US20060219081A1 - Punch - Google Patents

Abstract

A punch for use in molding a workpiece with lubricating oil interposed between the punch and the workpiece includes a straight portion at its end and a diameter-increasing portion. The straight portion includes an end face at its end and a side face. The straight portion extends in an axial direction. The end surface extends in a radial direction perpendicular to the axial direction. The side surface is connected to the end surface. The diameter-increasing portion is connected to the straight portion. The diameter-increasing portion includes a width in the radial direction, which is identical to that of the straight portion, at a junction between the straight portion and the diameter-increasing portion. The width of the diameter-increasing portion in the radial direction increases with distance from the straight portion. At least one of the end surface and the side surface of the straight portion is formed with a pit.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-94691 filed on Mar. 29, 2005, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• 1. Field of the Invention
• The invention relates to a punch for use in molding a workpiece.
• 2. Description of the Related Art
• Various molds and molding methods using the molds have been proposed in order to mold a workpiece. For example, JP Sho. 57-208250 A has disclosed a method of producing an inkjet nozzle from an orifice back sheet and an orifice sheet and a punch used in the method. This method of producing the inkjet nozzle is carried out as follows. A tip end portion of a conical punch is pressed against a sheet placed on a die to thereby form concave portions shaped in accordance with the shape of the tip end of the punch in the sheet. Then, convex portions formed on a surface of the sheet opposite to the surface against which the punch is pressed are ground by a lapping machine to thereby form fine holes in the sheet. In this manner, an orifice back sheet is produced.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• In the technique disclosed in JP Sho. 57-208250 A, there is however a problem that the punch, especially a portion of the punch being in contact with the sheet, is broken or worn away so severely that the life of the punch is short.
• Particularly, when fine holes in a range of from the order of microns to the order of tens of microns such as nozzle holes of an inkjet nozzle are formed by molding, the life of the punch becomes very short due to breaking, frictional wear, etc. because the tip end portion of the punch must be as narrow as each fine hole. Therefore, a method for molding a workpiece while supplying lubricant to a die inclusive of the punch has been used in recent years. There is however a limit to elongate the life of the die because the surface of the die is so smooth that the lubricant flows out immediately even if the lubricant is supplied in this manner. Therefore, a method for always supplying lubricant may be conceived but there is another problem that the method is uneconomic to bring increase in production cost.
• The invention provides a punch in which lubricant retention capacity is made high enough to suppress the punch from being broken or worn away.
• According to one aspect of the invention, a punch for use in molding a workpiece with lubricating oil interposed between the punch and the workpiece includes a straight portion at an end of the punch and a diameter-increasing portion. The straight portion extends in an axial direction. The straight portion includes an end face at an end thereof and a side face. The end surface extends in a radial direction perpendicular to the axial direction. The side surface is connected to the end surface. The diameter-increasing portion is connected to the straight portion. The diameter-increasing portion includes a width in the radial direction, which is identical to that of the straight portion, at a junction between the straight portion and the diameter-increasing portion. The width of the diameter-increasing portion in the radial direction increases with distance from the straight portion. At least one of the end surface and the side surface of the straight portion is formed with a pit.
• According to this configuration, when the end of the straight portion is pressed against the workpiece to perform molding, a part of lubricant supplied to the straight portion or to the workpiece remains in the pit to thereby keep the lubricity between the straight portion and the workpiece high. For this reason, the punch is prevented from being broken or worn away, so that the life of the punch is elongated.
• According to another aspect of the invention, a punch for use in molding a workpiece with lubricating oil interposed between the punch and the workpiece. The punch includes a diameter-increasing portion at an end of the punch. The diameter-increasing portion includes an end surface extending in a radial direction perpendicular to an axial direction of the punch. The width of the diameter-increasing portion increases with distance from the end surface. The end surface of the diameter-increasing portion is formed with a pit.
• According to this configuration, when the end of the diameter-increasing portion is pressed against the workpiece to perform molding, a part of lubricant supplied to the diameter-increasing portion or to the workpiece remains in the pit to thereby keep the lubricity between the diameter-increasing portion and the workpiece high. For this reason, the punch is prevented from being broken or worn away, so that the life of the punch is elongated.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing parts of a press die to which a punch according to a first embodiment of the invention is applied.
• FIG. 2 is an enlarged perspective view of a punch depicted inFIG. 1.
• FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view showing the structure of the punch depicted inFIG. 2.
• FIGS. 4A to4D are sectional views successively showing steps of producing the press die.
• FIGS. 5A to5C are sectional views successively showing steps of producing a nozzle plate.
• FIG. 6 is an enlarged perspective view showing a press die to which a punch according to a second embodiment of the invention is applied.
• FIGS. 7A to7C are sectional views successively showing steps of producing a nozzle plate.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
• Embodiments of the invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. Although these embodiments are examples in each of which the invention is applied to a punch used for molding a nozzle plate of an inkjet head, the invention can be also applied to molding for another molded article.
• FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing parts of a press die using a punch according to a first embodiment of the invention. As shown inFIG. 1, thepress die1 includes a body portion2, and apunch3 formed at a lower end portion of the body portion2 so as to be used for molding. Thepunch3 of the press die1 is used for molding a substrate21 (seeFIGS. 5A to5C) of a nozzle plate. The body portion2 has aconical portion11 tapered off downwards, and acolumnar portion12 extending downwards from a lower end of theconical portion11.
• FIG. 2 is an enlarged perspective view of thepunch3 depicted inFIG. 1. As shown inFIG. 2, thepunch3, which is the end portion of thepress die1, has a truncated cone-shaped taper portion (diameter-increasing portion)5 connected to a lower end of thecolumnar portion12, and a columnarstraight portion6 connected to a lower end of thetaper portion5. Thepunch3 is integrated with the body portion2.
• Thetaper portion5 is formed so that the diameter in the radial direction perpendicular to the axial direction of thepunch3 decreases gradually and linearly as approaching from the lower end of thecolumnar portion12 of the body portion2 toward the upper end of thestraight portion6 of thepunch3. Thestraight portion6 has a circular end surface6a, which is in parallel to a direction perpendicular to the axial direction of thepunch3. Thestraight portion6 is shaped like a column so that adischarge port27 of anozzle26 of anozzle plate25 can be formed. The diameter and shape of the lower end of thetaper portion5 are identical to those of the upper end of thestraight portion6.
• FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view showing the structure of thestraight portion6 of the punch depicted inFIG. 2. Thetaper portion5 has the same structure as that of thestraight portion6 shown inFIG. 3 except that nopit10 is formed in thetaper portion5. As shown inFIG. 3, thestraight portion6 has adie member15 integrated with the body portion2, and ahard coating film16 harder than thedie member15. Thedie member15 functions as a base material of the press die1. Thedie member15 is formed in such a manner that a die material, which is made of hard metal (cemented carbide) with a Vickers hardness (HV) of 1,500, is mechanically processed into the shape of thedie member15. The hard metal of thedie member15 is an alloy obtained by sintering a mixture of tungsten carbide, vanadium carbide, titanium carbide, tantalum carbide, chromium carbide and metallic cobalt prepared in predetermined proportions. The mean particle size of carbide in the alloy is equal to or larger than 0.05 μm and less than 0.3 μm. For example, if the particle size of carbide in the hard metal is less than 0.05 μm, the surface area of each powder particle becomes so large that there arises a problem that carbonization of each powder particle is accelerated or the particles are apt to be aggregated. If the particle size of carbide is equal to or larger than 0.3 μm, carbide particles on the surface of thepunch3 may drop out. There arises a problem that relatively large concave portions remain after the dropout to thereby cause cracking with the concave portions serving as start points of the cracking and cause lowering of strength due to propagation of the cracking. Accordingly, when thedie member15 is made of hard metal containing carbide with a mean particle size, which is equal to or larger than 0.05 μm and less than 0.3 μm as described above, the strength of the press die1 is improved remarkably. For this reason, transverse rupture strength of thepunch3 is improved so that thepunch3 can be suppressed from being broken when a fine hole is formed by thepunch3.
• Thehard coating film16 has a tungsten (W)coating film17 formed on the surface of thedie member15, and a diamond-like carbon (DLC)coating film18 formed on the surface of theW coating film17. TheW coating film17 is formed as an intermediate layer with a thickness of about 0.5 μm to prevent theDLC coating film18 from being peeled off from the surface of thedie member15. This is because bonding force between carbon contained in theDLC coating film18 and theW coating film17 is large and bonding force between theW coating film17 and thedie member15 made of hard metal is large, so that theDLC coating film18 can be hardly peeled off from thedie member15 in comparison with the case where theDLC coating film18 is directly formed on thedie member15 made of hard metal.
• TheDLC coating film18 formed as a surface layer of thehard coating film16 is lower in friction coefficient and harder than thedie member15 of hard metal. TheDLC coating film18 with a thickness of about 1.5 μm is formed on the surface of theW coating film17. The strength of theDLC coating film18 can be adjusted on the basis of the hydrogen content of theDLC coating film18 at the time of forming theDLC coating film18.
• TheDLC coating film18 can be formed as a hard coating film with the Vickers hardness (HV) of from several hundreds to about 8,000 close to the HV of diamond. In this embodiment, theDLC coating film18 with HV of 3,600 harder than the W coating film (HV 430)17 and the die member (HV 1,500)15 is formed on theW coating film17. TheDLC coating film18 is a coating film very excellent in abrasion resistance and slidability because the friction coefficient of theDLC coating film18 is about 0.1 or smaller with respect to SUS430. For this reason, the life of thepunch3 can be elongated. The thicknesses of theW coating film17 and theDLC coating film18 have been shown by way of example. The thicknesses may be smaller or larger than the aforementioned values but the thicknesses may be preferably decided so that durability of thedie member15 is not damaged by a heat-affected layer, which is generated in the surface of the base material affected by heat generated by a focused ion beam method at the time of forming thepits10 as will be described later. Although it is preferable from the viewpoint of good abrasion resistance, slidability and longevity as described above that theDLC coating film18 is harder than thedie member15, this hardness relation is not always required and it is also an important requirement that theDLC coating film18 is lower in friction coefficient than thedie member15. That is, reduction in friction coefficient of theDLC coating film18, as well as increase in hardness of theDLC coating film18, effectively contributes to longevity.
• As shown inFIGS. 2 and 3,concave pits10, which are opened outwards so that lubricant can be temporarily reserved in thepits10, are formed in the surface of thestraight portion6 of thepunch3, that is, in the surface of theDLC coating film18. For example, an opening of eachpit10 is shaped like a square about 3 μm on a side. Thepits10 are formed in the end surface6aand outercircumferential side surface6bof thestraight portion6 but nopit10 is formed in the outer circumferential side surface of thetaper portion5. Because nopit10 is formed in thetaper portion5 as described above, traces of thepits10 can be prevented from remaining on the molded surface of thesubstrate21 when thenozzle plate25 is produced by the press die1 as will be described later. As shown inFIG. 3, thepits10 are formed so as not to pass through theDLC coating film18. Because thepits10 do not reach theW coating film17 in the depth direction as described above, the bottom surface of eachpit10 is relatively far from the surface of thedie member15. For this reason, heat generated at the time of forming thepits10 by the focused ion beam method as will be described later can be prevented from being transmitted to thedie member15. Accordingly, metallic cobalt contained in hard metal of thedie member15 is prevented from being molten by heat. Thus no heat-affected layer is formed as a modified layer, and durability of thedie member15 can be prevented from being deteriorated.
• Thepits10 may be formed so that a total area of the bottom surfaces of thepits10 account for 20%-80% of the surface area of the straight portion6 (i.e. a sum of the area of the end surface6aand the area of the outercircumferential side surface6b). If a ratio of the total area of the bottom surfaces of thepits10 is smaller than 20%, lubricant retention capacity can be hardly improved. If a ration of the total area of thepits10 is larger than 80%, both lubricant retention capacity and durability of a region where thepits10 are not formed can be hardly improved because thepits10 are formed in large part of thestraight portion6. Thepits10 are formed at higher distribution density in the end surface6aof thestraight portion6 than in the outercircumferential side surface6bbecause the end surface6aneeds high slidability because the end surface6afirst comes into contact with thesubstrate21 at the time of molding thesubstrate21. Accordingly, lubricant retention capacity can be improved while the strength of thepunch3 can be prevented from being lowered. Therefore, slidability, durability and abrasion resistance of thepunch3 can be improved.
• Next, a method of producing the press die1 will be described with reference toFIGS. 4A to4D.FIGS. 4A to4D are sectional views successively showing steps of producing the press die. First, a die material made of hard metal is cut into the shape of the body portion2 and the shape of thepunch3 to thereby prepare thedie member15. On this occasion, the outer diameter of thedie member15 is determined in consideration of the thicknesses of theW coating film17 and theDLC coating film18, which will be formed later, so that theresultant punch3 can be fitted to the inner diameter of thedischarge port27 of thenozzle26 of thenozzle plate25. Then, as shown inFIGS. 4B and 4C, theW coating film17 and theDLC coating film18 are formed continuously on the surface of thedie member15 shown inFIG. 4A by an unbalanced magnetron (UBM) sputtering method.
• In the case of forming of theW coating film17 and theDLC coating film18, sputtering is performed using tungsten (W) as a target to form theW coating film17 with a predetermined thickness. Thereafter, sputtering is performed using graphite (carbon) as a target while sputtering is performed using W concurrently. On this occasion, the process is shifted so that the rate of sputtering of W decreases gradually and relatively the rate of sputtering of graphite increases gradually as the process advances. That is, a gradient composition layer in which the composition ratio of tungsten to carbon changes continuously is interposed. Finally, sputtering of graphite only is performed. As a result, theDLC coating film18 with a predetermined thickness is formed on the surface of theW coating film17. Because the gradient composition layer is interposed in the boundary region between theW coating film17 and theDLC coating film18 as described above, contact between the twocoating films17 and18 is improved to relax residual stress based on difference in expansion coefficient. Incidentally,FIG. 4C schematically shows the resulting film structure obtained in this manner. TheW coating layer17 includes the W layer17aand the gradient composition layer17b.It is noted that detailed structure of theW coating layer17 is only shown inFIG. 4C but omitted in the other drawings. Also, the W layer17aand the gradient composition layer17bmay be referred to as theW coating layer17 collectively for the convenience of the description.
• Then, as shown inFIG. 4D, pits10 of a fine depth are formed by the focused ion beam method in the end surface6aand the outercircumferential side surface6bof thestraight portion6 of thepunch3 with respective predetermined distribution densities. Specifically, in this case, liquid gallium is used as an ion source, the acceleration voltage and the beam current are set to be 30 KV and 1.3 nA, respectively. The position where eachpit10 will be formed is scanned for about one minute with afocused ion beam13 having a beam diameter focused into about 10 nm to thereby form thepit10 in theDLC coating film18. This pit forming process is repeated so thatpits10 are formed in the end surface6aand the outercircumferential side surface6bof thestraight portion6. In this manner, production of the press die1 having thepunch3 with thepits10 is completed. In this embodiment, the depth of eachpit10 formed by the focused ion beam is limited so that thin part of theDLC coating film18 remains under the bottom portion of thepit10. Accordingly, characteristic of the intermediate layer (W film17a) and the gradient composition layer17bcan be prevented from being deteriorated during the pit forming process, so that the strength of thepunch3, especially the strength of thestraight portion6, can be structurally prevented from being lowered.
• Next, a method of press-molding thesubstrate21 of stainless steel having a thickness of from about 30 μm to about 100 μm by using the press die1 to produce thenozzle plate25 will be described. Thenozzle plate25 is provided on the outermost surface of an inkjet head.Nozzles26 for ejecting ink pressurized by a piezoelectric element or the like are formed in thenozzle plate25.
• FIGS. 5A to5C are sectional views successively showing steps of producing the nozzle plate. For molding, thesubstrate21 is first placed on adie base20 having adie hole20aas shown inFIG. 5A and is fixed and retained thereto. Lubricating oil functioning as lubricant is applied or sprayed on the whole surface of thestraight portion6 of thepunch3 of the press die1 so that the lubricating oil is reserved in thepits10. On this occasion, lubricant retention capacity of the press die1 is so high that lubricating oil is not applied or sprayed every time a single press molding cycle is completed. That is, lubricating oil can be applied or sprayed intermittently whenever a number of press molding cycles are completed. For example, in the case where lubricant G-6220FS made by NIHON KOHSAKUYU CO., LTD. is used so that about 3,600 press molding cycles are performed for an hour, the lubricant may be supplied once an hour or once per 3,000 cycles.
• Then, as shown inFIG. 5B, while the press die1 is moved down toward thesubstrate21, thesubstrate21 is pressed against thepunch3 with such a stroke quantity that thepunch3 does not pierce thesubstrate21. In this manner, thesubstrate21 is press-molded. On this occasion, theDLC coating film18 having a low friction coefficient, for example, of 0.1 or lower with respect to SUS430 is formed on the surface layer of each of thestraight portion6 and thetaper portion5 of thepunch3. Moreover, the lubricating oil is reserved in thepits10 of thestraight portion6. Accordingly, friction force acting on thepunch3 from thesubstrate21 becomes remarkably small. This is because theindependent pits10 are formed so as to be uniformly distributed in the end surface6aof thestraight portion6 of thepunch3 so that higher lubricity can be kept in the end surface6awhere the contact pressure between thepunch3 and thesubstrate21 is maximized. Also, lubricating oil in thepits10 formed in the end surface6agoes round between thesubstrate21 and the outercircumferential side surface6b because the end surface6acomes into contact with thesubstrate21, so that friction force between the outercircumferential side surface6band thesubstrate21 is reduced. In addition, theindependent pits10 are formed so as to be uniformly distributed in the outercircumferential side surface6bof thestraight portion6. Therefore, friction force between the outercircumferential side surface6band thesubstrate21 is reduced more greatly. As a result, slidability of thepunch3 is kept so high that the life of thepunch3 is elongated. Hereafter, this molding process is repeated number of times equal to the number ofnozzles26 while thesubstrate21 is moved at intervals of a nozzle pitch or at intervals of a nozzle row pitch. In this manner, thesubstrate21 is press-molded. Then, as shown inFIG. 5C, after the press molding, the lower surface portion (lower side from the broken line shown inFIG. 5B) of thesubstrate21 inclusive of theconvex portion19 etc. protruding toward a side of thesubstrate21 opposite to the press die1 is ground by a grinding machine or the like to thereby open theejection port27 of eachnozzle26. In this manner, thenozzle plate25 is completed.
• Since thepits10 are formed in the surface of thestraight portion6 of thepunch3 of the press die1 as described above, thepunch3 can hold lubricating oil. When thestraight portion6 of thepunch3 is pressed against thesubstrate21 to perform press molding, lubricating oil is little by little supplied to the friction surface between thepunch3 and thesubstrate21 so that the low friction state can be kept. For this reason, the lubricity between thestraight portion6 and thesubstrate21 is kept high. As a result, thepunch3 is prevented from being broken and worn away, so that the life of the press die1 is elongated while the life of thepunch3 is elongated. Moreover, because thepits10 are formed in the end surface6aand the outercircumferential side surface6bof thestraight portion6, the lubricating-oil retained state can be kept for a long time.
• When thesubstrate21 is placed on the die base while inclined slightly, pressing may be performed in the condition that the press die1 is inclined with respect to thesubstrate21. Even in this case, transverse friction acting between the end surface6aof thestraight portion6 and the surface of thesubstrate21 is reduced by lubricating oil retained in thepits10 formed in thepunch3. Therefore, thepunch3 can be prevented from being broken due to bending. When thepunch3 is pulled out from thesubstrate21 after press molding, friction force acting between the side surface of each of thetaper portion5 and thestraight portion6 and the surface of eachnozzle26 can be reduced. Therefore, tensile stress acting on thepunch3 can be reduced to prevent thepunch3 from being broken or worn away.
• Next, a punch according to a second embodiment will be described with reference toFIG. 6.FIG. 6 is an enlarged perspective view of a press die to which a punch according to a second embodiment is applied. As shown inFIG. 6, the press die101 according to this embodiment has abody portion102 and apunch103. Thebody portion102 is provided with acolumnar portion112 extending downwards. Thepunch103 is formed at a lower end portion of thebody portion102 so as to be used in molding. Thepunch103 of the press die101 is used in molding asubstrate121 into anozzle plate125 in the same manner as in the first embodiment. The press die101 of the second embodiment is substantially the same as the press die1 except that thestraight portion6 of thepunch3 is not formed in the press die101.
• As shown inFIG. 6, the punch103 (functioning as diameter-increasing portion) is shaped like such a taper that the diameter of thepunch103 perpendicular to the axial direction of thepunch103 decreases gradually and linearly as approaching from the lower end of thecolumnar portion112 toward the end of thepunch103. Thepunch103 has acircular end surface103a,which is in parallel to a direction perpendicular to the axial direction of thepunch103.Pits110 identical to thepits10 are formed so as to be uniformly distributed in theend surface103a.On the other hand, nopit110 is formed in an outercircumferential side surface103bof thepunch103. Because thepits110 are not formed in the outercircumferential side surface103bformed as an inclined surface as described above, traces of thepits110 do not remain on the molded surface of thesubstrate121 when eachnozzle126 is formed in thesubstrate121 by the press die101.
• Although the structure of thepunch103 will be described below, description will be made with reference toFIG. 3 while the reference numerals for the second embodiment are shown in parentheses because thepunch103 is substantially the same as thepunch3 according to the first embodiment. Like thepunch3 according to the first embodiment, thepunch103 has a die member115 integrated with thebody portion102, and ahard coating film116 harder than the die member115. In this embodiment, the die member115 is formed in such a manner that a die material made of chromium-molybdenum steel (SCM415) with HV200 is mechanically processed into the shape of the die member115 and then carburized and hardened. Thehard coating film116 has a chromium (Cr) coating film117 formed on the surface of the die member115, and aDLC coating film118 formed on the surface of the Cr coating film117. The Cr coating film117 is formed to have a thickness of about 0.5 μm in the same manner as theW coating film17. TheDLC coating film118 formed as a surface layer of thehard coating film116 is a coating film with HV800 harder than the die member115 made of chromium-molybdenum steel. TheDLC coating film118 with a thickness of about 1.5 μm is formed on the surface of the Cr coating film117. That is, thepunch103 is made of materials different from the materials of thedie member15 and thehard coating film16 in the first embodiment but thepunch103 has substantially the same effect. Incidentally, with respect to the property of thehard coating film116, thehard coating film116 is not necessary harder than the die member115 as in the case of thepunch3 according to the first embodiment. Thehard coating film116 may be lower in friction coefficient than the die member115, for example, the friction coefficient of thehard coating film116 may be 0.1 or lower with respect to SUS430.
• Next, a method of producing the press die101 will be described below. The press die101 can be produced substantially in the same manner as the press die1 according to the first embodiment. That is, a die material made of chromium-molybdenum steel is mechanically processed into the shape of thebody portion102 and the shape of thepunch103 and then carburized and hardened to thereby prepare the die member115. On this occasion, the outer diamter of the die member115 is determined in consideration of the thicknesses of the Cr coating film117 and theDLC coating film118, which will be formed later, so that theresultant punch103 can be fitted to the inner diameter of each nozzle. Then, the Cr coating film117 and theDLC coating film118 are formed continuously on the surface of the die member115 by an unbalanced magnetron (UBM) sputtering method.
• In the case of forming the Cr coating film117 and theDLC coating film118, after sputtering is performed using Cr as a target to form the Cr coating film117 having a predetermined thickness, sputtering is performed using graphite (carbon) as a target while sputtering is performed using Cr concurrently. On this occasion, the process is shifted so that the rate of sputtering of Cr decreases gradually and the rate of sputtering of graphite increases gradually as the process advances. TheDLC coating film118 is formed on the surface of the Cr coating film117. Also in this embodiment, a gradient composition layer including Cr and carbon is interposed between the Cr coating film117 and theDLC coating film118 as described above but not shown inFIG. 3.
• Pits110 having such a fine depth that thepits110 do not pass through theDLC coating film118 and that a heat-affected layer modified by heat is not generated in the surface of the die member115 are formed in theend surface103a of thepunch103 by the focused ion beam method in the same manner as in the first embodiment. Thepits10 are formed in theend face103a at a predetermined distribution density. In this manner, production of the press die101 having thepunch103 formed with thepits110 is completed.
• Next, a method of press-molding thesubstrate121 of stainless steel having a thickness of from about 30 μm to about 100 μm by using the press die101 to produce thenozzle plate125 will be described. Thenozzle plate125 is the same as thenozzle plate25.
• FIGS. 7A to7C are sectional views successively showing steps of producing the nozzle plate. For molding, thesubstrate121 is first placed on adie base20 having adie hole20aas shown inFIG. 7A and is fixed and retained thereto. Lubricating oil functioning as lubricant is applied or sprayed on the whole surface of thepunch103 of the press die101 so that the lubricating oil is reserved in thepits10 formed in theend surface103a.
• Then, as shown inFIG. 7B, while the press die101 is moved down toward thesubstrate121, thesubstrate121 is pressed against thepunch103 with such a stroke quantity that thepunch103 does not pass through thesubstrate121. In this manner, thesubstrate121 is press-molded. On this occasion, the lubricating oil is reserved in thepits110 of thepunch103. Therefore, friction force acting on thepunch103 from thesubstrate121 becomes remarkably small. That is, because theindependent pits110 are formed so as to be uniformly distributed in theend surface103aof thepunch103, higher lubricity can be kept in theend surface103awhere the contact pressure between thepunch103 and thesubstrate121 is maximized. Accordingly, friction force generated in theend surface103acan be reduced. In addition, because the lubricating oil reserved in thepits110 goes round to the outercircumferential side surface103bdue to contact between thepunch103 and thesubstrate121, friction force between the outercircumferential side surface103band thesubstrate121 can be also reduced. Hereafter, this molding process is repeated number of times equal to the number ofnozzles126 while thesubstrate121 is moved at intervals of a nozzle pitch or at intervals of a nozzle row pitch. In this manner, thesubstrate121 is press-molded. Then, as shown inFIG. 7C, after the press molding, the lower surface portion (lower side from the broken line shown inFIG. 7B) of thesubstrate121 inclusive of theconvex portion119 etc. protruding toward a side of thesubstrate121 opposite to the press die101 is ground by a grinding machine or the like to thereby open thedischarge port127 of eachnozzle126. In this manner, thenozzle plate125 is completed.
• Since thepits110 are formed in theend surface103aof thepunch103 of the press die101 as described above, thepunch103 can hold lubricating oil. With this configuration, when thepunch103 is pressed against thesubstrate121 to perform press molding, the lubricity between thepunch103 and thesubstrate121 is kept high. As a result, friction force generated when thepunch103 is pressed against thesubstrate121 and when thepunch103 is pulled out from thesubstrate121 can be reduced so that thepunch103 is prevented from being broken and worn away. Accordingly, the life of the press die101 is elongated while the life of thepunch103 is elongated. Moreover, because thepunch103 according to the second embodiment is shaped like a taper, there is little place of stress concentration compared with thepunch3 according to the first embodiment. For this reason, the life of thepunch103 is elongated more greatly.
• Although the embodiments of the invention have been described above, the invention is not limited to the embodiments. Various changes may be made without departing from the scope of claims. For example, thepits10,110 have such a depth that thepits10,110 does not pass through theDLC coating film18,118 and does not reach theW coating film17, the Cr coating film117. Alternatively, thepits10,110 may have such a depth that thepits10,110 pass through theDLC coating film18,118 and reaches theW coating film17, the Cr coating film117 and thedie member15,115. For example, when the thickness of the oil film can be known from the viscosity of the lubricant and the surface roughness of the punch, it is preferable that each pit has a depth in a range of from about 0.1 times to about 5 times as much as the thickness of the oil film. When the depth of each pit is not smaller than 0.1 times as much as the thickness of the oil film, lubricant retention capacity can be improved. Also, when the depth of each pit is not larger than 5 times as much as the thickness of the oil film, supply characteristic of the lubricant reserved in the pits can be improved. Also, only onepit10,110 may be formed. The punch may have a taper portion equivalent to thetaper portion5, a straight portion equivalent to thestraight portion6, and a curved surface portion smoothly connecting the taper portion and the straight portion to each other. The punch may have a curved surface portion (diameter-increasing portion) in place of thetaper portion5 so that the curved surface portion has a diameter tapered off toward thestraight portion6 and an outer circumferential side surface provided as a smooth curved surface. In these cases, the pits are preferably formed only in the straight portion. According to this configuration, the same effect as in the first embodiment can be achieved. The punch may have only a curved surface portion (diameter-increasing portion), which has a diameter tapered off toward its end surface and has an outer circumferential side surface provided as a smooth curved surface. Also in this case, the pits may be formed only in the end surface. According to this configuration, the same effect as in the second embodiment can be achieved. Although the first embodiment has been described on the case where thepits10 are formed both in the end surface6aof thestraight portion6 and in the outercircumferential side surface6bof thestraight portion6, thepits10 may be formed in either surface. In this case, if thepits10 are formed in the end surface6a,friction force between the substrate and the punch can be further reduced than the case where thepits10 are formed in the outercircumferential side surface6b.
• Although the embodiments have been described on the case where lubricating oil is supplied to thepunch3,103 before thepunch3,103 is pressed against thesubstrate21,121 to perform press molding, lubricating oil may be applied or sprayed on the surface of thesubstrate21,121 before thepunch3,103 is pressed against thesubstrate21,121 to perform press molding. In this case, when thepunch3,103 is pressed against thesubstrate21,121, the lubricating oil supplied to thesubstrate21,121 is put in thepits10,110 so that the lubricity between thesubstrate21,121 and thepunch3,103 is kept high. Although the pits are formed by a focused ion beam method, the pits may be formed by laser etching using a femtosecond laser, an excimer laser, an ultraviolet laser or the like. When the opening area of each pit is large, the pits may be formed by etching such as plasma etching.
• Although the embodiments have been described on the case where thehard coating film16,116 is formed in the press die1,101, thehard coating film16,116 is not essential and may be eliminated in accordance with the shape of the die and the metal material of the die member. When thehard coating film16,116 is eliminated as described above, the pits may be directly formed in the surface of the die member having the straight portion in its end or directly formed in the end surface of the die member having the taper portion in its end side. Specifically, thedie member15 according to the first embodiment is made of hard metal containing carbide with a mean particle size, which is equal to or larger than 0.05 μu and less than 0.3 μm. The ground surface (the surface) is excellent, and cracking serving as a start point of rupture hardly occurs. Accordingly, thehard coating film16 may not be formed. In this case, the pits may be formed in the surface of thestraight portion6 of thedie member15.
• In the embodiments, theDLC coating film18,118 is formed as a surface layer of the press die1,101. Alternatively, a hard coating film such as a CrN coating film may be formed in place of the DLC coating film so long as the hard coating film is harder than the die member to make contribution to abrasion resistance and reduction in friction force.
• The embodiments exemplarily show that thedie member15,115 is made of the alloy (hard metal) obtained by sintering the mixture of tungsten carbide, vanadium carbide, titanium carbide, tantalum carbide, chromium carbide and metallic cobalt prepared in the predetermined proportions. Alternatively, thedie member15,115 may be made of another hard material such as high speed metal.
• The embodiments have been described on the case where a liquid lubricant is used as the lubricant. Alternatively, lubricant of nanolevel particles may be used. In this case, particles of silicon oxide (with a diameter of from about 10 nm about 40 nm), titanium oxide (with a diameter of about 20 nm), aluminum oxide (with a diameter of about 10 nm) or the like can be used.
• The embodiments have been described on the case where the invention is applied to a punch of a press die for forming nozzles of a nozzle plate of an inkjet head. Alternatively, the invention may be applied to other various press dies such as a press die for lead frame of semiconductor and a press die for molding parts of a sawing machine or a car.

Claims (21)

1. A punch for use in molding a workpiece with lubricating oil interposed between the punch and the workpiece, the punch comprising:

a straight portion at an end of the punch, the straight portion extending in an axial direction, the straight portion comprising:

an end surface at an end thereof, the end surface extending in a radial direction perpendicular to the axial direction; and

a side surface connected to the end surface; and

a diameter-increasing portion connected to the straight portion, the diameter-increasing portion comprising a width in the radial direction, which is identical to that of the straight portion, at a junction between the straight portion and the diameter-increasing portion, the width of the diameter-increasing portion in the radial direction increasing with distance from the straight portion, wherein:

at least one of the end surface and the side surface of the straight portion is formed with a pit.

2. The punch according toclaim 1, wherein the diameter-increasing portion further comprises a side surface, which is not formed with any pit.

3. The punch according toclaim 1, wherein the side surface of the straight portion is formed with a plurality of the pits.

4. The punch according toclaim 1, wherein the end surface of the straight portion is formed with a plurality of the pits.

5. The punch according toclaim 3, wherein a ratio of a total of areas of bottom surfaces of the pits to a surface area of the straight portion is in a range of 20% to 80%.

6. The punch according toclaim 1 wherein:

the end surface of the straight portion is formed with a plurality of the pits,

the side surface of the straight portion is formed with a plurality of the pits, and

the end surface of the straight portion is higher in distribution density of the pits than the side surface of the straight portion.

7. The punch according toclaim 1, further comprising:

a base material, wherein:

a coating film is formed on a surface of the base material, and

the coating film has at least one of (i) friction coefficient lower than that of the base material and (ii) hardness larger than that of the base material.

8. The punch according toclaim 7, wherein the coating film comprises a surface layer comprising a DLC coating film.

9. The punch according toclaim 8, wherein the coating film further comprises an intermediate layer, which comprises one of a chromium coating film and a tungsten coating film, between the DLC coating film and the base material.

10. The punch according toclaim 9, wherein the intermediate layer comprises:

a metal layer consisting essentially of one of chromium and tungsten, the metal layer formed on the base material; and

a gradient composition layer of chromium and carbon or of tungsten and carbon formed on the metal layer.

11. The punch according toclaim 8, wherein the pit has a depth so as not to pass through the DLC coating film.

12. The punch according toclaim 1, wherein:

the base material comprises hard metal comprising carbide containing at least one selected from the group consisting of tungsten carbide, vanadium carbide, titanium carbide and tantalum carbide, and

a mean particle size of the carbide of the hard metal is equal to or larger than 0.05 μm and is less than 0.3 μm.

13. A punch for use in molding a workpiece with lubricating oil interposed between the punch and the workpiece, the punch comprising:

a diameter-increasing portion at an end of the punch, the diameter-increasing portion comprising an end surface extending in a radial direction perpendicular to an axial direction of the punch, the width of the diameter-increasing portion increasing with distance from the end surface, wherein:

the end surface of the diameter-increasing portion is formed with a pit.

14. The punch according toclaim 13, wherein the diameter-increasing portion further comprises a side surface, which is not formed with any pit.

15. The punch according toclaim 13, wherein the end surface of the diameter-increasing portion is formed with a plurality of the pits.

16. The punch according toclaim 13, further comprising:

a base material, wherein:

a coating film is formed on a surface of the base material, and

the coating film has at least one of (i) friction coefficient lower than that of the base material and (ii) hardness larger than that of the base material.

17. The punch according toclaim 16, wherein the coating film comprises a surface layer comprising a DLC coating film.

18. The punch according toclaim 17, wherein the coating film further comprises an intermediate layer, which comprises one of a chromium coating film and a tungsten coating film, between the DLC coating film and the base material.

19. The punch according toclaim 18, wherein the intermediate layer comprises:

a metal layer consisting essentially of one of chromium and tungsten, the metal layer formed on the base material; and

a gradient composition layer of chromium and carbon or of tungsten and carbon formed on the metal layer.

20. The punch according toclaim 17, wherein the pit has a depth so as not to pass through the DLC coating film.

21. The punch according toclaim 13, wherein:

the base material comprises hard metal comprising carbide containing at least one selected from the group consisting of tungsten carbide, vanadium carbide, titanium carbide and tantalum carbide, and

a mean particle size of the carbide of the hard metal is equal to or larger than 0.05 μm and is less than 0.3 μm.

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