computer14. Theplayer12 has the option to type in a yes/no message to accept the payoff outcome of all wagers or to dispute any payoff which theplayer12 believes to be incorrect in some fashion. Any dispute can be handled by suspending the wagering process and calling thewagering authority16 to resolve the matter by telephone or by some other means of dispute resolution. Once theplayer12 accepts the resolution of a given wagering event, the correct amount of gambling credit is added or subtracted fromplayer12's gambling credit balance by thebanking program26.Player12 can then begin the wagering process all over again on a subsequent wagering event, or choose to end the gambling session. At any time, theplayer12 may select a review mode in thegame program24, and can review the amount and resolution of each and every wager made by theplayer12 and the results of such wagers in chronological order. At any time, theplayer12 can choose to redeem or cash-out all or part of the balance of gambling credit stored inbanking program26 through a credit cash-out sequence. If desired, thegame program24 may contain special built-in instructions to place limitations on winnings at the discretion of the wagering establishment. It is also anticipated thatsuch gaming software22 could be embedded in another product, such as in a computer or other software, to provide a premium application which enables the purchaser of unrelated products to win something as governed by such an embedded program (e.g., a cash prize awarded).
• FIGS. 7B-7C are flowcharts of wagering sequences for future public events of which the outcome is uncertain, such as a lottery, in the off-line embodiment. With regard to the following discussion and appended claims with respect to lotteries, the wagering establishment will be hereinafter identified as a “lottery authority” for clarity. To participate in a lottery, theplayer12 selects a particular lottery event, i.e., a drawing, generated by thegame program24 on which to wager. Thegaming computer14 then generates a lottery “ticket” layout unique to the specific lottery and the player selects the desired wagering elements (i.e., numbers).
• There are two types of exemplary lotteries described herein, the first classified as an instant type analogous to common scratch-off tickets, and the second characterized as future or external events of which the outcome is uncertain, i.e., a drawing takes place. It will be appreciated by the persons skilled in the art that a remote gaming arrangement whereby theplayer12 participates in a lottery can be classified as either: (1) a non-registration system (by which the player wagers independently of thelottery authority16 and where the wager need not be registered with the lottery authority since thegaming software22 or some other software or device associated with thegaming computer14 provides a means of time-stamping the wager); or (2) a registration system (by which theplayer12 chooses the wagering elements on theremote gaming computer14, but then must contact thelottery authority16 in order to “register” the wager). In the case of instant lotteries, verification of the date/time of the wager is not important, since, by definition, the essentially instantaneous output of thegame program24 determines the outcome. On the other hand, in lotteries based upon future events, the date and time of the wager is critical in a non-registration embodiment. A non-registration embodiment is depicted inFIG. 7B, and the wagering sequence associated therewith proceeds in the following manner. Theplayer12 logs onto the lottery application in thegaming computer14 with his or her uniquepersonal identification message204, which has been preassigned by thelottery authority16 with whom theplayer12 has preregistered. In this regard, an external authentication apparatus such as an encryption/decryption device82, depicted inFIG. 2 and described in more detail below, can be used to prevent minors from accessing the lottery program. Such a device can also employ, for additional verification, biometrics such as fingerprint, voiceprint or retinal-print recognition hardware and/or software. Theplayer12 then selects a specific lottery to play (e.g., Lotto), and selects the desiredwagering elements206 in a conventional manner, which choice(s) may be confirmed upon the player receiving a suitable prompt. Thegaming computer14 then generates anauthenticatable ticket message208 representing the selectedwagering elements206, and uses a hardened, tamper-proof or tamper-resistant clock to generate an authenticatable date/time message210. Thisticket message208 may include apersonal identification message204 and/orsoftware identification message212. Theticket message208 is stored in thegaming computer14 and can be read and authenticated only by thehost computer30 associated with the lottery authority for verification. If desired, a physical “ticket” representing the player's choice of wagering elements as embodied in theauthenticatable ticket message208 can be printed out by conventional printing means associated with thegaming computer14. This procedure may be repeated as many times as necessary to participate in multiple lottery events or to chose wagering elements for a single event. Such an arrangement allows wagering to take place independent from thelottery authority16. The authenticatable date/time message210 ensures that theplayer12 cannot tamper with the wager “after the fact”, i.e., after the drawing, the player cannot modify the numbers selected to produce a “winning ticket.” To cash-out, theplayer12 provides theauthenticatable ticket message208 to thelottery authority16 and thehost computer30 reads and authenticates theticket message208 to reveal the selected wagering elements and the date/time of the wager. Winnings are then awarded in a conventional manner. It is anticipated that large payoffs will require that theplayer12 physically return thegaming computer14, if provided thereby, or any detachable data memory media, to thelottery authority16 to enable inspection for any indication of tampering.
• FIG. 7C depicts a registration sequence whereby theplayer12 registers his or her lottery choice(s) with thelottery authority16 prior to a lottery drawing. When theplayer12 is ready to do so, thelottery authority16 is called through a public telephone network. Theplayer12 then enters his or herunique PIN message204, either by pressing the appropriate keys on the telephone pad, on the gaming computer14 (if these are placed on-line in either a temporary or permanent connection), or by speaking the selections through the telephone for acquisition by a voice recognition program of the type known in the art. For additional verification, theplayer12 can be asked to enter a computer orsoftware identification message212. Thelottery authority16 then requests that theplayer12 choose from a menu of lotteries which are still open for wagering, make the desired selection(s), and indicate the method of payment. In certain applications, gambling credit can be preinstalled on thegaming computer14 ormodule90, as described above, in which case such credit can be included and represented in theauthenticatable ticket message208. Normally, the ticket-message208 need not be authenticatable in a registration embodiment (i.e., it merely represents the choice of wagering elements). If the ticket message is authenticatable, it is then read and authenticated with a means known only to thelottery authority16. This ensures and verifies that a valid lottery selection and sufficient credit were entered. Thelottery authority16 may confirm the transaction by reading back the wagering elements embodied in the message. After thelottery authority16 accepts theticket message208, it generates a registration message218 (authenticatable or non-authenticatable) which embodies theticket message208 and a current authenticatable date/time message220, i.e., a “timestamp”. Theregistration message218 can be provided to theplayer12 and is stored by thelottery authority16 in thehost computer30 for future reference. Thelottery authority16 can then prompt the player to confirm the wager by entering a simple yes/no response. It desired, thelottery authority16 can impose a limit on the number of wagers per player or per given time period and reject wagers exceeding set amounts. Optionally, theplayer12 may obtain printed ticket receipts which include theregistration message218 from thegaming computer14. The wagering process may be repeated for each “ticket” registered. When he or she is finished, theplayer12 simply hangs up or terminates the connection with thelottery authority16. After the lottery drawing or process, thelottery authority16 compares any winning numbers against all registered tickets in accordance with conventional practice. If the prize is below a specific threshold (e.g., $100), then such prize can be credited to the player's account or credit card, or, if above a certain threshold, payouts can be made in a conventional manner.
• In general, there are several ways by which theplayer12 can cash-out winnings when such winnings are embodied or stored in thegaming computer14.FIG. 8A is a flowchart diagram of the credit cash-out sequence in a first off-line embodiment.Player12 first goes through the handshake sequence depicted inFIG. 5 and described above. Onceplayer12's identity is confirmed, thewagering establishment16 provides theplayer12 with an authenticatablebanking activation message64. Theplayer12 then activatesbanking program26 and enters thebanking activation message64, which is read and authenticated by thegaming computer14 to access the banking purchasing/redemption function.Player12 then enters the amount of gambling credit he or she wants to cash-out intobanking program26. The amount to be cashed-out is placed by thebanking program26 into a cash-out pending field. The player'sbanking program26 then generates an authenticatable credit cash-out message66 which theplayer12 provides to wageringestablishment16. Thehost computer30 reads and authenticates the credit cash-out message66 to reveal the amount of credit that theplayer12 is requesting be cashed out, which amount is confirmed to theplayer12 by wageringestablishment16. Thehost computer30 then generates an authenticatable cash-outacknowledgment message68 and provides this message to theplayer12.Player12 enters the cash-outacknowledgment message68 intogaming computer14 which reads and authenticates the same, andbanking program26 then deducts the amount of gambling credit to be cashed-out of the player's available gambling credit balance.Banking program26 then generates an authenticatablededuction verification message70 which indicates that the correct amount was deducted from the player's account. This message is provided to thewagering establishment16 and read and authenticated by thehost computer30. The host computer thereafter generates an authenticatableprogram reactivation message72 which is provided to theplayer12 for entry into thegaming computer14 to enable thegame program24 to permit continued gambling with any available gambling credit. Thewagering establishment16 then issues payment to theplayer12 for the amount of gambling credit cashed-out, in the form of a credit to the player's credit card, a banking wire or some other mutually agreed-upon method of payment. It is also contemplated that where theplayer12 has been provided with a dedicated gaming computer14 (e.g., a hand-held device) gambling credit may be cashed-out by simply bringing thegaming computer14 to the wagering establishment16 (or its agent), where either the entire device or a credit module associated therewith is physically returned to facilitate inspection of the apparatus to determine whether any attempts have been made to tamper with or modify the unit or the software.
• FIGS. 9-12 contain flowcharts of an on-line embodiment schematically depicted inFIG. 2, wherebygaming computer14 communicates directly through a public telephone network or like communications link29, such as via a modem, with thehost computer30. Thehost computer30 includesgaming software74 comprised of agame program76,banking program77,audit program78 and authenticatable message read, authenticate and generatesoftware79. To prevent unauthorized access, an external authentication device such as the encryption/decryption device82 shown schematically inFIG. 2, is used by theplayer12 to generate a uniquealphanumeric identification message83 to provide a secure log-on message to obtain access tohost computer30 to participate in on-line gambling and/or purchase and redeem gambling credit. In one embodiment,device82, which looks like a credit-card calculator, includes adisplay84, anintegral keyboard86 and internal encryption/decryption hardware and/or software. Such a device is currently used for making wireless money transfers, for example, by Fleet Bank. Messages input and output to and fromdevice82 could be embodied in specific sounds identified through a dedicated sound recognition program which are transmitted to and received fromcomputer30. The encryption/decryption device82 is used to generate an authenticatable log-onmessage83 by encryptingplayer12'spersonal identification message32 with aseparate verification message88 provided toplayer12 bycomputer30. Alternatively,verification message88 can be “built into” encryption/decryption device82, such as stored in a ROM chip. Thus, knowledge of theplayer12'spersonal identification message32, in and of itself, is insufficient to enable an unauthorized third party such as a minor or known compulsive gambler to obtain access to gambling or to purchase and/or cash-out gambling credit. Thegaming software33 in thehost computer30 can contain appropriate instructions to, in such a case, terminate the on-line connection and prevent further attempts to gain access with that particularpersonal identification message32. Moreover, thedevice82 can have thebanking program26 associated therewith in order to store gambling credit independent of thegaming computer14, in which case the exchange of messages between thedevice82 and thegaming computer14 would represent the actual “money”. In this manner, gambling credit can be embodied in an apparatus which is structurally independent from thegaming computer14.
• FIG. 9 is a flowchart of the registration and start-up sequence. Initially, theplayer12 throughgaming computer14, dials up and connects through thepublic telephone network29 to thehost computer30.Player12 then enters the requested registration information and is assigned a uniquepersonal identification message32. Theplayer12 then logs-on as described above. Ifplayer12's identity is confirmed, thehost computer30 then permits wagering to the extent of any available gambling credit, and credit purchase and/or redemption.
• As shown inFIG. 10, the purchase credit sequence in the on-line embodiment is comprised of the following series of exchanges between thegaming computer14 and thehost computer30. Thehost computer30 first generates a message which queries the player as to how much gambling credit is desired for the particular gambling session. Theplayer12 responds at the prompt with the amount of wagering credit requested. Thewagering establishment16 then obtains authorization for the requested amount through agreed upon methods of credit such as a credit card or the like. The approved credit amount is then deposited intoplayer12's wagering credit account inbanking program77. At this point, theplayer12 can proceed to wager on a plurality of games offered by thewagering establishment16. In this connection,player12 may at the end of each session, request an authenticatable message number that verifies the amount of credit he or she has available from thewagering establishment16 at that time for purposes of any future dispute resolution.
• FIG. 11 is a flowchart of the gambling sequence in the on-line embodiment. Theplayer12 first activatesgaming computer14, establishes electronic communications with thewagering establishment computer30 through thepublic telephone network29, and proceeds with the secure log-on procedure described above. Thegaming computer14 then registers a gambling session message80 with thehost computer30, which, in turn, makes available to theplayer12 for wagering a choice of games of chance, skill or future public events where the outcome is uncertain.
• FIG. 12 is a flowchart of the credit cash-out sequence in the on-line embodiment. Theplayer12 first requests to cash-out all or part of the credit balance in the wagering credit account maintained onhost computer30. Thewagering establishment16 then requests confirmation of the amount of credit to be cashed-out. Theplayer12 then keys in his or her uniquepersonal identification message32 to reconfirm that amount. This amount is then deducted from theplayer12's credit account and thewagering establishment16 then authorizes a credit to be made to the player's preassigned credit card, or makes some other agreed-upon method of payment. For additional verification, the encryption/decryption device82 can be used to provide a verification message to thewagering establishment16 prior to cashing-out. Moreover, thewagering establishment16 can be provided with a special telephone number to call-back theplayer12 to confirm the cash-out which can only then occur when theplayer12 calls thewagering establishment16 back from that number, to provide an additional measure of security.
• Alternatively, in another on-line embodiment, thegaming computer14 includesgaming software22 as in the first embodiment ofFIG. 1, but is on-line with thehost computer30 and, through thepublic telephone network29, thehost computer30 may or may not serve to regulate or control the gaming software simulation of casino games on thegaming computer14. For example, thehost computer30 can directly keep a record of all or selected activities taking place on thegaming computer14 for the purpose of additional verification or security. Alternatively, the electronic link can be of a control nature to vary the odds of a given wager based upon any of a variety of factors such as gambling duration or other factors such as a progressively increasing jackpot (e.g., in a slot machine simulation).
• In the off-line embodiment, at all times, an audit-trail of all transactions can be recorded on data storage media associated with thehost computer30, and optionally, ingaming computer14 to be ultimately downloaded to or accessed by thewagering establishment16. Such an audit-trail can also be recorded in the tamper-resistant or tamper-evident read/write datastorage media device28 provided by thewagering establishment16 toplayer12 in the embodiment shown inFIG. 3.
• The present invention has been shown and described in what are considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments. It is anticipated, however, that departures may be made therefrom and that obvious modifications will occur to persons skilled in the art.

Claims (2)

1. A gaming system, comprising:

a host computer which enables a player at a remote location to purchase and redeem gambling credit and which generates at least one authenticatable message to be provided from said host computer and which reads and authenticates at least one authenticatable message to be provided to said host computer;

an off-line gaming computer remotely disposed from said host computer on which the player wagers on at least one wagering opportunity, said gaming computer for generating at least one wagering opportunity and enabling the purchasing, storing and redeeming of gambling credit, said gaming computer further generating said at least one authenticatable message to be provided to said host computer and which reads and authenticates said at least one authenticatable message to be provided from said host computer, wherein said authenticatable messages exchanged between said host computer and said gaming computer enable the player to at least one of purchase and redeem gambling credit.

2-39. (canceled)

Images