US20060247678A1 - Surgical instrument system - Google Patents

Abstract

A surgical instrument system and method is provided for a hand-assisted, laparoscopic procedure. The system has a laparoscopic disc and a surgical instrument. The surgical instrument has at least one end effector that is removably attachable to the distal end of the surgical instrument. The surgeon may pass his/her hand into the body cavity via the laparoscopic disc and may removably attach the end effector to the distal end of the surgical instrument while the distal end of the surgical instrument is inside of the body cavity of the patient.

Description

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• The present application claims the priority benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. Nos. 60/669,514, filed on Apr. 8, 2005, and 60/700,176, filed on Jul. 18, 2005, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• This application contains subject matter that relates to and incorporates by reference in their entirety, for any and all purposes, the following non-provisional applications:
• SURGICAL ACCESS DEVICE, Ser. No. ______, filed Apr. 5, 2006;
• TISSUE MARKER AND METHOD FOR USE, Ser. No. ______, filed Apr. 5, 2006;
• INTRA-ABDOMINAL STORAGE DEVICE, Ser. No. ______, filed Apr. 5, 2006;
• TISSUE RETRACTION DEVICE, Ser. No. ______, filed Apr. 5, 2006;
• MULTI-PORT LAPAROSCOPIC ACCESS DEVICE, Ser. No. ______, filed Apr. 5, 2006; and
• TISSUE SUSPENSION DEVICE, Ser. No. ______, filed Apr. 5, 2006.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present application relates to methods and devices for laparoscopic surgical procedures and, more particularly, to hand-assisted, laparoscopic procedures.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• In a minimally invasive, laparoscopic surgical procedure, a surgeon may place a number of small ports into the abdomen to gain access into the abdominal cavity of the patient. A surgeon may use, for example, a port for insufflating the abdominal cavity to create space, a port for introducing a laparoscope for viewing, and a number of other ports for introducing surgical instruments for operating on tissue. The benefits of minimally invasive procedures compared to open surgery procedures for treating certain types of wounds and diseases are now well-known to include faster recovery time and less pain for the patient, better outcomes, and lower overall costs.
• In traditional, open surgery, surgeons may use their hands, together with surgical instrumentation, to manipulate tissues, to perform particular steps of the procedure and to obtain tactile feedback through their fingertips to verify the nature of particular tissues. Also in open surgery, the size and shape of instruments that a surgeon may place into the abdominal cavity, as well as the size and shape of tissues that a surgeon may remove, obviously is not nearly as limited as in laparoscopic surgery.
• Hand-assisted, laparoscopic surgery (“HALS”) combines some of the benefits of both the open and the laparoscopic methods. In a HALS procedure, a surgeon still places small ports into the abdomen to insufflate, to view and to introduce instruments into the abdominal cavity. In a HALS procedure, however, a surgeon also creates an incision into the abdominal wall large enough to accommodate the surgeon's hand. The incision may be retracted and draped to provide a suitably sized and protected opening. A surgeon may also place a laparoscopic access device, also referred to as a lap disc, into the incision to maintain insufflation in the abdominal cavity while the surgeon's hand is either inserted into the cavity though the device or removed from the cavity. The advent of HALS and the lap disc creates numerous opportunities for creating and/or improving surgical devices and methods.
SUMMARY
• A surgical instrument system is provided for a hand-assisted, laparoscopic procedure. The system includes a laparoscopic disc and a surgical instrument. The surgical instrument includes at least one end effector that is removably attachable to the distal end of the surgical instrument. The surgeon may pass his/her hand into the body cavity via the laparoscopic disc and may removably attach the end effector to the distal end of the surgical instrument while the distal end of the surgical instrument is inside of the body cavity of the patient.
• A method is also provided for performing a hand-assisted laparoscopic procedure. The method includes providing a surgical instrument system with a laparoscopic disc and a surgical instrument. The surgical instrument includes an end effector that is removably attachable to the distal end of the surgical instrument. The surgeon may pass his/her hand into the body cavity via the laparoscopic disc and may removably attach the end effector to the distal end of the surgical instrument while the distal end of the surgical instrument is inside of the body cavity of the patient. The method further comprises placing the laparoscopic disc in the body wall of the patient, and introducing the distal end of the surgical instrument through the body wall and into the body cavity while the end effector is not attached to the distal end of the surgical instrument. The method further includes introducing the end effector into the body cavity via the laparoscopic disc, and attaching the end effector to the distal end of the surgical instrument.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to organization and methods of operation, may best be understood by reference to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
• FIG. 1-1 is a perspective view of a first aspect of a base;
• FIG. 1-2 is a top view of the base ofFIG. 1-1;
• FIG. 1-3 is a sectional side view of a first aspect of a seal assembly for use with the base ofFIG. 1-1;
• FIG. 1-4 is a top view of the seal assembly ofFIG. 1-3;
• FIG. 1-5 is a sectional side view of a first embodiment of the base ofFIG. 1-1;
• FIG. 1-6 is a sectional side view of an alternate embodiment of the base ofFIG. 1-5;
• FIG. 1-7 is a sectional side view of a laparoscopic access device including the base ofFIG. 1-5;
• FIG. 1-8 is an expanded cross-sectional view of an instrument support;
• FIG. 1-9 is a view of the instrument support ofFIG. 1-8 in an assembled state;
• FIG. 1-10 is a sectional view of an alternate embodiment of an instrument support;
• FIG. 1-11 is a sectional view of a third embodiment of an instrument support;
• FIG. 1-12 is a sectional view of a fourth embodiment of an instrument support;
• FIG. 2-1 is a partially sectioned front view of an access device of the prior art;
• FIG. 2-2 is a partially sectioned front view of a first aspect of an access device;
• FIG. 2-3 is a top view of the access device shown inFIG. 2-2;
• FIG. 2-4 is a sectional view of a port of the access device shown inFIG. 2-3;
• FIG. 2-5 is a partially sectioned front view of a second aspect of an access device;
• FIG. 2-6 is a top view of the access device shown inFIG. 2-5;
• FIG. 2-7 is schematic representation of a third aspect of an access device;
• FIG. 2-8 is a partial side view of a fourth aspect of an access device;
• FIG. 2-9 is a partial top view, taken at line9-9 ofFIG. 2-10, of the access device shown inFIG. 2-8;
• FIG. 2-10 is a partial front, sectional view taken at line10-10 ofFIG. 2-9, of the access device shown inFIG. 2-8;
• FIG. 3-1 is a top view of a first aspect of a tissue marker;
• FIG. 3-2 is a side view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-1, while in a flat configuration;
• FIG. 3-3 is a side view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-1, while in a deployed configuration;
• FIG. 3-4 is a sectional view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-1 being attached to tissue;
• FIG. 3-5A is a perspective view of two tissue markers ofFIG. 3-1, each including a flag and attached to tissue;
• FIG. 3-5B is a perspective view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-1, but with an alternate embodiment of a flag, shown in a non-extended position;
• FIG. 3-5C is a perspective view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-5B, with the flag shown in an extended position;
• FIG. 3-6 is a top view of a second aspect of a tissue marker;
• FIG. 3-7 is a side view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-6, shown before deployment;
• FIG. 3-8 is a side sectional view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-6, shown after deployment;
• FIG. 3-9 is a top view of a third aspect of a tissue marker;
• FIG. 3-10 is a side sectional view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-9; shown before deployment;
• FIG. 3-11 is a side view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-9, shown after deployment;
• FIG. 3-12 is a top view of a fourth aspect of a tissue marker;
• FIG. 3-13 is a side sectional view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-12, shown before deployment;
• FIG. 3-14 is a side view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-12, shown after deployment;
• FIG. 3-15 is a side view of a fifth aspect of a tissue marker;
• FIG. 3-16 is an end view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-15;
• FIG. 3-17 is a front view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-15, shown before deployment;
• FIG. 3-18 is a front view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-15, shown after deployment;
• FIG. 3-19 is an end view of a sixth aspect of a tissue marker;
• FIG. 3-20 is a front view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-19, shown before deployment;
• FIG. 3-21 is a front view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-19, shown after deployment;
• FIG. 3-22 is a top view of a seventh aspect of a tissue marker;
• FIG. 3-23 is a front view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-22, shown before deployment;
• FIG. 3-24 is a front view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-22, shown after deployment;
• FIG. 3-25 is a top view of an eighth aspect of a tissue marker;
• FIG. 3-26 is a side view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-25;
• FIG. 3-27 is a top view of a ninth aspect of a tissue marker;
• FIG. 3-28 is a side view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-27, shown before deployment;
• FIG. 3-29 is a side view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-27, shown after deployment;
• FIG. 3-30 is a top view of a tenth aspect of a tissue marker;
• FIG. 3-31 is a side view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-30, shown before deployment;
• FIG. 3-32 is a side view of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-30, shown after deployment;
• FIG. 3-33 is a side view of a first embodiment of a marking fluid applier;
• FIG. 3-34 is a partial side view of a second embodiment of a marking fluid applier;
• FIG. 3-35 is a partial top view of the marking fluid applier shown inFIG. 3-34;
• FIG. 3-36 is an enlarged view of a tissue interfacing surface of the marking fluid applier shown inFIG. 3-34;
• FIG. 3-37 is an illustration of a plurality of tissue markings on the colon of a surgical patient;
• FIG. 3-38 is an illustration of a tissue marker being deployed onto tissue with a surgical instrument;
• FIG. 3-39 is an illustration of a marking fluid being applied to tissue;
• FIG. 3-40 is an illustration of a colon of a surgical patient prior to resection;
• FIG. 3-41 is an illustration of a colon of a surgical patient during resection;
• FIG. 3-42 is an illustration of a colon of a surgical patient after resection;
• FIG. 4-1 is a perspective view of a first aspect of a storage device;
• FIG. 4-2 is a perspective view of a second aspect of a storage device;
• FIG. 4-3 is a perspective view of a third aspect of a storage device;
• FIG. 4-4 is a perspective view of a fourth aspect of a storage device;
• FIG. 4-5 is a perspective view of a storage device, including a first embodiment of an attaching element;
• FIG. 4-6 is a perspective view of a storage device, including a second embodiment of an attaching element;
• FIG. 4-7 is a perspective view of a storage device, including a third embodiment of an attaching element;
• FIG. 4-8 is a perspective view of a storage device, including a fourth embodiment of an attaching element;
• FIG. 4-9 illustrates a storage device positioned against the inside of the body wall of the patient;
• FIG. 4-10 illustrates a storage device removably attached to a trocar cannula, which is positioned through the body wall of the patient;
• FIG. 4-11 illustrates a storage device in a closed configuration and removably attached to the trocar cannula, which is positioned through the body wall of the patient;
• FIG. 4-12 illustrates a storage device in an open configuration and positioned inside the body cavity, and prior to the removable attachment of a cap onto an attaching rod;
• FIG. 4-13 illustrates a storage device in a closed configuration and positioned inside the body cavity, and after the removable attachment of the cap onto the attaching rod;
• FIG. 5-1 illustrates a first aspect of a surgical retraction device retracting the colon of a surgical patient;
• FIG. 5-2 is a perspective view of a second aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-3 is a perspective view of a third aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-4 is a perspective view of a fourth aspect of a retraction device, while in a closed configuration;
• FIG. 5-5 is a perspective view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-4, while in an opened configuration;
• FIG. 5-6 is a perspective view of a fifth aspect of a retraction device; while in a closed configuration;
• FIG. 5-7 is a perspective view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-6, while in an opened configuration;
• FIG. 5-8 is a perspective view of a sixth aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-9 is a perspective view of an seventh aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-10 illustrates an eighth aspect of a retraction device retracting the colon of a surgical patient;
• FIG. 5-11 illustrates a ninth aspect of a retraction device retracting the colon of a surgical patient;
• FIG. 5-12 is a perspective view a tenth aspect of a retraction device in a closed configuration;
• FIG. 5-13A is a perspective view the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-12, while in a partially open configuration;
• FIG. 5-13B is a perspective view the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-12, while in an open configuration;
• FIG. 5-14 is a perspective view of an eleventh aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-15 is a perspective view of a twelfth aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-16 is a side view of a thirteenth aspect of a retraction device while in an opened configuration;
• FIG. 5-17 is a side view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-16, while in a partially opened configuration;
• FIG. 5-18 is a side view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-1,6 while in a closed configuration;
• FIG. 5-19 illustrates a fourteenth aspect of a retraction device retracting the colon of a surgical patient;
• FIG. 5-20 is a perspective view of an arm of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-19;
• FIG. 5-21 is a sectional view of a fifteenth aspect of a retraction device, while in a closed configuration and being passed through a laparoscopic port;
• FIG. 5-22 is an end view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-21, while in the closed configuration;
• FIG. 5-23 is a front view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-21, while in the closed configuration;
• FIG. 5-24 is a front view of a sixteenth aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-25 illustrates an seventeenth aspect of a retraction device retracting the colon of a surgical patient;
• FIG. 5-26A is a front view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-25, while in an open configuration;
• FIG. 5-26B is a front view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-25, while in a partially closed configuration;
• FIG. 5-27 illustrates an eighteenth aspect of a retraction device retracting the colon of a surgical patient;
• FIG. 5-28 illustrates a nineteenth aspect of a retraction device retracting the colon of a surgical patient;
• FIG. 5-29 is a perspective view of a twentieth aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-30 is a front view of a twenty-first aspect of a retraction device, while in a first, partially closed configuration;
• FIG. 5-31 is a front view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-30, while in a second, partially closed configuration;
• FIG. 5-32 is a front view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-30, while in an opened configuration;
• FIG. 5-33 is a top view of a twenty-second aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-34 is a front view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-33;
• FIG. 5-35 is a top view of a twenty-third aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-36 is a front view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-35;
• FIG. 5-37A is a top view of a twenty-fourth aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-37B is a detailed, top view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-37A, while being rolled up into a closed configuration;
• FIG. 5-38 is a front view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-37;
• FIG. 5-39 is a top view of a twenty-fifth aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-40 is a front view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-39;
• FIG. 5-41 is an end view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-39;
• FIG. 5-42 is a front view of a twenty-sixth aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-43 is a front view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-42, while in a twisted configuration;
• FIG. 5-44 is a top view of a twenty-seventh aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-45 is a front view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-44;
• FIG. 5-46 is a top view of a twenty-eighth aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-47 is a front view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-46;
• FIG. 5-48 is a top view of a twenty-ninth aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-49 is a front view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-48;
• FIG. 5-50 is a top view of a thirtieth aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-51 is a front view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-50, while in a closed configuration;
• FIG. 5-52 is a front view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-50, while in an opened configuration;
• FIG. 5-53 is a front view of a thirty-first aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-54 is a top view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-53, when opened;
• FIG. 5-55 is a top view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-53, when folded;
• FIG. 5-56 is a front view of a thirty-second aspect of a retraction device;
• FIG. 5-57 is an end view of the retraction device shown inFIG. 5-56;
• FIG. 6-1 is a front view of the distal portion of a surgical instrument, shown with a first aspect of an end effector;
• FIG. 6-2 is a sectional view, taken at line2-2 ofFIG. 1, of a first embodiment of an arm of the surgical instrument;
• FIG. 6-3 is a front sectional view of the first embodiment of the arm of the surgical instrument shown inFIG. 6-1;
• FIG. 6-4 is a front sectional view of a second embodiment of an arm of a surgical instrument;
• FIG. 6-5 is an end view of a second aspect of an end effector;
• FIG. 6-6 is a front view of the end effector shown inFIG. 6-5;
• FIG. 6-7 is an end view of a third aspect of an end effector;
• FIG. 6-8 is a front view of the end effector shown inFIG. 6-7;
• FIG. 6-9 is a front view of the distal portion of a surgical instrument, shown with a fourth aspect of an end effector;
• FIG. 6-10 is a top view of the end effector shown inFIG. 6-9;
• FIG. 6-11 is an end view of the end effector shown inFIG. 6-9;
• FIG. 6-12 illustrates part of a first method for performing a hand-assisted, laparoscopic procedure;
• FIG. 6-13 illustrates part of a second method for performing a hand-assisted, laparoscopic procedure;
• FIG. 7-1 is a side view of a patient;
• FIG. 7-2 is a cross-sectional view of a patient's abdomen, taken at line2-2 ofFIG. 7-1;
• FIG. 7-3 is an end view of a first aspect of a tissue suspension device;
• FIG. 7-4 is a side view of the tissue suspension device shown inFIG. 7-3;
• FIG. 7-5 is an enlarged side view of a second end of the tissue suspension device shown inFIG. 7-3;
• FIG. 7-6A is an enlarged side view of a first end of the tissue suspension device shown inFIG. 7-3;
• FIG. 7-6B is an isometric view of the first end of the tissue suspension device shown inFIG. 7-3, assembled to a supporting element;
• FIG. 7-7 is an end view of a second aspect of a tissue suspension device;
• FIG. 7-8 is a side view of the tissue suspension device shown inFIG. 7-7;
• FIG. 7-9 is an enlarged view of a support element on the end of the tissue suspension device shown inFIG. 7-7;
• FIG. 7-10 is top view of a retaining element of the support element shown inFIG. 7-9;
• FIG. 7-11 is a partial side view of a third aspect of a tissue suspension device;
• FIG. 7-12 is a partial side view of a fourth aspect of a tissue suspension device; and
• FIG. 7-13 is a partial side view of a fifth aspect of a tissue suspension device.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• Before explaining the present invention in detail, it should be noted that the invention is not limited in its application or use to the details of construction and arrangement of parts illustrated in the accompanying drawings and description. The illustrative embodiments of the invention may be implemented or incorporated in other embodiments, variations and modifications, and may be practiced or carried out in various ways. Further, unless otherwise indicated, the terms and expressions employed herein have been chosen for the purpose of describing the illustrative embodiments of the present invention for the convenience of the reader and are not for the purpose of limiting the invention.
• Further, it is understood that any one or more of the following-described embodiments, expressions of embodiments, examples, etc. can be combined with any one or more of the other following-described embodiments, expressions of embodiments, examples, etc.
• Multi-Port Insert
• A first aspect of a multi-port insert, generally designated100, relates to an insert for use with alaparoscopic access device122. Referring now to the figures,FIG. 1-1 andFIG. 1-2 depict one embodiment of themulti-port insert100. Themulti-port insert100 includes a base102 having two or more ports orapertures104 that provide for the insertion of surgical instruments. Themulti-port insert100 may be used with a laparoscopic access device122 (FIG. 1-7) such as a Lap Disc Hand Access Device model #LD111, commercially available from Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. of Cincinnati, Ohio. The multi-port insert provides for the insertion of one or more surgical instruments through thelaparoscopic access device122, while preventing insufflation gases from escaping from the body cavity.
• As illustrated inFIG. 1-1 andFIG. 1-2, thebase102 may include fourseparate apertures104 spaced evenly around the center of the base102 with eachaperture104 having a raised lip orrim106. This configuration allows surgical tools, such as gripping devices to be inserted through twoapertures104. The gripping devices may be used to manipulate or lift a portion of the bowel to provide the surgeon with access to the either the bowel tissue being manipulated or the underlying tissue. An endoscope including a camera and light may be inserted through athird aperture104 to provide the surgeon with the ability to view the interior of the body cavity. An additional surgical instrument, such as a needle, scissors, an ultrasonic transducer or any other surgical instrument, may be inserted through thefourth aperture104. AlthoughFIG. 1-1 andFIG. 1-2 illustrate a base102 including fourapertures104, alternate numbers and configurations of apertures may be used. In addition, abase102 may includeapertures104 of varying sizes able to provide for the insertion of differently sized surgical instruments. In one embodiment the apertures may be sized to provide for instruments between five and twelve millimeters in diameter. The base102 may also include anreference indicator180 that may be used by the surgeon as a reference point during laparoscopic procedures.
• Referring now toFIG. 1-3 andFIG. 1-4, each port oraperture104 in thebase102 includes itsown seal assembly108 to provide a seal and prevent the escape of insufflation gases. There are many possible types of seals which may be utilized in theseal assembly108. In one embodiment, eachseal assembly108 includes aniris seal110 and aduck bill valve112 such as the seal assembly described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0230161 (Ser. No. 10/815,356; filed Mar. 31, 2004) to Zeiner, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Eachiris seal110 may include a plurality of layeredelastic members114 having a semi-circular profile disposed between two rigid seal rings116. Theelastic members114 may form a conical-shaped seal such that when a surgical instrument is inserted from the top side thereof, theelastic members114 are displaced downwardly and radially outwardly and form a seal around the surgical instrument. Eachseal assembly108 may also include a zero-closure valve such as aduckbill valve112 to prevent theseal assembly108 from leaking when there is no surgical instrument inserted through theseal assembly108. Theduckbill valve112 may include two overlapping flaps113. Pressure from below theduckbill valve112 pushes the flaps113 together, maintaining the seal. Pressure from above theduckbill valve112 pushes the flaps113 apart, allowing a surgical instrument to pass through.
• In one embodiment, eachseal assembly108 is flexibly attached to the base102 using a floatation system such asbellows118 located around the periphery of eachseal assembly108. Thebellows118 may be made from a flexible, elastic material and allow theseal assembly108 to move laterally and pivot within theaperture104. The movement of theseal assembly108 allows surgical instruments to be inserted through theapertures104 at an angle rather than along the axis of theaperture104. Thebellows118 may be attached to the lip of theaperture104 by a retainingring120 that frictionally fits over eachrim106. The force required to deflect thebellows118 is much less than the pressure exerted by surgical instrument on theelastic members114 while the surgical instrument is inserted in theseal assembly108. This allows the floatation system to deflect within eachaperture104 while theelastic members114 maintain a sealing condition with the instrument.
• Themulti-port insert100 may be attached to alaparoscopic access device122 as shown inFIG. 1-7. Thelaparoscopic access device122 may include a generally coaxially alignedupper ring146 andlower ring148 and amembrane128 coupled to and extending generally axially between theupper ring146 andlower ring148. Themembrane128 has a central opening of variable size. For example, in one embodiment theupper ring146 andlower ring148 are rotatable in opposite directions relative to one another to change the size of the opening. Thebase102 of themulti-port insert100 may be attached to thelaparoscopic access device122 by asimple latch mechanism124 to allow themulti-port insert100 to be attached to currently availablelaparoscopic access devices122. Alternatively, one or more C-clamps or other clamping devices or structures may be used to attach themulti-port insert100 to alaparoscopic access device122. In addition, themulti-port insert100 may be attached to alaparoscopic access device122 using a threadable surface on themulti-port insert100 and a corresponding mating threadable surface on thelaparoscopic access device122.
• Once attached to the laparoscopic device, thebase102 of themulti-port insert100 may form a seal with thelaparoscopic access device122 to prevent the escape of insufflation gas. As shown inFIG. 1-5, thebase102 may include acollar126 that may be inserted into thelaparoscopic access device122. As illustrated inFIG. 1-7, thecollar126 extends into thelaparoscopic access device122 and forms a seal with the membrane. In addition, thecollar126 may also protect themembrane128 of the laparoscopic access device from any surgical instruments inserted through theapertures104. As depicted inFIG. 1-5, thecollar126 may include a generally taperedportion127. The taperedportion127 allows theapertures104 to be seated within thelaparoscopic access device122. Lowering theapertures104 lowers the pivot points of the surgical instruments and increases the range of motion of the surgical instruments inserted through theapertures104. In an alternate embodiment, thecollar126 does not include a tapered portion and may be generally cylindrically shaped.
• In an alternate embodiment illustrated inFIG. 1-6, aresilient layer150 may be located on a lower surface of the base102 such that when themulti-port insert100 is attached to thelaparoscopic access device122, theresilient layer150 forms a seal between themulti-port insert100 and the laparoscopic device. Theresilient layer150 may be formed from a closed-cell elastomer or any other suitable material.
• In another embodiment, thebase102 of the multi-port insert may be inserted through the opening in themembrane128 of thelaparoscopic access device122 and attached to thelower ring148 of thelaparoscopic access device122. This configuration would provide a greater range of motion within the body cavity for the surgical instruments by lowering the pivot points for the instruments below the surface of the skin.
• Themulti-port insert100 may also include one or more instrument supports130 that are attached to the base102 to fix the position of one or more surgical instruments inserted through themulti-port insert100.FIG. 1-8 illustrates a first embodiment of asurgical instrument support130 extending generally axially from thebase102. Thesurgical instrument support130 may include agripping portion138, astem154 and aninstrument support base134. The grippingportion138 may be used to hold one or more surgical instruments and may include a C-clamp or any other device suitable for holding a surgical instrument. Thestem154 connects thegripping portion138 and theinstrument support base134. In one embodiment, thestem154 may be composed of a malleable substance, such as copper wire, to allow thesurgical instrument support130 to be positioned to hold a surgical instrument.
• Theinstrument support base134 attaches theinstrument support130 to themulti-port insert100. The base134 may be inserted into atrack132 that extends around the periphery of themulti-port insert100. Thetrack132 may include anopening178 to allow aninstrument support base134 to be inserted into thetrack132. Theinstrument support130 may be positioned along thetrack132 around the circumference of themulti-port insert100.
• Theinstrument support130 includes apositional lock136 for fixing the position of theinstrument support base134 with respect to themulti-port insert100. Thestem154 may be inserted through an aperture in thepositional lock136. Thepositional lock136 may be threadably connected to theinstrument support base134, such that when thepositional lock136 is rotated in a first direction theinstrument support base134 is drawn upward away from thebase102. Frictional forces between thetrack132, theinstrument support base134 and thepositional lock136 secure theinstrument support base134 relative to thebase102 of themulti-port insert100. In an alternative embodiment, a clamp may be used to secure theinstrument support130 to thebase102.
• Theinstrument support130 may also include anextension control152 and anextension lock140. Theextension control152 includes a generallyconical portion166 and an aperture shaped to receive thestem154. Theconical portion166 of theextension control152 includes one or more slits (not shown). Theextension lock140 includes an aperture shaped to receive thestem154 and a generally conical shapedopening156. Theextension lock140 may be threadably connected to theextension control152 such that theextension lock140 may be drawn downward over theextension control152. The pressure exerted by theextension lock140 on theextension control152 pushes theconical portion166 of theextension control152 down and inward, exerting pressure against thestem154, preventing thestem154 from sliding through the apertures in theextension control152 and thereby locking thestem154 in place. The surface of thestem154 may be rough, textured or covered with a coating to increase friction between the stem and theextension control152 and facilitate locking thestem154 in place.
• FIG. 1-10 illustrates an alternate embodiment of aninstrument support130′ in which theinstrument support130′ covers and is radially aligned with anaperture104 of themulti-port insert100. Theinstrument support130′ may be attached to one or more of theapertures104. One or more of therims106 may be shaped to form a socket-shapedhousing142′. Theinstrument support130′ includes aninstrument support base134′ having a semispherical portion seated within thehousing142′. Theinstrument support base134′ is capable of pivoting within thehousing142′ to provide a range of motion to the surgical instruments received therethrough. Theinstrument support130′ may include arotation lock164′ threadably connected to theinstrument support base134′. Rotating therotation lock164′ in a first direction causes therotation lock164′ to exert pressure downward on thehousing142′ while at the same time drawing theinstrument support base134′ upward against thehousing142′. The frictional forces between theinstrument support base134′, thehousing142′ and therotational lock164′ may prevent theinstrument support base134′ from pivoting or rotating within thehousing142′.
• Theinstrument support130′ may include aninstrument contact ring160′ and aninstrument locknut162′ designed to control the depth of insertion into the body cavity of the surgical instruments. Theinstrument locknut162′ may be threadably connected to theinstrument support base134′ such that, when thelocknut162′ is rotated and engages the threads of theinstrument support base134′, thelocknut162′ exerts pressure against theinstrument contact ring160′ causing thecontact ring160′ to close around the surgical instrument and thereby controlling the depth of insertion of the instrument.
• FIG. 1-11 illustrates a third embodiment of aninstrument support130″. This embodiment also covers and is radially aligned with anaperture104 of themulti-port insert100. Theinstrument support130″ may include a socket-shaped, metalized or metal impregnatedhousing142″ that attaches to the upper surface of the base. Theinstrument support130″ includes aninstrument support base134″ having a semispherical portion which rests upon thehousing142″. Theinstrument support base134″ is capable of pivoting on thehousing142″ to provide a range of motion to the surgical instruments received therethrough. Theinstrument support130″ may include includes one ormore magnets170″ attached to theinstrument support base134″. The attraction between thehousing142″ and themagnets170″ holds theinstrument support base134″ in place relative to thehousing142″. Theinstrument support130″ includes anelastic boot168″ attached to thehousing142″ and theinstrument support base134″. Theelastic boot168″ maintains a seal and prevents the escape of insufflation gases. As in the previous embodiment, theinstrument support130″ may includeseal assembly108, aninstrument contact ring160 and aninstrument locknut162 to control the depth of insertion of a surgical instrument. Theseal assembly108 may include aduckbill valve112 and aniris seal110.
• FIG. 1-12 illustrates a further embodiment of theinstrument support130′″ in which thehousing142′″ may include a set ofconcentric ridges172′″. Theinstrument support base134′″ may include one ormore legs174′″ include a set ofteeth176′″ that mate with theridges172′″ of thehousing142′″ to hold theinstrument support base134′″ in place relative to thehousing142′″. In this embodiment, theelastic boot168′″ attaches holds theinstrument support base134′″ in contact with thehousing142′″.
• The multi-port insert may be utilized during laparoscopic procedures to provide the surgeon with the ability to insert multiple surgical instruments into the body cavity of the patient without substantial loss of insufflation gases and without requiring multiple additional incisions. In one embodiment the lower ring of thelaparoscopic access device122 may be inserted into the body of a patient through an incision in the abdomen of the patient. During laparoscopic surgery, the surgeon may elect to attach amulti-port insert100 to theupper ring148 of thelaparoscopic access device122 using thelatch mechanisms124, clamps or the like. Once attached, themulti-port insert100 forms a seal with thelaparoscopic access device122. The seal between themulti-port insert100 and thelaparoscopic access device122 and theseal assemblies108 prevent excessive amounts of the insufflation gases from escaping the body cavity. The surgeon may insert a surgical instrument through any or all of theapertures104. This allows the surgeon to insert multiple surgical instruments into the body cavity patient at the same time. Theseal assemblies108 automatically reseal upon removal of the surgical instruments allowing the surgeon to insert and remove multiple surgical instruments during surgery.
• Themulti-port insert100 may also include one or more instrument supports130 designed to hold surgical instruments inserted through the multi-port insert. In one embodiment the instrument supports130 attach to thetrack132 in thebase102. The instrument supports130 may be positioned at an appropriate location on thebase102 and locked into place using thepositional lock136. The surgeon may control the distance theinstrument support130 extends from the base102 using theextension control152 andextension lock140. Theinstrument support130 may be attached to a surgical instrument using the grippingportion138. The surgeon may reposition and readjust theinstrument support130 at any time. At any time during the procedure the surgeon may elect to disconnect themulti-port insert100 from thelaparoscopic access device122.
• Surgical Access Device
• FIG. 2-1 is a partially sectioned front view of anaccess device202 of the prior art, positioned in abody wall299 of a patient.Access device202 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,154, which issued to Shimomura et al. on Aug. 29, 2000, and is titled “Valve and Valved Trocar Jacket Tube.”Access device202 includes anupper ring204, alower ring206, a first cylindrical elastic member208 (or first elastic member208), a second cylindrical elastic member210 (also referred to as secondelastic member210 and sleeve210), and aresilient member212. Firstelastic member208 and secondelastic member210 are each made of a thin-walled, silicone rubber tubing material, or any one of a number of other elastic, biocompatible materials in sheet or tube form. The ends of firstelastic member208 are assembled withupper ring204 andlower ring206, respectively, to form a hyperboloid (“hour glass”) shape defining anopening250 centered on avertical axis249 ofaccess device202. Similarly, the ends of secondelastic member210 are assembled withlower ring206 andresilient ring212 to form a hyperboloid shape and defining apassageway223 therethrough. The surgeon may position secondelastic member210 in thebody wall299 of the patient by pushing resilient ring212 (while folded) through the surgical incision. Once in the body cavity,resilient ring212 resumes an approximately circular shape to sealingly retainaccess device202 inbody wall299. Anannular interface211 betweenupper ring204 andlower ring206 frictionally holds the relative angular orientation ofupper ring204 andlower ring206 in order to maintain the size ofopening250. The frictional holding force is easily overcome by the surgeon turning either one ofupper ring204 andlower ring206 while holding the other. Additionally,upper ring204 andlower ring206 may each be molded from a plastic to have interlocking features around the perimeter of their mating surfaces. The surgeon may accordingly adjust the relative angular position aboutvertical axis249 ofupper ring204 with respect tolower ring206, and thus set the size ofopening250 to numerous diameters ranging from a fully closed configuration to a fully open configuration. The surgeon may adjust opening250, therefore, to seal against the surgeon's hand or one or more surgical instruments extending throughopening250, providing the ability to insufflate the body cavity with carbon dioxide during the surgical procedure.
• Upper ring204,lower ring206 and firstelastic member208 are also referred to together as avalve subassembly201. As will become apparent to those skilled in the art, the aspects and features described herein are also applicable to surgical access devices having other types of valve assemblies such as, for example, those including a hydrophilic gel material with a sealable slit opening for surgical access into the body cavity.
• FIG. 2-2 is a front view andFIG. 2-3 is a top view, of a first aspect of anaccess device222 while in a closed configuration.Access device222 includes atubular access channel238 extending from alower ring226 to aresilient ring232. The surgeon may position a secondelastic member230 in the surgical incision and adjust anupper ring224 with respect tolower ring226 to set the size ofopening250 in a firstelastic member228 as described foraccess device202 ofFIG. 2-1.Access channel238 increases the overall functionality ofaccess device202. The surgeon may useaccess channel238 to introduce ancillary, remotely operable, surgical implements and/or accessories into the body cavity of the patient, separate from and without obstructingopening250 andpassageway223.Access channel238 may be made of, but is not limited to, any one of numerous flexible, biocompatible materials including polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, silicone rubber, and polyurethane extruded tubing. Aproximal end246 ofaccess channel238 attaches to aport236 having acap242.Port246 attaches to atab234 extending radially fromlower ring226.Port246,tab234, andlower ring226 may be injection molded unitarily. The surgeon may introduce a surgical implement intoport246 along alongitudinal axis247, which forms anangle248 withlongitudinal axis249.Angle248 may be approximately in the range of, but is not limited to, 0-90 degrees.Access channel238 has adistal end244 attached toresilient member232 with aclip240.Clip240 may be, for example, made of a resilient material, such as silicone rubber, and adhered to secondelastic member230 aroundresilient member232.Access channel238 may also be adhered to the outside or inside of secondelastic member230, or molded integrally into the wall of secondelastic member230.Distal end244 may extend a short distance, such as 0-5 centimeters, distal toresilient member232, and is oriented in a generally downward direction as shown.Access channel238 has sufficient length to conform to the outside shape of secondelastic member230 so that the body wall of the patient may easily seal around bothaccess channel238 and secondelastic member230.
• Port236 may alternately be attached toupper ring224, rather then tolower ring226. Ifport236 is attached toupper ring224, thanaccess channel238 would need to be long enough to wrap around secondelastic element230, spiraling around secondelastic element230 at least one wrap, so that the surgeon may rotateupper ring224 in either direction to adjust the size ofopening250.
• FIG. 2-4 is an enlarged, sectional view ofport236 ofaccess device222 shown inFIG. 2-2 andFIG. 2-3.Proximal end246 ofaccess channel238 assembles intoport236, for example, with a biocompatible adhesive.Port236 retains aseal237, which is made of a silicone rubber, for example.Seal237 has a disc shape and contains a small, central hole that may easily stretch and seal around a surgical implement and/or accessory introduced intoport236. To maintain insufflation in the body cavity when the surgeon is not usingaccess channel238, the surgeon may presscap242 ontoport236.Port236 ofFIG. 2-4 is shown as merely one example; many other versions of a sealable port assembly will become apparent to those skilled in the art, such as those versions incorporating a duckbill valve, a gel, or a closed-cell foam material. The size, shape, orientation, and sealing method ofport236 may be adapted to one or more particular surgical implements and/or accessories to be used in the surgical procedure.
• FIG. 2-5 is a front view andFIG. 2-6 is a top view, of a second aspect of anaccess device252 while in an open configuration.Access device252 includes afirst access channel268 having afirst port266, asecond access channel272 having asecond port270, athird access channel276 having athird port274, and a fourth access channel (not visible) having afourth port278. Each of the ports is attached to or unitarily formed with alower ring256 by one of fourtabs264. Each of the access channels pass through one of fourentrance holes253 near the proximal end of a secondelastic member230, extend between aninner wall259 and anouter wall257 of secondelastic member260, and pass through one of fourexit holes255 near the distal end of secondelastic member230. The surgeon may position secondelastic member230 in the surgical incision and adjustupper ring254 with respect tolower ring256 to set the size ofopening250 in a firstelastic member258 as described foraccess device202 ofFIG. 2-1.
• FIG. 2-7 is an isometric view of a third aspect of anaccess device282, shown schematically in combination with eight ancillary devices and/or systems typically used in a surgical procedure.Access device282 has eight access channels that are separate from and do not obstruct opening250 andpassageway223.Access device282 includes an upper flange283 that extends from a lower ring286. Eight inlet ports (291,292,293,294,295,296,297, and298) are shown spaced apart evenly on upper flange283 (although they may be spaced apart unevenly). Each inlet port has a corresponding outlet port (291′,292′,293′,294′,295′,296,297, and298′) attached to a flexible, lower flange attached to a secondelastic element290. As for the second aspect ofaccess device252 described inFIG. 2-5, each access channel is retained between inner and outer walls of secondelastic element290.
• InFIG. 2-7,access device282 is shown, by way of example, with a variety of ancillary, surgical devices and systems. Other surgical implements, accessories, systems, and devices will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Some of these devices may be small enough to pass through the access channel. Other devices may first need to be introduced into the body cavity viaopening250, and then operably connected to the corresponding outlet port. In some instances, the inlet port or outlet port may include a short pigtail connection.
• InFIG. 2-7, alight source229 operably connects to anoutlet port298′ via a fiber optic bundle introduced intoinlet port298, to illuminate the body cavity. Anultrasonic generator227 operably connects tooutlet port291′ via a cable introduced intoinlet port291. An ultrasonic device (not shown) may be introduced into the body cavity viaopening250, and then operably connected tooutlet port291′. Anelectrical power source225 electrically connects tooutlet port292′ (hidden) via an electrical conductor introduced intoinlet port292. Electrical power may be used, for example, for lighting inside the body cavity, or for powering a tissue-morcelating device (not shown). A flexible,mechanical instrument231, such as a surgical grasper, is introduced intoinlet port297. A drug/dye administering device233 is shown, for direct injection into the body cavity viainlet port293 to treat or mark tissues and organs. Avacuum source235 fluidly connects withoutlet port294′ (hidden) via a tube introduced intoinlet port294, for the suction of fluids out of the body cavity. Afluid source241 fluidly connects withoutlet port296′ via a tube introduced intoinlet port296, for irrigation of tissue in the body cavity. Anelectrosurgical generator239 electrically connects tooutlet port295′ via an electrical conductor introduced intoinlet port295. An RF instrument (not shown) may be electrically connected tooutlet port295′ to be used by the surgeon to cauterize tissue in the body cavity.
• Each access channel described inFIG. 2-7 may include either a single or a multilumen, extruded tube. For example, a double lumen access channel may provide both suction and irrigation functions, or electrically isolate a pair of electrical conductors.
• FIG. 2-8,FIG. 2-9, andFIG. 2-10 illustrate partial views of a fourth aspect of anaccess device203, which provides the surgeon with the ability to conveniently and quickly changeaccess device203 from a closed or partially closed configuration to an open configuration.Access device203 includes anintermediate ring209 disposed between anupper ring205 and alower ring207. A lockingelement215 attaches to an outer circumferential surface218 (FIG. 2-8) ofupper ring205, and releasably locksupper ring205 tointermediate ring209.Intermediate ring209 has a plurality of undercut, upper teeth213 spaced apart on the perimeter ofintermediate ring209. Upper teeth213 may interlock with a like plurality of undercut,lower teeth214 spaced apart on the perimeter oflower ring207. When a surgeon rotates either ofupper ring205 andlower ring207 relative to the other in a first rotational direction, upper teeth213 andlower teeth214 engage to prevent relative movement ofupper ring205 andlower ring207 in an opposite, second rotational direction, which is promoted by the spring-back force from twisting firstelastic member208 as opening250 closes. To releaseupper ring205 fromlower ring207, the surgeon may, for example, slightly turnupper ring205 in the first rotational direction while holdinglower ring207, and pullupper ring205 apart fromlower ring207 to disengage the upper teeth213 from thelower teeth214.
• Lockingelement215 allows the surgeon to quickly releaseupper ring205 fromlower ring207, so thataccess device203 may instantly spring back from a closed configuration to an open configuration. Lockingelement215 is attached at a fulcrum219 (FIG. 2-9) onsurface218 ofupper ring205. Apawl217 of lockingelement215 engages arecess216 in intermediate ring209 (FIG. 2-9) to lockupper ring205 tointermediate ring209, which, in turn, locks tolower ring207 via the engagement of upper teeth213 tolower teeth214. The surgeon may press apad220 of lockingelement215 to unlockupper ring205 fromintermediate ring209. The spring back force caused by the twisting of firstelastic member208 while closingopening250 allowsaccess device203 to immediately change to the open configuration. When the surgeon changesaccess device203 from the open to the closed configuration, the relative rotation ofupper ring205 andlower ring207 allowspawl217 to automatically engage withrecess217. Further rotation then allows upper teeth213 andlower teeth214 to engage in order to maintain the size ofopening250. This type of locking mechanism is incorporated into the “Lap Disc Hand Access Device,” which is available from Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio.
• Those skilled in the art will appreciate that numerous other aspects of an access device are possible for providing a way to quickly change access device from a closed or partially closed configuration to an open configuration, and thataccess device203 is provided as only one example.Access device203 may also incorporate at least one access channel as described for, but not limited to, the other aspects of the access device described herein.
• Tissue Markers and Method for Planning a Surgical Procedure
• During a surgical procedure such as hand-assisted laparoscopy, the surgeon must identify tissue structures that are highly mobile within the body cavity, that have a similar coloration as surrounding tissues, and that are generally difficult to find under laparoscopic visualization. The surgeon uses laparoscopic tools and his/her hand to move organs and identify key, anatomical structures in order to plan the surgical procedure. For a tissue resection, for example, in which the surgeon cuts and removes internal tissue from the patient, the surgeon generally needs three types of information to plan the procedure: (1) Where are the proximal and distal end points of the resection? (2) Where is the proximal artery supplying blood to the tissue to be resected? and (3) Where should the line of resection be? Obtaining this information may be very time consuming, and so once the surgeon identifies a key, anatomical structure (or “landmark”), the surgeon would like to mark that area of tissue very conspicuously before searching for other key landmarks. Then the surgeon would be able to quickly find the structure again later during the procedure. Using the “zoom” feature on a laparoscope, and switching back and forth between a close-up view of tissue and a view of a wider area of tissue, may also disorient even experienced surgeons. Accordingly, a method for planning a surgical procedure using a tissue marker, and numerous aspects of a tissue marker, are provided.
• FIG. 3-1 throughFIG. 3-32 show ten different aspects of a tissue marker, which a surgeon may attach to tissue to indicate a key, anatomical structure. Each of the ten aspects of the tissue marker may be applied to tissue using an applier (single or multiple deploying) that is adapted for that particular tissue marker. Other tissue marker and applier aspects or modifications are possible, and may become apparent to those skilled in the art.
• Generally, the tissue marker aspects described herein allow fast, easy, and accurate attachment to internal, soft tissue, and are highly visible throughout the surgical procedure. Each tissue marker aspect also provides the surgeon with the ability to label or otherwise signify meaningful information (using color coding, written information, etc.) to the tissue, to help the surgeon to plan the surgical procedure.
• Depending on the type of surgical procedure, the tissue marker may also be made of a material to facilitate medical imaging. For example, the tissue marker may be formed from a radio opaque material for X-ray imaging. The tissue marker may be formed from or coated with a fluorescent material to enhance visibility during the procedure. Or the tissue marker may be made of a material that contains a multiplicity of microbubbles for ultrasonic imaging. The tissue marker may also include a doping agent to facilitate magnetic resonance imaging.
• The tissue marker may also be made of an absorbable polymer such as “Vicryl” (Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, N.J.), which may be absorbed by the patient's body within a few weeks. Using an absorbable polymer provides the surgeon with the option to leave the tissue marker in the body after the surgical procedure is completed. Of course, the tissue marker may also be applied to a portion of tissue that is removed from the patient.
• The tissue marker may also include an antimicrobial or a drug-eluting coating to inhibit the growth of bacteria in tissue surrounding the tissue marker.
• FIG. 3-1 is a top view,FIG. 3-2 is a side view (before deployment), andFIG. 3-3 is a side view (after deployment) of a first aspect of atissue marker301.FIG. 3-4 is an illustration oftissue marker301 during attachment to tissue, andFIG. 3-5A is an illustration oftissue marker301 after attachment to tissue.Tissue marker301 is a thin disc of metal or rigid plastic, having a central,fluted aperture302 for entrapping tissue pulled within. An applier303 (FIG. 3-4) retainstissue marker301 and supplies a negative pressure to pullsoft tissue399 intoaperture302.Applier303 may be attached to a length of flexible tubing that is fluidly connected to a controllable vacuum source (not shown).Applier303 may also include the vacuum source, which may be a hand-operable pump, for example.Tissue marker301 may further comprise aflag304 attached todisc301.Flag303 may be color coded, preprinted with written matter (for example, “distal”), or contain a writing area on which the surgeon may create a custom label.Flag304 may be made of any one of a number of biocompatible materials, including a fabric, plastic, elastomer, metal foil, coiled wire, and paper.Flag304 may also be incorporated into the design of any of the other aspects of the tissue marker shown inFIG. 3-6 throughFIG. 3-32.
• FIG. 3-5B andFIG. 3-5C show atissue marker356 having an exemplary embodiment of aflag359 that is formed from a flat coil of spirally wound, malleable material having an attachedend357 and a colored,free end358. The surgeon may attachtissue marker356 to tissue while it is in a compact configuration, using an applier as described forFIG. 3-5A. The surgeon then may graspfree end358 with a conventional grasping instrument to extendflag359, thus makingtissue marker356 more conspicuous.
• FIG. 3-6 is a top view,FIG. 3-7 is a side view (before deployment), andFIG. 3-8 is a side sectional view (after deployment) of a second aspect of atissue marker305.Tissue marker305 includes adisc306 and areceiver308. A pair oflegs307 extend from the bottom ofdisc306, and insert into a pair oframps309 in the bottom ofreceiver308, so that during deployment, pair oflegs307 come together tip-to-tip to entrap tissue.Receiver308 retainsdisc306 in a one-time assembly.Tissue marker305 attaches to tissue securely during the surgical procedure, but may be pulled off of the tissue when no longer needed.Tissue marker305 may be injection molded, for example, from any one of a number of biocompatible polymers.
• FIG. 3-9 is a top view,FIG. 3-10 is a sectional side view (after deployment), andFIG. 3-11 is a side view (before deployment) of a third aspect of atissue marker310.Tissue marker310 includes aplunger311 inserted into ahousing312. Ahook314 is attached toplunger311 and extends from the bottom ofhousing311 when the surgeon squeezesplunger311 andhousing312 together, much like the way a “fishing bobber” can be attached to a fishing line. Aspring313 biases retraction ofhook314 intohousing312. The surgeon may attachhook314 into tissue andrelease plunger311 to attachtissue marker305 to the tissue.Plunger311 andreceiver312 may be made of a biocompatible polymer, and hook314 may be made of a stainless steel, for example.
• FIG. 3-12 is a top view,FIG. 3-13 is a sectional side view (before deployment), andFIG. 3-14 is a side view (after deployment) of a fourth aspect of atissue marker315.Tissue marker315 includes aplunger316 inserted into ahousing317. Aspring hook318 is attached toplunger316 and extends through the bottom ofhousing317 and engages tissue (like a “cork screw”) when a surgeon gripsplunger316, and pushes and rotatestissue marker315 against the tissue of interest.
• FIG. 3-15 is a side view,FIG. 3-16 is an end view,FIG. 3-17 is a front view (before deployment), andFIG. 3-18 is a front view (after deployment) of a fifth aspect of atissue marker319.Tissue marker319 includes acrown324 from which extend a pair oflegs321, spaced apart by alatch beam323. Alatch322 extends from the bottom side ofcrown324, so that when the surgeon deploystissue marker319 into the tissue of interest,latch322 engages with a hole inbeam323 to holdlegs321 together, thus entrapping tissue and attachingtissue marker319 to the tissue. Atab320 extends fromcrown320 to provide additional visibility and space for information.Tissue marker319 may be injection molded from a biocompatible polymer.FIG. 3-19 is an end view,FIG. 3-20 is a front view (before deployment), andFIG. 3-21 is a front view (after deployment) of a sixth aspect of atissue marker325.Tissue marker325 includes a hingedcrown326, from which extends a pair oflegs327 separated by aspring beam328.Tissue marker325 employs an “over-center” method of holdinglegs327 together after deployment. When deployed, the bending ofspring beam328 provides a locking force to holdhinge crown326 in the deployed configuration as shown inFIG. 3-21.Tissue marker325 may be made of a biocompatible polymer.
• FIG. 3-22 is a top view,FIG. 3-23 is a side view (before deployment), andFIG. 3-24 is a side view (after deployment) of a seventh aspect of atissue marker329.Tissue marker329 includes aclip332 having a pair oflegs331 and molded from a biocompatible plastic.Clip332 retains athin washer330 in a first position (before deployment) and a second position (after deployment).Washer330 may be formed from a metal, a rigid polymer, or an absorbable material.Washer330 holdslegs331 together after deployment, thus entrapping tissue therebetween.
• FIG. 3-25 is a top view, andFIG. 3-26 is a side view, of an eighth aspect of atissue marker333.Tissue marker333 includes abutton334 attached to one end of a flexible (but stiff)cord335. An T-fastener336 is attached to the other end ofcord335. During deployment, T-fastener336 is momentarily bent approximately parallel tocord335 and penetrated into tissue. When released, T-fastener336 resumes the original T-shaped configuration withcord335, thus attachingtissue marker333 to the tissue.Tissue marker333 may be made of a biocompatible polymer.
• FIG. 3-27 is a top view,FIG. 3-28 is a sectional side view (before deployment), andFIG. 3-29 is a side view (after deployment) of a ninth aspect of atissue marker337.Tissue marker337 includes ametal disc339 from which extends a pair ofhooks338 integrally formed fromdisc339 in a stamping process. Before deployment, hooks338 extend from the top side ofdisc339. After deployment, hooks338 extend from the bottom side ofdisc339, thus entrapping tissue and attachingtissue marker337 to the tissue.
• FIG. 3-30 is a top view,FIG. 3-31 is a side view before deployment, andFIG. 3-32 is a side view after deployment, of a tenth aspect of atissue marker340.Tissue marker340 includes ametallic clip341, to which is attached aloop342. A surgeon may attachtissue marker340 to tissue using any one of a number of conventional, surgical grasping and clamping instruments.FIG. 3-38 is an illustration oftissue marker340 being attached totissue399 using an endoscopicgrasping instrument372.Loop342 may be color coded to designate key anatomical landmarks, and also provides a convenient handle for manipulating tissue during the procedure, or for attaching additional labels.
• Surgeons have used marking pens routinely for marking incision lines on the skin of patients, but before now, specialized instruments and methods for marking lines on the surfaces of soft tissue inside the body have not been available. In addition to using tissue markers to identify key anatomical structures, the surgeon may also use marking fluids, for example, to indicate internal cutting lines during the planning of a surgical procedure.
• FIG. 3-33 is a side view of a first embodiment of a markingtissue applier343, which includes asyringe348, aconnector347, atube346, astylus345, and adispensing tip344. The surgeon may insertstylus345 into the body cavity via a laparoscopic port. For hand-assisted surgery,stylus345 may be approximately 5-10 centimeters long and handheld (like a pencil) by the surgeon inside the body cavity. For laparoscopic surgery,stylus345 may be much longer (over 20 centimeters) for access into the abdomen via a trocar cannula.Syringe348 may be filled with any one of a number of marking fluids, including a biocompatible dye, stain, or colored adhesive. The surgeon may hold thedispensing tip344 near the tissue to be marked (seeFIG. 3-39) and inject drops of marking fluid onto the tissue along the desired cutting line.
• FIG. 3-34 is a top view, andFIG. 3-35 is a side view of the distal portion of a second embodiment of a markingfluid applier349. Markingfluid applier349 includes a pair ofopposable arms351 extending from the distal end of aclosing tube350 and normally biased in an open configuration. Anend effector352 is attached to each ofarms351 and configured for grasping tissue (a closed configuration is shown with phantom lines) when closingtube350 is moved distally by an actuator on a handle (not shown).FIG. 3-36 is an enlarged, side view of atissue interfacing surface354 on one ofend effectors352.Surface354 contains a multiplicity ofholes353 for dispensing the marking fluid from a reservoir inside of end effector352 (hidden) to the interfacing tissue. Atube355 supplies marking fluid to endeffector352 from a syringe or other type of dispensing device on the proximal portion of the instrument (not shown). The diameter ofholes353 is dictated primarily by the viscosity of the marking fluid. Alternately, an absorbent material such as a foam rubber may be used in combination or instead ofholes353, so that marking fluid may be properly transferred from the reservoir to the tissue without excessive dripping, etc.
• The surgeon may use the tissue markers and marking fluids described forFIG. 3-1 throughFIG. 3-39 to help plan and execute a surgical procedure by identifying key, anatomical structures in the body cavity. A method for performing a sigmoidectomy (removal of the sigmoid colon) is briefly described in conjunction withFIG. 3-37, and a method for performing a left colonectomy (removal of the left colon) is briefly described in conjunction withFIG. 3-40 throughFIG. 3-42. The broad method that includes the step of marking key anatomical structures, however, is equally applicable to numerous other surgical procedures, including any type of colonectomy, nephrectomy, adrenalectomy, hepatic resection, distal gastrectomy, and exploratory surgery such as for trauma (knife and gunshot wounds, etc.) and peritonitis.
• FIG. 3-37 is an illustration of thecolon360 of a surgical patient. Adistal end point366 is marked bytissue marker301, and aproximal end point368 is marked by anothertissue marker301 to identify the portion (with adequate margin of healthy tissue) of the diseasedsigmoid colon362 to be resected. Themesenteric artery370, which supplies arterial blood to thesigmoid colon362, is marked by anothertissue marker301. Acutting line364 is marked by a markingfluid372. A method for resecting tissue from the body of a patient may include the following steps, although not necessarily in the order described. The surgeon accesses the body cavity, such as through a laparoscopic port or disc. The surgeon identifies and attaches a first tissue marker to the distal end point of the tissue to be resected. The surgeon identifies and attaches a second tissue marker to the proximal end point of the tissue to be resected. The surgeon identifies a cutting line and marks the cutting line with a marking fluid. The surgeon identifies and attaches a third tissue marker to the vessel that supplies arterial blood to the tissue to be resected. The surgeon ligates the arterial blood supply where the third tissue marker is attached. The surgeon resects the tissue between the first and second tissue markers, and along the cutting line. The surgeon removes the tissue from the body cavity of the patient.
• FIG. 3-40 illustrates a portion of thecolon360 of a surgical patient, showingtissue marker340 attached at aproximal end point368, and a cut line identified by markingfluid372. (Thedistal end point366 is not visible.) Aretraction device374, attached to the body wall atfirst attachment375 andsecond attachment376, assist the surgeon in visualizing and accessing the surgical site.FIG. 3-41 illustrates the next stage of the procedure, in which themesenteric artery370, has been ligated with a surgical clip to block the blood supply to the tissue to be resected. Also, a portion of cuttingline364 has been cut (with a electrosurgical cutting instrument, for example) to create a window in the mesentery for insertion of a stapling instrument.FIG. 3-42 illustrates the next stage of the procedure, in which the surgeon has stapled and cut across thecolon360 to isolate the proximal portion of the tissue to be resected from the surrounding healthy tissue. The surgeon may do a similar stapling and cutting of the distal portion of thecolon360.
• Intra-Abdominal Storage Device
• FIG. 4-1,FIG. 4-2,FIG. 4-3, andFIG. 4-4 are perspective views of a first, a second, a third, and a fourth aspect, respectively, of an intra-abdominal storage device, also referred to as a storage device. A surgeon may use the storage device for temporarily storing surgical instruments intra-abdominally (inside the abdominal cavity) during hand-assisted laparoscopic (HAL) surgery. The surgeon may also use the storage device to store and/or retrieve other objects associated with the surgery, such as tissue specimens, sutures, and sponges, and in other types of surgery, including open or thoracic procedures. During the HAL procedure and other minimally invasive procedures, the surgeon uses endoscopic visualization and has available a wide assortment of endoscopic instruments to aid in the placement, use, and removal of the storage device.
• FIG. 4-1 is a perspective view of the first aspect of astorage device402A, which includes apouch404 having anopening408 and acompartment403, aclosing element406, and an attachingelement410A.Pouch404 may be made of a thin, flexible, biocompatible material that is resistant to tearing and puncture. For example,pouch404 may be made of any one of numerous polymers including polyvinylchloride, polyethylene, polyester, polyurethane, and silicone films, and may alternately be made of a paper material, a mesh, or a fabric woven from a natural or synthetic fiber.Storage device402A and its packaging, as provided to the surgeon, may be sterilized using conventional methods such as gamma radiation, and in general, is made of cost-effective, disposable materials.
• The surgeon may removably attachstorage device402A to the inside of the body wall of the patient using attachingelement410A, so that the surgeon may easily accessstorage device402A during the surgical procedure to insert or remove surgical instruments. In this first aspect, attachingelement410A may be made of a braided or monofilament suture material, or any one of a number of materials having appropriate tensile strength, including stainless steel wire, natural fibers, and polymers.
• In the first, second, third and fourth aspects of the storage device (402A,402B,402C, and402D, respectively) closingelement406 is a purse string disposed around the perimeter ofopening408. Numerous other possible variations of closingelement406 include, but are not limited to, a clip, wire twist, snap, button, spring wire device such as used for some coin purses, and an interlocking seal, such as “ZIPLOC” (trademark, S.C. Johnson and Co.) that is well known for the application of food storage bags.
• Attachingelement410A is joined to a retainingelement412, which provides a flat and robust attachment topouch404 to securestorage device402A to a structure in the body cavity. Retainingelement412 may be secured to the inside ofpouch404 by any one of a number of methods, including adhering, sewing, or capturing in a fold ofpouch404. Retainingelement412 is a thin, flat, and relatively rigid, compared to the material ofpouch404, and may be made, for example, of a biocompatible plastic or paper. Retainingelement412 may alternately be secured to the outside ofpouch404.
• During the surgical procedure, the surgeon may introducestorage device402A into the body cavity of the patient via the main surgical opening that provides access to the surgical site. The surgeon may fold or roll upstorage device402A to facilitate insertion into the body cavity, either via the primary surgical incision (that may contain a hand port or laparoscopic disc) or via a trocar cannula. As illustrated inFIG. 4-9, attachingelement410A may be provided with asurgical needle411 attached to the free end so that the surgeon may pass the needle through the body wall from inside ofbody cavity494 to outside of the body, thus minimizing the size of the wound and eliminating the step of first making an body incision inbody wall494 for passing attachingelement410A. Under laparoscopic visualization on the operating room monitor, the surgeon may insert and remove surgical instruments intoopening408. Alternately, the surgeon may pass the free end of attachingelement410A (without needle411) through a small incision in the body wall, pulling attachingelement410A outwardly to positionstorage device402A against the inside of the body wall. The surgeon may secure the free end of attachingelement410A to the patient's skin using, for example, tape, suture, or staples. The surgeon may changestorage device402A from an open configuration to a closed configuration by holdingslip knot407, while pulling on the free end of closingelement406. Conversely, the surgeon may changestorage device402A from the closed to the open configuration by looseningclosing element406, in order to retrieve a surgical instrument. At the end of the surgical procedure, the surgeon may easily detach the free end of attachingelement410A from the patient, and removestorage device402A from within the body cavity. Although not shown in the drawings, a suture needle may also be provided on the free end of closingelement406, so that the free end of closingelement406 may be externalized, thus allowing the surgeon to close storage device402 from outside the body.
• Storage device402A and the other aspects of the storage device, may be manufactured in a number of different sizes to accommodate various surgical procedures. For HAL procedures in which the surgeon may desire to temporarily store very small, fingertip instruments inside of the patient's body, for example, the diameter ofopening408 may be approximately in the range of 3-5 cm, and the length ofpouch404 may be approximately in the range of 5-10 cm.
• FIG. 4-2 is a perspective view of the second aspect of astorage device402B including pouch404 having anopening408. Apartition422 separates afirst compartment418 from asecond compartment420. The surgeon may temporarily store a surgical instrument inside of each offirst compartment418 andsecond compartment420, keeping them separated bypartition422, and thus allowing easy retrieval of one or the other instruments. The surgeon may use closingelement406, as described for the first aspect, for closing andopening storage device402B.
• FIG. 4-3 is a perspective view of the third aspect of astorage device402C, includingpouch404 havingopening408. Apartition435 separates afirst compartment424, asecond compartment426, and athird compartment428. The surgeon may separately store three surgical instruments in the third aspect ofstorage device402C.
• FIG. 4-4 is a perspective view of the fourth aspect of astorage device402D, includingpouch404 having anopening408. Apartition446 separates afirst compartment438, asecond compartment440, athird compartment442, and afourth compartment444. The surgeon may separately store four surgical instruments in the fourth aspect ofstorage device402D.
• Those skilled in the art will also recognize thatstorage devices402B,402C, and402D may be constructed using any one of numerous techniques. For example, separate plastic or cloth bags may be joined together to form a pouch with multiple compartments. Alternately, a single sheet of polymeric material may be folded and joined at seams by welding, gluing, or sewing, for example, to form a multi-compartment pouch. The plurality of compartments may also be arranged in a row or in other arrangements.
• FIG. 4-5,FIG. 4-6,FIG. 4-7, andFIG. 4-8 show embodiments of the attaching element, as adapted for the third aspect ofstorage device402C, although all embodiments are equally adaptable to the other aspects of the storage device. Each embodiment allows the surgeon to removablysecure storage device402C within a body cavity of a patient during a surgical procedure.
• FIG. 4-5 is a perspective view ofstorage device402C, including a second embodiment of attachingelement410B that includes an attachingrod456 and abutton460. Attachingrod456 may be made of a biocompatible plastic or metal and attached to retainingelement412, or attachingrod456 and retainingelement412 may be injection molded from plastic as one piece. Attachingrod456 may also be made of a flexible material, such as high density polyethylene, and passed through an incision already made in the body wall by the surgeon.Button460 may be made of a plastic such as polyethylene. The surgeon introducesstorage device402C into the body cavity of the patient, and pushes a piercingtip459 of attachingrod456 through the body wall, externalizing piercingtip459 and a portion of attachingrod456. The surgeon holdsstorage device402C firmly against the inside of the body wall and (perhaps with assistance) positionsbutton460 onto attachingrod456 so that aslot462 ofbutton460 engages one of a plurality ofteeth458 on attachingrod456, thus holdingstorage device402C securely against the inside of the body wall. The surgeon may cover, bend over, or cut-off tip459 to avoid accidental injury during the rest of the surgical procedure. The surgeon may removebutton460 fromattachment rod456 in order to relocatestorage device402C or to removestorage device402C from the body cavity. The surgeon may also bend over the externalized portion of attachingrod456 and tape it to the skin of the patient, rather thanuse button460.
• FIG. 4-6 is a perspective view of a third embodiment of an attachingelement410C, including an attachingrod464 having a plurality ofholes466, and apin468. Attachingrod464 may be made of a rigid, biocompatible plastic or metal. Attachingrod464 is attached to or molded as one piece with retainingelement412. Attachingrod464 includes a piercingtip469 so that attaching element410 may be positioned in the body wall as described for the first embodiment shown inFIG. 4-5. Once a portion of attachingrod464 is externalized from within the body cavity, the surgeon may insert apin468 into one of the plurality ofholes466 in attachingrod464, to secure storage device402 inside of the body cavity. The piercing tip may be covered, bent over, or cut-off to prevent accidental injury during the procedure. Upon completion of the surgical procedure, the surgeon may easily removepin468 and withdrawstorage device402C from the body cavity.
• FIG. 4-7 is a perspective view of a fourth embodiment of an attachingelement410D, including anelastic loop470 attached to retainingelement412. The surgeon may externalize a portion ofelastic loop470 through a small incision in the body wall, and hold storage device402 against the inside of the body wall, for example, by pulling up onelastic loop470 and clamping surgical clamps ontoelastic loop470 against the skin of the patient. Alternately,elastic loop470 may be stretched around the portion of the trocar cannula extending into the body cavity, or around a portion of any one of a number of surgical instruments used during the surgical procedure and having at least a portion extending inside of the body cavity.Elastic loop470 may be made of a biocompatible elastomer, for example, such as silicone rubber or polyurethane rubber.
• FIG. 4-8 is a perspective view of a fifth embodiment of an attachingelement410E, including aclip472 attached to retainingelement412 with afastener474. The surgeon may removably attachclip472 to the internal portion of the cannula of a surgical trocar port as shown inFIG. 4-10.Fastener474 may be a post that is molded integrally with retainingelement412, and loosely heat-staked to clip472, so thatclip472 may pivot.Clip472 is made of a biocompatible, spring-like plastic or metal so thatclip472 may grip onto the trocar cannula.FIG. 4-11 illustratesstorage device402C in the closed configuration and with the fifth embodiment of attachingelement410D (not shown inFIG. 4-11; seeFIG. 4-10) removably attached to thecannula498 of asurgical trocar496 penetratingbody wall490. Closingelement406 has been drawn throughslip knot407 to securely contain asurgical instrument499 withinstorage device402C.
• FIG. 4-12 is a sectional view of a sixth embodiment of an attaching element410F, shown onstorage device402A in the open configuration and within the body of a patient. Sixth embodiment of attaching element410F includes a tubular attachingrod484 and acap486. Attachingrod486 has aflange480, which is analogous to retainingelement412, and is made of a biocompatible metal or plastic. The surgeon may initially penetrate attachingrod484 intobody wall490 as described for the embodiments of the attaching element shown inFIG. 4-5 andFIG. 4-6. The sixth embodiment shown inFIG. 4-12 includes the free ends of closing element406 (which is again a purse string disposed about opening408) extending through achannel477 of attachingrod484 so that the surgeon may close oropen storage device402C from outside of the patient. The surgeon may removablypress cap486 over attachingrod484, as shown inFIG. 4-13, to holdstorage device402C in the closed configuration and to protect a piercingtip479. Acap flange482 presses against the outside ofbody wall490 to retainstorage device402C against the inside ofbody wall494.Cap486 is made of a biocompatible plastic or elastomer and has a tight sliding fit over attachingrod484.
• Other embodiments for the attaching element are possible. For example, attaching element may incorporate a ferrous material attached to the pouch and held against the inside of the body wall using an external magnet.
• Surgical Retraction Device for Creating a Visceral Barrier
• The viscera inside the abdominal cavity is highly mobile and slippery. During a hand-assisted laparoscopic procedure, for example, the surgeon may need to “compartmentalize” the abdominal cavity in order to view and operate on particular organs. During some laparoscopic procedures, the surgeon tips the operating table to cause the patient's abdominal viscera to shift away from an area of interest in the body cavity. The surgeon may refrain from tipping certain patients (gun-shot wounded patients, elderly patients, etc.) to minimize stress on the heart. In those and other cases, the surgeon may use any one of the numerous aspects of a retraction device illustrated inFIG. 5-1 throughFIG. 5-52 to “corral” viscera (such as the colon) out of the way, or to “put away” tissues already examined. The retraction device helps the surgeon to create a wall-like structure, or visceral barrier, at a transverse abdominal line somewhere between the rib cage and the pelvis. The retraction device has a tissue interface with a large, projected area for holding the viscera away from the surgical site. The surgeon may use the retraction device to lift or to suspend tissue, such as when examining the vasculature the intestinal mesentery. The retraction device generally is easy to manipulate and position in the body cavity, easy to hold in position for the duration of the procedure, and easy to remove from the body cavity.
• Turning now to the drawings,FIG. 5-1 illustrates a first aspect of asurgical retraction device501 retracting acolon500 of a surgical patient.Retraction device501 includes anelongated column502 removeably attached to anattachment handle504 centrally located on a rectangular,barrier element503.Column502 includes a conventional, laparoscopic, surgical clamping instrument that the surgeon may pass through a laparoscopic port (not shown) before attaching to attachment handle504. The surgeon may introducebarrier element503 into the body cavity, for example, via the laparoscopic disc.Barrier element503 is formed from a malleable material, such as a metallic wire reinforced, biocompatible elastomer.Barrier element503 has a length of approximately 20 centimeters and a width of approximately 5 centimeters. The surgeon may useretraction device501 in combination with a number of ancillary,surgical instruments599, to manipulate and support visceral tissues in the body cavity. Once the surgeon is satisfied with the placement of the visceral barrier, the external portion ofcolumn502 may be held by a surgical assistant, weighted, or temporarily attached to an immobile structure outside the body cavity.
• The surgeon may use each of the remaining aspects of the retracting device in a similar fashion as the first aspect ofFIG. 1, with some variations as will be described.FIG. 5-2 is a perspective view of a second aspect of aretraction device505, which includes abifurcated column506 having a pair ofarms509. The end of each ofarms509 pivotally attach to the opposing sides of a book-like,foldable barrier element507. A remotely operable, actuatingrod508 ofcolumn506 attaches tobarrier element507 so that the surgeon may change retractingdevice505 between a closed configuration and an opened configuration. The surgeon may introduce the distal portion of retractingdevice505 into the body cavity via a laparoscopic disc.
• FIG. 5-3 is a perspective view of a third aspect of aretraction device510 including acolumn511 removeably attached to abarrier element512.Barrier element512 has a plurality ofvacuum apertures513, which fluidly communicate via a channel throughcolumn511 with a vacuum source (not shown).Barrier element512 is covered with acover material514, which may comprise a cotton gauze or fabric, to improve the surgeon's ability to manipulate tissue atraumatically. The surgeon may introducebarrier element512 through a laparoscopic disc or port before attaching it to the distal end ofcolumn511.
• FIG. 5-4 is a perspective view of a fourth aspect of aretraction device515, while in a closed configuration, andFIG. 5-4shows retraction device515 in an opened configuration.Retraction device515 includes threearms517 extendable from the open, distal end of acolumn516. Abarrier element518, including a flexible material such as a fabric or plastic film, is attached toarms517, so that whenarms517 are remotely actuated by the surgeon to extend from the end ofcolumn516,arms517 spread apart andtension barrier element518.
• FIG. 5-6 is a perspective view of a fifth aspect of aretraction device519, while in a closed configuration, andFIG. 5-7shows retraction device519 in an opened configuration.Retraction device519 includes a pair ofparallel bars521 that are extendable from the distal end of acolumn520 so thatbars521 are perpendicular tocolumn520 in the opened configuration.Bars521 are pivotally attached tocolumn520 so thatbars521 are parallel tocolumn520 in the closed configuration, and so that the surgeon may pass the distal portion ofretraction device519 through a laparoscopic port. Abarrier element523 is formed by a webbing material.
• FIG. 5-8 is a perspective view of a sixth aspect of a retraction device including a pair of L-shaped,bar elements526 that are covered with acover material527, and each of which are attached at acommon pivot593 to the distal end of acolumn525. The surgeon may actuatebar elements526 to be approximately flush with the outside diameter ofcolumn525 while in a closed configuration, and to swing out to be perpendicular tocolumn525 while in an opened configuration.
• FIG. 5-9 is a perspective view of an seventh aspect of aretraction device528 including abarrier element530 that is extendable from the open end of acolumn529.Barrier element530 may be formed from a flat stock of spring steel that forms a ninety degree bend when unconstrained.Barrier element530 is covered with acover material531.
• FIG. 5-10 illustrates an eighth aspect of aretraction device532, while in an opened configuration and retracting thecolon500 of a surgical patient.Retraction device532 includes a pair ofarms534 attached to anattachment handle535, which a surgeon may hold with a conventionallaparoscopic clamp533.Arms534 may be opened as shown to form a V-shape, tensioning a pair ofcords537 attached toarms534. A webbing type,barrier element536 is attached tocords537 andarms534, forming a large, see-through, tissue interface surface while in an opened configuration.
• FIG. 5-11 illustrates a ninth aspect of aretraction device538, while in an opened configuration and retracting thecolon500 of a surgical patient.Retraction device538 includes a webbing type,barrier element542 attached to a collapsible,elliptical ring594, which may be made of a spring steel wire or a shape-memory metal (Nitinol). The ends of abeam element541 are attached to ring594. Ahandle542 centrally located onbeam element541 provides a convenient grasping point for alaparoscopic clamping instrument539.
• FIG. 5-12 is a perspective view a tenth aspect of aretraction device543 in a closed configuration. FIG.-13A showsretraction device543 while in a partially open configuration.FIG. 5-13B showsretraction device543 while in an opened configuration.Retraction device543 includes abarrier element545 that passes through ahollow column544.Barrier element545 is formed by a band composed of a flexible but stiff material such as high density polyethylene. The distal end ofbarrier element545 extends out of the open, distal end ofcolumn544, and is attached to anattachment canopy547 on the outside ofcolumn544. As shown in the drawings, the surgeon may remotely pushbarrier element545 out of the open end ofcolumn544 to form a T-shape, supported in the center of the extendedbarrier element545 by a remotelyoperable rod546.
• FIG. 5-14 is a perspective view of an eleventh aspect of aretraction device548 including a pair ofarms550 that may be retracted into the open end of acolumn549 by aretraction rod595.
• FIG. 5-15 is a perspective view of a twelfth aspect of aretraction device551, shown retracting thecolon500.Retraction device551 includes a pair ofarms553 formed from a flat, spring material and extendable from acolumn552.
• FIG. 5-16 is a side view of a thirteenth aspect of aretraction device554 while in an opened configuration.FIG. 5-17 shows a partially opened configuration, andFIG. 5-18 shows a closed configuration.Retraction device554 includes abarrier element558 formed by acollapsible frame556 and awebbing557.Barrier element558 is retractable into the open end of acolumn555, to facilitate introduction into and removal from the body cavity via a laparoscopic port.
• FIG. 5-19 illustrates a fourteenth aspect of aretraction device559 retracting thecolon500 of a surgical patient.Retraction device559 includes a pair ofarms561 that spring apart when not constrained inside the open end of acolumn560. On the end of each arm is apad562 having an atraumatic cover563 (seeFIG. 5-20).
• Each of the following aspects of the retraction device (shown inFIG. 5-21 throughFIG. 5-52) comprise a wall-like, barrier element that optionally may be positioned and held in the body cavity by a laparoscopic clamping instrument. For clarity, the clamping instrument is not shown in some ofFIG. 5-21 throughFIG. 5-52. Each of the following aspects of the retraction device may be “self-supporting” inside of the body cavity. That is, the perimeter of the barrier element is positionable against the body wall and organs within the body cavity to remain in place without being held by a clamping instrument. In most aspects to be described, however, handles are provided on the barrier elements to facilitate manipulation and holding by a clamping instrument. Each of the aspects of the retracting device shown inFIG. 5-21 throughFIG. 5-52 may be sized, while in the opened configuration, to substantially span either or both the transverse width and the vertical height of the patient's body cavity.
• FIG. 5-21 is a sectional view of a fifteenth aspect of aretraction device564, while in a closed configuration and being passed through a laparoscopic port.FIG. 5-22 is an end view ofretraction device564, while in the extended configuration.FIG. 5-23 is a front view ofretraction device564, while in the closed configuration.Retraction device564 includes a plurality ofpanel barrier elements565 attached together, edge-to-edge, in a row by a plurality ofhinges567.Retraction device564 includes a plurality ofhandle cutouts566 to facilitate grasping by a clamping instrument. In one version of this aspect, each of hinges567 may flex in either direction so thatpanels565 may be rolled up from either side. In another version of this aspect, hinges567 may flex in only one direction so thatpanels565 may be rolled up from only one side. When unrolled to the opened configuration,retraction device564 resists bending from one direction.
• FIG. 5-24 is a front view of a sixteenth aspect of aretraction device568 including afirst barrier element569 and asecond barrier element570 that interlock at a central, interlocking joint571 once introduced into the body cavity. Acover material572, such as a gauze of fabric, covers each of first and second barrier elements,569 and570. The surgeon may holdretraction device568 with a clamping instrument clamped onto one ofhandles573.
• FIG. 5-25 illustrates an seventeenth aspect of aretraction device574 retracting thecolon500 of a surgical patient.FIG. 5-26A is a front view ofretraction device574, while in an opened configuration.FIG. 5-26B is a front view ofretraction device574, while in a partially closed configuration.Retraction device547 includes four panel barrier elements joined together atfolds577, and includes a plurality ofhandle cutouts576.Retraction device547 may be die-cut from a polyethylene sheet, for example, withfolds577 including thermally-formed creases. As shown inFIG. 5-26B,retraction device574 is foldable in a concertina manner, and may be easily deployed into the opened configuration while inside the body cavity.
• FIG. 5-27 illustrates an eighteenth aspect of aretraction device578 retracting thecolon500 of a surgical patient.Retraction device578 includes abarrier element579 formed by a plurality offrames581 flexibly joined in a row, side-to-side. Each offrames581 is covered with a mesh or webbing material.
• FIG. 5-28 illustrates a nineteenth aspect of aretraction device582 retracting thecolon500 of a surgical patient.Retraction device582 includes abarrier element583 formed from a sheet of flexible, biocompatible material, such as polyethylene, and including a plurality of handle cut-outs584.
• FIG. 5-29 is a perspective view of a twentieth aspect of aretraction device585 including abarrier element586 injection molded from a biocompatible polymer such as polypropylene.Retraction device585 includes a plurality ofhandle projections587 extending from one side ofbarrier element586, and a plurality ofhandle cutouts588.
• FIG. 5-30 is a front view of a twenty-first aspect of aretraction device589, while in a first, partially closed configuration.FIG. 5-31shows retraction device589, while in a second, partially closed configuration.FIG. 5-32shows retraction device589, while in an opened configuration.Retraction device589 includes four panel barrier elements joined by a plurality ofhinges591, and including a plurality ofhandle cutouts592.Retraction device589 may be formed, for example, by either a die-cutting or an injection molding process from a biocompatible polymer.
• FIG. 5-33 is a top view andFIG. 5-34 is a front view of a twenty-second aspect of aretraction device5000, which includes fourpanel barrier elements5001 joined edge-to-edge in a row by three pinnedhinges5002 that swing in either direction.Panels5001 may be formed from a metal or injection molded from a biocompatible polymer. Each ofhinges5002 may contain a detent or locking feature that holdspanels5001 in the instant configuration until a sufficient external force is applied.Retraction device5000 includes a plurality ofhandle cutouts5003.
• FIG. 5-35 is a top view andFIG. 5-36 is a front view of a twenty-third aspect of aretraction device5005.Retraction device5005 includes fourpanel barrier elements5006 joined together in a row by a plurality offlexible bands5007 woven alternately on the front and the back sides of each ofbarrier elements5006, forming threehinges5008 that may swing in either direction. A surgeon may extend andposition retraction device5005 in the body cavity and allow the abdominal wall to rest on the top edge ofretraction device5005, perhaps by reducing insufflation pressure in the body cavity, so thatretraction device5005 may remain extended while resisting the force of tissue bearing against it.
• FIG. 5-37A is a top view andFIG. 5-38 is a front view of a twenty-fourth aspect of aretraction device5010, while in an extended configuration.FIG. 5-37B is a detailed, top view ofretraction device5010, while being folded into a rolled-up or closed configuration.Retraction device5010 includes a plurality ofpanel barrier elements5011 joined together edge-to-edge in a row by a plurality ofhinges5013. A plurality ofwires5012 embedded inbarrier elements5011 form hinges5013. A plurality ofstop elements5009 attached to or integrally formed on the tissue-bearing side of each ofpanel barrier elements5011 are arranged so thatretraction device5010 may fold in only one direction. This allows the surgeon to introduceretraction device5010 while in the rolled-up or closed configuration into the body cavity. When in the extended configuration,retraction device5010 resists the force of tissue bearing against it, so that it remains extended.
• FIG. 5-39 is a top view,FIG. 5-40 is a front view, andFIG. 5-41 is an end view of a twenty-fifth aspect of aretraction device5015.Retraction device5015 includes amalleable barrier element5016 formed from ametallic mesh5018 embedded in a biocompatible,elastomeric material5019.Metallic mesh5018 may be formed from a screen-like material, a plurality of wires or rods, and the like.Barrier element5016 includes a plurality offingers5017 that may be bent over to a desired shape to fit inside the body cavity and properly retract tissue. The surgeon may easily formbarrier element5016 into the desired shape after placement into the body cavity, butbarrier element5019 is stiff enough to provide a visceral barrier.
• FIG. 5-42 is a front view of a twenty-sixth aspect of aretraction device5021.FIG. 5-43shows retraction device5021, while in a twisted configuration.Retraction device5021 includes abarrier element5024 formed from ametallic mesh5022 covered with an polymeric, biocompatible coating. The surgeon may easily formbarrier element5024 into the desired shape after placement into the body cavity, butbarrier element5024 is stiff enough to provide a visceral barrier.
• FIG. 5-44 is a top view andFIG. 5-45 is a front view of a twenty-seventh aspect of aretraction device5027, including a plurality ofpanel barrier elements5028 joined together edge-to-edge in a row by a pair offlexible bands5030. Becausebarrier elements5028 are assembled with substantially no gap between adjoining barrier elements, and becausebands5030 are affixed to only one side ofbarrier elements5028,retraction device5027 may flex in only one direction. The surgeon may positionretraction device5027 against the viscera so thatretraction device5027 is flexible in the distal direction (towards the viscera) to create the visceral barrier. A flexible,plastic cover5029 is provided to cover potential pinch-points between adjoiningbarrier elements5028.
• FIG. 5-46 is a top view andFIG. 5-47 is a front view of a twenty-eighth aspect of aretraction device5031, including abarrier element5032 formed by a plurality of nestedsegments5033 that may telescope in one direction between an opened and a closed configuration. Asecond retraction device5031 may be joined by numerous methods (barb and hook latches, for example) to a first so that the two nestedsegments5033 of the tworetraction devices5031 telescope in opposing, lateral directions. Sliding-fit frictional force, detents, or interlocking features may be incorporated into nestedsegments5033 to holdretraction device5031 in the desired configuration to provide an effective visceral barrier, yet be adjustable by the surgeon within the body cavity.
• FIG. 5-48 is a top view andFIG. 5-49 is a front view of a twenty-ninth aspect of aretraction device5035, including a plurality ofpanel barrier elements5036 joined together, edge to edge in a row, by a plurality ofhinges5037.Barrier elements5036 may be unitarily formed, such as by die-cutting from a sheet of polyethylene.Hinges5037 may be thermally formed creases in the sheet material. A plurality ofextendable fingers5039, which may be made from the same material asbarrier elements5036, are pivotally attached tobarrier elements5036. The surgeon may swing each offingers5039 independently between a down and an up position as required, to increase the effective height of the visceral barrier.Retraction device5035 also includes a plurality ofwindows5038 for viewing through the device or for grasping with a clamping instrument.
• FIG. 5-50 is a top view of a thirtieth aspect of aretraction device5042.FIG. 5-51 is a front view ofretraction device5042, while in a closed configuration.FIG. 5-52 is a front view ofretraction device5042, while in an opened configuration.Retraction device5042 includes a hollow,barrier element5043 that houses acurtain5047 in the closed configuration. The ends of aflexible dowel5045 are inserted into the opposing ends ofbarrier element5043. Anexternal loop portion5040 ofdowel5045 wraps around approximately one half of the perimeter ofbarrier element5043. The ends ofdowel5045 are operably connected to anextension mechanism5046 inside ofbarrier element5043. The top ofcurtain5047 is attached toloop portion5040, and the bottom ofcurtain5047 is retained inside ofbarrier element5043. The surgeon may grasp ahandle5044 with a clamping instrument and rotatehandle5044 in the counter clockwise direction to deploycurtain5047 to extend the height ofbarrier element5043.Curtain5047 may be formed from any one of a number of fabrics, mesh materials, films, and the like.
• FIG. 5-53,FIG. 5-54, andFIG. 5-55 show a thirty-first aspect of aretraction device5050 including at least onecentral panel5052 of uniform thickness, and a pair of end panels,5054 and5056, each attached tocentral panel5052 by at least oneflexible hinge element5058, and each having a non-uniform thickness that tapers in a direction away fromhinge element5058. As shown inFIG. 5-55,end panels5054 and5056 may fold ontocentral panel5052 so that the overall thickness ofretraction device5050 is relatively small as compared to a similar device in which all panels have a uniform thickness.
• FIG. 5-56 is a front view andFIG. 5-57 is an end view of a thirty-second aspect of aretraction device5060 while in an extended configuration.Retraction device5060 includes a plurality ofpanels5062 joined by a plurality ofhinges5064. Each ofpanels5062 may be formed from a spring-like material, such as for example, shape memory metal (Nitinol) so that eachpanel5062 may be flattened for rolling up into a closed configuration for introduction into the body cavity. Whenretraction device5060 is in the extended configuration, each ofpanels5062 may curl as shown inFIG. 5-57 so thatretraction device5060 may resist the force of tissue bearing against one side and form an effective partition.
• Surgical Instrument System Having Removably Attachable End Effectors
• During some surgical procedures, the surgeon must grasp, clamp, retract, suspend, and/or manipulate soft, fluidic tissues within the insufflated body cavity, being careful not to injure the tissues. In open surgical procedures, the surgeon has a large array of surgical instruments with large end effectors specifically designed for various steps of the procedure. Also in open surgical procedures, the surgeon often places a folded-over, gauze sponge within the end effectors of an open surgery instrument to broaden and soften the tissue interface surface. During traditional, laparoscopic procedures, it is not always possible to pass such large instruments or a folded sponge through a laparoscopic port. During hand-assisted, laparoscopic procedures, however, the lap disc provides a relatively large port for introducing devices into the body cavity, with only momentary loss of insufflation pressure. Consequently, it is possible to provide a surgical system that allows a surgeon to introduce a surgical instrument with extra large end effectors into a body cavity.
• FIG. 6-1 throughFIG. 6-11 show numerous aspects of surgical instruments, each having removably attachable end effectors that are too large to pass through a conventionally sized trocar cannula.FIG. 6-1 is a front view of the distal portion of a first embodiment of asurgical instrument601, shown with afirst end effector614 and asecond end effector616. Afirst arm604 and an opposablesecond arm606 extend from the distal end of anelongated shaft602, which may pass through a conventional trocar cannula whenend effectors614 and616 are not attached.Surgical instrument601 includes a handle with an actuator (not shown) for opening and closingarms604 and606. As shown forarm604 inFIG. 6-2 andFIG. 6-3, each ofarms604 and606 has anattachment slot608 and adetent recess610. Each of first andsecond end effectors614 and616 also has anattachment element620 for insertion intoattachment slot608, and adetent612 for engagement withdetent recess610. Each of first andsecond end effectors614 and616 has an atraumaticgrasping element618 made of a soft, elastic, biocompatible material such as a foam rubber. Whenend effectors614 and616 are attached toarms604 and606, the distal portion ofsurgical instrument601 may be too large to pass through some conventional, laparoscopic ports.
• Atraumaticgrasping elements618 may also be formed or coated from any one of a number of medical grade hydrophilic polymers. These polymers have high water permeability, are waterproof, have low water absorption, have high flexibility and impact strength at low temperatures, have good mechanical and elastic properties, have good heat stability, have good resistance to chemicals, and are easy to process. Very common commercial hydrophilic materials are copolymers made of polyethylene oxide, crystallizable polyamide, polyurethane, and polyester.
• FIG. 6-4 is a front sectional view of a second embodiment of anarm626 having anattachment aperture626 and afemale thread628. An alternate version of anend effector621 has anattachment element622 with amale thread624 for removable attachment toarm630.Attachment elements620 and622 are only examples of the many types of features for removably attaching an end effector to an arm of a surgical instrument, as is apparent to those skilled in the art.
• FIG. 6-5 is an end view andFIG. 6-6 is a front view of a second aspect of anend effector632, including a pair ofparallel side walls634 and636 connected by three,transverse columns638 arranged to hold a replenishable,tissue interface element640.Interface element640 may be formed, for example, from a conventional, surgical sponge or gauze material.End effector632 also includesattachment element620 anddetent612, as shown forend effector614 inFIG. 6-1, for removable attachment tosurgical instrument601.
• FIG. 6-7 is an end view andFIG. 608 is a front view of a third aspect of an end effector, which is the same asend effector632 shown inFIG. 6-6, but having a replenishable,tissue interface element644 formed from a roll of biocompatible material such as cotton gauze or a silicone foam tape, for example.Interface element644 includes afree end646 that may be pulled by the surgeon to present a fresh surface ofinterface element644 to the tissue.Free end646 may be externalized through the body wall via the laparoscopic port so that the surgeon may remotely replenishinterface element644.
• FIG. 6-9 is a front view andFIG. 6-10 is a top view of the distal portion of asurgical instrument646, shown with afirst end effector650 and asecond end effector652, each of which represent a fourth aspect of an end effector.Surgical instrument646 includes a pair of opposing, wire-formedarms654 and656. The surgeon remotely operates closingtube648 to translate longitudinally in the distal direction to closearms654 and656, and in the proximal direction to openarms654 and656. Each of first andsecond end effectors650 and652 has a slot658 (seeFIG. 6-11) for removable attachment ontoarms654 and656.End effectors650 and652 may be formed by any one or a composite of a number of biocompatible materials, including a foam rubber or a low durometer silicone rubber.Slot658 may be sized to stretch slightly during attachment to one ofarms654 and656 to insure retention during use.
• FIG. 6-12 illustrates part of a first method for performing a hand-assisted, laparoscopic procedure. The method includes providing asurgical instrument system670 that includes alap disc662 and asurgical instrument601 with a first and a second, detachable end effector,614 and616. The method further includes placinglap disc662 in thebody wall666 of the patient, placing the distal portion ofsurgical instrument601 intobody cavity668 whenend effectors614,616 are not attached tosurgical instrument601, introducingend effectors614,616 intobody cavity668 vialap disc662, and assemblingend effectors614,616 tosurgical instrument601. For removal ofsurgical instrument601, the method further includes removingend effectors614,616 from thesurgical instrument601, removingsurgical instrument601 frombody wall666, and removingend effectors614,615 frombody cavity668 vialap disc662. The first method may also include the step of storing the end effectors in an intra-abdominal storage device (seeFIG. 4-1 through4-15) inside of the body cavity.
• FIG. 6-13 illustrates part of a second method of performing a hand-assisted, laparoscopic procedure. The second method includes providing asurgical instrument system672 that includes alap disc662, alap disc insert680 having at least oneport682, and asurgical instrument601 with a first and a second, detachable end effector,614 and616. The method further includes placinglap disc662 in thebody wall666 of the patient, placing the distal portion ofsurgical instrument601 throughlap disc port682 oflap disc insert680, attachingend effectors614,616 tosurgical instrument601, and attachinglap disc insert680 tolap disc662 so thatend effectors614,616 areinside body cavity668. For removal ofsurgical instrument601 frombody cavity668, the method further includes removinglap disc insert680 fromlap disc662 so thatend effectors614,616 are removed frombody cavity668 vialap disc662.
• The first and second methods for performing a hand-assisted, laparoscopic procedure may also be used with other surgical instruments having removably attachable end effectors. The first and second methods may also include insufflating the body cavity while the end effectors are inside the body cavity.
• Tissue Suspension Device
• FIG. 7-1 throughFIG. 7-13 disclose a tissue suspension device for suspending tissues within the body cavity of a patient. A surgeon may use the tissue suspension device in combination with insufflation, orientation of the patient, and other well-known laparoscopic surgery techniques, to improve visualization of and access to tissues of interest within the abdominal cavity during a hand-assisted, laparoscopic procedure. The surgeon may also use the tissue suspension device for open, abdominal, surgical procedures, to eliminate the need for other retraction devices currently used that partially obstruct the surgical opening, to provide the surgeon with improved access and visualization into the abdominal cavity.
• FIG. 7-1 is a side view ofsurgical patient799 whileabdomen798 is insufflated with carbon dioxide. For clarity, the associated instruments, systems, and personnel required for laparoscopic surgery are not shown.FIG. 7-2 is a cross-sectional view ofpatient799, taken at line2-2 ofFIG. 7-1. A first aspect of atissue suspension device702 suspends an organ796 (in this example, the transverse colon).Tissue suspension device702 includes an elongated spanningelement704 having afirst end712 removably attached tobody wall794 by a first supportingelement708, and asecond end714 removably attached tobody wall794 with a second supportingelement709. The patient's body wall, therefore, supports the weight of the suspended tissue, as opposed to “wall lift” or “gasless surgery” devices that attach to a structure mounted on the surgical table and are sometimes used in place of insufflation to enlarge the body cavity.Suspension system702 further includes at least one, hook-like suspendingelement706 removably attached to spanningelement704.FIG. 7-1 shows a pair of suspendingelements706 suspendingorgan796 withinbody cavity792, thereby providing improved access to and visualization of themesenteric vasculature790, which supplies blood toorgan796.
• FIG. 7-3 throughFIG. 7-6 show additional views ofsuspension system702.FIG. 7-4shows spanning element704 with a plurality ofholes716 arranged to provide multiple positions for inserting a pair ofends707 of suspendingelement706. Each offirst end712 andsecond end714 of spanningelement704 includes an offset728. Offset728 allows the surgeon to attach spanningelement704 to the body wall while maintaining an assured vertical clearance between the top of the body cavity and spanningelement704.FIG. 7-6A showsfirst end712 having aretention portion726 for the removable attachment of a firstelastomeric tube710 of supportingelement708.FIG. 7-5 showssecond end714 having aretention portion726 for the removable attachment of a second,elastomeric tube710 of supportingelement709. In a manner to be described, the surgeonplaces spanning element704 across the body cavity so thatfirst end712 extends through the body wall on one side of the patient andsecond end714 extends through the body wall on the opposite side of the patient. Then the surgeon may attach one oftubes710 on each of first and second ends,712 and714. The surgeon next may place one of a pair ofcuffs711 onto each of first and second ends,712 and714, to atraumaticallysupport spanning element704 against the external surface ofbody wall794. Eachcuff711 has a pair of parallel slits713 for “weaving” onto first and second ends,712 and714.FIG. 7-6B showsfirst end712 assembled to supportingelement708.Cuffs711 also provide torsional resistance to spanningelement704, which may tend to twist within the body wall when supporting tissue.
• The surgeon may position spanningelement704 into the body cavity using a number of methods. For example, the surgeon may first incisebody wall794 with a scalpel, or penetrate the body wall with asharp tip722 ofsecond end714, and then guidesecond end714 across the body cavity to avoid accidental injury to internal organs, using his/her hand inserted into the body cavity via the laparoscopic disc. The surgeon may then penetrate the body wall on the opposite side of the patient, or create an incision with a scalpel, to externalizesecond end714. In another example, the surgeon may attach a cap718 (FIG. 7-5) ontoretention portion724 ofsecond end714. The surgeon may then insert the free end of afilament720, which may be a metal wire or a suture attached to cap718, into an entry incision on one side of the patient, and out of an exit incision on the other side of the patient. Then the surgeon may usefilament720 to pull spanningelement704 into the body cavity. Alternately, a needle (not shown) may be attached to the free end offilament720 for penetration through the body wall.
• Once the surgeon has placed spanningelement704 into the body cavity and attached first and second ends,712 and714, to the body wall, the surgeon may next hook at least one suspending element into a pair ofadjacent holes716 of spanningelement704, again using his/her hand inserted into the body cavity via the laparoscopic disc. The surgeon may then lift the tissue/organ into suspendingelement706. When the surgeon no longer needssuspension system702, the surgeon may remove suspendingelement706, detach eitherfirst end712 orsecond end714 from one side of the patient, and pull spanningelement704 out of the opposite side of the patient. Alternately, the surgeon may merely hook suspendingelement706 over spanningelement704, rather than usingholes716. Although not shown in the figures, it is possible also to provide spaced-apart, annular grooves along the length of spanningelement704. The surgeon may hook suspendingelement706 into the grooves so that suspendingelement706 may not slide along the length of spanningelement704, but is permitted to rotate about the axis of spanningelement704.
• Each of supportingelement706, spanningelement704,tube710, and cap718 may be formed from any one of a number of rigid, biocompatible materials, including a metal such as stainless steel. Supportingelement706 may also be formed from a semi-rigid material, such as a malleable metal coated with an elastomer or hydrophilic material, so that the surgeon can reshape supportingelement706 during the surgical procedure. Supportingelement706 may also be formed from a memory metal (Nitinol) so that it may be folded to facilitate placement into (perhaps through a trocar cannula) or removal out of the body cavity.
• FIG. 7-7 throughFIG. 7-10 show views of a second aspect of atissue suspension device732, including a spanningelement740, a pair of supportingelements736, and at least one, hook-like suspendingelement738. Spanningelement740 is a straight bar having a plurality ofholes740 spaced apart along its length. Each hole is sized and oriented to receive anend737 of supportingelement736. Suspendingelement738 includes atray739 onto which the surgeon may hang a tissue/organ.FIG. 7-9 is an enlarged view of supportingelement736, which includes acord741 attached to spanningelement734, and a plurality of spaced-apart, bead-like markers742 attached tocord741. Supportingelement736 further includes a retainingelement744 having aslot746 for receiving cord741 (seeFIG. 7-10). Once the surgeon has placed spanningelement734 into the body cavity via the laparoscopic disc or a small incision in the body wall, the surgeon may externalized eachcord741 through an appropriately placed incision in the body wall, and lift up oncord741 to raise spanningelement734. Alternately, a needle (not shown) may be attached to the free end of each ofcords741, so that the surgeon may penetrate the needle through the body wall from inside the body cavity. The surgeon may usemarkers742 to estimate the position of spanningelement734 in the body cavity, and then position retainingelement744 ontocord741 to hold spanningelement734 at the desired vertical height inside of the body cavity. Spanningelement734 is thereby suspended from the body wall like a trapeze so that the suspended tissue/organ has additional mobility. To removesuspension system732, the surgeon uses the reverse of the preceding procedure.
• Spanningelement734 and suspendingelement738 may be formed from any one of a number of rigid, biocompatible materials, including stainless steel. Supportingelement736 and retainingelement744 may be formed, for example, from a polymer. Spanningelement734 may be coated with an anti-bacterial agent and/or a lubricious coating to facilitate insertion through the body wall. At least a portion of supportingelement738 may be coated or covered with a soft material, such as a medical grade hydrophilic material, a foam rubber, or a cotton gauze, to provide an atraumatic support for the tissue/organ.Tray738 may be formed from a malleable material, such as an annealed stainless steel, so that the surgeon may reshape it while it is inside of the body cavity.Tray738 may be curved to help retain the slippery tissue within it, and the depth of the curvature may be approximately in the range of, but not limited to, 2-6 centimeters.
• FIG. 7-11 shows a partial view of a third aspect of atissue suspension device748, including a hollow, spanningelement750 formed from a rigid material such as stainless steel tubing. Spanningelement750 includes a plurality of spaced-apart holes752 for the removable attachment of suspendingelement738 shown inFIG. 7-8. The surgeonplaces spanning element750 into the patient using aguide wire754. The surgeon creates a first incision in the body wall on one side of the patient and inserts an end ofguide wire754. The surgeon then pullsguide wire754 across the body cavity, using his/her hand inserted into the body cavity via the laparoscopic disc. The surgeon then passes the end ofguide wire754 out a second incision in the body wall on the opposite side of the patient. The surgeon next threads the external portion ofguide wire754 through spanningelement750, and pushes spanningelement750 into the first incision alongguide wire754, across the body cavity, and out the second incision. The surgeon may then removeguide wire754 from spanningelement750, and secure the externalized ends of spanningelement750 to the skin of the patient using a medical adhesive tape, for example.
• FIG. 7-12 shows a fourth aspect of atissue suspension device758, including an articulating spanningelement759 made from a titanium alloy or a stainless steel bar or tube, for example, and having a plurality ofholes760 for the removable attachment of suspendingelement738 shown inFIG. 7-8. The surgeon may use supportingelement708 shown inFIG. 7-6A to removably attach spanningelement759 to the body wall. At least one end of spanningelement759 has an articulatingelement762 that may swing about apivot764. The surgeon may adjust articulatingelement762 to a shortened configuration while introducing spanningelement759 into the body cavity via the laparoscopic disc. The surgeon may then use a scalpel to create two incisions in the body wall to externalize the ends of articulatingelement762 at the locations best suited for supporting spanningelement759.
• FIG. 7-13 shows a fifth aspect of atissue suspension device768, including a flexible spanningelement770 and a pair of adjustable tension, supportingelements771. Each of supportingelements771 include a threadedrod772 attached with a connector to flexible spanningelement770, and atensioning knob774. Whileknobs774 are detached from threadedrods772, the surgeon may position spanningelement770 into the patient using any of the methods described for the previous aspects, so that each of threadedrods772 extends through the body wall. The surgeon may then screw onetensioning knob774 on each of threadedrods772, andtension spanning element770 by rotating one or both of the tensioning knobs in the appropriate direction. The surgeon may then hook at least one suspending element such as shown inFIG. 7-4 onto spanningelement770. Spanningelement770 may be formed from, but is not limited to, any one or a combination of the following materials: a plastic cord or bar, a braided metal wire, a natural or a synthetic fiber rope, an extruded rubber or plastic tube, a malleable metal bar, a wire-reinforced elastomer, a hydrophilic material, and a “gooseneck” conduit such as used for certain desk lamps.
• While the present invention has been illustrated by description of several embodiments, it is not the intention of the applicant to restrict or limit the spirit and scope of the appended claims to such detail. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. Moreover, the structure of each element associated with the present invention can be alternatively described as a means for providing the function performed by the element. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

Claims (10)

1. A surgical instrument system for a hand-assisted, laparoscopic procedure, the system comprising a laparoscopic disc and a surgical instrument, wherein the surgical instrument includes at least one end effector that is removably attachable to the distal end of the surgical instrument, and wherein the surgeon may pass his/her hand into the body cavity via the laparoscopic disc and may removably attach the end effector to the distal end of the surgical instrument while the distal end of the surgical instrument is inside of the body cavity of the patient.

2. The surgical instrument system ofclaim 1, further comprising a laparoscopic port, wherein the distal end of the surgical instrument may be passed through the port and into the body cavity when the end effector is not attached to the distal end of the surgical instrument.

3. The surgical instrument system ofclaim 2, wherein the surgical instrument includes an elongated shaft and two opposable arms extending from the distal end of the shaft, each arm having a removably attachable end effector, and wherein the arms are remotely operable between an opened and a closed position.

4. The surgical instrument system ofclaim 3, wherein at least one end effector includes an atraumatic grasping element.

5. The surgical instrument system ofclaim 4, wherein the atraumatic grasping element is formed from a foam rubber, a silicone rubber, a hydrophilic material, or a cotton gauze.

6. The surgical instrument system ofclaim 4, wherein the atraumatic grasping element is removably attachable to the end effector.

7. The surgical instrument system ofclaim 4, wherein the atraumatic grasping element is remotely replenishable with a fresh tissue interface while the distal end of the surgical instrument is within the body cavity.

8. The surgical instrument ofclaim 7, wherein the atraumatic grasping element comprises a roll of biocompatible material, and wherein a free end of the material may be passed from the inside to the outside of the body cavity along the shaft of the surgical instrument, and the free end may be pulled to replenish the tissue interface.

9. A method for performing a hand-assisted laparoscopic procedure, the method comprising:

providing a surgical instrument system comprising:

a laparoscopic disc and a surgical instrument, wherein the surgical instrument includes an end effector that is removably attachable to the distal end of the surgical instrument, and wherein the surgeon may pass his/her hand into the body cavity via the laparoscopic disc and may removably attach the end effector to the distal end of the surgical instrument while the distal end of the surgical instrument is inside of the body cavity of the patient;

placing the laparoscopic disc in the body wall of the patient;

introducing the distal end of the surgical instrument through the body wall and into the body cavity while the end effector is not attached to the distal end of the surgical instrument;

introducing the end effector into the body cavity via the laparoscopic disc; and

attaching the end effector to the distal end of the surgical instrument.

10. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the surgical instrument system further includes a laparoscopic port, and the method further comprises placing the port in the body wall of the patient, and passing the distal end of the surgical instrument through the port and into the body cavity when the end effector is not attached to the distal end of the surgical instrument.

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