US20060271057A1

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Publication number: US20060271057A1
Application number: US11/489,788
Authority: US
Inventors: Alan Shluzas; Gary Lowery; Gene Dipoto
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Zimmer Spine Inc
Priority date: 2003-08-26
Filing date: 2006-07-20
Publication date: 2006-11-30
Also published as: US20050075540A1; US7226451B2

Abstract

A device that provides access to a surgical location within a patient has an elongate body that has a proximal end, a distal end, and an inner surface. The inner surface defines a passage that extends through the elongate body. The elongate body is capable of having a configuration when inserted within the patient wherein the cross-sectional area of the passage at a first location is greater than the cross-sectional area of said passage at a second location. The first location is distal to the second location. The passage is capable of having a generally oval shaped cross section between the second location and the proximal end.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/678,744, filed Oct. 2, 2003, which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This application relates to components of surgical systems, including a device for providing minimally invasive access at a surgical site, and to methods that may be performed therethrough.

2. Description of the Related Art

Spinal surgery presents significant difficulties to the physician attempting to reduce chronic back pain or correct spinal deformities without introducing additional trauma due to the surgical procedure itself. In order to access the vertebrae to perform spinal procedures, the physician is typically required to make large incisions and cut or strip muscle tissue surrounding the spine. In addition, care must be taken not to injure nerve tissue in the area. Consequently, traditional surgical procedures of this type carry high risks of scarring, pain, significant blood loss, and extended recovery times.

Apparatuses for performing minimally invasive techniques have been proposed to reduce the trauma of posterior spinal surgery by reducing the size of the incision and the degree of muscle stripping in order to access the vertebrae. One such apparatus provides a constant diameter cannula which is made narrow in order to provide a small entry profile. As a result, the cannula provides minimal space for the physician to observe the body structures and manipulate surgical instruments in order to perform the required procedures. A narrow cannula is typically inconvenient if not insufficient to perform many spinal procedures, some of which require visualization of two or more vertebrae and introduction of various components and tools for applying such components.

Also, such a cannula is ineffective in procedures where the surgical site is an elongate site, extending between two adjacent vertebrae. While a certain length is needed to span the distance between the vertebrae, a corresponding width is not required in order to insert components for treatment and tools. Accordingly, either more adjacent tissue must be exposed than needed or a second cannula must be inserted. In either case, the benefits of a minimally invasive procedure are lessened.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment a device for retracting tissue provides access to a spinal location within a patient. The device has an elongate body that has a proximal end and a distal end. The elongate body has a length between the proximal and distal ends such that the distal end can be positioned inside the patient adjacent the spinal location. The elongate body has a generally oval shaped proximal portion and an expandable distal portion. A passage extends through the elongate body between the proximal and distal ends. The passage is defined by a smooth metal inner surface extending substantially entirely around the perimeter of the passage between the proximal and distal ends. The elongate body is expandable between a first configuration sized for insertion into the patient and a second configuration wherein the cross-sectional area of the passage at the distal end is greater than the cross-sectional area of the passage at the proximal end.

In another embodiment, a device provides access to a surgical location within a patient. The device has an elongate body that has a proximal end, a distal end, and an inner surface. The inner surface defines a passage that extends through the elongate body. Surgical instruments can be inserted through the passage to the surgical location. The elongate body is capable of having a configuration when located within the patient wherein the cross-sectional area of the passage at a first location is greater than the cross-sectional area of the passage at a second location. The first location is distal to the second location. The passage is capable of having an oblong shaped cross section between the second location and the proximal end.

In another embodiment, a device provides access to a surgical location within a patient. The device has an elongate body that has a proximal end, a distal end, and an inner surface. The inner surface defines a passage that extends through the elongate body. Surgical instruments can be inserted through the passage to the surgical location. The elongate body is expandable from a first configuration to a second configuration when located within the patient. In the second configuration the cross-sectional area of the passage at a first location is greater than the cross-sectional area of the passage at a second location. The first location is distal to the second location. The passage is capable of having a generally oval shaped cross section between the second location and the proximal end.

In another embodiment, a device provides access to a surgical location within a patient. The device has an elongate body that has a proximal end, a distal end, and an inner surface. The inner surface defines a passage that extends through the elongate body. Surgical instruments can be inserted through the passage to the surgical location. The elongate body is capable of having a configuration when inserted within the patient wherein the cross-sectional area of the passage at a first location is greater than the cross-sectional area of the passage at a second location. The first location is distal to the second location. The passage is capable of having a cross section between the second location and the proximal end. The cross section is defined by first and second generally parallel opposing side portions and first and second generally arcuate opposing side portions.

In another embodiment, a method for accessing a surgical location within a patient comprises providing a device that has an elongate body. The elongate body has a proximal end, a distal end, and an inner surface. The inner surface defines a passage extending through the elongate body. Surgical instruments can be inserted through the passage to the surgical location. The passage is capable of having an oblong shaped cross section between the second location and the proximal end. The elongate body has an expanded configuration. The elongate body is configured for insertion into the patient. The device is inserted into the patient to the surgical location. The device is expanded to the expanded configuration.

In another embodiment, a device provides access to a surgical location within a patient. The device has an elongate body that has a proximal end, a distal end, and an inner surface. The inner surface defines a passage that extends through the elongate body. Surgical instruments can be inserted through the passage to the surgical location. The elongate body is capable of having a configuration when located within the patient wherein the cross-sectional area of the passage at a first location is greater than the cross-sectional area of the passage at a second location. The first location is distal to the second location. A lighting element is coupled with the elongate body to provide light to the surgical location.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other features of the present invention will become more apparent to one skilled in the art upon consideration of the following description of the invention and the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a surgical cannula according to one embodiment of the present invention, the cannula being shown in an expanded condition;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the cannula ofFIG. 1 with parts removed for clarity, the cannula being shown in a contracted condition;

FIG. 3 is a schematic end view showing the cannula ofFIG. 1 in the expanded condition;

FIG. 4 is a rollout view of a part of the cannula ofFIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a schematic sectional view of the cannula ofFIG. 1 during a surgical procedure.

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a support apparatus constructed according to another embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a schematic view taken along line7-7 inFIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a schematic view taken along line8-8 inFIG. 6 showing part of the support ofFIG. 6;

FIG. 9 is a schematic view taken along line9-9 inFIG. 6 showing part of the support apparatus ofFIG. 6;

FIG. 10 is a schematic view taken along line10-10 inFIG. 6 with parts removed;

FIG. 11 is a schematic view taken along line11-11 inFIG. 6;

FIG. 12 is a schematic view taken along line12-12 inFIG. 6 showing part of the support apparatus ofFIG. 6;

FIG. 13 is a schematic view taken along line13-13 inFIG. 6 showing part of the support apparatus ofFIG. 6;

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the support apparatus ofFIG. 6;

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the support apparatus ofFIG. 6 looking at the support apparatus from an angle different thanFIG. 13;

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of the support apparatus ofFIG. 6 looking at the support apparatus from an angle different thanFIGS. 14 and 15;

FIG. 17 is a sectional view taken approximately along line17-17 ofFIG. 9;

FIG. 18 is an enlarged view of a part ofFIG. 17;

FIG. 19 is a schematic view taken along line19-19 inFIG. 10 with parts removed;

FIG. 20 is a view further illustrating parts shown inFIG. 10;

FIG. 21 is a view taken approximately along line21-21 ofFIG. 20;

FIG. 22 is a schematic view showing the support apparatus with an associated known mechanical arm;

FIG. 23 is a schematic view of another feature of part of the support apparatus ofFIG. 6;

FIG. 24 is a schematic view of a fixation assembly attached to vertebrae of a patient;

FIG. 25 is a schematic view taken along line25-25 ofFIG. 24;

FIG. 26 is an exploded schematic view of part of the assembly ofFIG. 24;

FIG. 27 is a schematic view of another fixation assembly attached to vertebrae of a patient;

FIG. 28 is a schematic view taken along line28-28 ofFIG. 27;

FIG. 29 is an exploded schematic view of part of the assembly ofFIG. 27;

FIG. 30 is an exploded view of part of a cutting tool according to another embodiment;

FIG. 31 is an assembled view of part of the cutting tool ofFIG. 30;

FIG. 32 is a perspective view of a surgical system and procedure according to another embodiment;

FIG. 33 is a perspective view of a cannula or expandable conduit in a reduced profile configuration according to another embodiment;

FIG. 34 is a perspective view of the expandable conduit ofFIG. 33 in a first enlarge configuration;

FIG. 35 is a perspective view of the expandable conduit ofFIG. 33 in a second enlarged configuration;

FIG. 36 is a view of a cannula skirt according to another embodiment;

FIG. 37 is a view of a cannula skirt according to another embodiment;

FIG. 38 is a perspective view of a cannula or expandable conduit in an enlarged configuration according to another embodiment.

FIG. 39 is an enlarged sectional view of the expandable conduit ofFIG. 38 taken along lines39-39 ofFIG. 38;

FIG. 40 is a sectional view of the expandable conduit ofFIG. 38 taken along lines40-40 ofFIG. 38;

FIG. 41 is a perspective view of a cannula or expandable conduit in an enlarged configuration according to another embodiment;

FIG. 42 is an enlarged sectional view of the expandable conduit ofFIG. 41 taken along lines42-42 ofFIG. 41;

FIG. 43 is a sectional view of the expandable conduit ofFIG. 41 taken along lines43-43 ofFIG. 41;

FIG. 44 is a view of a portion of a cannula or expandable conduit according to another embodiment;

FIG. 45 is a view of a portion of a cannula or expandable conduit according to another embodiment;

FIG. 46 is a sectional view illustrating an early stage of a procedure according to another embodiment;

FIG. 47 is a side view of another apparatus in a reduced profile configuration according to another embodiment;

FIG. 48 is a side view of the apparatus ofFIG. 47 in an expanded configuration;

FIG. 49 is a sectional view of the apparatus ofFIGS. 47-48 inserted into the expandable conduit ofFIG. 33;

FIG. 50 is a sectional view of the apparatus ofFIGS. 47-48 inserted into the expandable conduit ofFIG. 33;

FIG. 51 is a perspective view with parts separated of further apparatus according to another embodiment;

FIG. 52 is a top view of the apparatus ofFIG. 51 illustrated with other apparatus;

FIG. 53 is a side view of the apparatus ofFIG. 51 illustrated with other apparatus;

FIG. 54 is an enlarged perspective view of a component of the apparatus ofFIG. 51;

FIG. 55 is a perspective view of further apparatus according to another embodiment;

FIG. 56 is a view in partial section of a later stage in the procedure according to another embodiment;

FIG. 57 is a perspective view of a spinal implant or fusion device constructed according to another embodiment showing a first side surface of the spinal implant;

FIG. 58 is a perspective view of the spinal implant ofFIG. 57 showing a second side surface of the spinal implant;

FIG. 59 is a plan view of the spinal implant ofFIG. 57 showing an upper surface of the spinal implant;

FIG. 60 is a side view of the spinal implant ofFIG. 57 showing the first side surface;

FIG. 61 is a cross-sectional view of the spinal implant taken along the line61-61 inFIG. 60;

FIG. 62 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a spinal implant constructed according to another embodiment showing a first side surface of the spinal implant;

FIG. 63 is a perspective view of the spinal implant ofFIG. 62 showing a second side surface of the spinal implant;

FIG. 64 is a plan view of the spinal implant ofFIG. 62 showing an upper surface of the spinal implant;

FIG. 65 is a side view of the spinal implant ofFIG. 62 showing the first side surface;

FIG. 66 is a cross-sectional view of the spinal implant taken along the line66-66 inFIG. 65;

FIG. 67 is a view showing a pair of the spinal implants ofFIG. 57 in first relative positions between adjacent vertebrae;

FIG. 68 is a view showing a pair of the spinal implants ofFIG. 57 in second relative positions between adjacent vertebrae;

FIG. 69 is a view showing the spinal implant ofFIG. 62 between adjacent vertebrae;

FIG. 70 is a view showing a spinal implant being inserted between the adjacent vertebrae according to another embodiment;

FIG. 71 is a side view of an apparatus according to another embodiment;

FIG. 72 is a front view of the apparatus ofFIG. 71;

FIG. 73 is a top view of the apparatus ofFIG. 71;

FIG. 74 is a back view of the apparatus ofFIG. 71;

FIG. 75 is a bottom view of the apparatus ofFIG. 71;

FIG. 76 is a sectional view of the apparatus ofFIG. 71, used in conjunction with additional structure in a patient;

FIG. 77 is a longitudinal sectional view of the apparatus ofFIG. 76 taken from line77-77 ofFIG. 76;

FIG. 78 is a transverse sectional view of the apparatus ofFIG. 77 taken from line78-78 ofFIG. 77;

FIG. 79 is a sectional view, similar toFIG. 76, illustrating an alternative position of the apparatus ofFIG. 71;

FIG. 80 is a sectional view, similar toFIG. 76, illustrating another alternative position of the apparatus ofFIG. 71;

FIG. 80ais a transverse sectional view of the apparatus ofFIG. 80, taken alonglines80a-80aofFIG. 80;

FIG. 81 is a side view, similar toFIG. 71, of another apparatus;

FIG. 82 is a front view, similar toFIG. 74, of the embodiment ofFIG. 81;

FIG. 83 is a sectional view, similar toFIG. 76, of the apparatus ofFIGS. 81-82, used in conjunction with additional structure in a patient;

FIG. 84 is a transverse sectional view of the apparatus ofFIGS. 81-82, taken along lines84-84 ofFIG. 83;

FIG. 85 is a perspective view of an apparatus according to another embodiment;

FIG. 86 is a perspective view with parts separated of the apparatus ofFIG. 85;

FIG. 86ais an enlarged side view of a component illustrated inFIG. 86;

FIG. 87 is a perspective view of a surgical instrument according to another embodiment;

FIG. 88 is an enlarged sectional view of the apparatus ofFIGS. 85-87, illustrating a further stage of the procedure;

FIG. 89 is side view of a surgical instrument according to another embodiment;

FIG. 90 is a view in partial section of a stage in the procedure according to another embodiment;

FIG. 91 is a side view of an instrument according to another embodiment;

FIG. 92 is a perspective view similar toFIG. 90 illustrating the apparatus ofFIGS. 85 and 91, in a further stage of the procedure according to another embodiment;

FIG. 93 is an enlarged sectional view of the apparatus ofFIGS. 85 and 91, illustrating a still further stage according to another embodiment;

FIG. 94 is an enlarged sectional view similar toFIG. 93, illustrating a subsequent stage of the procedure according to another embodiment;

FIG. 95 is an enlarged view in partial section illustrating another stage in the procedure in according to another embodiment;

FIG. 96 is a reduced scale view in partial section illustrating yet another stage in the procedure according to another embodiment;

FIG. 97 is a perspective view of an access device according to another embodiment;

FIG. 98 is a side perspective view of the access device ofFIG. 97;

FIG. 99 is a perspective view of the access device ofFIG. 97 in a pivoted configuration;

FIG. 100 is an end view of the access device ofFIG. 97;

FIG. 101 is an exploded perspective view of the access device ofFIG. 97 in an expanded configuration with some portions shown in hidden line;

FIG. 102 is a perspective view of the access device ofFIG. 97 in a contracted configuration with some portions shown in hidden line;

FIG. 103 is a partial sectional view of the access device ofFIG. 97 in an early stage of a procedure;

FIG. 104 is a perspective view of a portion of one embodiment of a surgical system that includes an access device, a support arm, and a lighting element shown applied to a patient;

FIG. 105 is a perspective side view of the surgical system ofFIG. 104 shown applied to a patient;

FIG. 106 is a top view of the surgical system ofFIG. 104;

FIG. 107 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a lighting element;

FIG. 108 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a lighting element; and

FIG. 109 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a lighting element.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The application is directed to surgical systems that may include a device for providing minimally invasive access at a surgical site and a variety of tools that can be used to perform various procedures at the surgical site. Also disclosed herein are a number of components, e.g., implants, that may be applied to the spine at various spinal locations in connection with such procedures. Various embodiments of access devices and related components that are particularly advantageous in procedures that are convenient to perform at an elongate surgical site are discussed below in connectionFIGS. 97-109. However, a variety of advantageous combinations may be provided whereby features of these embodiments are combined with features of other embodiments described hereinbelow.

One embodiment of a surgical system described hereinbelow is particularly well suited for performing various methods for fixing the vertebrae of a patient at a surgical site. As discussed more fully below, such a surgical system generally includes an access device, such as an expandable cannula or conduit, an adjustable support for the access device, a variety of surgical instruments, a viewing device, a lighting element, a spinal implant or fusion device, and a vertebral fixation assembly. Many of these components, e.g., the instruments, viewing device, spinal implants, and fixation assembly components, are configured to be inserted through the access device to the surgical site.

FIGS. 1-5 illustrate one suitable expandable cannula orconduit10 constructed for use in a method according to one embodiment. Thecannula10 is atubular structure12 centered on anaxis14. Thetubular structure12 defines apassage16 through thecannula10. Surgical instruments are inserted into the body during surgery through thepassage16.

Thetubular structure12 comprises a firsttubular portion20 and a secondtubular portion40 attached to the first tubular portion. The firsttubular portion20 is preferably made of a length of stainless steel tubing, but could alternatively be made of another suitable material. The firsttubular portion20 has aproximal end22 and adistal end24. Parallel cylindrical inner and

outer surfaces

26 and28, respectively, extend between the

ends

22,24 of the firsttubular portion20. Theinner surface26 defines afirst passage portion30 of thepassage16 through thecannula10. Thefirst passage portion30 has a diameter D1 that is preferably in the range from 10 mm to 30 mm.

The secondtubular portion40 of thetubular structure12 is attached to thedistal end24 of the firsttubular portion20. The secondtubular portion40 is preferably made from stainless steel, but could alternatively be made from another suitable material.

As best seen in the rollout view ofFIG. 4, the secondtubular portion40 comprises anarcuate segment42 of sheet stock. Thearcuate segment42 includes first and second

arcuate edges

44 and46, respectively, and first and second

planar edges

48 and50, respectively. The first and second

planar edges

48 and50 are rolled in an overlapping manner to form the tubular configuration of the secondtubular portion40.

When the secondtubular portion40 has been rolled into its tubular configuration, the first and second

arcuate edges

44 and46 define oppositely disposed first and second ends60 and62 (FIGS. 1 and 2), respectively, of the second tubular portion. The first and second ends60 and62 are connected by acentral portion64. Thefirst end60 of the secondtubular portion40 is attached to thedistal end24 of the firsttubular portion20 by a single fastener, such as arivet66. Therivet66 extends through two aligned apertures68 (FIG. 4) at thefirst end60 of the secondtubular portion40. Thefirst end60 of the secondtubular portion40 is pivotable about therivet66.

The secondtubular portion40 includes parallel inner andouter surfaces70 and72 (FIGS. 1 and 2), respectively, extending between the first and second ends60 and62. Theinner surface70 defines asecond passage portion74 of thepassage16 through thecannula10 that extends as a continuation of thefirst passage portion30 in the firsttubular portion20.

Anarcuate slot80 is formed in the secondtubular portion40 and extends between the inner and

outer surfaces

70 and72 of the second tubular portion. Thearcuate slot80 extends along a curvilinear path in thecentral portion64 of the secondtubular portion40 toward thesecond end60 of the second tubular portion. Thearcuate slot80 has a firstterminal end82 located in thecentral portion64 of the secondtubular portion40. A secondterminal end84 of thearcuate slot80 is located adjacent the intersection of the secondarcuate edge46 and the firstplanar edge48 of thearcuate segment42.

Aguide pin90 is attached to theinner surface70 of the secondtubular portion40 adjacent the intersection of the secondarcuate edge46 and the secondplanar edge50. In the tubular configuration of the secondtubular portion40, theguide pin90 is located in thearcuate slot80 and is movable along the curvilinear path of the arcuate slot. Awasher92 is secured to an inner end of theguide pin90 to retain the guide pin in thearcuate slot80.

The secondtubular portion40 of thetubular structure12 is expandable from a contracted condition shown inFIG. 2 to an expanded condition shown inFIG. 1. In the contracted condition, theguide pin90 is located in the firstterminal end82 of thearcuate slot80 in the secondtubular portion40 and thesecond passage portion74 defined by the second tubular portion is cylindrical in shape. Thesecond passage74 has a generally constant diameter D2 (FIGS. 2 and 3) that is approximately equal to the diameter D1 of the firsttubular portion20. Thus, the cross-sectional area of thesecond passage portion74 at thesecond end62 of the secondtubular portion40, which is function of the diameter D2, is approximately the same as the cross-sectional area at thefirst end60 of the second tubular portion and is approximately the same as the cross-sectional area of thefirst passage portion30 in the firsttubular portion20.

In the expanded condition, theguide pin90 is located in the secondterminal end84 of thearcuate slot80 in the secondtubular portion40 and the second tubular portion has a conical configuration. At thesecond end62 of the secondtubular portion40, thesecond passage portion74 has a diameter D3 (FIG. 3) that is larger than the diameter D2 of the second passage portion at thefirst end60. Preferably, the diameter D3 of thesecond passage portion74 at thesecond end62 of the second tubular portion is 40% to 80% greater than the diameter D1 of the second passage portion at thefirst end60. Thus, in the expanded condition, the cross-sectional area of thesecond passage portion74 at thesecond end62 of the secondtubular portion40, which is function of the diameter D3, is 16% to 64% greater than the cross-sectional area of the second passage portion at thefirst end60 of the second tubular portion. In the expanded condition, the cross-sectional area of thesecond passage portion74 at thesecond end62 of the secondtubular portion40 is large enough to overlie a major portion of at least two adjacent vertebrae.

Thecannula10 includes an outer layer100 (FIG. 1) for maintaining the secondtubular portion40 of the cannula in the contracted condition. It is contemplated that other suitable means for maintaining the secondtubular portion40 in the contracted condition could be employed. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, theouter layer100 comprises a section ofplastic tubing102 which is heat shrunk over both the first and second

tubular portions

20 and40 to hold the second tubular portion in the contracted condition.

In addition, a loop ofpolyester string104 for tearing the heat shrunktubing102 is wrapped around the heat shrunk tubing so that it extends both underneath and on top of the tubing. Anouter end106 of thestring104 extends beyond thetubing102.

FIG. 1 shows anactuatable device111 for expanding the secondtubular portion40 from the contracted condition to the expanded condition. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, theactuatable device111 comprises a manually operatedexpansion tool112. Theexpansion tool112 resembles a common pair of scissors and has a pair oflegs114 pivotally connected to one another. Theexpansion tool112 includes afrustoconical end section116 formed by a pair offrustoconical halves118. Each of thefrustoconical halves118 extends from a respective one of thelegs114 of theexpansion tool112. It is contemplated that other suitable means for expanding the secondtubular portion40 toward the expanded condition could be employed, such as an inflatable balloon (not shown).

During an endoscopic surgical procedure, thecannula10 is inserted into the body of a patient in the contracted condition. Theouter end106 of thestring104 is then manually pulled on by the surgeon. Pulling on thestring104 tears the heat shrunktubing102 most of the way along the heat shrunk tubing, which frees the secondtubular portion40 for expansion. The heat shrunktubing102, in its torn condition, remains attached or secured to the firsttubular portion20.

Next, theexpansion tool112 is inserted into thepassage16 in thecannula10 until thefrustoconical end section114 is located at thesecond end62 of the secondtubular portion40. Thelegs114 of theexpansion tool112 are manually separated, causing thefrustoconical halves118 to separate also. As thehalves118 separate, a radially outward directed force is exerted on theinner surface70 of the secondtubular portion40 by thehalves118, causing the second tubular portion to expand toward the expanded condition. Under the force of the expandingexpansion tool112, theguide pin90 slides from the firstterminal end82 of thearcuate slot80 to the secondterminal end84 of the arcuate slot to permit the expansion of the secondtubular portion40. Theexpansion tool112 can be rotated about theaxis14 to ensure that the secondtubular portion40 of thecannula10 is completely expanded to the expanded condition. Theexpansion tool112 is then collapsed and removed so that one or more surgical instruments (indicated schematically at21 inFIG. 5) and a viewing element can be received through thecannula10 and inserted into a patient'sbody130. The expandable secondtubular portion40 of thecannula10 provides a significantly larger working area for the surgeon inside thebody130 within the confines of the cannula.

The expandedtubular portion40 can dilate and locally retract and separate spinalis muscle and soft tissues from the vertebrae thereby creating an endoscopic operating field at the surgical site. This endoscopic operating field within the spinal muscles differs from arthroscopic, laparoscopic, or cystoscopic working spaces in that there is no physiologic space or defined tissue plane that can be insufflated with air or distended with fluid.

FIGS. 6-23 illustrate one suitable support apparatus for use in a method according to one embodiment. Thesupport apparatus110 includes afirst support120, asecond support140, afirst adjustment mechanism160, asecond adjustment mechanism180, and athird adjustment mechanism900.

As viewed inFIGS. 9 and 15, thefirst support120 is associated with thecannula10 and has acircular perimeter121. Theperimeter121 has a center122 located on theaxis14. Thefirst support120 comprises a circular platform, ordisk124, which has acircular opening126 in the central area of thedisk124 for receiving theproximal end22 of thecannula10. Thecircular opening126 has a center located on theaxis14. Theproximal end22 of thecannula10 can be easily inserted into and removed from theopening126. Thedisk124 has aprojection portion120a, which is located adjacent theperimeter121 of thedisk124. Thedisk124 has an upper circular surface area124a, which surrounds theopening126.

As viewed inFIG. 15, thesecond support140 supports aviewing device200 including acamera head201 and anendoscope202 with a rod andlens assembly203, herein referred to as a viewing element, extending down through thepassage16 of thecannula10. With reference toFIGS. 15 and 16, thesecond support140 includes abody142 having anopening144 through which theviewing device200 extends and aclamp146 for clamping theviewing device200 to thebody142 in theopening144. Theclamp146 includes a threadedset screw148 for securing theviewing device200 to thebody142. Theset screw148 has a manuallyrotatable knob148aand a stem threaded into thebody142. When rotated, thescrew148 moves axially relative to thebody142 to clamp or release theviewing device200 depending on the direction of rotation of thescrew148.

Thebody142 of thesecond support140 further includes twoextension arms151,152 (FIG. 8) for supporting theendoscope202. Each

extension arm

151,152 includes a threaded bore for receiving a resilient detent member, orball plunger400.

As viewed inFIGS. 17 and 18, aball plunger400 is illustrated at another location in thesupport apparatus110. Eachball plunger400, including those in the

extension arms

151,152, has an externally threadedtubular body402 with acylindrical cavity404 located therein. Thecavity404 houses aprojection406 and acoiled spring408. Theprojections406 of the twoball plungers400 of the

extension arms

151,152 arespherical detent members420 in the form of balls (not shown). Thespring408 urges eachprojection406 against alip portion409 of thebody402. Thelip portion409 is located at one end of thecavity404. As shown inFIG. 18, theother ball plungers400 of theapparatus10 haveprojections406 withhemispherical extensions420 andshoulder portions422.

As viewed inFIG. 15, theendoscope202 has corresponding hemispherical recesses (not shown) for receiving the spherical detent members (balls) of theball plungers400 which are located in

extension arms

151,152. Thesprings408 will compress in eachball plunger400 in each

extension arm

151,152 and the spherical detent members will move inward of eachcavity404 and then spring back into the hemispherical recesses in theendoscope202, as theendoscope202 is inserted between the

extension arms

151,152. Theentire viewing device200 will thus be secured between the

extension arms

151,152, but may be removed by overcoming the force of the spherical detent members of eachball plunger400 in the

extension arms

151,152.

Theball plunger400 further includes ahead portion430 with aslot432 for engaging a tool, such as a screwdriver. Theball plunger400 may be threadedly adjusted within the threaded bore of either

extension arm

151,152 to alter the distance that thespherical detent member420 projects away from theextension arms151,152 (toward each other). This distance, along with the stiffness of eachspring408, will determine the holding force by which theendoscope202 is secured between the

extension arms

151,152.

Thefirst adjustment mechanism160 provides for relative axial adjustment of thecannula10 and thefirst support120 along theaxis14. Thefirst adjustment mechanism160 includes a firsttoothed rack member162, acannula gripper mechanism164 fixedly connected to thefirst rack member162, a first manually adjustable,rotatable knob166 rotatably carried by theprojection portion120aof thefirst support120, and a first gear member165 (FIG. 12) rotatable by thefirst knob166 and in meshing engagement with theteeth163 of thefirst rack member162. Thefirst support120 and, in particular, theprojection portion120a, rotatably carries the first gear member165 (FIG. 12).

Thefirst rack member162 is secured to slide axially within thefirst support120 and theprojection portion120aby two ball plungers400 (FIG. 12). Oneball plunger400 is tangentially threaded into a tapered, threaded bore (FIG. 7) in theperimeter121 of thefirst support120 and the other is tangentially threaded into a threaded bore in theprojection portion120a. Thehemispherical extensions420 thus frictionally engage a smooth portion (without teeth163) of thefirst rack member162 and bias thefirst rack member162 against thefirst support120 and theprojection portion120a. This biasing also maintains the engagement of thefirst rack member162 and the first gear member165 (FIG. 12).

As viewed inFIGS. 10 and 19, thecannula gripper mechanism164 includes two

gripper arms

172,174 for clamping against the outer surface of thecannula10, and agripper actuating lever176 for moving the

arms

172,174 into engagement with the outer surface of thecannula10 and for releasing the

arms

172,174 from engagement with thecannula10.

As viewed inFIG. 19, thecannula gripper mechanism164 further includes asupport pin177, acoiled spring188, awasher189 with a bore (not shown), and alock pin190. Thesupport pin177 has ahead179, ashaft180, and an elongate, or flat,end181 that can mate with the bore in thewasher189. Other suitable structures could be used.

During assembly, thecoiled spring188 is interposed between the

arms

172,174. Theflat end181 of thesupport pin177 is inserted through a circular bore in thefirst clamp arm172, through the coil of thespring188, through a circular bore in thesecond arm174, and through the bore in thewasher189. Theflat end181 of thesupport pin177 is then inserted into a slot176ain thelever176. Thelock pin190 is inserted through a bore in thelever176 and through a bore in theflat end181 of thesupport pin177 thereby securing themechanism164 together and allowing thelever176 to rotate about thelock pin190. Acamming surface178 on thelever176 adjacent thewasher189 forces the

arms

172,174 together to grip thecannula10 as thelever176 is rotated clockwise (as viewed inFIG. 10). Counterclockwise rotation of thelever176 allows thespring188 to force the

arms

172,174 apart and releases thecannula10 from thegripper mechanism164.

When thegripper mechanism164 is either gripping thecannula10 or released from thecannula10 and theknob166 is rotated, thedisk124 and parts attached to thedisk124 will move along theaxis14 of thecannula10 relative to thecannula10. After thesupport apparatus110 is initially lined up with thecannula10, theviewing device200 may be positioned on thesupport apparatus110 and adjusted along theaxis14 by rotation ofknob166.

Thesecond adjustment mechanism180 provides axial adjustment of the first and

second supports

120,140 relative to each other along theaxis14. Thesecond adjustment mechanism180 includes a secondtoothed rack member182 connected to thefirst support120, a second manually adjustable,rotatable knob186 rotatably carried by thebody142 of thesecond support140, and a second toothed gear member185 (FIG. 13) rotatable by thesecond knob186 and in meshing engagement with theteeth183 of thesecond rack member182. Thesecond support140, and in particular, thebody142, rotatably carries the second gear member185 (FIG. 13).

Thebody142 of thesecond support140 may have anotch149 which can fit around part902aof thethird adjustment mechanism900 and allow the lower surface of thebody142 to completely abut thedisk124 as thebody142 is brought into an axial position adjacent thedisk124.

Thesecond rack member182 is secured to slide axially within thesecond support140 by a ball plunger400 (FIG. 13). Theball plunger400 is tangentially threaded into a threaded bore in the side of thenotch149 of thesecond support140. Thehemispherical extension420 thus frictionally engages a smooth portion (without teeth183) of thesecond rack member182 and biases thesecond rack member182 against thesecond support140. The biasing also maintains the engagement of thesecond rack member182 and thesecond gear member185. Both sides of thenotch149 have tapered

portions

149a,149bfor facilitating insertion of theball plunger400 into the threaded bore of thenotch149 of thesecond support140. Rotation of theknob186 causes thebody142 and theviewing device200 attached thereto to move relative to thecannula10 anddisk124 along theaxis14.

Thethird adjustment mechanism900 provides arcuate, circumferential adjustment of thesecond support140 about theaxis14 relative to thefirst support120. Thethird adjustment mechanism900 includes a wedge-shaped support member902 (FIG. 9) fixedly connecting thesecond rack member182 to aring member904 that is rotatably supported by thefirst support120 and rotatable about theaxis14 relative to the first support120 (FIG. 17).

Thethird adjustment mechanism900 further includes a third manually adjustable,rotatable knob906 that is part of a set screw. The set screw is rotatably threaded into a projection portion902aof thesupport member902 and is engageable with thecircular perimeter121 of thedisk124 of thefirst support120 to lock thesupport member902 in an arcuate position relative to thefirst support120 and theaxis14.

As viewed inFIGS. 17 and 18, thering member904 is supported within a cylindrical, open endedrecess905 of thefirst support120. Therecess905 is concentric about theaxis14. Theperimeter904aof thering member904 has agroove904bfor engaging a plurality of ball plungers400 (preferably four equally spaced apart) in thefirst support120. Each of theseball plungers400 is similar in construction. Eachball plunger400 is threaded radially into theperimeter121 of thefirst support120 to provide ahemispherical extension420 extending into therecess905 of thefirst support120.

Thering member904 thus is biasingly supported within therecess905 of thefirst support120 and can rotatably slide within therecess905 about theaxis14. The ball plungers400 operatively support thering member904 in therecess905 of thefirst support120. Thering member904, along with thesecond support140 and the second and

third adjustment mechanisms

180,900, can be easily removed from therecess905 for cleaning, maintenance, etc. of the parts by overcoming the force applied by theball plungers400 to thering member904. When theknob906 is rotated to disengage theperimeter121 ofdisk124, thebody142 and parts connected thereto can be manually rotated about theaxis14. This causes theviewing device200 to rotate about theaxis14 of thecannula10 and enables the surgeon to view different parts of the surgical sight as desired.

As viewed inFIG. 16, the fixed connections of thefirst rack member162 to asupport arm300, thesecond rack member182 to the wedge-shapedsupport member902, and thesupport member902 to thering member904 may be made by one or moresuitable metal fasteners290, such as rivets or bolts. Theentire support apparatus110 can be constructed from metal or any other suitable material having sufficient mechanical strength and durability. Certain parts may be made from materials permitting X-rays and other techniques for viewing the surgical sight (i.e., radiolucent parts). Other parts may also be made from non-magnetic materials to reduce electromagnetic interference (i.e., electromagnetic insulating parts).

With reference toFIGS. 10 and 22, the gripper's

arms

172,174 are a part of thesupport arm300 for attaching thesupport apparatus110 to a mechanicalrobotic arm301. Thesupport arm300 includes anarm portion302 that is formed integrally with the

arms

172,174. The

arms

172,174 are integrally constructed with thearm portion302.

Thesupport arm300 also includes anarm portion303. Thearm portion303 has an attachingstructure304, including agroove305, which snaps into a socket in themechanical arm301. Detents of any suitable type and designated306 in themechanical arm301, hold thearm portion303 in position in the socket in themechanical arm301. Thedetents306 may be controlled by external actuation levers (not shown) on themechanical arm301 for manually releasing thearm portion303 from themechanical arm301.

The

arm portions

302 and303 are pivotally connected to each other by afastener310. Thefastener310 extends through anopening311 in thearm portion302 and threads into a threadedopening312 in thearm portion303. When thefastener310 is released, the

arm portions

302,303 may pivot relative to each other about apivot axis314. Thepivot axis314 is centered on the axis of thefastener310 and the axis of the threadedopening312. When thefastener310 is tightly screwed into the threadedopening312, the

arm portions

302,303 are secured together against pivoting movement. When the fastener is released, the

arm portions

303,302 may pivot relative to each other about theaxis314.

The end of thearm portion302, which is adjacent to thearm portion303, has aconvex surface350, which is curved about theaxis314. Thearm portion303 has aconcave surface351, which is also curved about theaxis314. The

surfaces

350,351 move concentrically relative to each other when the

arm portions

303 and302 pivot relatively about theaxis314.

Thearm portion303 has a set ofteeth320 which encircle theaxis314 and which project axially toward a set ofteeth321 on thearm portion302. Theteeth321 project axially toward theteeth320. Theteeth320 and theteeth321 mesh with each other and provide a locking action so that the

arm portions

302,303 are positively locked against relative movement aboutaxis314 when thefastener310 is tightly screwed into theopening312. The

teeth

320,321 comprise a lock which blocks relative rotation of the

arm portions

302,303 about theaxis314. When thefastener310 is loosened, the

arm portions

302,303 may be rotated relative to each other about theaxis314, and thus, the

arm portions

302,303 may pivot relative to each other to adjust the position of thesupport apparatus110.

Acylindrical projection325 is welded to thearm portion303. Thus, theprojection325 andarm portion303 are fixedly connected together. Theprojection325 is centered on theaxis314 and contains achamber328.

As viewed inFIG. 20, thechamber328 communicates with afluid passage329 in amale fluid connector331. Themale connector331 attaches to amale connector333 on themechanical arm301 by means of aflexible hose392 so that thefluid passage329 communicates with a fluid passage in themechanical arm301.

As viewed inFIG. 20, thechamber328 is closed at its upper end by acap335. Thecap335 has anopening336 centered on theaxis314. Theopening336 communicates with thechamber328. A manually movableinternal valve member340 normally closes the opening and blocks thechamber328 from communicating with the ambient air surrounding thesupport arm300. Thevalve member340 is connected to astem341, which is also centered on theaxis314. Thestem341 has a knob orbutton343 on its end that may be manually depressed to move thestem341 andvalve member340 downward into thechamber328. When thestem341 andvalve member340 are so moved, thechamber328 is in communication with the ambient air surrounding the device due to the unblocking of theopening336.

Themechanical arm301 is a known device and is of the type generally disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,133, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. Themechanical arm301 is sold by Leonard Medical, Inc. 1464 Holcomb Road, Huntington Valley, Pa., 19006. Themechanical arm301 includes relatively movable parts, which permit movement and adjustment of thesupport apparatus110 in a variety in planes, directions, and orientations. Themechanical arm301 permits easy movement when a vacuum is not applied to thearm301. When a vacuum is applied to thearm301, relative movement of the parts of thearm301 is resisted, and therefore adjustment of thesupport apparatus110 is difficult.

When thebutton343 is depressed, thechamber328 loses its vacuum and the pressure in thechamber328 increases toward ambient pressure. Thepassage329 communicates this pressure increase to themechanical arm301, and thus the parts of themechanical arm301 are free to move and allow for adjustment of the position of thesupport apparatus110 by the surgeon.

Accordingly, when the surgeon uses thesupport apparatus110, thesupport arm300 is snapped into the socket of themechanical arm301 where it is held by thedetent306. The surgeon may then depress thebutton343 and relatively move parts of themechanical arm301, as well as thesupport apparatus110 into the position where the surgeon desires thesupport apparatus110 to be. This position may be where theopening126 in thedisk124 is aligned with theproximal end16 of thecannula10 that has been positioned in the patient's body with thedistal end24 of thecannula10 being located in an incision in the body of the patient. Theviewing device200 may be mounted on thesupport apparatus110, and the surgeon may make adjustments prior to and during the surgical procedure as desired, as described above.

As viewed inFIG. 23, thesupport apparatus110 may include a second support with afourth adjustment mechanism500 for rotating theviewing device200 about an axis501 (FIG. 15) defined by theball plungers400 of the

extension arms

151,152 when setscrew148 is not clamping theviewing device200 to thebody142. Theaxis501 is offset from theaxis14 of thecannula10 and perpendicular to theaxis14 of thecannula10. Rotation of theviewing device200 aboutaxis501 causes theendoscope200 and the rod andlens assembly203 to move perpendicular to theaxis14 of thecannula10. This rotation will result in radial adjustment of the position of the rod andlens assembly203 in a radial direction transverse to theaxis14.

The spring-loaded connections of thespherical detent members420 of theball plungers400 and the hemispherical recesses of theendoscope202 allow rotation about theaxis501 when theset screw148 is released from clamping engagement of theviewing device200.

Themechanism500 includes a threadedbore510 in thesecond support140 and anadjustable member520 for moving (vertically as viewed in the Figs.) a part of theviewing device200 about theaxis501. Theadjustable member520 has a roundedfirst end portion522, a threadedmiddle portion524, and a knurledsecond end portion526, or knob. Thebore510 extends at an angle as shown inFIG. 23 from a lower portion of thesecond support140 up to theopening144 in theclamp146 of thesecond support140.

Theadjustable member520 is rotated and threaded into thebore510 and may be rotated until thefirst end portion522 protrudes into theopening144 of thesecond support140. Accordingly, when the surgeon wishes to adjust the rod and lens assembly203 (within the surgical sight) about theaxis501 and radially relative to theaxis14 of thecannula10, the surgeon may loosen the connection of theset screw148 with theviewing device200 and rotate theadjustable member520 by manually rotatingknob526 so that thefirst end portion522 vertically extends farther or less into theopening144. This adjustment will adjust the part of theviewing device200 engaged by theclamp146 along theaxis14, rotate theviewing device200 about theaxis501, and cause thelens203 at the surgical site to move transverse to theaxis14 of thecannula10. This will expand the area of the surgical site that the surgeon may view. When the adjustment is complete, the surgeon may tighten theset screw148 and re-secure theviewing device200 to thesecond support140 of thesupport apparatus110.

The method of securing two

vertebrae

601,602 together according to one embodiment may include the insertion of avertebral fixation assembly620 through thecannula10 and attachment of thevertebral fixation assembly620 to two vertebrae (such as the L4 and L5 vertebrae), as viewed inFIGS. 24-29. Thefixation assembly620 may be of any suitable construction and is shown inFIG. 26 as including fouridentical attachment devices622. Eachattachment device622 includes a threadedfastener624 or pedicle screw, placed in a

vertebra

601 or602, as viewed inFIGS. 25 & 28. Thefastener624, has a first threadedportion626 with a first threaded diameter that threads into the

vertebrae

601,602 by screwing thefastener624 into the vertebrae. Thefastener624 further includes a second threadedportion628 with a second threaded diameter that may be less than the first threaded diameter. The second threadedportion628 extends away from the

vertebrae

601,602.

A firsthexagonal engagement surface630, intermediate the first and second threaded

portions

626,628, allows gripping of thefastener624 when the fastener is screwed into the

vertebrae

601,602. A firstconvex engagement surface632, adjacent the firsthexagonal engagement surface630 and the second threadedportion628, projects away from the

vertebrae

601,602. A secondhexagonal engagement surface634 projects away from the second threadedportion628 and allows further gripping of thefastener624.

Eachattachment device622 further includes a first fixation washer640 (FIGS. 26 & 29) that engages the firstconvex engagement surface632. Thefirst fixation washer640 includes a firstconcave engagement surface642 for abutting and slidingly engaging the firstconvex engagement surface632 of thefastener624.

Thefirst fixation washer640 further includesspikes644, typically three, extending away from the

vertebrae

601,602. Thespikes644 of thefirst fixation washer640 engage alower knurled surface652 of avertebral fixation element650 that inFIGS. 24-26 is a spine plate.

Anupper knurled surface654 of thefixation element650 engages the spikes664 of asecond fixation washer660 that is identical to thefirst fixation washer640, but inverted, as viewed inFIGS. 26 & 29. A secondconvex engagement surface672 of a threadedlocking nut670 abuts and slidingly engages the secondconcave engagement surface662 of thesecond fixation washer660 when the lockingnut670 is loosely threaded onto the second threadedportion628 of thefastener624.

The convex and concave engagement surfaces632,642,662,672 allow angular adjustment of thefixation elements650, before the lockingnut670 is fully tightened, when thefasteners624 are not threaded into the

vertebrae

601,602 exactly parallel to each other, as shown exaggerated inFIG. 25. These surfaces may typically allow for up to a 12-degree offset of the axes of the twofasteners624.

One of two types offixation elements650 may typically be used to secure the

vertebrae

601,602 together. The first type may be a spinal plate651 (FIG. 26) with two

slots

653,655 extending along thelongitudinal axis657 of the spinal plate. The second threadedportion628 of onefastener624, screwed into onevertebra601, extends through oneslot653 and the second threadedportion628 of anotherfastener624, screwed into anothervertebra602, extends through the otherlarger slot655. Two of thespinal plates651, one on each side of the

vertebrae

601,602, are used to secure the two vertebrae together, as viewed inFIG. 24. The

slots

653,655 allow further transverse adjustment so that the samespinal plate651 may be used for different size patients.

A second type offixation element650 may be two universal side blocks651a(FIG. 29), each with oneslot653aextending along thelongitudinal axis657aof each side block and asecurement opening655aextending substantially perpendicularly to eachslot653a, as viewed inFIG. 29. The second threadedportion628 of afastener624, screwed into onevertebra601, extends through oneslot653aand the second threadedportion628 of anotherfastener624, screwed into anothervertebrae602, extends through aslot653ain an identical side block651a. The side blocks651afurther include lower and upper knurled surfaces652a,654asimilar to the knurled surfaces652,654 of thespinal plate651.

This second type offixation element650 further includes arod658aextending from the opening655ain one side block651ato theopening655ain the other side block651a. Setscrews659asecure therod658ain each opening655awhen therod658ais positioned properly to secure the

vertebrae

601,602 together, as viewed inFIG. 27.

Four of the side blocks651a, one on each side of each

vertebra

601,602, and tworods658aare used to secure the two vertebrae together. Theslots653aallow further transverse adjustment so that the same side block651amay be used for different size patients. Therods658amay also be cut to fit different sized patients.

Thecannula10,support apparatus110, andvertebral fixation assembly620 described above may be used to perform an operation which secures two

vertebrae

601,602 together, such as the posterolateral fusion and screw placement described above. This type of operation traditionally results in much blood loss because of the open access to the spine required for its performance. Utilizing thecannula10 andsupport apparatus110 for placement of thefixation assembly620 at the surgical site and attachment of thefixation assembly620 to the

vertebrae

601,602 in a manner to be described results in a much less invasive procedure and significantly less blood loss.

According to one embodiment, a method of fixing the

vertebrae

601,602 of a patient together at two surgical sites includes two main procedures. In the first procedure, afirst cannula10 is inserted into thebody130 of the patient adjacent one side of the spinal column. Asecond cannula10 is inserted into thebody130 of the patient adjacent the other side of the spinal column. The secondtubular portions40 of both cannulae are expanded as described above thereby creating a substantially complete view of both sides of the two

adjacent vertebrae

601,602. In one embodiment, the two

adjacent vertebrae

601,602 are viewed by way of twoendoscopes200 and one or more monitors.

Alternatively, instead of using two cannulae and two endoscopes simultaneously so that both sides of adjacent vertebrae may be worked on by the surgeon at the same time, only one side of the adjacent vertebrae may be worked on and then the other side of the adjacent vertebrae may be worked on. In this case, only one endoscope, oneendoscope support110, and one monitor is required. Two cannulae would most probably be used, one for each side of the vertebrae.

In the second procedure, the

vertebrae

601,602 are accessed through thecannulae10. Four insertion openings are drilled, one in each side of each

vertebra

601,602, utilizing suitable instruments extending through thecannulae10. Thefasteners624 are inserted through eachcannulae10 and are screwed onefastener624 into each insertion opening, thereby securing eachfastener624 to a vertebra. The position of the

vertebrae

601,602 are checked to ensure that the vertebrae have maintained the proper position. If necessary, the

vertebrae

601,602 are repositioned. Eight

fixation washers

640,660, four lockingnuts670, and twofixation elements650 are moved through thecannulae10. Fourfixation washers640 and thefixation elements650 are placed on thefasteners624. Eachfastener624 is extended through one fixation washer and one slot in eachfixation element650. Theadditional fixation washers660 are placed on thefasteners624. The lockingnuts670 are threaded onto eachfastener624 thereby fixing thefixation elements650 to the

vertebrae

601,602 and securing the vertebrae together in a natural and permanent position within the body. Also, bone graft may be moved through thecannulae10 and placed in and around thefixation element650 andfasteners624 to permit a posterior fusion across the bony elements of the

vertebrae

601,602.

If necessary, the disc between the

vertebrae

601,602 may be removed through the cannula; the area between the vertebrae cleaned and the vertebrae prepared for receiving a fusion cage or cages and/or disc replacement material. This would be done before inserting thefasteners624 or attaching thefixation elements650. The method may also include inserting, through thecannulae10, one or more appropriately sized fusion cages and positioning the fusion cage(s) appropriately relative to the

vertebrae

601,602; and inserting bone graft tissue through thecannulae10 and positioning the tissue in and around the fusion cage(s).

The fusion cage may be of any known construction. One typical fusion cage is a hollow rectangular cage that is inserted into grooves that are formed in facing bone surfaces of the vertebrae. Another type of fusion cage is a hollow cylindrical threaded cage which screws into position between the vertebrae. Any suitable fusion cage may be used.

Thecannulae10 and theshrink wrap102 are then removed from the body and the incisions are suitably closed. After a time,

vertebrae

601,602 and bone graft will grow together across the fusion cage(s) and in and around thefixation elements650. The

vertebrae

601,602 will then no longer require the fixation assembly to maintain their position. Thefixation elements650 andfasteners624 may then be removed. The removal procedure may utilize the same type of apparatus as was used in the first and second procedures (i.e., cannula, support apparatus, etc.).

The first andsecond cannulae10 may be shifted slightly in the incisions in thebody130 to desired locations within the incisions at any time during the first and second procedures or the removal procedure. This is accomplished by changing the position of thesupport apparatus110 by manipulating thearm301.

The method described above may, and most probably does, involve removal of tissue from the surgical site through thecannula10. Muscle, fat, and bone may be removed through thecannula10 to provide a proper view of the

vertebrae

601,602 at the location to receive thefixation assembly620. Different tools may be used in the process of removing tissue. These tools may include a burr and/or tissue cutting blades that are inserted through thecannula10.

A preferred tissuecutting blade device710 is shown inFIGS. 30-31. Thedevice710 has anaxis712 and includes inner and

outer cutting tubes

740,750. Each of the inner and

outer tubes

740,750 has

openings

741,751 into their interiors. Cutting

teeth

745,755 are located on opposite sides of each

opening

741,751.

Theinner tube740 rotates about theaxis712 relative to theouter tube750 within the outer tube. Theinner tube740 rotates in opposite directions a predetermined amount equal to one or more revolutions about theaxis712, then rotates in the opposite direction the same predetermined amount. Thus, theinner tube740 oscillates about theaxis712. As theinner tube740 oscillates/rotates about theaxis712, the cutting

teeth

745,755 on the inner and

outer tubes

740,750 cut tissue. Alternatively, theinner tube740 may rotate in one direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) within the outer tube.

During the cutting of tissue, a saline solution or the like may be forced through theannular space770 between theinner tube740 and theouter tube750 to the surgical site. Suction may be applied in theopening741 of theinner tube740 to remove the cut tissue and the saline solution from the surgical site.

Atubular sheath760 receives the inner and

outer cutting tubes

740,750. Thesheath760 extends along the length of the cutting

tubes

740,750 and adjacent a distal end of the cutting tubes where the cutting

teeth

745,755 are located. Thesheath760 is a stainless steel tube that is electrically insulated along its length from the patient's body and from theouter tube750. Anelectrical insulator763, such as a suitable polymer coating, is provided over the outside and inside surfaces of thesheath760. However, a selectedarea762 of the outside surface of thesheath760 adjacent the distal end of the cutting

tubes

740,750 is not coated with theinsulator763. Aportion765 of the distal end of thesheath760 is cut away so that the cutting

teeth

745,755 on the cutting

tubes

740,750 are not blocked by thesheath760 from cutting tissue.

An electric current from acurrent source766 is applied to thesheath760. The electric current flows through thesheath760 and to the selecteduncoated area762 of the sheath. The current then flows through tissue and blood into the distal end of theouter cutting tube750 and back to the current source through the outer cutting tube to form a completed circuit.

The current flow through the electrically energizedsheath760 andouter cutting tube750 serves to electrocoagulate blood in the cutting area at the surgical site. Electrocoagulation of blood is known and any other suitable electrocoagulation device may alternatively be used.

It is contemplated that viewing of the surgical site may be performed without using an endoscope. A microscope or glasses that magnify the site may be used. In fact, any suitable viewing device may be used. Also, the procedure discussed above mentions drilling the vertebrae. Any suitable alternative to drilling may be used such as using an awl or other instrument to form an opening to receive a fastener.

An exemplary arrangement for performing a procedure in accordance with the invention is illustrated inFIG. 32. The patient P is typically placed in the prone position on operating table T, taking care that the abdomen is not compressed and physiological lordosis is preserved, as is known in the art. The physician D is able to access the surgical site and perform the surgical procedure with the components of asurgical system1010, which will be described in greater detail herein. Thesystem1010 may be supported, in part, by a mechanical support arm A, such as the type generally disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,133, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. The mechanical arm of this type is manufactured by Leonard Medical, Inc., 1464 Holcomb Road, Huntington Valley, Pa., 19006. The physician D is able to view the procedure by reference to a monitor M, which displays the images captured by an endoscope and camera which will be described in greater detail herein. Alternatively, the physician D may view the surgical site though an eyepiece of the endoscope, or she may directly view the surgical site with loupes, microscope, or with the unaided eye.

The procedure described below is a two level posterolateral fixation of the spine involving the L4, L5 and S1 vertebrae. (In the drawings, the vertebrae will generally be denoted by reference letter V.) The usefulness of the inventive procedure is neither restricted to the posterolateral approach nor to the L4, L5 and S1 vertebrae, but it may be used in other anatomical approaches and other vertebrae within the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine. The inventive procedure may be directed toward surgery involving one or more vertebral levels. It is also useful for anterior and lateral procedures. Moreover, it is believed that the invention is also particularly useful where any body structures must be accessed beneath the skin and muscle tissue of the patient, and where it desirable to provide sufficient space and visibility in order to manipulate surgical instrumentation and treat the underlying body structures. For example, certain features or instrumentation described herein are particularly useful for a minimally invasive, e.g., arthroscopic procedures, in which the expandable distal portion of the expandable conduit prevents the instrument from dislodging or popping out of the operative site.

Thesystem1010 includes another access device, such as an expandable cannula or conduit which provides an internal passage for surgical instrumentation to be inserted through the skin and muscle tissue of the patient P to the surgical site. The expandable conduit has a wall portion defining reduced profile configuration for initial percutaneous insertion into the patient. This wall portion may have a generally tubular configuration that may be passed over a dilator that has been inserted into the patient to atraumatically enlarge an opening sufficiently large to receive the expandable conduit therein.

The wall portion of the expandable conduit is subsequently expanded to an enlarged configuration, by moving against the surrounding muscle tissue to at least partially define an enlarged surgical space in which the surgical procedures will be performed. In a sense, it acts as its own dilator. Typically, but not by way of limitation, the distal portion expands to a greater extent than the proximal portion, since the surgical procedures are to be performed at the surgical site adjacent the distal portion thereof.

While in the reduced profile configuration, the expandable conduit defines a first unexpanded configuration. Thereafter, the expandable conduit enlarges the surgical space defined thereby by engaging the tissue surrounding the conduit and displacing the tissue radially outwardly as the conduit expands. The expandable conduit may be sufficiently rigid to displace such tissue during the expansion thereof. The expandable conduit may be resiliently biased to expand from the reduced profile configuration to the enlarged configuration. In addition, the conduit may also be manually expanded with surgical instrumentation inserted therein, as will be described below. The surgical site is at least partially defined by the expanded conduit itself. During expansion, the conduit moves from the first overlapping configuration to a second overlapping configuration.

In addition to enlargement, the distal end portion of the expandable conduit may be configured for relative movement with respect to the proximal end portion in order to allow the physician to precisely position the distal portion at the desired location. This relative movement also provides the advantage that the proximal portion of the expandable conduit nearest the physician D may remain substantially stable during such distal movement. In an exemplary embodiment, the distal portion is a separate component which is pivotably or movably attached relative to the proximal portion. Alternatively, the distal portion is flexible or resilient in order to permit such relative movement.

Another embodiment of the cannula or expandable conduit for use in a method is illustrated inFIGS. 33-37 and is designated byreference number1020. Theexpandable conduit1020 includes aproximal wall portion1022, which has a tubular configuration, and a distal wall portion, which is anexpandable skirt portion1024. Theskirt portion1024 is expandable from a reduced profile configuration having aninitial dimension1026 and corresponding cross-sectional area (illustrated inFIG. 33), to an enlarged configuration having adimension1028 and corresponding cross-sectional area (illustrated inFIG. 35). Theskirt portion1024 may be attached to the proximalcylindrical tube portion1022 with arivet1030, pin, or similar connecting device to permit movement of theskirt portion1024 relative to the proximalcylindrical tube portion1022.

Theskirt portion1024 is manufactured from a resilient material, such as stainless steel. Theskirt1024 is manufactured so that it normally assumes an expanded configuration illustrated inFIG. 35. As illustrated inFIG. 34, theskirt portion1024 may assume anintermediate dimension1034 and corresponding cross-sectional area, which is greater thandimension1026 of the reduced profile configuration ofFIG. 33, and smaller thandimension1028 ofFIG. 35.Skirt portion1024 may assume the configuration ofFIG. 34 when deployed in the patient in response to the force of the tissue acting on the skirt portion. Theactual dimension1034 will depend upon several factors, including the rigidity of theskirt portion1024, the surrounding tissue, and whether such surrounding tissue has relaxed or tightened during the course of the procedure. An outer plastic sleeve1032 (illustrated in dashed line inFIG. 33) may be provided which surrounds theexpandable conduit1020 and maintains theskirt1024 in the reduced profile configuration. Theplastic sleeve1032 may have a braided polyester suture embedded within it (not shown), aligned substantially along the longitudinal axis thereof; such that when the suture is withdrawn, thesleeve1032 is torn, which allows theexpandable conduit1020 to resiliently expand from the reduced profile configuration ofFIG. 33 to the expanded configurations ofFIGS. 34-35. While in the reduced profile configuration ofFIG. 33, theskirt portion1024 defines afirst overlapping configuration1033, as illustrated by the dashed line. As theskirt portion1024 resiliently expands, the skirt portion assumes thesecond configuration1035, as illustrated inFIGS. 34-35.

Theskirt portion1024 is sufficiently rigid that it is capable of displacing the tissue surrounding the skirt portion as it expands. Depending upon the resistance exerted by surrounding tissue, theskirt portion1024 is sufficiently rigid to provide some resistance against the tissue to remain in the configurations ofFIGS. 34-35. Moreover, the expanded configuration of theskirt portion1024 is at least partially supported by the body tissue of the patient. The rigidity of theskirt portion1024 and the greater expansion at the distal portion creates a stable configuration that is at least temporarily stationary in the patient, which frees the physician from the need to actively support theconduit1020 until theendoscope mount platform1300 andsupport arm1400 are subsequently added (seeFIGS. 52-53).

Theskirt portion1024 ofexpandable conduit1020 is illustrated in an initial flattened configuration inFIG. 36. Theskirt portion1024 may be manufactured from a sheet of stainless steel having a thickness of about 0.007 inches for skirt portions having a fully expandeddimension1028 of about 65 mm in its unrestricted circular shape. Theskirt portion1024 may also take on an oval shape having a longer dimension of about 85 mm. An increased thickness, e.g., about 0.010 inches, may be used in connection with skirt portions having a larger diameter, such as about 65 mm. Other materials, such as Nitinol or plastics having similar properties, may also be useful.

As discussed above, theskirt portion1024 is attached to the proximalcylindrical portion1022 with a pivotable connection, such asrivet1030. A pair ofrivet holes1036 are provided in theskirt portion1024 to receive therivet1030. The two

free ends

1038 and1040 of theskirt portion1024 are secured by a slidable connection, such as second rivet1044 (not shown inFIG. 36, illustrated inFIGS. 33-35). A pair of

complementary slots

1046 and1048 are defined in theskirt portion1024 adjacent the

end portions

1038 and1040. Therivet1044 is permitted to move freely within the

slots

1046 and1048. This slot and rivet configuration allows theskirt portion1024 to move between the reduced profile configuration ofFIG. 33 and the expanded configuration ofFIGS. 34-35. The use of a pair of

slots

1046 and1048 reduces the risk of the “button-holing” of the rivet, i.e., a situation in which the opening of the slot becomes distorted and enlarged such that the rivet may slide out of the slot, and cause failure of the device. However, the likelihood of such occurrence is reduced inskirt portion1024 since each of the

slots

1046 and1048 in the double slot configuration has a relatively shorter length than a single slot configuration, which thereby limits the ability of the

respective slots

1046 and1048 to be distorted to the extent in which a rivet may slide out of position. In addition, the configuration ofrivet1044 and

slots

1046 and1048 permits a smooth operation of enlarging and reducing theskirt portion1024, and allows theskirt1024 to expand to span as many as three vertebrae, e.g., L4, L5, and S1, to perform a multi-level fixation.

An additional feature of theskirt1024 is the provision of a shallowconcave profile1050 defined along the distal edge of theskirt1024, which allows for improved placement of theskirt1024 with respect to the body structures and the surgical instruments defined herein. Small scalloped or notched

portions

1056 and1058, are provided, as illustrated inFIG. 36. When theskirt1024 is assembled, the cut out

portions

1056 and1058 are oriented in the cephalad-caudal direction (indicated by arrow1060) inFIG. 35 and permit instrumentation, such as an elongated member orfixation element4650 used in a fixation procedure to secure vertebrae (described in detail below), to extend beyond the area enclosed by theskirt portion1024 without moving or raising theskirt portion1024 from its location to allow theelongated member4650 to pass under theskirt portion1024. (In another embodiment of the cannula orexpandable conduit1054 illustrated inFIG. 37, cut out

portions

1056 and1058 are eliminated from the contour where the physician deems such cut out

portions

1056 and1058 to be unnecessary in view of the spacing of thefasteners4600 or the length of theelongated member4650.)

As illustrated inFIG. 35, theskirt1024 may be expanded to a substantially conical configuration having a substantially circular or elliptical profile. Alternatively, features may be provided on the skirt which facilitate the bending of the skirt at several locations to provide a pre-formed enlarged configuration. For example, in another embodiment of the cannula orexpandable conduit1070, illustrated inFIGS. 38-40,skirt portion1074 may have four

sections

1076a,1076b,1076c,1076dhaving a reduced thickness. For askirt portion1074 having athickness1078 of about 0.007 inches thick, reduced

thickness sections

1076a,1076b,1076c,1076dmay have athickness1080 of about 0.002-0.004 inches (FIG. 39). The width of the reduced

thickness sections

1076a,1076b,1076c,1076dmay be about 1-5 mm. Thethickness1078 of theskirt portion1074 may be reduced by milling or grinding, as is known in the art. Thus when theskirt1074 is opened, it moves toward a substantially rectangular configuration, subject to the resisting forces of the body tissue (FIG. 40). Alternatively, another embodiment of the skirt (not shown) may be provided with two reduced thickness sections (rather than the four reduced thickness sections of skirt1074) which would produce a substantially “football”-shaped access area.

In another embodiment of the cannula orexpandable conduit1080, theskirt portion1084 is provided with a plurality ofperforations1086, in order to increase flexibility at the desired locations (FIGS. 41-43). The size and number ofperforations1086 may vary depending upon the desired flexibility and durability. Alternatively, the skirt may be scored or otherwise provided with a groove or rib in order to facilitate the bending of the skirt at the desired location.

According to still further embodiments, the cannula or expandable conduit may be provided with one slot. As illustrated inFIG. 44,skirt portion1094 is provided withslot1096 andaperture1098. A rivet (not shown) is stationary with respect toaperture1098 and slides withinslot1096. Similarly,skirt1104 is provided with anaperture1108 which receives a rivet (not shown) which slides within elongated slot1106 (FIG. 45).

An early stage in the process is to determine the access point in the skin of the patient to insert the access conduit. In the exemplary embodiment, the access point corresponds to the posterior-lateral aspects of the spine. Manual palpation and Anterior-Posterior (AP) fluoroscopy may be used to determine the optimal incision locations. For the exemplary procedure, placement of the cannula orexpandable conduit1020 is preferably midway (in the cephalad-caudal direction) between the L4 through S1 vertebrae, centrally about 4-7 cm from the midline.

An incision is made at the above-determined location. A guide wire (not shown) is introduced under fluoroscopic guidance through the skin, fascia, and muscle to the approximate surgical site. A series of dilators is used to sequentially expand the incision to the desired width, about 23 mm for the exemplary procedure, without damaging the structure of surrounding tissue and muscles. A first dilator is placed over the guide wire, which expands the opening. The guide wire is then subsequently removed. A second dilator that is slightly larger than the first dilator is placed over the first dilator, which expands the opening further. Once the second dilator is in place, the first dilator is subsequently removed. This process of (1) introducing a next-larger-sized dilator coaxially over the previous dilator and (2) subsequently removing the previous dilator when the next-larger-sized dilator is in place continues until an opening of the desired size is created in the skin, muscle, and subcutaneous tissue. In the exemplary method, this dimension is about 23 mm. (Other dimensions of the opening, e.g., about 20 mm, 27 mm, 30 mm, etc., are also useful with this apparatus in connection with spinal surgery, and still other dimensions are contemplated.)

As illustrated inFIG. 46, following placement of thelargest dilator1120, theexpandable conduit1020, in its reduced profile configuration, is introduced and positioned in a surrounding relationship over thedilator1120.Dilator1120 is subsequently removed from the patient, and theexpandable conduit1020 is allowed to remain in position.

Once theexpandable conduit1020 is positioned in the patient, it may be enlarged to provide a passage for the insertion of various surgical instrumentation and an enlarged space for performing the procedures described herein. As described above, the expandable conduit may accommodate the enlargement in several ways. In one embodiment, a distal portion of the cannula may be enlarged, and a proximal portion may maintain a constant diameter. The relative lengths of theproximal portion1022 and theskirt portion1024 may be adjusted to vary the overall expansion of theconduit1020. Alternatively, such expansion may extend along the entire length of the expandable conduit. In the exemplary procedure, theexpandable conduit1020 may be expanded by removingsuture1035 and tearingsleeve1032 surrounding theexpandable conduit1020, and subsequently allowing theskirt portion1024 to resiliently expand towards its fully expanded configuration as (illustrated inFIG. 35) to create an enlarged surgical space from the L4 to the S1 vertebrae. The resisting force exerted on the skirt portion may result in theskirt portion1024 assuming the intermediate configuration illustrated inFIG. 34. Under many circumstances, the space created by theskirt portion1024 in the intermediate configuration is a sufficiently large working space to perform the procedure described herein. Once theskirt portion1024 has expanded, the rigidity and resilient characteristics of theskirt portion1024 allow theconduit1020 to resist closing to the reduced profile configuration ofFIG. 33 and to at least temporarily resist being expelled from the incision. These characteristics create a stable configuration for theconduit1020 to remain in position in the body, supported by the surrounding tissue. It is understood that additional support may be needed, especially when anendoscope1500 is added.

According to the exemplary embodiment, theexpandable conduit1020 may be further enlarged at its distal end portion using an expander apparatus to create a surgical access space. An expander apparatus useful for enlarging the expandable conduit has a reduced profile configuration and an enlarged configuration. The expander apparatus is inserted into the expandable conduit in the reduced profile configuration, and subsequently expanded to the enlarged configuration. The expansion of the expander apparatus also causes the expandable conduit to be expanded to the enlarged configuration. In some embodiments, the expander apparatus may increase the diameter of the expandable conduit along substantially its entire length in a conical configuration. In other embodiments, the expander apparatus expands only a distal portion of the expandable conduit, allowing a proximal portion to maintain a constant diameter.

In addition to expanding the expandable conduit, the expander apparatus may also be used to position the distal portion of the expandable conduit at the desired location for the surgical procedure. The expander engages the interior wall of the expandable conduit, and moves the cannula to the proper location. For the embodiments in which the distal portion of the expandable conduit is relatively movable with respect to the proximal portion, the expander apparatus is useful to position the distal portion without substantially disturbing the proximal portion.

In the exemplary embodiment, an expander apparatus may be used to further expand theskirt portion1024 towards the fully expanded configuration (illustrated inFIG. 35). The expander apparatus is inserted into the expandable conduit, and typically has two or more members which are movable to engage the interior wall of theskirt portion1024 and apply a force sufficient to further expand the skirt portion. An exemplary expander apparatus,expander apparatus1200, is illustrated inFIGS. 47 and 48, and is constructed of two

components

1202 and1204 defining a tongs-like configuration, and which are pivotable about apin1206. The

components

1202 and1204 are typically constructed of steel having a thickness of about 9.7 mm. Each of the

components

1202 and1204 has aproximal handle portion1208 and adistal expander portion1210. Eachproximal handle portion1208 has afinger grip1212 that may extend transversely from thelongitudinal axis1214 of theapparatus1200. Theproximal handle portion1208 may further include a stop element, such asflange1216, that extends transversely from thelongitudinal axis1214, and which is dimensioned to provide a visual and tactile indication of the proper depth for inserting theexpander apparatus1200 by engaging theproximal portion1025 of theexpandable conduit1020 when theapparatus1200 is inserted a predetermined depth. In the exemplary embodiment, thedimension1218 from theflange1216 to thedistal tip1220 is about 106 mm. Thedimension1218 is determined by the typical depth of the body structures beneath the skin surface at which the surgical procedure is being performed. Thedistal portions1210 are each provided with a frusto-conicalouter surface1222 for engaging the inside wall of theskirt portion1024. As illustrated inFIG. 47, the unexpandeddistal width1224 of theapparatus1200 at thedistal tip1220 is about 18.5 mm.

In use, the finger grips1212 are approximated towards one another (arrow A), which causes thedistal portions1210 to move to the enlarged configuration (arrows B), illustrated inFIG. 48. The

components

1202 and1204 are also provided with a cooperatingtab1226 andshoulder portion1228 which are configured for mutual engagement when thedistal portions1210 are in the expanded configuration. In the exemplary embodiment, the expandeddistal width1230 of thedistal portions1210 is about 65 mm to about as large as 83 mm. Thetab1226 andshoulder configuration1228 limits the expansion of theapparatus1200 in order to prevent expanding theskirt portion1024 of theexpandable conduit1020 beyond its designed dimension, and to minimize trauma to the underlying tissue. Further details of the expander apparatus are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/906,463 filed Jul. 16, 2001, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

When theexpandable conduit1020 is inserted into the patient andsleeve1032 is removed, theskirt portion1024 expands to a point where the outward resilient expansion of the skirt portion is balanced by the force of the surrounding tissue. The surgical space defined by the conduit may be sufficient to perform the surgical procedures. However, if it is desired to expand theexpandable conduit1020 further, theexpander apparatus1200 may be inserted into theexpandable conduit1020 in the reduced profile configuration until theshoulder portions1216 are in approximation with theproximal lip1025 of thecylindrical portion1024 of the expandable conduit1020 (FIG. 49).

As illustrated inFIG. 49, theexpander apparatus1200 is inserted in theaccess conduit1020 in the reduced profiled configuration. Expansion ofapparatus1200 is achieved by approximating the handle portions1212 (not shown inFIG. 50), which causes thedistal portions1210 of theexpander apparatus1200 to move to a spaced apart configuration. As thedistal portions1210 move apart and contact the inner wall of theskirt portion1024, it is expanded by allowing the floatingrivet1044 to slide within the two

slots

1046 and1048 of theskirt portion1024. When thedistal portions1210 reach the maximum expansion of the skirt portion1024 (illustrated by a dashed line), theshoulder1228 andtab portion1226 of theexpander apparatus1200 come into engagement to prevent further expansion of the tong portions (as illustrated inFIG. 48). Theconduit1020 may be alternatively further expanded with a balloon or similar device.

A subsequent, optional step in the procedure is to adjust the location of the distal portion of the expandable conduit relative to the body structures to be operated on. For example, theexpander apparatus1200 may also be used to engage the inner wall of theskirt portion1024 of theexpandable conduit1020 in order to move theskirt portion1024 of theexpandable conduit1020 to the desired location. For an embodiment in which theskirt portion1024 of theexpandable conduit1020 is relatively movable relative to the proximal portion, e.g. by use of therivet1030, theexpander apparatus1200 is useful to position theskirt portion1024 without substantially disturbing theproximal portion1022 or the tissues closer to the skin surface of the patient. As will be described below, the ability to move the distal end portion, e.g., the skirt portion, without disturbing the proximal portion is especially beneficial when additional apparatus, as described below, is mounted relative to the proximal portion of the expandable conduit.

Anendoscope mount platform1300 andindexing arm1400 provide securement of anendoscope1500 on theproximal portion1025 ofaccess conduit1020 for remotely viewing the surgical procedure, as illustrated inFIGS. 51-54. Theendoscope mount platform1300 also provides several functions during the surgical procedure. Theendoscope mount platform1300 includes a base1302 that extends laterally from acentral opening1304 in a general ring-shaped configuration. For the physician who is primarily viewing the procedure by observing a monitor, thebase1302 provides an aid for the physician when inserting surgical instruments into thecentral opening1304. For example, the size of thebase1302 provides visual assistance (as it may be observable in the physician's peripheral vision) as well as provides tactile feedback as the instruments are lowered towards thecentral opening1304 and into theexpandable conduit1020.

Theendoscope mount platform1300 further provides aguide portion1306, which extends substantially parallel to thelongitudinal axis1308 away from thecentral opening1304. Thebase1302 is typically molded as one piece with theguide portion1306. Thebase1302 andguide portion1306 may be constructed as a suitable polymer such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK).

Theguide portion1306 includes afirst upright member1310 extending upward from thebase1302, and asecond upright member1312 extending upward from thebase1302. The

upright members

1310 and1312 each have a respective

vertical grooves

1314 and1315 for slidably receiving anendoscopic mount assembly1318.

The endoscope1500 (not shown inFIG. 51) is movably mounted to theendoscope mount platform1300 by theendoscope mount assembly1318 includingendoscope mount1320 and asaddle unit1322. Thesaddle unit1322 is slidably mounted within the

grooves

1314 and1315 in the

upright members

1310 and1312. Theendoscope mount1320 receives theendoscope1500 through abore1326 which passes through theendoscope mount1320. Part of theendoscope1500 may extend through theexpandable conduit1020 substantially parallel tocentral axis1308 into the patient's body1130.

Theendoscope mount1320 is removably positioned in a recess1328 defined in the substantially “U”-shapedsaddle unit1322, which is selectively movable in a direction parallel to thelongitudinal axis1308 in order to position theendoscope1500 at the desired height within theexpandable conduit1020 to provide a zoom feature to physician's view of the surgical procedure.

Ascrew mechanism1340 is positioned on thebase1302 and between the

upright members

1310 and1312, and is used to selectively move thesaddle unit1322 with theendoscope mount1320 and theendoscope1500. Thescrew mechanism1340 comprises athumb wheel1342 and aspindle1344. Thethumb wheel1342 is rotatably mounted in a bore in thebase1302. The thumbwheel has anexternal thread1346 received in a cooperating thread in thebase1302. Thespindle1344 is mounted for movement substantially parallel to thecentral axis1308. Thespindle1344 has a first end received in a rectangular opening in thesaddle unit1322, which inhibits rotational movement of thespindle unit1344. The second end of thespindle1344 has an external thread which cooperates with an internal thread formed in a bore within thethumbwheel1342. Rotation of thethumb wheel1342 relative to thespindle1344, causes relative axial movement of thespindle unit1344 along with thesaddle unit1322. Further details of the endoscope mount platform are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/491,808, filed Jan. 28, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,361,488, application Ser. No. 09/821,297, filed Mar. 29, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,530,880, and application Ser. No. 09/940,402, filed Aug. 27, 2001, and published as Publication No. 2003/0040656, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.

As illustrated inFIGS. 52-54, theendoscope mount platform1300 is mounted to thesupport arm1400. Thesupport arm1400, in turn, is mounted to mechanical support, such as mechanical support arm A. Thesupport arm1400 rests on theproximal portion1025 of theexpandable conduit1020. Thesupport arm1400 includes anindexing collar1420, which is received in thecentral opening1304 of thebase1302 ofendoscope mount platform1300. Theindexing collar1420 is substantially torroidal in section and has an outerperipheral wall1422 andinner wall1424 and a wall thickness1426. The indexing collar further includes aflange1428, which supports theindexing collar1420 on thesupport arm1400.

In order to support cannula orconduits1020 of different dimensions, a plurality ofindexing collars1420 may be provided to accommodate each respective conduit size while using a singleendoscope mount platform1300. Thecentral opening1304 of theendoscope mount platform1300 has constant dimension, e.g., a diameter of about 32.6 mm. Anappropriate indexing collar1420 is selected to support therespective conduit1020. Thus theouter wall1422 and theouter diameter1430 are unchanged betweendifferent indexing collars1420, although theinner wall1424 and theinner diameter1432 vary to accommodate differentlysized conduits1020.

Theindexing collar1420 is mounted to the proximal portion of theexpandable conduit1020 and allows angular movement of theendoscope mount platform1300 with respect thereto about the central axis1308 (as indicated by arrow C inFIG. 52). Theouter wall1422 of theindex collar1420 includes a plurality ofhemispherical recesses1450 for receiving one ormore ball plungers1350 on the endoscope mount platform1300 (indicated in dashed line.) This mount configuration permits theendoscope mount platform1300, along with theendoscope1500 to be fixed in a plurality of discrete angular positions. Further details of the support arm and indexing collar are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/491,808, filed Jan. 28, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,361,488, application Ser. No. 09/821,297, filed Mar. 29, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,530,880, and application Ser. No. 09/940,402, filed Aug. 27, 2001, and published as Publication No. 2003/0040656, all of which are incorporated by reference hereinabove.

The endoscope, such as endoscope1500 (FIG. 55), has an elongated configuration that extends into theexpandable conduit1020 in order to view the surgical site. In particular,endoscope1500 has an elongatedrod portion1502 and abody portion1504 which is substantially perpendicular thereto. In the exemplary embodiment,rod portion1502 ofendoscope1500 has a diameter of about 4 mm and a length of about 106 mm.Body portion1504 may define atubular portion1506 which is configured to be slidably received in thebore1326 ofendoscope mount1320 as indicated by arrow D. The slidable mount of theendoscope1500 on theendoscope mount1300 permits theendoscope1500 to adjust to configurations that incorporate different conduit diameters. Additional mobility of theendoscope1500 in viewing the surgical site may be provided by rotating theendoscope mount platform1300 about the central axis1308 (as indicated by arrow C inFIG. 52).

Therod portion1502 supports an optical portion (not shown) at adistal end1508 thereof, which may define a field of view of about 105 degrees and a direction ofview1511 of about 25-30 degrees. Aneyepiece1512 is positioned at an end portion of thebody portion1504. The camera (not shown) is attached to theendoscope1500 adjacent theeyepiece1512 with a standard coupler unit. Alight post1510 supplies illumination to the surgical site at thedistal end portion1508. A preferred camera for use in the system and procedures described herein is a three chip unit that provides greater resolution to the viewed image than a single chip device.

A subsequent stage in the procedure is the placement of thesupport arm1400 and theendoscope mount platform1300 on theproximal portion1025 of the expandable conduit1020 (FIG. 53), and mounting of theendoscope1500 on theendoscope mount platform1300. A next step is insertion of surgical instrumentation into the expandable conduit to perform the surgical procedure on the body structures at least partially within the operative space defined by the expanded portion of the expandable conduit. In the exemplary method,skirt portion1024 ofexpandable conduit1020 at least partially definesoperative space1090 in which the surgical procedures described herein may be performed (FIG. 56). Depending upon the overlap of the skirt portion, the skirt portion may define a surface which is continuous about the circumference or which is discontinuous having one or more gaps where the material of the skirt portion does not overlap. For illustrative purposes, the surgical instrumentation described herein is useful to perform a two-level spinal fixation. Surgical instrumentation inserted into the expandable conduit is used for debridement and decortication particular, the soft tissue, such as fat and muscle, covering the vertebrae are removed in order to allow the physician to visually identify the various “landmarks,” or vertebral structures, which enable the physician to locate the location for attaching thefasteners4600 or other procedures, as will be described herein. Allowing visual identification of the vertebral structures enables the physician to perform the procedure while viewing the surgical area through the endoscope, microscope, loupes, etc., or in a conventional, open manner.

Tissue debridement and decortication of bone are completed using one or more debrider blades, bipolar sheath, high speed burr, and additional conventional manual instruments. The debrider blades are used to excise, remove and aspirate the soft tissue. The bipolar sheath is used to achieve hemostasis through spot and bulk tissue coagulation. The debrider blades and bipolar sheath are described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,193,715, assigned to Medical Scientific, Inc., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. The high speed burr and conventional manual instruments are also used to continue to expose the structure of the vertebrae.

FIGS. 57-61 illustrate an embodiment of a fusion device orspinal implant2010 that is inserted between the adjacent vertebrae. Thespinal implant2010 is placed between adjacent vertebrae to provide sufficient support to allow fusion of the adjacent vertebrae, as shown inFIGS. 67 and 68. Thespinal implants2010 are preferably made from an allograft material.

The spinal implant2010 (FIGS. 57-61) has afirst end2020 for insertion between the adjacent vertebrae V. Thefirst end2020 has a taperedsurface2022 to facilitate insertion of the implant between the adjacent vertebrae V. Thesurface2022 defines an angle X of approximately 45° as shown inFIG. 60.

The spinal implant2010 (FIGS. 57 and 58) has asecond end2030 that is engageable with a tool2032 (FIG. 70) for inserting the implant between the adjacent vertebrae V. Thetool2032 has a pair ofprojections2034, one of which is shown inFIG. 70, that extend into

recesses

2036 and2038 in theend2030 of theimplant2010. Therecesses2036 and2038 (FIGS. 57 and 58) extend from thesecond end2030 toward thefirst end2020. The recess2036 (FIG. 60) is defined by anupper surface2040 and alower surface2042 extending generally parallel to theupper surface2040. The recess2038 (FIG. 58) has alower surface2046 and anupper surface2048 extending generally parallel to thelower surface2046.

The

recesses

2036 and2038 define agripping portion2052. Theprojections2034 on thetool2032 extend into the

recesses

2036 and2038 and grip the grippingportion2052. Theprojections2034 engage the upper and

lower surfaces

2040 and2042 of therecess2036 and the upper and

lower surfaces

2046 and2048 of therecess2038. Accordingly, thetool2032 grips theimplant2010 for inserting the implant between the adjacent vertebrae V.

The implant2010 (FIGS. 57-60) has anupper surface2060, as viewed inFIGS. 57-60, for engaging the upper vertebra V. Theimplant2010 has alower surface2062, as viewed inFIGS. 57-60, for engaging the lower vertebra V. The upper and

lower surfaces

2060 and2062 extend from thefirst end2020 to thesecond end2030 of theimplant2010 and parallel to the upper and

lower surfaces

2040,2042,2046, and2048 of the

recesses

2036 and2038. Theupper surface2060 hasteeth2064 for engaging the upper vertebra V. Thelower surface2062 hasteeth2066 for engaging the lower vertebra V. AlthoughFIGS. 57 and 58 show fourteeth2064 and fourteeth2066, it is contemplated that any number of teeth could be used.

Afirst side surface2070 and asecond side surface2072 extend between the upper and

lower surfaces

2060 and2062. Thefirst side surface2070 extends along a first arc from thefirst end2022 of theimplant2010 to thesecond end2030. Thesecond side surface2072 extends along a second arc from thefirst end2022 to thesecond end2030. The first and

second side surfaces

2070 and2072 are concentric and define portions of concentric circles. The

teeth

2064 and2066 parallel to each other and extend between the side surfaces2070 and2072 and along secant lines of the concentric circles defined by the side surfaces.

Theimplant2010 is formed by harvesting allograft material from a femur, as known in the art. The femur is axially cut to form cylindrical pieces of allograft material. The cylindrical pieces are then cut in half to form semi-cylindrical pieces of allograft material. The semi-cylindrical pieces of allograft material are machined into thespinal implants2010.

A pair ofspinal implants2010 may be placed bilaterally between the adjacent vertebrae V. The cannula orexpandable conduit1020 is inserted into the patient's body adjacent the vertebrae V. Theskirt portion1024 of thecannula1020 is radially expanded to provide a working space adjacent the vertebrae V. Disc material between the vertebrae V is removed using instruments such as kerrisons, rongeurs, or curettes. A microdebrider may also be utilized to remove the disc material. An osteotome, curettes, and scrapers are used to prepare end plates of the vertebrae V for fusion. Preferably, an annulus of the disc is left between the vertebrae V.

Distracters are used to sequentially distract the disc space until the desired distance between the vertebrae V is achieved. The fusion device orimplant2010 is placed between the vertebrae V using thetool2032. Thefirst end2020 of theimplant2010 is inserted first between the vertebrae V. Theimplant2010 is pushed between the vertebrae V until theend2030 of the implant is between the vertebrae. A secondspinal implant2010 is inserted on the ipsilateral side using the same procedure.

Ashield apparatus3100 with anelongated portion3102 may be used to facilitate insertion of theimplants2010 between the vertebrae V. Adistal portion3110 of theapparatus3100 may be placed in an annulotomy. Theimplant2010 is inserted with theside surface2170 facing theelongated portion3102 so that theapparatus3100 can act as a “shoe horn” to facilitate or guide insertion of theimplants2010 between the vertebrae.

Theimplants2010 may be inserted between the vertebrae V with the first ends2020 located adjacent each other and the second ends2030 spaced apart from each other, as shown inFIG. 67. Theimplants2010 may also be inserted between the vertebrae V with the first ends2020 of theimplants2010 spaced apart approximately the same distance that the second ends2030 are spaced apart. It is contemplated that theimplants2010 may be inserted in any desired position between the vertebrae V. It is also contemplated that only oneimplant2010 may be inserted between the vertebrae V. Furthermore, it is contemplated that theimplants2010 may be inserted between vertebrae using an open procedure.

Another embodiment of a fusion device orspinal implant2110 is illustrated inFIGS. 62-66. Thespinal implant2110 is substantially similar to the embodiment disclosed inFIGS. 57-61. Theimplant2110 is placed between the adjacent vertebrae V to provide sufficient support to allow fusion of the adjacent vertebrae, as shown inFIG. 69. Thespinal implant2110 is preferably made from an allograft material.

The spinal implant2110 (FIGS. 62-66) has afirst end2120 for insertion between the adjacent vertebrae V. Thefirst end2120 has a taperedsurface2122 to facilitate insertion of the implant between the adjacent vertebrae V. Thesurface2122 defines an angle Y of approximately 45° as shown inFIG. 65.

The spinal implant2110 (FIGS. 62 and 63) has asecond end2130 that is engageable with theprojections2034 on thetool2032 for inserting the implant between the adjacent vertebrae V. Theprojections2034 extend into

recesses

2136 and2138 in theend2130 of theimplant2110. The

recesses

2136 and2138 extend from thesecond end2130 toward thefirst end2120. The recess2136 (FIGS. 62 and 65) is defined by anupper surface2140 and alower surface2142 extending generally parallel to theupper surface2140. The recess2138 (FIG. 63) has alower surface2146 and anupper surface2148 extending generally parallel to thelower surface2146.

The

recesses

2136 and2138 define agripping portion2152. Theprojections2034 on thetool2032 extend into the

recesses

2136 and2138 and grip the grippingportion2152. Theprojections2034 engage the upper and

lower surfaces

2140 and2142 of therecess2136 and the upper and

lower surfaces

2146 and2148 of therecess2138. Accordingly, thetool2032 grips theimplant2110 for inserting the implant between the adjacent vertebrae V.

The implant2110 (FIGS. 62-65) has anupper surface2160, as viewed inFIGS. 62-65, for engaging the upper vertebra V. Theimplant2110 has alower surface2162, as viewed inFIGS. 62-65, for engaging the lower vertebra V. The upper and

lower surfaces

2160 and2162 extend from thefirst end2120 to thesecond end2130 of theimplant2110 and parallel to the upper and

lower surfaces

2140,2142,2146, and2148 of the

recesses

2136 and2138. Theupper surface2160 hasteeth2164 for engaging the upper vertebra V. Thelower surface2162 hasteeth2166 for engaging the lower vertebra V. AlthoughFIG. 63 shows fourteeth2164 and fourteeth2166, it is contemplated that any number of teeth could be used.

Afirst side surface2170 and asecond side surface2172 extend between the upper and

lower surfaces

2160 and2162. Thefirst side surface2170 extends along a first arc from thefirst end2122 of theimplant2110 to thesecond end2130. Thesecond side surface2172 extends along a second arc from thefirst end2120 to thesecond end2130. The first and

second side surfaces

2170 and2172 are concentric and define portions of concentric circles. The

teeth

2164 and2166 extend parallel to each other and between the side surfaces2170 and2172 along secant lines of the concentric circles defined by the side surfaces.

Theimplant2110 is formed by harvesting allograft material from a femur, as is known in the art. The femur is axially cut to form cylindrical pieces of allograft material. The cylindrical pieces are then cut in half to form semi-cylindrical pieces of allograft material. The semi-cylindrical pieces of allograft material are machined into thespinal implants2110.

Aspinal implant2110 is placed unilaterally between the adjacent vertebrae V. Thecannula1020 is inserted into the patient's body adjacent the vertebrae V. Theskirt portion1024 of thecannula1020 is radially expanded to provide a working space adjacent the vertebrae V. Disc material between the vertebrae V is removed using instruments such as kerrisons, rongeurs, or curettes. A microdebrider may also be utilized to remove the disc material. An osteotome, curettes, and scrapers are used to prepare end plates of the vertebrae V for fusion. Preferably, an annulus of the disc is left between the vertebrae V.

Distracters are used to sequentially distract the disc space until the desired distance between the vertebrae V is achieved. Theimplant2110 is placed between the vertebrae V using thetool2032. It is contemplated that theapparatus3100 could be used also. Thefirst end2120 of theimplant2110 is inserted first between the vertebrae V. Theimplant2110 is pushed between the vertebrae V until theend2130 of the implant is between the vertebrae. It is contemplated that theimplant2110 may be inserted in any desired position between the vertebrae V. It is also contemplated that more than oneimplant2110 may be inserted between the vertebrae.

The apparatus orshield3100 for use in placing the fusion devices or spinal implants between the vertebrae is illustrated inFIGS. 71-75. Theapparatus3100 includes anelongated body portion3102, which protects the nerve root or dura, and a mountingportion3104, which allows for the surgeon to releasably mount theapparatus3100 to thecannula1020. Consequently, the surgeon is able to perform the surgical procedures without requiring the surgeon or an assistant to continue to support theapparatus3100 throughout the procedure, and without reducing the field of view.

Theapparatus3100 may be manufactured from a biocompatible material such as, but not limited to, stainless steel. In the exemplary embodiment,apparatus3100 is manufactured from stainless steel having a thickness of about 0.02 inches to about 0.036 inches. Theelongated body portion3102 has dimensions which correspond to the depth in the body in which the procedure is being performed, and to the size of the body structure which is to be shielded byelongated body portion3102. In the exemplary embodiment, theelongated body portion3102 has awidth3106 of about 0.346 inches and a length of about 5.06 inches (FIG. 72), although other dimensions would be appropriate for spinal surgical procedures performed at different locations, or for surgical procedures involving different body structures. Thedistal tip portion3110 of theapparatus3100 may have a slightly curved “bell mouth” configuration which allows for atraumatic contact with a body structure, such as a nerve. It is contemplated that the elongated body portion may have any desired shape.

The mountingportion3104 allows theapparatus3100 to be secured to a support structure in any number of ways. In the exemplary embodiment, mountingportion3104 may include a ring portion. With reference toFIGS. 71-75,ring portion3120 has a substantially ring-shaped configuration with anopening3124, which defines anangle3126 of about 90 degrees of the total circumference of thering portion3120. As will be described in greater detail below, theangle3126 is a nominal value, because thering portion3104 is resilient, which permits theopening3124 to change size during the mounting process.

In the exemplary embodiment, the mountingportion3104 has a substantially cylindrical configuration in order to be mounted within the interior lumen of thecannula1020, as will be described below. Thering portion3104 has anexterior dimension3130 of about 0.79 inches, and aninterior dimension3132 of about 0.76 inches. It is understood that the dimensions of thering portion3104 would be different if theexpandable conduit1020 has a different interior dimension. Moreover, the cylindrical shape of thering portion3104 would change if theapparatus3100 is used with a support member having a differently shaped internal lumen.

Finger grip portions

3122 extend from the mountingportion3104 and allow the surgeon to apply an inwardly directed force (as indicated by arrows A) to thering portion3120. The resilient characteristics of thering portion3120 allow the material to deflect thereby reducing theexterior dimension3130 and reducing thespacing3124. Releasing thefinger grip portions3122 allows the ring portion to move towards its undeflected condition, thereby engaging the interior wall of theexpandable conduit1020.

Theelongated body portion3102 and the mountingportion3104 may be manufactured from a single component, such as a sheet of stainless steel, and then the mountingportion3104 may be subsequently formed into a substantially cylindrical shape. In another embodiment, the mountingportion3104 may be manufactured as a separate component and attached to the elongated body portion, by techniques such as, but not limited to welding and securement by fasteners, such as rivets.

Theexpandable conduit1020 serves as a stable mounting structure forapparatus3100. In particular, mountingportion3104 is releasably mounted to the interior wall ofproximal wall portion1022 ofexpandable conduit1020.Elongated body portion3102 extends distally into the operative site to protect the desired body structure, such as the nerve, as will be described below.

To install theapparatus3100 within the interior passage of theproximal wall portion1022, the surgeon may apply an inwardly directed force on thering portion3120, thereby causing the ring portion to resiliently deform, as illustrated by dashed line and arrows B inFIG. 78. The surgeon subsequently inserts theapparatus3100 into the interior lumen of the proximal wall portion1022 (as indicated by arrow C) to the position ofring portion3104 illustrated in solid line inFIG. 77. When the surgeon releases thefinger grip portions3122, thering portion3120 resiliently moves towards its undeflected configuration, thereby engaging the interior lumen of theproximal wall portion1022. The mountingportion3104 described herein has the advantage that it is easily removed and/or moved with respect to theconduit1020 without disturbing the position of theconduit1020 or any other instrumentation.

As illustrated inFIG. 76, the configuration of the mountingportion3104 and theelongated body portion3102 allow the elongated body portion to occupy a small space along the periphery of theproximal wall portion3122. This allows the apparatus to protect the desired body structure without blocking access for the insertion of other surgical instrumentation, and without blocking visibility by the surgeon during the procedure.

The mountingportion3104 is one exemplary configuration for mounting theapparatus3100 to the support structure. It is contemplated that theapparatus3100 may be-mounted within the cannula in another manner.

When in position, thedistal end portion3110 covers the exiting nerve root R, while exposing the disc annulus A (SeeFIG. 76). As discussed above, the debridement and decortication of tissue covering the vertebrae, as well as a facetecomy and/or laminectomy if indicated, are performed prior to the insertion ofapparatus3100 into the surgical space. Thus, there is no need to displace or retract tissue, andapparatus3100 merely covers the nerve root and does not substantially displace the nerve root or any other body tissue. It is understood that term “cover” as used herein refers toapparatus3100 being a small distance adjacent to the body structure, or in contact with the body structure without applying significant tension or displacement force to the body structure.

Additional surgical instrumentation S may be inserted into the expandable conduit to perform procedures on the surrounding tissue. For example, an annulotomy may be performed using a long handled knife and kerrisons. A discectomy may be completed by using curettes and rongeurs. Removal of osteophytes which may have accumulated between the vertebrae may be performed using osteotomes and chisels.

As illustrated inFIG. 79, theelongated body portion3102 is rotated to protect the spinal cord, or dura D, during the above procedures. The surgeon may change the position of theapparatus3100 by approximating the finger grips3122 to release the ring portion from engagement with the inner wall of theproximal wall portion1020, and then re-position theapparatus3100 without disturbing the expandable conduit1020 (as shown inFIG. 77).

During certain surgical procedures, it may be useful to introduce crushed bone fragments or the

fusion devices

2010 or2110 to promote bone fusion. As illustrated inFIGS. 80-80a,apparatus3100 is useful to direct the implants into the space I between adjacent vertebrae V. As shown in the figures, thedistal portion3110 of theelongated body portion3102 is partially inserted into the space I. Thedistal end portion3110, is positioned between adjacent vertebrae V, and creates a partially enclosed space for receiving the implants or other material therein.

Another embodiment of the apparatus or shield is illustrated inFIGS. 81-82, and designatedapparatus3200.Apparatus3200 is substantially identical toapparatus3100, described above, with the following differences noted herein. In particular,distal end portion3210 includes a pair of

surfaces

3240 and3242.Surface3240 is an extension ofelongated shield portion3202, andsurface3242 extends at an angle with respect tosurface3240. In the exemplary embodiment, surfaces3240 and3242 defined an angle of about 90 degrees between them. Alternatively another angle between

surfaces

3240 and3242 may be defined as indicated by the body structures to be protected.

Distal end portion

3210 allows the apparatus to provide simultaneous shielding of both the dura D and the nerve root R. InFIGS. 83-84,surface3242 shields the dura D, andsurface3240 shields the nerve root R. It is understood that

surfaces

3240 and3242 may be interchanged with respect to which tissue they protect during the surgical procedure.

After the

spinal implants

2010 or2110 are inserted between the vertebrae V, thefasteners4600 are attached to the vertebrae. Prior to attachment of the fasteners, the location of the fastener attachment is confirmed. In the exemplary embodiment, the pedicle entry point of the L5 vertebra is located using visual landmarks as well as lateral and A/P fluoroscopy, as is known in the art. With reference toFIG. 56, theentry point4092 is prepared with anawl4550. Thepedicle hole4092 is completed using instruments known in the art such as a straight bone probe, a tap, and a sounder. The sounder, as is known in the art, determines whether the hole that is made is surrounded by bone on all sides, and that there has been no perforation of the pedicle wall.

Afterhole4092 in the pedicle is provided (or at any point during the procedure), an optional step is to adjust the location of thedistal portion1024 of theexpandable conduit1020. This may be performed by inserting theexpander apparatus1200 into theexpandable conduit1020, expanding thedistal portions1210, and contacting the inner wall of theskirt portion1024 to move theskirt portion1024 to the desired location. This step may be performed while theendoscope1500 is positioned within theexpandable conduit1020, and without substantially disturbing the location of the proximal portion of theexpandable conduit1020 to which theendoscope mount platform1300 may be attached.

A particularly useful fastener for use in the exemplary procedure is thefastener4600, illustrated inFIGS. 85-86, and described in greater detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/075,668, filed Feb. 13, 2002 and in application Ser. No. 10/087,489, filed Mar. 1, 2002, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.Fastener4600 includes ascrew portion4602, ahousing4604, aspacer member4606, a biasingmember4608, and a clamping member, such ascap screw4610. Thescrew portion4602 has a distal threadedportion4612 and a proximal, substantially sphericaljoint portion4614. The threadedportion4612 is inserted into thehole4092 in the vertebrae, as will be described below. The substantially sphericaljoint portion4614 is received in a substantially annular, partspherical recess4616 in thehousing4604 in a ball and socket joint relationship (see alsoFIG. 88).

As illustrated inFIG. 86, the fastener is assembled by inserting thescrew portion4602 into a bore in apassage4618 in thehousing4604, until thejoint portion4614 engages theannular recess4616. Thescrew portion4602 is retained in thehousing4604 by thespacer member4606 and biasingmember4608. The biasingmember4608 provides a biasing force to drive thespacer member4606 in frictional engagement with thejoint portion4614 of thescrew member4602 and theannular recess4616 of thehousing4604. The biasing provided by the biasingmember4608 frictionally maintains the relative positioning of thehousing4604 with respect to thescrew portion4602. The biasingmember4608 is selected such that biasing force prevents unrestricted movement of thehousing4604 relative to thescrew portion4602. However, the biasing force is insufficient to resist the application of force by a physician to move thehousing4604 relative to thescrew portion4602. In other words, this biasing force is strong enough to maintain thehousing4604 stationary relative to thescrew portion4602, but this force may be overcome by the physician to reorient thehousing4604 with respect to thescrew member4602, as will be described below.

Thespacer member4606 is provided with alongitudinal bore4626, which provides access to ahexagonal recess4628 in the proximal end of thejoint portion4614 of thescrew member4602. The proximal portion of thehousing4604 includes a pair of

upright members

4630 and4631 that are separated by substantially “U”-shapedgrooves4632. A recess for receivingelongated member4650 is defined by the pair ofgrooves4632 between

upright members

4630 and4631.Elongated member4650 is to be placed distally into thehousing4604 in an orientation substantially transverse to the longitudinal axis of thehousing4604, as will be described below. The inner walls of the

upright members

4630 and4631 are provided withthreads4634 for attachment of thecap screw4610 bythreads4613 therein.

Thefastener4600 is inserted into theexpandable conduit1020 and guided to theprepared hole4092 in the vertebrae as a further stage of the procedure. Thefastener4600 must be simultaneously supported and rotated in order to be secured inhole4092. In the exemplary embodiment, thefastener4600 is supported and attached to the bone by anendoscopic screwdriver apparatus4660, illustrated inFIG. 87.Screwdriver4660 includes a proximal handle portion4662 (illustrated in dashed line), anelongated body portion4664, and adistal tool portion4666.

Thedistal tool portion4666, as illustrated in greater detail inFIG. 88 includes a substantially hexagonal outer periphery which is received in the substantiallyhexagonal recess4628 in thejoint portion4614 of thescrew member4602. A spring member at thedistal tool portion4666 releasably engages thehexagonal recess4628 of thescrew member4602 to support thefastener4600 during insertion and tightening. In the exemplary embodiment, aspring member4672 is configured to engage the side wall of therecess4628. More particularly, a channel/groove is provided in thetip portion4666 for receiving thespring member4672. The channel/groove includes a mediallongitudinal notch portion4676, a proximal,angled channel portion4678, and a distal substantiallytransverse channel portion4680. Thespring member4672 is preferably manufactured from stainless steel and has amedial portion4682 which is partially received in thelongitudinal notch portion4676, an angledproximal portion4684 which is fixedly received in theangled channel portion4678, and a transversedistal portion4686 which is slidably received in thetransverse channel4680. Themedial portion4682 of thespring member4672 is partially exposed from thedistal tip portion4666 and normally biased in a transverse outward direction with respect to the longitudinal axis (indicated by arrow E), in order to supply bearing force against the wall of therecess4628. Alternatively, the distal tip portion of the screw driver may be magnetized in order to hold thescrew portion4602. Similarly, the distal tip portion may include a ball bearing or similar member which is normally biased in a radially outward direction to engage the interior wall of therecess4628 to secure thefastener4600 to the screwdriverdistal tip4666.

The insertion of thefastener4600 into theprepared hole4092 may be achieved by insertion ofscrewdriver4660 into conduit1020 (indicated by arrow G). This procedure may be visualized by the use of theendoscope1500 in conjunction with fluoroscopy. Thescrew portion4602 is threaded into theprepared hole4092 by the endoscopic screwdriver4660 (indicated by arrow H). Theendoscopic screwdriver4660 is subsequently separated from the screw, by applying a force in the proximal direction, and thereby releasing thedistal tip portion4666 from the hexagonal recess4628 (e.g., causing the transversedistal portion4686 of thespring member4672 to slide within thetransverse recess4680 against the bias, indicated by arrow F), and removing thescrewdriver4660 from theexpandable conduit1020. An alternative method may use a guide wire, which is fixed in thehole4092, and a cannulated screw which has an internal lumen (as is known in the art) and is guided over the guide wire into thehole4092. The screwdriver would be cannulated as well to fit over the guide wire.

For a two-level fixation, it may be necessary to prepare several holes and attachseveral fasteners4600. Typically, the expandable conduit will be sized in order to provide simultaneous access to all vertebrae in which the surgical procedure is being performed. In some cases, however, additional enlargement or repositioning of the distal portion of the expandable conduit may be required in order to have sufficient access to the outer vertebrae, e.g., the L4 and S1 vertebrae. In the exemplary embodiment, theexpander apparatus1200 may be repeatedly inserted into theexpandable conduit1020 and expanded in order to further open or position theskirt portion1024. In the exemplary procedure, additional fasteners are inserted in the L4 and S1 vertebrae in a similar fashion as thefastener4600 inserted in to the L5 vertebra as described above. (When discussed individually or collectively, a fastener and/or its individual components will be referred to by the reference number, e.g.,fastener4600,housing4604, and allfasteners4600. However, when several fasteners and/or their components are discussed in relation to one another, an alphabetic subscript will be used, e.g.,fastener4600ais moved towardsfastener4600b.)

In a further stage of the procedure, thehousing portions4604 of thefasteners4600 are substantially aligned such that their

upright portions

4630 and4631 face upward, and thenotches4632 are substantially aligned to receive the fixation element orelongated member4650 therein. The frictional mounting of thehousing4604 to thescrew member4602, described above, allows thehousing4604 to be temporarily positioned until a subsequent tightening step, described below. Positioning of thehousing portions4604 may be performed by the use of an elongated surgical instrument capable of contacting and moving the housing portion to the desired orientation. An exemplary instrument for positioning thehousings4604 is agrasper apparatus4700, illustrated inFIG. 89. Thegrasper apparatus4700 includes aproximal handle portion4702, anelongated body portion4704, anddistal nose portion4706. Thedistal nose portion4706 includes a pair of grasping

jaws

4708aand4708b, which are pivotable aboutpin4710 by actuation of theproximal handle portion4702. The grasping

jaws

4708aand4708bare illustrated in the closed position inFIG. 89. As is known in the art, pivoting themovable handle4714 towardsstationary handle4712 causes longitudinal movement ofactuator4716, which in turn pivots thejaw4708btowards an open position (illustrated in dashed line). The biasing

members

4718 and4720 are provided to return the

handles

4712 and4714 to the open position and bias the

jaws

4708aand4708bto the closed position.

A subsequent stage in the process is the insertion of the fixation element orelongated member4650 into theexpandable conduit1020. The elongated member is manufactured from a biocompatible material and must be sufficiently strong to maintain the positioning of the vertebrae, or other body structures. In the exemplary embodiment, theelongated members4650 are manufactured from Titanium 6/4 or titanium alloy. Alternatively, the elongated member may be manufactured from stainless steel or other suitable material. The radii and length of theelongated members4650 are selected by the physician to provide the best fit for the positioning of the screw heads. Such selection may be performed by placing theelongated member4650 on the skin of the patient overlying the location of the fasteners and viewed fluoroscopically. For example, a 70 mm preformed rod having a 3.5″ bend radius may be selected for the spinal fixation.

Theelongated member4650 is subsequently fixed to each of thefasteners4600, and more particularly, to thehousings4604 of each fastener. Thegrasper apparatus4700, described above, is also particularly useful for inserting theelongated member4650 into theexpandable conduit1020 and positioning it with respect to eachhousing4604. As illustrated inFIG. 89, the

jaws

4708aand4708bof thegrasper apparatus4700 each has a

curved contact portion

4722aand4722bfor contacting and holding the outer surface of theelongated member4650.

As illustrated inFIG. 90, thegrasper apparatus4700 may be used to insert theelongated member4650 into theoperative space1090 defined at least partially by theskirt portion1024 of theexpandable conduit1020. The cut-out

portions

1056 and1058 provided in theskirt portion1024 assist in the process of installing theelongated member4650 with respect to thehousings4604. The cut-out

portions

1056 and1058 allow anend portion4652 of theelongated member4650 to extend beyond the operative space without raising or repositioning theskirt portion1024. Theelongated member4650 is positioned within the recesses in eachhousing4604 defined bygrooves4632 disposed between

upright members

4630 and4631. Theelongated member4650 is positioned in an orientation substantially transverse to the longitudinal axis of eachhousing4604.

Further positioning of theelongated member4650 may be performed byguide apparatus4800, illustrated inFIG. 91.Guide apparatus4800 is useful in cooperation with an endoscopic screwdriver, such as endoscopic screwdriver4660 (illustrated in FIG.87), in order to position theelongated member4650, and to introduce and tighten thecap screw4610, described above and illustrated inFIG. 86. Tightening of thecap screw4610 with respect to thehousing4604 fixes the orientation of thehousing4604 with respect to thescrew portion4602 and fixes the position of theelongated member4650 with respect to thehousing4604.

In the exemplary embodiment, theguide apparatus4800 has aproximal handle portion4802, anelongated body portion4804, and adistal tool portion4806. Theelongated body portion4804 defines a central bore4808 (illustrated in dashed line) along itslongitudinal axis4810. Thecentral bore4808 is sized and configured to receive theendoscopic screwdriver4660 andcap screw4610 therethrough. In the exemplary embodiment, the diameter of thecentral bore4808 of theelongated body portion4804 is about 0.384-0.388 inches in diameter, and the external diameter of the endoscopic screwdriver4660 (FIG. 87) is about 0.25 inches. Theproximal handle portion4802 extends transverse to thelongitudinal axis4810, which allows the physician to adjust theguide apparatus4800 without interfering with the operation of thescrewdriver4660.

Thedistal portion4806 of the apparatus includes several semicircular cut outportions4814 which assist in positioning theelongated member4650. As illustrated inFIG. 92, the cut outportions4814 are sized and configured to engage the surface ofelongated member4650 and move theelongated member4650 from an initial location (illustrated in dashed line) to a desired location.

As illustrated inFIG. 93, theguide apparatus4800 is used in cooperation with theendoscopic screwdriver4660 to attach thecap screw4610. The distal end of thebody portion4804 includes a pair ofelongated openings4816, which permit the physician to endoscopically view thecap screw4610 retained at thedistal tip4666 of theendoscopic screw driver4660.

Theguide apparatus4800 and theendoscopic screwdriver4660 may cooperate as follows: Theguide apparatus4800 is configured to be positioned in a surrounding configuration with thescrewdriver4600. In the exemplary embodiment, thebody portion4804 is configured for coaxial placement about thescrewdriver4660 in order to distribute the contact force of theguide apparatus4800 on theelongated member4650. Thedistal portion4806 of theguide apparatus4800 may bear down on theelongated member4650 to seat theelongated member4650 in thenotches4632 in thehousing4604. The “distributed” force of theguide apparatus4800 may contact theelongated member4650 on at least one or more locations. In addition, the diameter ofcentral bore4808 is selected to be marginally larger than the exterior diameter ofcap screw4610, such that thecap screw4610 may freely slide down thecentral bore4808, while maintaining the orientation shown inFIG. 93. This configuration allows the physician to have effective control of the placement of thecap screw4610 into thehousing4604. Thecap screw4610 is releasably attached to theendoscopic screwdriver4660 by means ofspring member4672 engaged to the interior wall ofhexagonal recess4611 as it is inserted within thebore4808 of thebody portion4804 ofguide apparatus4800. Thecap screw4610 is attached to thehousing4604 by engaging the threads4615 of thecap screw4610 with thethreads4634 of the housing.

As illustrated inFIG. 94, tightening of thecap screw4610 fixes the assembly of thehousing4604 with respect to theelongated member4650. In particular, the distal surface of thecap screw4610 provides a distal force against theelongated member4650, which in turn drives thespacer member4606 against thejoint portion4614 of thescrew portion4602, which is consequently fixed with respect to thehousing4604.

If locations of the vertebrae are considered acceptable by the physician, then the fixation procedure is substantially complete once thecap screws4610 have been attached to therespective housings4604, and tightened to provide a fixed structure as between theelongated member4650 and thevarious fasteners4600. However, if compression or distraction of the vertebrae with respect to one another is required additional apparatus would be used to shift the vertebrae prior to final tightening of all the cap screws4610.

In the exemplary embodiment, this step is performed with a surgical instrument, such as compressor-distracter instrument4900, illustrated inFIG. 95, which is useful to relatively position bone structures in the cephalad-caudal direction and to fix their position with respect to one another. Thus, the compressor-distracter instrument4900 has the capability to engage twofasteners4600 and to space them apart while simultaneously tightening one of the fasteners to fix the spacing between the two vertebrae, or other bone structures. Moreover, the compressor-distracter instrument4900 may also be used to move twofasteners4600, and the vertebrae attached thereto into closer approximation and fix the spacing there between.

Thedistal tool portion4902 of the compressor-distracter instrument4900 is illustrated inFIG. 95. (Further details of the compressor-distracter apparatus is described in co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/178,875, filed Jun. 24, 2002, entitled “Surgical Instrument for Moving Vertebrae,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.) Thedistal tool portion4902 includes adriver portion4904 and aspacing member4906. Thedriver portion4904 has adistal end portion4908 with a plurality of wrenching flats configured to engage therecess4611 in the proximal face of thecap screw4610, and to apply torque to the cap screw. Thedriver portion4904 is rotatable about the longitudinal axis (indicated by arrow M) to rotate thecap screw4610 relative to thefastener4600. Accordingly, thedriver portion4904 can be rotated to loosen thecap screw4610 on thefastener4600 and permit movement of theelongated member4650 connected with one of the vertebrae relative to thefastener4600 connected with another of the vertebrae. Thecap screw4610 can also be rotated in order to tighten thecap screw4610 and clamp theelongated member4650 to thefastener4600.

Thedistal tool portion4902 may also include a spacing member, such asspacing member4906, which engages anadjacent fastener4600bwhiledriver member4904 is engaged withhousing4600ato move thefastener4600bwith respect tofastener4600a. In the exemplary embodiment,spacing member4906 is a jaw portion which is pivotably mounted to move between a first position adjacent the driver portion and a second position spaced from the driver portion, as shown inFIG. 95. Thedistal tip4910 of thespacing member4906 is movable relative to thedriver portion4904 in a direction extending transverse to the longitudinal axis.

As illustrated inFIG. 95, thespacer member4906 can be opened with respect to thedriver portion4904 to space the vertebrae further apart (as indicated by arrow N). Thedistal portion4910 of thespacer member4906 engages the housing4604boffastener4600band movesfastener4600bfurther apart fromfastener4600ato distract the vertebrae. Where the vertebrae are to be moved closer together, e.g. compressed, thespacer member4906 is closed with respect to the driver portion4904 (arrow P), as illustrated inFIG. 96. Thedistal portion4610 ofspacer member4606 engages housing4604boffastener4600band movesfastener4600btowardsfastener4600a. When the spacing of the vertebrae is acceptable to the physician, thecap screw4610ais tightened by thedriver member4904, thereby fixing the relationship of thehousing4604awith respect toelongated member4650, and thereby fixing the position of the vertebrae, or other bone structures, with respect to one another.

Once the elongated member or fixingelement4650 is fixed with respect to thefasteners4600, the procedure is substantially complete. The surgical instrumentation, such as theendoscope1500 is withdrawn from the surgical site. Theexpandable conduit1020 is also withdrawn from the site. The muscle and fascia typically close as theexpandable conduit1020 is withdrawn through the dilated tissues in the reduced profile configuration. The fascia and skin incisions are closed in the typical manner, with sutures, etc. The procedure described above may be repeated for the other lateral side of the same vertebrae, if indicated.

Accordingly, the method of fixing three vertebrae V of a patient together at the surgical site includes inserting afirst cannula1020 into the body of the patient. Theskirt portion1024 of thecannula1020 is expanded using theexpander apparatus1200. A

first fusion device

2010 or2110 is moved through thecannula1020 and inserted between the first and second vertebrae V. Afirst fastener4600 is moved through thecannula1020 and secured to the first vertebra V. Asecond fastener4600 is moved through thecannula1020 and secured to a second vertebra V. A

second fusion device

2010 or2110 is moved through thecannula1020 and inserted between the second and third vertebrae V. Athird fastener4600 is moved through thecannula1020 and secured to the third vertebra V. Afirst fixation element4650 is moved through thecannula1020. Thefirst fixation element4650 is fixed to the first, second, andthird fasteners4600.

Asecond cannula1020 is inserted into the body of the patient laterally from where the first cannula was inserted. Theskirt portion1024 of thesecond cannula1020 is expanded using theexpander apparatus1200. A

third fusion device

2010 or2110 is moved through thecannula1020 and inserted between the first and second vertebrae V. Afourth fastener4600 is moved through thesecond cannula1020 and secured to the first vertebra V. Afifth fastener4600 is moved through thecannula1020 and secured to the second vertebra V. A

fourth fusion device

2010 or2110 is moved through thesecond cannula1020 and inserted between the second and third vertebrae V. Asixth fastener4600 is moved through thesecond cannula1020 and secured to the third vertebra V. Asecond fixation element4650 is moved through thesecond cannula1020. Thesecond fixation element4650 is fixed to the fourth, fifth, and sixth fasteners.

Although the method of securing the three vertebrae together is described as including the insertion of fusion devices between the second and third vertebrae, it is contemplated that fusion devices may only be inserted between the first and second vertebrae. Furthermore, it is contemplated that theskirt portion1024 of thecannula1020 could include a stop that retains the skirt portion in an expanded configuration as shown in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/855,358, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,524,320, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

FIGS. 97-103 illustrate various embodiments of another access device designated byreference number5000. The term “access device” is used in its ordinary sense to mean a device that can provide access and is a broad term and it includes structures having an elongated dimension and defining a passage, e.g., a cannula or a conduit. With reference toFIGS. 97 and 98, theaccess device5000 is configured to be inserted through the skin of the patient to provide access during a surgical procedure to a surgical location within a patient, e.g., a spinal location. The term “surgical location” is used in its ordinary sense (i.e. a location where a surgical procedure is performed) and is a broad term and it includes locations subject to or affected by a surgery. The term “spinal location” is used in its ordinary sense (i.e. a location at or near a spine) and is a broad term and it includes locations adjacent to or associated with a spine that may be sites for surgical spinal procedures. Theaccess device5000 also can retract tissue to provide greater access to the surgical location.

Theaccess device5000 has anelongate body5002 that has aproximal end5004 and adistal end5006. With reference toFIGS. 97 and 98, theelongate body5002 has alength5008 between theproximal end5004 and thedistal end5006. Thelength5008 is selected such that when theaccess device5000 is applied to a patient during a surgical procedure, thedistal end5006 can be positioned inside the patient adjacent the spinal location. When so applied, theproximal end5004 is preferably outside the patient at a suitable height, as discussed more fully below.

In one embodiment, theelongate body5002 comprises aproximal portion5010 and adistal portion5012. Theproximal portion5010 has an oblong or generally oval shaped cross section in one embodiment. The term “oblong” is used in its ordinary sense (i.e., having an elongated form) and is a broad term and it includes a structure having a dimension, especially one of two perpendicular dimensions, such as, for example, width or length, that is greater than another and includes shapes such as rectangles, ovals, elipses, triangle, diamonds, trapezoids, parabolas, and other elongated shapes having straight or curved sides. The term “oval” is used in its ordinary sense (i.e., egg like or eliptical) and is a broad term and includes oblong shapes having curved portions.

Thedistal portion5012 is expandable in one embodiment. At least onepassage5014 extends through theelongate body5002 between theproximal end5004 and thedistal end5006, e.g., through the proximal and

distal portions

5010,5012. Thepassage5014 preferably is defined by a smooth metalinner surface5016 that extends substantially entirely around the perimeter of thepassage5014 between the proximal and

distal ends

5004,5006 in one embodiment. Theinner surfaces5016 can take other forms, e.g., employing other materials, different smoothness, and/or varying degrees of smoothness.

In one embodiment, theelongate body5002 is expandable from a first configuration, shown inFIG. 102, to a second configuration, shown inFIG. 101. In one embodiment, theelongate body5002 is movable from the first configuration to the second configuration when inserted within the patient, as discussed above. In the first configuration, theaccess device5000 is configured, e.g., sized, for insertion into the patient. As discussed more fully below, in one embodiment, the first configuration of theaccess device5000 provides that thepassage5014 has a relatively small transverse cross-sectional area at thedistal end5006, e.g., a cross-sectional area about equal to the cross-sectional area of theproximal end5004, or less.

In the second configuration, the cross-sectional area of thepassage5014 at thedistal end5006 is greater than the cross-sectional area of thepassage5014 at theproximal end5004 in one embodiment. The second configuration is particularly well suited for performing surgical procedures in the vicinity of a spinal location. Other configurations and arrangements of theaccess device5000 are discussed herein below.

As shown inFIGS. 97 and 98, in one embodiment, theproximal portion5010 and thedistal portion5012 are discrete, i.e., separate members. In other embodiments, the proximal and

distal portions

5010,5012 are a unitary member. In the illustrated embodiment, theproximal portion5010 comprises an oblong, generally oval shaped cross section over the elongated portion. It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that the cross section can be of any suitable oblong shape. Theproximal portion5010 can be any desired size. Theproximal portion5010 can have a cross-sectional area that varies from one end of theproximal portion5010 to another end. For example, the cross-sectional area of theproximal portion5010 can increase or decrease along the length of theproximal portion5010. Preferably, theproximal portion5010 is sized to provide sufficient space for inserting multiple surgical instruments through theelongate body5002 to the surgical location.

As shown inFIG. 97, the generally oval shaped cross section of theproximal portion5010 in one embodiment has afirst dimension5026 of about 24 mm and asecond dimension5028 of about 35 mm. The first and

second dimensions

5026,5028 could range from at least about 10 mm up to about 70 mm or more. Theproximal portion5010 in one embodiment has athird dimension5030 of about 50 mm, but thethird dimension5030 could range from about 10 mm up to about 180 mm or more. In one embodiment, theproximal portion5010 extends distally at least partially into thedistal portion5012 of thedevice5000, as shown inFIG. 100. InFIG. 97, theproximal portion5010 extends adistance5032 of about 10 mm into thedistal portion5012. Theproximal portion5010 can extend adistance5032 of between about 5 mm and about 20 mm into thedistal portion5012 in some embodiments. The exposed portion of the proximal portion5010 (i.e., the portion thereof that extends proximally of the distal portion5012) can be of any suitable height. Additionally, thedistance5032 that theproximal portion5010 extends into thedistal portion5012 can be increased or decreased, as desired.

As shown inFIGS. 97 and 98, theproximal portion5010 is coupled with thedistal portion5012, e.g., with one ormore couplers5050. Preferably the proximal and

distal portions

5010,5012 are coupled on a firstlateral side5062 and on a secondlateral side5064 with thecouplers5050. When applied to a patient in a posterolateral procedure, either of the first or second

lateral sides

5062,5064 can be a medial side of theaccess device5000, i.e., can be the side nearest to the patient's spine.Couplers5050 can be any suitable coupling devices, such as, for example, rivet attachments. In one embodiment, thecouplers5050 are located on a central transverse plane of theaccess device5000.

Thecouplers5050 preferably allow for rotation and pivotal movement of theproximal portion5010 relative thedistal portion5012. A portion of the range of rotation and pivotal movement of theproximal portion5010 relative thedistal portion5012 can be seen by comparing the position of theproximal portion5010 inFIG. 97 to the position thereof inFIG. 99. InFIG. 99, theproximal portion5010 is seen at an angle α of about 20 degrees with respect to a transverse plane extending vertically through the couplers. One skilled in the art will appreciate that rotating or pivoting theproximal portion5010 to the angle α permits enhanced visualization of and access to a different portion of the spinal location accessible through theaccess device5000 than would be visualized and accessible at a different angle. Depending on the size of thedistal portion5012, the angle α can be greater than, or less than, 20 degrees. Preferably, the angle α is between about 10 and about 40 degrees.

The pivotableproximal portion5010 allows for better access to the surgical location and increased control of surgical instruments. Additionally, the generally oval shape of theproximal portion5010 has increased the cross-sectional area available for a variety of procedures, some of which may require or benefit from more proximal end exposure. Embodiments having a generally oval shape can also be employed advantageously in procedures such as the lateral or postero-lateral placement of artificial disks, as well as other developing procedures.

As discussed above, thedistal portion5012 is expandable in one embodiment. As shown inFIG. 100, the degree of expansion of thedistal portion5012 is determined by an amount of overlap between afirst skirt member5034 and asecond skirt member5036 in one embodiment. In particular, thefirst skirt member5034 has a first overlapping portion5090 on the firstlateral side5062 and thesecond skirt member5036 has a second overlapping portion5092 on the firstlateral side5062. Thefirst skirt member5034 has a third overlappingportion5094 on the secondlateral side5064 and thesecond skirt member5036 has a fourth overlapping portion5096 on the secondlateral side5064. The first and second overlapping portions5090,5092 overlap to define a first overlap area5098. The third and fourth overlappingportions5094,5096 overlap to define asecond overlap area5100. The extents of the first andsecond overlap areas5098,5100 preferably are reduced when thedistal portion5012 is in the second configuration. The extents of the first andsecond overlap areas5098,5100 preferably are increased when thedistal portion5012 is in the first configuration.

Thedistal portion5012 preferably is manufactured from a rigid material, such as stainless steel. Thedistal portion5012 of theaccess device5000 can be manufactured from a sheet of stainless steel having a thickness of between about 0.003-0.010 inches. In some embodiments, the thickness is about 0.007 inches. Other materials, such as Nitinol, plastics, or other suitable materials can also be used.

In some embodiments, thedistal portion5012 can be manufactured so that it normally assumes an expanded configuration. Additionally, thedistal portion5012 can assume an intermediate configuration and corresponding cross-sectional area, which has greater dimensions than the first configuration, and smaller dimensions than the second configuration. Alternatively, an expander apparatus, similar to those previously discussed herein, can be used to expand the distal portion5012 a suitable amount.

The

skirt members

5034,5036 preferably are slidably coupled together. In one embodiment, the first and

second skirt members

5034,5036 are slidably coupled to each other with at least one guide member disposed in at least one slot defined in each of the

skirt members

5034,5036. In particular, afirst slot5102 is formed in the first overlapping portion5090 of thefirst skirt member5034 and a second slot5104 is formed in the second overlapping portion5092 of thesecond skirt member5036 on the firstlateral side5062 of theaccess device5000. A guide member5106 extends through the first andsecond slots5102,5104 and is translatable therein. Similarly, a third slot5108 is formed in the third overlappingportion5094 of thefirst skirt member5034 and a fourth slot5110 is formed in the fourth overlapping portion5096 of thesecond skirt member5036 on the secondlateral side5064 of theaccess device5000. A guide member5112 extends through the third and fourth slots5108,5110 and is translatable therein.

Any suitable mechanism for slidably coupling the

skirt members

5034,5036 can be used. In the illustrated embodiment, two floating rivets are used as guide members5106,5112. In another embodiment, one or more of theslots5102,5104,5108,5110 can include a locking or ratcheting mechanism (not shown). Locking mechanism is used in its ordinary sense (i.e. a mechanism to maintain relative positions of members) and is a broad term and it includes structures having detent arrangements, notches, and grooves. Some additional examples of locking mechanisms are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/361,887, filed Feb. 10, 2003, entitled “Structure for Receiving Surgical Instruments,” published as application publication No. US2003/0153927 on Aug. 14, 2003, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

With reference toFIGS. 97-102, as discussed above, the

skirt members

5034,5036 preferably pivot aboutcouplers5050 joining theproximal portion5010 with thedistal portion5012. Thedistal portion5012 preferably pivots on an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of theaccess device5000. This arrangement is particularly useful for providing surgical access to anatomical features generally located and oriented along the Cephalad-Caudal direction.

As discussed above, theaccess device5000 can be expanded from the first configuration to the second configuration by way of the movement of thefirst skirt member5034 relative to thesecond skirt member5036. In the illustrated embodiment, thedistal portion5012 is generally oval shaped both in the first configuration, when thedevice5000 is generally contracted, and in the second configuration, when thedevice5000 is generally expanded. However, thedistal portion5012 may be configured to transition from a generally circular cross-section distal end (or other convenient shape) in the first configuration to a generally oval cross-section distal end in the second configuration.

As best seen inFIG. 102, thedistal portion5012 preferably has a first dimension5052 in the first configuration of approximately 24 mm and asecond dimension5054 of approximately 35 mm. As best seen inFIG. 101, thedistal portion5012 preferably has a first dimension5056 of approximately 45 mm and a second dimension5058 of approximately 70 mm in the second configuration. Accordingly, in one embodiment in the expanded configuration thedistal portion5012 opens distally to approximately 45 mm by 70 mm. Thedistal portion5012 can be arranged to open more or less, as needed or desired. For example, thedistal portion5012 can take on an oval shape wherein the second dimension5058 is longer than 70 mm, e.g., about 85 mm or more. Alternatively, thedistal portion5012 can have a shape wherein the second dimension5058 is shorter than 70 mm, e.g., about 45 mm or less. Similarly, in some embodiments the first dimension5052 can be longer or shorter than 45 mm, e.g., about 35 mm or about 55 mm. As shown inFIG. 97, thedistal portion5012 has aheight5060 that is approximately 45 mm. However, one skilled in the art should recognize that theheight5060 of thedistal portion5012 can be any suitable height. Theheight5060 preferably is within the range of about 20 mm to about 150 mm. Access devices having relativelyshorter skirt heights5060 may be advantageous for use with patients having relatively less muscle tissue near the surgical location and generally require smaller incisions. Access devices having relativelylonger skirt height5060 may be advantageous for use with patients having relatively more muscle tissue near the surgical loaction, and may provide greater access.

Thedistal portion5012 preferably is sufficiently rigid that it is capable of displacing surrounding tissue as thedistal portion5012 expands. Depending upon the resistance exerted by the surrounding tissue, thedistal portion5012 is sufficiently rigid to provide some resistance against the tissue to remain in the second, expanded configuration. Moreover, the second configuration is at least partially supported by the body tissue of the patient. The displaced tissue tends to provide pressure distally on thedistal portion5012 to at least partially support theaccess device5000 in the second configuration. The rigidity of thedistal portion5012 and the greater expansion at thedistal end5006 creates a stable configuration that is at least temporarily stationary in the patient, which at least temporarily frees the physician from the need to actively support theelongate body5002.

Another advantageous aspect of theaccess device5000 is illustrated with reference toFIGS. 101 and 102. In particular, theelongate body5002 has afirst location5068 and asecond location5070. Thefirst location5068 is distal of thesecond location5070. Theelongate body5002 is capable of having a configuration when inserted within the patient wherein the cross-sectional area of thepassage5014 at thefirst location5068 is greater than the cross-sectional area of thepassage5014 at thesecond location5070. Thepassage5014 is capable of having an oblong shaped cross section between thesecond location5070 and theproximal end5004.

In some embodiments thepassage5014 preferably is capable of having a generally elliptical cross section between thesecond location5070 and theproximal end5004. Additionally, thepassage5014 preferably is capable of having a non-circular cross section between thesecond location5070 and theproximal end5004. Additionally, in some embodiments, the cross section of thepassage5014 can be symmetrical about afirst axis5072 and second axis5074, thefirst axis5072 being generally normal to the second axis5074.

As shown inFIG. 101, the configuration of theelongate body5002 between thefirst location5068 and thesecond location5070 is generally conical, when theelongate body5002 is expanded within the patient. The term “conical” is used in its ordinary sense (i.e. a surface formed by line segments joining every point of the boundary of a closed base to a common vertex) and is a broad term and it includes structures having a generally oblong, or oval, cross section, as well as structures having a surface that extends only partially toward a vertex. In some embodiments, thefirst location5068 can be near adistal end5006 of theelongate body5002, and thesecond location5070 can be near aproximal end5004 of theelongate body5002.

In the illustrated embodiment, theelongate body5002 has an oblong shaped cross section near itsproximal end5004 at least when theelongate body5002 is in the second configuration. In some embodiments, theelongate body5002 has an oblong shaped cross section along substantially the entire length between theproximal end5004 and thesecond location5070.

Additionally, in some embodiments thepassage5014 can have a generally oval shaped cross section between thesecond location5070 and theproximal end5004. The elongate body preferably has a generally oval shaped cross section at itsproximal end5004 at least when theelongate body5002 is in the second configuration. Theelongate body5002 can have a generally oval shaped cross section along substantially the entire length between theproximal end5004 and thesecond location5070. Thepassage5014 can also have a cross section between thesecond location5070 and theproximal end5004 where the cross section is defined by first and second generally parallel opposingside portions5076,5078 and first and second generally arcuate opposingside portions5080,5082.

In some embodiments, it is useful to provide a structure to maintain theaccess device5000 in an un-expanded state until expansion of the device is desired. As shown inFIG. 103, in one embodiment anouter sleeve5084, e.g., a plastic sleeve, is provided which surrounds theaccess device5000 and maintains thedistal portion5012 in the first configuration. Theouter sleeve5084 can be produced to function as previously described herein with reference to other embodiments. For example, theouter sleeve5084 can have a braidedpolyester suture5086 embedded within it, aligned substantially along the longitudinal axis thereof, such that when thesuture5086 is withdrawn, thesleeve5084 is torn, which allows theaccess device5000 to expand, either resiliently or mechanically, from the first configuration to the second configuration.

In a method for accessing a surgical location within a patient an access device, such as theaccess device5000, is provided. As stated above, theelongate body5002 is capable of having a first configuration sized for insertion into the patient. Theelongate body5002 is capable of having a second configuration when expanded within the patient. In the second configuration, the cross-sectional area of thepassage5014 at afirst location5068 is greater than the cross-sectional area of thepassage5014 at asecond location5070. Thefirst location5068 is distal to thesecond location5070. Thepassage5014 is capable of having an oblong shaped cross section between thesecond location5070 and theproximal end5004. The method comprises inserting theaccess device5000, in the first configuration, into the patient to the surgical location and expanding the device to the second configuration.

Theaccess device5000 is inserted to a spinal location in some methods. As shown inFIG. 103, an oblong shapeddilator5088 preferably is inserted into the patient prior to insertion of theaccess device5000. In some applications, theaccess device5000 may be inserted laterally to the spinal location. In other applications, thedevice5000 is inserted posterolaterally to the spinal location. In some applications, thedevice5000 is inserted anteriorly to the spinal location. Thedevice5000 preferably can be expanded in a cephalad-caudal direction at a spinal location.

With reference toFIG. 103, an early stage in one method involves determining an access point in the skin of the patient to insert theaccess device5000. An incision is made at the determined location. In some cases, the incision is approximately 1″ to 2″ long. A guide wire (not shown) is introduced under fluoroscopic guidance through the incision and past the skin, fascia, and muscle to the approximate surgical site. A series of oblong, or generally oval shaped, dilators is used to sequentially expand the incision to the desired widths, about 24 mm by 35 mm for the illustrated embodiment, without damaging the structure of surrounding tissue and muscles. A first oblong dilator is placed over the guide wire, which expands the opening. The guide wire is then subsequently removed. A second oblong dilator that is slightly larger than the first dilator is placed over the first dilator, which expands the opening further. Once the second dilator is in place, the first dilator is subsequently removed. This process of (1) introducing a next-larger-sized dilator coaxially over the previous dilator and (2) subsequently removing the previous dilator when the next-larger-sized dilator is in place continues until an opening of the desired size is created in the skin, muscle, and subcutaneous tissue. For the illustrated embodiment, these dimensions are about 24 mm by about 35 mm. (Other dimensions for the openings that are useful with some embodiments in connection with spinal surgery range from about 20 mm to about 50 mm, and still other dimensions are contemplated.) In some other embodiments, a series of dilators having circular cross sections are used to partially dilate the opening. Then, a final dilator having a circular inner diameter and an oblong or generally oval shaped outer perimeter can be used to further dilate the opening.

As illustrated inFIG. 103, following placement of the largest oblong, or generally oval shapeddilator5088, theaccess device5000, in the first configuration, is introduced and positioned in a surrounding relationship over thedilator5088. Thedilator5088 is subsequently removed from the patient, and theaccess device5000 is allowed to remain in position.

Once theaccess device5000 is positioned in the patient, it can be enlarged to provide apassage5014 for the insertion of various surgical instrumentation and an enlarged space for performing the procedures described herein. As described above, theelongate body5002 can accommodate the enlargement in several ways. In the illustrated embodiment, thedistal portion5012 of thedevice5000 can be enlarged, and theproximal portion5010 can maintain an oblong shape. The relative lengths of theproximal portion5010 and thedistal portion5012 can be adjusted to vary the overall expansion of theaccess device5000. Alternatively, in some embodiments expansion can extend along the entire length of theelongate body5002.

In the illustrated embodiment, theaccess device5000 can be expanded by removing thesuture5086 and tearing thesleeve5084 surrounding theaccess device5000, and subsequently expanding thedistal portion5012 mechanically, or allowing thedistal portion5012 to resiliently expand towards the expanded configuration, to create an enlarged surgical space. In some embodiments, the enlarged surgical space extends from the L4 to the S1 vertebrae.

Theaccess device5000 can be enlarged at itsdistal portion5012 using an expander apparatus to create a surgical access space. An expander apparatus useful for enlarging theelongate body5002 has a reduced profile configuration and an enlarged configuration. Additionally, the expander apparatus can have an oblong, or generally oval shape. The expander apparatus is inserted into theelongate body5002 in the reduced profile configuration, and subsequently expanded to the enlarged configuration. The expansion of the expander apparatus also causes theelongate body5002 to be expanded to the enlarged configuration. In some embodiments, the expander apparatus can increase the cross-sectional area of theelongate body5002 along substantially its entire length. In other embodiments, the expander apparatus expands only adistal portion5012 of theelongate body5002, allowing aproximal portion5010 to maintain a constant oblong, or generally oval shape. Other expander apparatus are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/665,754, entitled “Surgical Tool for Use in Expanding a Cannula”, filed on Sep. 19, 2003.

In addition to expanding theelongate member5002, the expander apparatus can also be used to position thedistal portion5012 of theelongate member5002 at the desired location for the surgical procedure in a manner similar to that described previously with reference to another embodiment.

Once thedistal portion5012 has expanded, the rigidity and resilient characteristics of thedistal portion5012 allow theelongate body5002 to resist closing to the first configuration and to at least temporarily resist being expelled from the incision. These characteristics create a stable configuration for theelongate body5002 to remain in position in the body, supported by the surrounding tissue.

Theaccess device5000, like the other access devices described herein, has a wide variety of applications wherein thepassage5014 provides access to one or more surgical instruments for performing a surgical procedure. In one application, thepassage5014 provides access to perform a two level posterolateral fixation of the spine involving the L4, L5 and S1 vertebrae. Theaccess devices5000 can be used to deliver a wide variety of fixation elements, including rigid, semi-rigid, or dynamic fixation elements. The access devices are not limited to the posterolateral approach nor to the L4, L5 and S1 vertebrae. The access devices may be applied in other anatomical approaches and with other vertebrae within the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine. The access devices can be applied in procedures involving one or more vertebral levels and in anterior and lateral procedures. Further procedures in which the access devices described herein can be applied include procedures involving orthobiologics, bone morphogenetic proteins, and blood concentrators. The access devices can also be used with procedures involving prosthetics, such as disc nucleus replacement, facet joint replacement, or total disc replacement. The access devices can also be applied in procedures involving vertebroplasty, where a crushed vertebrae is brought back to its normal height.

The access devices described herein also can be used in connection with interbody fusion, and fusion of the facets and transverse processes. Some of the fusion procedures that can be performed via the access devices described herein employ allograft struts, bone filling material (e.g., autograft, allograft or synthetic bone filling material), and cages and/or spacers. The cages and the spacers can be made of metal, a polymeric material, a composite material, or any other suitable material. The struts, cages, and spacers are used in the interbody space while the bone filling material can be used both interbody and posterolaterally. Any of the foregoing or other fusion procedures can be used in combination with the orthobiologics and can be performed via the access devices described herein.

Some examples of uses of the access devices described in other procedures and processes, as well as further modifications and assemblies, are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/471,431, filed May 16, 2003, entitled “Access Device For Minimally Invasive Surgery,” and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/658,736, filed Sep. 9, 2003 which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

FIGS. 104-109 illustrate embodiments having lighting elements.FIGS. 104-106 illustrate one embodiment of alighting element5120 coupled with asupport arm5122 compatible with anaccess device5124 having a proximal portion with a generally circular cross section. In other embodiments, support arms can be configured to be coupled with access devices having proximal portions with generally oblong or oval cross sections.

Thesupport arm5122 preferably is coupled with theaccess device5124 to provide support for theaccess device5124 during a procedure. As shown in FIGS.104 and105, thesupport arm5122 comprises apneumatic element5126 for maintaining thesupport arm5122 in a desired position. Depressing abutton5128 coupled with a valve of thepneumatic element5126 releases pressure and allows thesupport arm5122 andaccess device5124 to be moved relative thepatient5130. Releasing thebutton5128 of thepneumatic element5126 increases pressure and maintains theaccess device5124 andsupport arm5122 in the desired position. Thesupport arm5122, as shown, is configured for use with a mechanical arm using a suction, or a vacuum to maintain the access device in a desired location. One of skill in the art will recognize that various other support arms and mechanical arms can be used. For example, commercially available mechanical arms having clamping mechanisms can be used as well as suction or pressure based arms.

As shown inFIGS. 104-106, thesupport arm5122 can comprise an inner ring portion5132 and anouter ring portion5134 for surrounding theaccess device5124 at its proximal end. In the illustrated embodiment, the inner andouter ring portions5132,5134 are fixed relative each other. In other embodiments the inner andouter ring portions5132,5134 can move relative each other. Thesupport arm5122 preferably comprises a lightingelement support portion5136. In the illustrated embodiment, the lightingelement support portion5136 extends above upper surfaces of the inner andouter ring portions5132,5134. The lightingelement support portion5136 can extend from the inner ring portion5132, theouter ring portion5134, or both. The lightingelement support portion5136 can have a notch orgroove5138 for receiving and supporting thelighting element5120. Additionally, the lightingelement support portion5136 can have one or more prongs extending at least partially over thelighting element5120 to hold it in place.

In the illustrated embodiment, thelighting element5120 has an elongatedproximal portion5140 and a curveddistal portion5142. Theproximal portion5140 of thelighting element5120 preferably is coupled with a light source (not shown). The curved distal portion of thelighting element5120 in one embodiment extends only a short distance into the access device and is configured to direct light from the light source down into theaccess device5124. In another embodiment, thelighting element5120 can be provided such that it does not extend into the access device. In such an embodiment, theright portions5132 and5134 only partially surround the proximal end of theaccess device5124. Providing alighting element5120 for use with theaccess device5124 preferably allows a user to see down into theaccess device5124 to view a surgical location. Accordingly, use of alighting element5120 can, in some cases, enable the user to perform a procedure, in whole or in part, without the use of an endoscope. In one embodiment, thelighting element5120 enables a surgeon to perform the procedure with the use of microscopes or loupes.

FIGS. 107-109 illustrate other embodiments of lighting elements. As shown inFIG. 107, alighting element5160 comprises asupport member5162, anaccess device insert5164, and fiberoptic elements5166. Thesupport member5162 has aproximal end5168, acentral portion5170, and adistal end5172. Theproximal end5168 preferably has acoupling portion5174 for coupling thesupport member5162 to a support arm or other support system (not shown). Thecentral portion5170 preferably is coupled with the fiberoptic elements5166 to provide support there to. Thedistal end5172 preferably is coupled with theaccess device insert5164.

In the illustrated embodiment, theaccess device insert5164 is configured to be inserted in an access device having a proximal portion with a generally circular cross section. Theaccess device insert5164 is coupled with the fiberoptic elements5166. The fiberoptic elements5166 extend down into theaccess device insert5164 so that the ends of the fiberoptic elements5166 can direct light down inside an access device along side portions there of.

FIGS. 108 and 109 illustrate other embodiments of lighting elements similar to the embodiment described with reference toFIG. 107. Components of the lighting elements shown inFIGS. 108 and 109 that were described with reference toFIG. 107 are given the same reference numerals that were used inFIG. 107, except that a ′ is added inFIG. 108 and a ″ is added inFIG. 109. As shown inFIGS. 108 and 109, access device inserts5164′,5164″ are configured to be inserted into access devices having proximal portions with generally oblong, or oval, cross sections. As shown inFIG. 108, theaccess device insert5164′ has a generally oblong or oval shaped cross section. Theaccess device insert5164′ is coupled with the fiberoptic elements5166′ along a longer side surface of theaccess device insert5164′. As shown inFIG. 109, theaccess device insert5164″ has a generally oblong or oval shaped cross section. Theaccess device insert5164″ is coupled with the fiberoptic elements5166″ along a shorter side surface of theaccess device insert5164″. Use of an illumination element with an expandable access device having an oblong shaped proximal section, in some cases, allows a doctor to perform procedures that would be difficult to perform using an endoscope. Increased visualization of the surgical location through the access device can simplify some procedures. For example, decompression of the contra-lateral side can be achieved more easily in some cases without the use of an endoscope.

The various devices, methods and techniques described above provide a number of ways to carry out the invention. Of course, it is to be understood that not necessarily all objectives or advantages described may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment described herein. Also, although the invention has been disclosed in the context of certain embodiments and examples, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the invention extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. Accordingly, the invention is not intended to be limited by the specific disclosures of preferred embodiments herein.

Claims

1-49. (canceled)

50. A device for providing access to a surgical location within a patient, said device comprising:

an elongate body having a proximal end, a distal end, and an inner surface, said inner surface defining a passage extending through the elongate body and through which surgical instruments can be inserted to the surgical location, said elongate body capable of having a configuration when located within the patient wherein the cross-sectional area of said passage at a first location is greater than the cross-sectional area of said passage at a second location, wherein the first location is distal to the second location; and

a lighting element coupled with said elongate body to provide light to the surgical location.

51. The device ofclaim 50, wherein said passage is capable of having an oblong shaped cross section between the second location and the proximal end.

52. The device ofclaim 50, wherein the configuration of the elongate body between the first location and the second location is generally conical when the elongate body is located within the patient.

53. The device ofclaim 50, wherein the elongate body is configured to be inserted through the skin of the patient and is sized to provide access to a spinal location.

54. The device ofclaim 50, wherein the elongate body is movable from a first configuration to a second configuration when located within the patient, the second configuration providing the cross-sectional area of said passage at a first location greater than the cross-sectional area of said passage at a second location, wherein the first location is distal to the second location.

55. The device ofclaim 54, wherein the elongate body is expandable from the first configuration to the second configuration.

56. The device ofclaim 54, wherein the elongate body has an oblong shaped cross section at its proximal end at least when the elongate body is in the second configuration.

57. The device ofclaim 54, wherein the lighting element has a proximal end and a distal end, wherein the proximal end is coupled with a light source.

58. The device ofclaim 54, wherein the lighting element has a proximal end and a distal end, wherein the proximal end is coupled with a mechanical arm.

59. The device ofclaim 54, wherein the lighting element is coupled with a support member, wherein the support member extends generally perpendicular to the lighting element.

60. An illuminated surgical cannula, comprising:

a surgical cannula that has an outer diameter, an inner diameter, a distal end, and a proximal end, wherein an interior area is defined by the inner diameter, the distal end, and the proximal end; and

an interface ring attached to the proximal end, wherein the interface ring includes a light source interface in photonic communication with an array of fiber optic wire, wherein the array is arranged to direct light towards the distal end of the cannula.