US20060207612A1 - Tissue anchoring system for percutaneous glossoplasty - Google Patents

Abstract

Methods and devices are disclosed for manipulating the tongue. An implant is positioned within at least a portion of the tongue and may be secured to other surrounding structures such as the mandible and/or hyoid bone. In general, the implant is manipulated to displace at least a portion of the posterior tongue in an anterior or lateral direction, or to alter the tissue tension or compliance of the tongue. Methods and devices are also disclosed for manipulating other soft tissue structures, including the soft palate and pharyngeal airway.

Description

RELATED APPLICATION DATA
• This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) from provisional application Ser. No. 60/650,867 filed Feb. 8, 2005, and provisional application Ser. No. 60/726,028 filed Oct. 12, 2005, the disclosures of which are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• 1. Field of the Invention
• This invention relates generally to a system and method for treating upper airway obstruction, sleep disordered breathing, upper airway resistance syndrome and snoring by manipulating the structures of the oropharynx, including the tongue.
• 2. Description of the Related Art
• Respiratory disorders during sleep are recognized as a common disorder with significant clinical consequences. During the various stages of sleep, the human body exhibits different patterns of brain and muscle activity. In particular, the REM sleep stage is associated with reduced or irregular ventilatory responses to chemical and mechanical stimuli and a significant degree of muscle inhibition. This muscle inhibition may lead to relaxation of certain muscle groups, including but not limited to muscles that maintain the patency of the upper airways, and create a risk of airway obstruction during sleep. Because muscle relaxation narrows the lumen of the airway, greater inspiratory effort may be required to overcome airway resistance. This increased inspiratory effort paradoxically increases the degree of airway resistance and obstruction through a Bernoulli effect on the flaccid pharyngeal walls during REM sleep.
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder that affects up to 2 to 4% of the population in the United States. OSA is characterized by an intermittent cessation of airflow in the presence of continued inspiratory effort. When these obstructive episodes occur, an affected person will transiently arouse, regain muscle tone and reopen the airway. Because these arousal episodes typically occur 10 to 60 times per night, sleep fragmentation occurs which produces excessive daytime sleepiness. Some patients with OSA experience over 100 transient arousal episodes per hour.
• In addition to sleep disruption, OSA may also lead to cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. Apnea episodes of60 seconds or more have been shown to decrease the partial pressure of oxygen in the lung alveoli by as much as 35 to 50 mm Hg. Some studies suggest that increased catecholamine release in the body due to the low oxygen saturation causes increases in systemic arterial blood pressure, which in turn causes left ventricular hypertrophy and eventually left heart failure. OSA is also associated with pulmonary hypertension, which can result in right heart failure.
• Radiographic studies have shown that the site of obstruction in OSA is isolated generally to the supralaryngeal airway, but the particular site of obstruction varies with each person and multiple sites may be involved. A small percentage of patients with OSA have obstructions in the nasopharynx caused by deviated septums or enlarged turbinates. These obstructions may be treated with septoplasty or turbinate reduction procedures, respectively. More commonly, the oropharynx and the hypopharynx are implicated as sites of obstruction in OSA. Some studies have reported that the occlusion begins with the tongue falling back in an anterior-posterior direction (A-P) to contact with the soft palate and posterior pharyngeal wall, followed by further occlusion of the lower pharyngeal airway in the hypopharynx. This etiology is consistent with the physical findings associated with OSA, including a large base of tongue, a large soft palate, shallow palatal arch and a narrow mandibular arch. Other studies, however, have suggested that increased compliance of the lateral walls of the pharynx contributes to airway collapse. In the hypopharynx, radiographic studies have reported that hypopharyngeal collapse is frequently caused by lateral narrowing of the pharyngeal airway, rather than narrowing in the A-P direction.
• OSA is generally diagnosed by performing overnight polysomnography in a sleep laboratory. Polysomnography typically includes electroencephalography to measure the stages of sleep, an electro-oculogram to measure rapid eye movements, monitoring of respiratory effort through intercostal electromyography or piezoelectric belts, electrocardiograms to monitor for arrhythmias, measurement of nasal and/or oral airflow and pulse oximetry to measure oxygen saturation of the blood.
• Following the diagnosis of OSA, some patients are prescribed weight loss programs as part of their treatment plan, because of the association between obesity and OSA. Weight loss may reduce the frequency of apnea in some patients, but weight loss and other behavioral changes are difficult to achieve and maintain. Therefore, other modalities have also been used in the treatment of OSA, including pharmaceuticals, non-invasive devices and surgery.
• Among the pharmaceutical treatments, respiratory stimulants and drugs that reduce REM sleep have been tried in OSA. Progesterone, theophylline and acetozolamide have been used as respiratory stimulants, but each drug is associated with significant side effects and their efficacy in OSA is not well studied. Protriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant that reduces the amount of REM sleep, has been shown to decrease the frequency of apnea episodes in severe OSA, but is associated with anti-cholinergic side effects such as impotence, dry mouth, urinary retention and constipation.
• Other modalities are directed at maintaining airway patency during sleep. Oral appliances aimed at changing the position of the soft palate, jaw or tongue are available, but patient discomfort and low compliance have limited their use. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) devices are often used as first-line treatments for OSA. These devices use a sealed mask which produce airflow at pressures of 5 to 15 cm of water and act to maintain positive air pressure within the pharyngeal airway and thereby maintain airway patency. Although CPAP is effective in treating OSA, patient compliance with these devices is low for several reasons. Sleeping with a sealed nasal mask is uncomfortable for patients. Smaller sealed nasal masks may be more comfortable to patients but are ineffective in patients who sleep with their mouths open, as the air pressure will enter the nasopharynx and then exit the oropharynx. CPAP also causes dry nasal passages and congestion.
• Surgical treatments for OSA avoid issues with patient compliance and are useful for patients who fail conservative treatment. One surgery used for OSA is uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP). UPPP attempts to improve airway patency in the oropharynx by eliminating the structures that contact the tongue during sleep. This surgery involves removal of the uvula and a portion of the soft palate, along with the tonsils and portions of the tonsillar pillars. Although snoring is reduced in a majority of patients who undergo UPPP, the percentage of patients who experience reduced frequency of apnea episodes or improved oxygen saturation is substantially lower. Postoperatively, many patients that have undergone UPPP continue to exhibit oropharyngeal obstruction or concomitant hypopharyngeal obstruction. Nonresponders often have physical findings of a large base of tongue, an omega-shaped epiglottis and redundant aryepiglottic folds. UPPP is not a treatment directed at these structures. UPPP also exposes patients to the risks of general anesthesia and postoperative swelling of the airway that will require a tracheostomy. Excessive tissue removal may also cause velo-pharyngeal insufficiency where food and liquids enter into the nasopharynx during swallowing.
• Laser-assisted uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (LAUP) is a similar procedure to UPPP that uses a CO2 laser to remove the uvula and portions of the soft palate, but the tonsils and the lateral pharyngeal walls are not removed.
• For patients who fail UPPP or LAUP, other surgical treatments are available but these surgeries entail significantly higher risks of morbidity and mortality. In genioglossal advancement with hyoid myotomy (GAHM), an antero-inferior portion of the mandible, which includes the attachment point of the tongue musculature, is repositioned forward and in theory will pull the tongue forward and increase airway diameter. The muscles attached to the inferior hyoid bone are severed to allow the hyoid bone to move superiorly and anteriorly. Repositioning of the hyoid bone expands the retrolingual airspace by advancing the epiglottis and tongue base anteriorly. The hyoid bone is held in its new position by attaching to the mandible using fascia. Variants of this procedure attach the hyoid bone inferiorly to the thyroid cartilage.
• A laser midline glossectomy (LMG) has also been tried in some patients who have failed UPPP and who exhibit hypopharyngeal collapse on radiographic studies. In this surgery, a laser is used to resect the midline portion of the base of the tongue. This involves significant morbidity and has shown only limited effectiveness.
• In some patients with craniofacial abnormalities that include a receding mandible, mandibular or maxillomandibular advancement surgeries may be indicated for treatment of OSA. These patients are predisposed to OSA because the posterior mandible position produces posterior tongue displacement that causes airway obstruction. In a mandibular advancement procedure, the mandible is cut bilaterally posterior to the last molar and advanced forward approximately 10 to 14 mm. Bone grafts are used to bridge the bone gap and the newly positioned mandible is wire fixated to the maxilla until healing occurs. Mandibular advancement may be combined with a Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy procedure to correct associated dental or facial abnormalities. These procedures have a high morbidity and are indicated only in refractory cases of OSA.
• Experimental procedures described in the clinical literature for OSA include the volumetric radiofrequency tissue ablation and hyoidplasty, where the hyoid bone is cut into several segments and attached to a brace that widens the angle of the U-shaped hyoid bone. The latter procedure has been used in dogs to increase the pharyngeal airway lumen at the level of the hyoid bone. The canine hyoid bone, however, is unlike a human hyoid bone because the canine hyoid bone comprises nine separate and jointed bones, while the human hyoid bone comprises five bones that are typically fused together.
• Notwithstanding the foregoing, there remains a need for improved methods and devices for treating obstructive sleep apnea.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• Methods and devices for manipulating soft tissue are provided. A tissue-engaging member is used to engage a region of soft tissue. The tissue-engaging member is attached to another site that is less mobile than the soft-tissue engaged by the tissue-engaging member. The less mobile site may be a bone or connective tissue attached to bone.
• In further embodiments, methods and devices are disclosed for manipulating the tongue. An implant is positioned within at least a portion of the tongue and may be secured to other surrounding structures such as the mandible and/or hyoid bone. In general, the implant is manipulated to displace at least a portion of the posterior tongue in an anterior or lateral direction, or to alter the tissue tension or compliance of the tongue.
• In one embodiment of the invention, a method for treating a patient is provided, comprising the steps of providing a tongue remodeling system, the system comprising at least one tether support and at least one tongue element, the at least one tongue element having at least one anchor joined to at least one tether; accessing a region about the mandible; inserting the at least one anchor through a first pathway along the region about the mandible to a tongue; attaching at least one tether of the at least one tongue element to at least one tether support; positioning at least one tether support against the surface of the mandible; and fixing the at least one tether to the at least one tether support. The term “glossoplasty”, as used herein, shall be given its ordinary meaning and shall also mean any change in the configuration and/or characteristics of the tongue and is also used interchangeably with the term “tongue remodeling”. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the first pathway passes through the mandible. The method may further comprise the step of adjusting the tension of the at least one tether. The step of adjusting the tension of the at least one tether may comprise decreasing the tension or increasing the tension. In some instances, the at least one tether support of the providing step comprises an adjustable tether tension interface. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the steps of accessing the adjustable tether tension interface; and adjusting the tension of the at least one tether. In some embodiments, the first anchor of the providing step may comprise a wire coil, a T-tag, a polymer plug, or a fibrous or porous polymer plug. The first anchor of the providing step may also comprise a slotted tube having a distal end, a proximal end, and a plurality of expandable middle bands between the distal end and proximal end. The first tether may be secured to the distal end of the slotted tube or the proximal end of the slotted tube. In one embodiment, the slotted tube of the providing step may be self-expandable or expandable by shortening the slotted tube along its longitudinal length. The method may also further comprise the step of pulling the first tether to expand the slotted tube.
• In embodiment of the invention, another method for treating a patient is provided, comprising the steps of providing a patient with an implanted adjustable tongue remodeling system, comprising an adjustment assembly and one or more tongue elements inserted through the tongue; wherein at least one tongue element comprises an anchor and a tether secured to the adjustment assembly at a securing point on the adjustment assembly; accessing the adjustment assembly; and adjusting the tension of one or more tongue elements by manipulating the adjustment assembly. The adjusting step may comprise altering the relative configuration of the adjustment assembly, moving the securing point relative to the adjustment assembly, releasing the tether from the adjustment assembly and resecuring the tether to the adjustment assembly, or altering the length of the tether.
• In another embodiment, a method for treating a patient is provided, comprising the steps of providing a patient with an implanted tongue remodeling system comprising one or more tongue elements inserted through the tongue; wherein at least one tongue element comprises a first tissue anchor implanted within the tongue and a tether attached to the first tissue anchor; accessing the at least one tongue element; and withdrawing the tissue anchor from the tongue. The method may further comprise the step of deforming the tissue anchor.
• In another embodiment, a method for treating a patient comprises engaging a first portion of the tongue and attaching said portion of the tongue to a bone using a tension element having a variable length, wherein the variable length of the tension element varies with the tension of the tension element.
• In one embodiment, the invention comprises a method for treating a patient, the method comprises compressing tongue tissue, said compression being conducted by inserting a spiral structure into the tongue tissue. The spiral structure may comprise at least one tissue engagement structure.
• In another embodiment, a method for treating a patient is provided, comprising changing tongue tissue compliance, said change being conducted by inserting a spiral structure into the tongue tissue.
• In still another embodiment, a method for treating a patient is provided, comprising engaging a first portion of the tongue; engaging a second portion of the tongue; and altering the tissue compliance at least between the first portion and the second portion. The step of altering tissue compliance may comprise increasing the tissue tension. The method may also further comprise altering the tissue compliance about the first portion.
• In another embodiment of the invention, a method for treating a patient is provided, comprising engaging a first portion of the tongue; engaging a second portion of the tongue; and changing the tissue compliance at least between the first portion and the second portion.
• In another embodiment, a method for remodeling the tongue is provided, comprising the steps of providing a rigid elongate body having a shape; defining a non-linear pathway through the tongue; and inserting the rigid elongate body through the pathway. The rigid elongate body of the providing step may have a linear configuration. The method may further comprise the step of remodeling the tongue by reorienting the non-linear pathway with respect to the shape of the elongate body.
• In one embodiment, a method for remodeling the tongue is provided, comprising the steps of providing an elongate body having a first configuration and a second configuration; inserting the elongate body in its first configuration through a pathway having a first configuration; and changing the elongate body from its first configuration to its second configuration. The method may further comprise the step of redistributing the tongue tissue about the pathway by changing the pathway to a second configuration. The first configuration of the pathway may be linear, non-linear, may comprise a curve or at least one convex segment and at least one concave segment.
• In one embodiment of the invention, an implantable device for manipulating soft tissue is provided, comprising at least one tissue anchor; an elongate member attached to the at least one tissue anchor; and a securing assembly comprising a bony attachment structure and an elongate member securing structure, wherein the elongate member securing structure is adapted to be movable relative to the bony attachment structure while the elongate member is secured to the elongate member securing structure. The bony attachment structure may be adapted for insertion into the mandible. In some instances, the bony attachment structure has a cylindrical configuration and a threaded outer surface. The securing assembly may further comprise a moving interface component adapted to move the elongate member securing structure. In some embodiments, the bony attachment structure comprises an internal sealable cavity and the elongate member securing structure comprises a fluid seal adapted to provide a sliding seal within the internal sealable cavity of the bony attachment structure. The bony attachment structure may further comprise a pierceable membrane for accessing the internal sealable cavity. The bony attachment structure may also comprise a threaded cylindrical internal cavity and the elongate member securing structure may comprise a cylinder having outer threads complementary to the threaded cylindrical internal cavity of the bony attachment structure and a rotatably attached securing interface. The bony attachment structure may also further comprise a longitudinal groove and the rotatably attached securing interface comprises a protrusion having a complementary configuration to the longitudinal groove of the bony attachment structure. The bony attachment structure may comprise an internal friction cavity and the elongate member securing structure may comprise a friction surface configured to provide a frictional fit within the internal friction cavity of the bony attachment structure. In some embodiments, the elongate member securing structure is adapted to provide a sliding frictional fit within the internal friction cavity of the bony attachment structure. In other embodiments, the elongate member securing structure further comprises a manipulation interface adapted to reversibly engage a manipulation tool. In still other embodiments, the bony attachment structure comprises an internal tapered cavity and the elongate member securing structure comprises a base with at least two radially inwardly deflectable prongs adapted to engage the elongate member.
• In one embodiment of the invention, a device for manipulating the tongue is provided, comprising a variable pitch spiral having a first portion with a first pitch and a second portion with a second pitch, the spiral comprising a biocompatible material dimensioned to fit within a tongue. The first portion may have a wide pitch and the second portion may have a narrow pitch. In other embodiments, the first portion has a narrow pitch and the second portion has a wide pitch.
• In one embodiment, a device for manipulating the tongue is provided, comprising an elongate member having a first end, a second end, an middle section between the first end and the second end having at least one enlarged segment, wherein the first end is adapted to attach to a bony structure and the second end is adapted to attach to either a bony structure, the first end or the middle section, and wherein the at least one enlarged segment is adapted for positioning in the tongue. In some embodiments, the at least one enlarged segment may be at least partially formed in situ in the tongue, a tissue anchor, a sleeve or a coating.
• In one embodiment, a method for manipulating the tongue is provided, comprising the steps of providing a tongue implant having a first portion with a first configuration and a second portion with a second configuration, the implant comprising a biocompatible material dimensioned to fit within a tongue; creating a pathway in the tongue by passing the first portion of the tongue implant; passing the second portion of the tongue implant into the pathway; and conforming the pathway in the tongue to the second portion of the tongue implant. The providing step may comprise providing a tongue implant that is a variable pitch spiral having a first portion with a first spiral pitch configuration and the second portion has a second spiral pitch configuration. The method may further comprise the steps of compressing the tissue about the pathway and/or stretching the tissue about the pathway.
• In one embodiment, a method for treating a patient is provided, comprising: providing a tongue remodeling system, the system comprising at least one tether support and at least one tongue element, the at least one tongue element having at least one expandable tissue anchor joined to at least one tether; accessing a region about the mandible; inserting the at least one expandable tissue anchor through a first pathway along the region about the mandible to a tongue; attaching the at least one tether of the at least one tongue element to the at least one tether support; positioning the at least one tether support against the mandible; and fixing the at least one tether support to the mandible. The method may further comprise expanding the at least one expandable tissue anchor joined to the at least one tether. The expandable tissue anchor of the providing step may be self-expandable, may comprise a plurality of expandable elongate members, may comprise a plurality of expandable elongate piercing members, or may comprise a plurality of expandable tissue-grasping members. The fixing step may be performed before the attaching step. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the first pathway may pass through the mandible.
• In another embodiment, a method for treating a patient is provided, comprising: providing a tongue element having an attachment end and an expandable tissue-anchoring end; inserting the expandable tissue-anchoring end into the tongue; and securing the attachment end of the tongue element to a body structure. The securing of the attachment end of the tongue element to the body structure may be performed with an adjustment assembly. The adjustment assembly may comprise a moving part, a non-moving part and a movement interface between the moving part and the non-moving part. The expandable tissue-anchoring end may comprise one or more tissue-grasping members. The expandable tissue-anchoring end may comprise at least two tissue-piercing members. In some embodiments, one or more tissue-grasping members may be metallic, and/or may be radially expandable elongate members. The expandable tissue-anchoring end of the providing step may comprise a wire coil, a T-tag, an expandable polymer plug, and/or a fibrous or porous expandable polymer plug. The expandable tissue-anchoring end may comprise a slotted tube having a distal end, a proximal end, and a plurality of expandable middle bands between the distal end and proximal end. The at least one tether may be secured to the distal end of the slotted tube the proximal end of the slotted tube. The slotted tube of the providing step may be self-expandable. The slotted tube may be expandable by shortening the slotted tube along its longitudinal length. The method may further comprise the step of pulling the at least one tether to expand the slotted tube.
• In another embodiment, a method for treating a patient is provided, comprising: accessing a tissue anchor implanted in a tongue, the tissue anchor having a deployment configuration and a removal configuration; deforming the tissue anchor to the removal configuration; and withdrawing the tissue anchor from the tongue. The tissue anchor may further comprise a proximal tether. The method may further comprise exposing the proximal tether. Accessing the tissue anchor implanted in the tongue may comprise passing a tubular member along the proximal tether, the tubular member comprising a distal opening, a proximal opening and a lumen therebetween. Deforming the tissue anchor to the removal configuration may comprise collapsing the tissue anchor into the lumen of the tubular member. Withdrawing the tissue anchor from the tongue may comprise withdrawing the tubular member from the tongue. The tubular member may further comprise a longitudinal slot contiguous with the lumen of the tubular member. The longitudinal slot of the tubular member may be contiguous with the distal opening of the tubular member. The tubular member further may comprise a movable slot blocking member capable of blocking the distal portion of the longitudinal slot of the tubular member. The movable slot blocking member may be a slidable slot blocking member or a rotatable slot blocking member. The movable slot blocking member may be located within the lumen of the tubular member.
• In one embodiment, a method for treating a patient is provided, comprising: providing a tongue remodeling system, the system comprising at least one tether support and at least one tongue element, the at least one tongue element having at least one tissue engaging structure joined to at least one tether having a length and a tension; accessing a region about the mandible; positioning the tissue engaging structure within a tongue; and attaching the at least one tether support to the mandible; wherein the at least one tether of the at least one tongue element may be attached to the at least one tether support, the at least one tether support comprising an adjustable tether interface. The method may further comprise: accessing the adjustable tether interface; and adjusting the length of the at least one tether between the tissue engaging structure and the adjustable tether interface. Adjusting the length of the at least one tether may comprise decreasing the tension of the at least one tether, increasing the tension of the at least one tether, or adjusting the dynamic response of the at least one tether. The at least one tether of the at least one tongue element may be releasably attached to the at least one tether support.
• In another embodiment, a method for treating a patient is provided, comprising: accessing an adjustment assembly of a patient with an implanted adjustable tongue remodeling system comprising the adjustment assembly and one or more tongue elements inserted through the tongue; wherein at least one tongue element may comprise an anchor and a tether secured to the adjustment assembly at a securing point on the adjustment assembly; and adjusting one or more tongue elements by manipulating the adjustment assembly. Said adjusting may comprise altering the relative configuration of the adjustment assembly, moving the securing point of the adjustment assembly and/or altering the length of the tether between the anchor and the securing point of the adjustment assembly. Said adjusting may be performed without unsecuring the tether from the securing point of the adjustment assembly. The may further comprise securing the adjustment assembly to a mandible. The adjustment assembly may comprise a rotational component. The rotational component may comprise a spool.
• In another embodiment, a method for treating a patient is provided, comprising: providing a tongue element having an attachment end and a tissue-engaging end; inserting the tissue-engaging end into the tongue; and securing the attachment end of the tongue element to a body structure using an adjustment assembly. The tongue element may comprise a tether having a length between the tissue-engaging end and the adjustment assembly, wherein the length is adjustable by the adjustment assembly. The adjustment assembly may be a rotation assembly, a spool assembly, a helical assembly, a slide assembly, a pivot assembly, or a combination thereof. The patient's tongue may be engaged with a tissue engaging structure attached about the first portion of the tether, or a tissue anchor that pierces through tongue tissue. Tension between the first and second portions of the tether may be adjustable while the first portion of the tether remains engaged with the patient's tongue and the second portion of the tether remains attached relative to the body structure. The body structure may be the mandible. The attachment end of the tongue element may be secured through a bone screw. The adjustment assembly may comprise a moving part, a non-moving part and a movement interface between the moving part and the non-moving part. The adjustment assembly may comprise a positionable tongue element attachment site. The adjustment assembly may comprise a locking member.
• In another embodiment, a method for manipulating soft tissue is provided, comprising: accessing an adjustment structure attached to at least one tissue anchor by a connector, the at least one tissue anchor engaging the soft tissue and the adjustment structure being fixed relative to a body structure, the connector having a length between the at least one tissue anchor and the adjustment structure; and changing the length of the connector between the at least one tissue anchor and the adjustment structure by manipulating the adjustment structure without detaching the at least one tissue anchor from the adjustment structure. The tissue anchor may be at least partially located within the tongue. The adjustment structure may be fixed relative to a mandible. The tissue anchor may be at least partially located within the soft palate. The adjustment structure may be fixed relative to a hard palate.
• In one embodiment, an implantable device for manipulating soft tissue is provided, comprising: at least one tissue engaging structure; an elongate member attached to the at least one tissue anchor; and a securing assembly comprising a bony attachment structure and a movable securing member, wherein the movable securing member may be adapted to be movable relative to the bony attachment structure while the elongate member may be secured to the movable securing member. The tissue engaging structure may be an anchor adapted to pierce the soft tissue. The movable securing member may be rotatable, slidable, and/or pivotable. The movable securing member may be a rotatable hub, or a spool. The bony attachment structure may be adapted for attachment to the mandible and/or for insertion into the mandible. The bony attachment structure has a cylindrical configuration and a threaded outer surface. The securing assembly further may comprise a moving interface component adapted to move the movable securing member. The bony attachment structure may comprise an internal sealable cavity and the movable securing member may comprise a fluid seal adapted to provide a sliding seal within the internal sealable cavity of the bony attachment structure. The bony attachment structure may further comprise a pierceable membrane for accessing the internal sealable cavity. The bony attachment structure may comprise a threaded cylindrical internal cavity and the movable securing member may comprise a cylinder having outer threads complementary to the threaded cylindrical internal cavity of the bony attachment structure and a rotatably attached securing interface. The bony attachment structure further may comprise a longitudinal groove and the rotatably attached securing interface may comprise a protrusion having a complementary configuration to the longitudinal groove of the bony attachment structure. The bony attachment structure may comprise an internal friction cavity and the movable securing member may comprise a friction surface configured to provide a frictional fit within the internal friction cavity of the bony attachment structure. The movable securing member may be adapted to provide a sliding frictional fit within the internal friction cavity of the bony attachment structure. The movable securing member further may comprise a manipulation interface adapted to reversibly engage a manipulation tool. The bony attachment structure may comprise an internal tapered cavity and the movable securing member may comprise a base with at least two radially inwardly deflectable prongs adapted to engage the elongate member.
• In another embodiment, an implantable device for manipulating soft tissue is provided, comprising: at least one tissue anchor; an elongate member attached to the at least one tissue anchor; and a securing assembly comprising a bony attachment structure and a rotational securing structure. The rotational securing structure may be a spool.
• In another embodiment, a device for manipulating the tongue is provided, comprising a variable pitch spiral having a first portion with a first pitch and a second portion with a second pitch, the spiral comprising a biocompatible material dimensioned to fit within a tongue. The first portion may have a wide pitch and the second portion has a narrow pitch, or the first portion may have a narrow pitch and the second portion has a wide pitch.
• In another embodiment, an implantable device for manipulating soft tissue is provided, comprising: at least one tissue anchor; a securing assembly comprising a bony attachment structure; an elongate member attached to the at least one tissue anchor and having a length between the at least one tissue anchor and the securing assembly; and a means for adjusting the length of the elongate member. The securing assembly may further comprise the means for adjusting the length of the elongate member.
• In another embodiment, a tissue anchoring system for engaging soft tissue is provided, comprising: at least one deformable hook element, the at least one hook element comprising an elongate body having a proximal portion and a sharp distal end, wherein the at least one hook element when unrestrained curls to form an arcuate structure; and a tether attached about the proximal portion of the at least one hook element. The at least one deformable hook element may be a plurality of deformable hook elements. The plurality of deformable hook elements may be arranged circumferentially, or in a generally planar configuration. The hook elements when unrestrained may curl back toward themselves to form a loop-like structure. The tissue anchoring system may further comprise a band about the proximal portions of the hook elements. The tissue anchoring system may further comprise a proximal group of hook elements and a distal group of hook elements. The hook elements may comprise symmetrical U-shaped planar structures with sharp distal tips on each end. The tissue anchoring system may further comprise a delivery device having a lumen adapted to receive and restrain the hook elements in a generally linear configuration, wherein the hook elements when advanced out of the delivery device curl back toward themselves to engage tissue.
• In another embodiment, a tissue anchoring system for engaging soft tissue is provided, comprising: at least one means for expandable curled tissue engagement; and a tether attached to the at least one means for expandable curled tissue engagement.
• In another embodiment, a tissue anchoring system for engaging soft tissue is provided, comprising: a plurality of deformable hook elements spaced circumferentially about each other, each of the hook element comprising an elongate body having a proximal portion and a sharp distal end, wherein the hook elements when unrestrained curls to form an arcuate structure; and a tether attached about the proximal portion of the hook elements. The plurality of deformable hook elements may comprise at least two pairs of deformable hooks elements joined together about the proximal portions of their elongate bodies. The at least two pairs of deformable hook elements may be joined proximally by a band. The at least two pairs of deformable hook elements may comprise four pairs of deformable hook elements. The at least two pairs of deformable hook elements may be arranged circumferentially, or in a generally planar configuration. The generally planar configuration may be a generally planar nested configuration or a generally planar stacked configuration.
• In one embodiment, a method for treating a patient is provided, comprising: providing a palate remodeling system, the system comprising at least one tether support and at least one palate element, the at least one palate element having at least one expandable tissue anchor joined to at least one tether; accessing a region about a hard palate; inserting the at least one expandable tissue anchor through a first pathway along the region about the hard palate to a soft palate; attaching the at least one tether of the at least one palate element to the at least one tether support; positioning the at least one tether support about the hard palate; and fixing the at least one tether support about the hard palate. Fixing the at least one tether support about the hard palate may comprise fixing the at least one tether support to the hard palate, or to mucosal tissue overlying the hard palate.
• In another embodiment, a method for treating a patient is provided, comprising: providing a soft palate element having an attachment end and an expandable tissue-anchoring end; inserting the expandable tissue-anchoring end into the soft palate; securing the attachment end of the palate element to a body structure. The body structure may be a palatine bone, a hard palate, or a nasal turbinate.
• In another embodiment, a method for treating a patient is provided, comprising: accessing a tissue anchor implanted in a soft palate, the tissue anchor having a deployment configuration and a removal configuration; deforming the tissue anchor to the removal configuration; and withdrawing the tissue anchor from the soft palate.
• In still another embodiment, a method for treating a patient is provided, comprising: accessing an adjustment assembly of a patient with an implanted adjustable soft palate remodeling system comprising the adjustment assembly and one or more soft palate elements inserted into the soft palate; wherein at least one soft palate element may comprise an anchor and a tether secured to the adjustment assembly at a securing point on the adjustment assembly; and adjusting one or more soft palate elements by manipulating the adjustment assembly.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The structure and method of using the invention will be better understood with the following detailed description of embodiments of the invention, along with the accompanying illustrations, in which:
• FIG. 1 is a schematic sagittal view of the pharynx.
• FIG. 2 is a schematic elevational view of one embodiment of a tongue element.
• FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate anterior and side elevational views of one embodiment of a mandible securing assembly.
• FIGS. 4A through 4D are cross sectional views through the oropharynx and mandible depicting implantation of one embodiment of the invention.
• FIGS. 5A through 5C are cross sectional views through the oropharynx and mandible depicting another embodiment of the invention wherein the tongue elements are engaged to the lateral portions of the mandible.
• FIGS. 6A and 6B are cross sectional views through the oropharynx and mandible illustrating another embodiment of the invention comprising a dual-anchor device.
• FIGS. 7A through 7F are cross sectional views through the oropharynx and mandible depicting transmandibular implantation of one embodiment of the invention.
• FIGS. 7G through 7J are schematic cross sectional views depicting the removal of an embodiment of the invention.FIGS. 71 and 7J are detailed views of the distal anchors and removal tool inFIGS. 7G and 7H.
• FIGS. 8A and 8B depict one embodiment of the invention comprising a glossoplasty device with a T-shaped tissue anchor.
• FIGS. 9A and 9B depict one embodiment of the invention comprising a glossoplasty device with a spiral tissue anchor.
• FIGS. 10A and 10B depict one embodiment of the invention comprising a glossoplasty device with a flat pronged tissue anchor.
• FIG. 11 illustrates one embodiment of the invention comprising a glossoplasty device with a pointed prong tissue anchor.
• FIG. 12 illustrates one embodiment of the invention comprising a glossoplasty device with a dual pointed prong tissue anchor.
• FIG. 13 illustrates another embodiment of the invention comprising a glossoplasty device with an umbrella tissue anchor.
• FIGS. 14A and 14B depict embodiments of the invention comprising a distal anchor having a foam plug and T-tag core. The foam plug fully encapsulates the T-tag inFIG. 14A and partially encapsulates the T-tag inFIG. 14B.
• FIGS. 15A through 15C depict another embodiment of the invention comprising a glossoplasty device with a radially expandable slotted tissue anchor.
• FIG. 16 depicts one embodiment of the invention where the proximal end of the tissue anchor comprises barbs for engaging tissue.
• FIGS. 17A and 17B depict another embodiment of the invention comprising a glossoplasty device with a dual radially expandable slotted tissue anchor.
• FIGS. 18A and 18B depict another embodiment the invention comprising a radially expandable tissue anchor before and after expansion.
• FIG. 19 depicts still another embodiment the invention comprising a radially expandable tissue anchor.
• FIG. 20 depicts still another embodiment the invention comprising a radially expandable tissue anchor with barbs.
• FIGS. 21A and 21B depict another embodiment the invention comprising a radially expandable tissue anchor before and after expansion.
• FIGS. 22A and 22B depict another embodiment the invention comprising a radially expandable tissue anchor before and after expansion.
• FIGS. 23A and 23B depict one embodiment the invention comprising a splayed tissue anchor before and after expansion.
• FIGS. 24A and 24B depict one embodiment the invention comprising a dual splayed tissue anchor before and after expansion.
• FIGS. 25A through 25C illustrate one embodiment of the invention comprising an in situ formed anchor or plug.
• FIGS. 26A through 26D illustrate one embodiment of the invention comprising a fillable anchor or plug.
• FIG. 27 represents one embodiment of the invention comprising an elastomeric tether.
• FIG. 28 represents one embodiment of the invention comprising a wound wire.
• FIG. 29 represents one embodiment of the invention comprising a spring coil.
• FIG. 30 represents one embodiment of the invention comprising one-sided pneumatic tension assembly.
• FIG. 31 represents another embodiment of the invention comprising two-sided pneumatic tension assembly.
• FIG. 32 represents one embodiment of the invention comprising a beaded tether.
• FIG. 33 represents one embodiment of the invention comprising a barbed tether.
• FIG. 34 depicts one embodiment of a tether having a serial arrangement of anchors.
• FIG. 35 illustrates one embodiment of a branched tether with anchors.
• FIG. 36 depicts a tether having two proximal ends.
• FIG. 37 is a cross sectional view of one embodiment of the invention comprising a tether loop with an enlarged section.
• FIG. 38 is a cross sectional view of one embodiment of the invention comprising a tether loop with tissue anchors along the tether loop.
• FIG. 39 illustrates one embodiment of the invention comprising a mandible securing assembly with a lumen.
• FIGS. 40A through 40C represents one embodiment of the invention comprising a mandible securing assembly with a clipping interface.
• FIGS. 41A and 41B illustrate one embodiment of the invention comprising a mandible securing assembly with a tether securing bolt.
• FIGS. 42A through 42D illustrate one embodiment of the invention comprising an adjustable mandible securing assembly with a non-rotating tether interface.
• FIGS. 43A through 43E illustrate another embodiment of the invention comprising a keyed tether interface.
• FIGS. 44A and 44B illustrate an embodiment of an adjustable mandible securing assembly with a keyed interface usable with the keyed tether interface inFIGS. 41A through 41E.
• FIGS. 45A and 45B are cross sectional views of the adjustable mandible securing assembly ofFIGS. 42A and 42B before and after an adjustment.
• FIGS. 46A and 46B illustrate an embodiment of an adjustable mandible securing assembly with a keyed interface.
• FIGS. 47A through 47D illustrate an embodiment of an adjustable mandible securing assembly with a pierceable membrane.
• FIGS. 48A and 48B illustrate an embodiment of a mandible securing assembly with a resistance plug.
• FIGS. 49A through 49D illustrate an embodiment of a mandible securing assembly usable with a beaded tether.
• FIGS. 50A through 50F illustrate another embodiment of a mandible securing assembly comprising an inner resistance surface and tether interface.
• FIGS. 51A through 51E illustrate another embodiment of a mandible securing assembly comprising an expandable tether interface.
• FIGS. 52A through 52F represent one embodiment of the invention comprising a rigid tongue splint.
• FIGS. 53A and 53B represent another embodiment of the invention comprising a semi-rigid tongue splint.
• FIGS. 54A and 54B represent one embodiment of the invention comprising a variable pitch tissue compression screw.
• FIGS. 55A and 55B represent another embodiment of the invention comprising a tissue compression coil.
• FIG. 56 represents another embodiment of the invention comprising a barbed tissue compression coil.
• FIG. 57 represents another embodiment of the invention comprising a barbed tissue compression coil positioned on an implantation needle.
• FIG. 58 represents another embodiment of the invention comprising a barbed tissue compression coil positioned on a fitted groove implantation needle.
• FIGS. 59A and 59B represent one embodiment of the invention for implantation of a tissue compression coil.
• FIGS. 60A and 60B are perspective views of another embodiment of a distal anchor in the delivery and deployed configurations, respectively.FIGS. 60C and 60D are rear and frontal views of the distal anchor inFIG. 60B.FIG. 60E depicts a subcomponent of the distal anchor inFIGS. 60B to60D.FIG. 60F illustrates a tether looped through the distal anchor andFIG. 60G illustrates the tether knotted to the distal anchor and the tether ends attached to a securing assembly.
• FIGS. 61A and 61B are inferior and superior perspective views of another embodiment of the securing assembly, respectively.FIG. 61C is an exploded superior perspective view of the securing assembly inFIG. 61B.FIGS. 61D to61F are inferior, superior and side elevational views of the securing assembly, respectively.FIGS. 61G is a side elevational isolation view of the spool assembly.FIG. 61H and 61I are a longitudinal cross sectional views of the securing assembly inFIG. 61F in the locked and rotation configurations, respectively.FIGS. 61J and 61K illustrate an implanted distal anchor and securing assembly before and during adjustment of the securing assembly, respectively.
• FIG. 62A is a superior isometric view of one embodiment of a delivery tool system with a partial cut-away of the delivery tube of the delivery tool.FIGS. 62B and 62C are left elevational views of the delivery tool without the delivery tool housing and delivery tube in the loaded and deployed configurations, respectively.FIG. 62D is an exploded view of the actuator handle and safety lock of the delivery tool.
• FIGS. 63A and 63B are perspective and exploded views, respectively, of one embodiment of a palate anchor.
• FIGS. 64A to64D are axial cross sectional views of various embodiments of a delivery tube of the delivery tool for the palate anchor inFIG. 64A.
• FIG. 65 is a perspective view of a push rod for the palate anchor inFIG. 64A.
• FIG. 66 is a schematic sagittal cross sectional view of the implantation of a palate anchor through the oral cavity.
• FIG. 67 is a schematic sagittal cross sectional view of the implantation of a palate anchor through the nasal cavity.
• FIG. 68 is a schematic sagittal cross sectional view of the soft and hard palate with a palate anchor anchored to the hard palate.
• FIG. 69 is a schematic sagittal cross sectional view of the soft and hard palate with a palate anchor anchored to the mucosal tissue overlying the hard palate.
• FIG. 70A is a perspective view of one embodiment of a recapture tool.FIG. 70B is an exploded view of the recapture tool inFIG. 70A.FIG. 70C is a superior exploded view of the distal end of the recapture tool.FIG. 70D is an axial cross sectional view of the recapture tool in the open position as identified inFIG. 70A.FIG. 70E is an axial cross sectional view of the recapture tool in the closed position
• FIGS. 71A to711 are schematic views of one embodiment for recapturing an implanted anchor.FIG. 71C is a detailed view ofFIG. 71B.FIG. 71E is a detailed view ofFIG. 71D.
• FIG. 72 illustrates another embodiment of a recapture tool with a circumferentially closed distal end.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
• A. Anatomy of the Pharynx
• FIG. 1 is a sagittal view of the structures that comprise the pharyngeal airway and may be involved in obstructive sleep apnea. The pharynx is divided, from superior to inferior, into the nasopharynx1, theoropharynx2 and thehypopharynx3. The nasopharynx1 is a less common source of obstruction in OSA. The nasopharynx is the portion of the pharynx above the soft palate4. In the nasopharynx, a deviated nasal septum5 or enlargednasal turbinates6 may occasionally contribute to upper airway resistance or blockage. Only rarely, a nasal mass, such as a polyp, cyst or tumor may be a source of obstruction.
• Theoropharynx2 comprises structures from the soft palate4 to the upper border of theepiglottis7 and includes thehard palate8,tongue9,tonsils10, palatoglossal arch11, the posterior pharyngeal wall12 and themandible13. The mandible typically has a bone thickness of about 5 mm to about 10 mm anteriorly with similar thicknesses laterally. An obstruction in theoropharynx2 may result when thetongue9 is displaced posteriorly during sleep as a consequence of reduced muscle activity during REM sleep. The displacedtongue9 may push the soft palate4 posteriorly and may seal off the nasopharynx1 from theoropharynx2. Thetongue9 may also contact the posterior pharyngeal wall12, which causes further airway obstruction.
• Thehypopharynx3 comprises the region from the upper border of theepiglottis7 to the inferior border of thecricoid cartilage14. Thehypopharynx3 further comprises thehyoid bone15, a U-shaped, free floating bone that does not articulate with any other bone. Thehyoid bone15 is attached to surrounding structures by various muscles and connective tissues. Thehyoid bone15 lies inferior to thetongue9 and superior to thethyroid cartilage16. Athyrohyoid membrane17 and athyrohyoid muscle18 attaches to the inferior border of the hyoid15 and the superior border of thethyroid cartilage16. Theepiglottis7 is infero-posterior to thehyoid bone15 and attaches to the hyoid bone by a medianhyoepiglottic ligament19. The hyoid bone attaches anteriorly to the infero-posterior aspect of themandible13 by thegeniohyoid muscle20.
• B. Tongue Remodeling
• Embodiments of the present invention provide methods and devices for manipulating the airway. It is hypothesized that the laxity in pharyngeal structures contributes to the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea, snoring, upper airway resistance and sleep disordered breathing. This laxity may be intrinsic to the oropharyngeal structures and/or may be affected by interrelationships between pharyngeal structures and other body structures. For example, in some studies, the cure rates in selected patients undergoing UPPP is as low as 5% to 10%. (Sher AE et al., “The efficacy of surgical modifications of the upper airway in adults with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome” Sleep, 1996 February;19(2):156-77, herein incorporated by reference). These low cure rates may be affected by continued occlusion of the airway by structures unaffected by the surgery, such as the tongue. By biasing at least a portion of the posterior tongue or base of the tongue in at least a generally anterior and/or lateral direction, functional occlusion of the oropharynx may be prevented or reduced. Typically, this bias may be created by altering a distance or tension between a location in the tongue and an anchoring site, such as the mandible. In other instances, the bias may be created by altering the length or amount of a structure located in the tongue. In some instances, the bias provided to the tongue may only affect the mechanical characteristics tongue during tongue movement or in specific positions or situations. Thus, the dynamic response of the tongue tissue to mechanical forces or conditions may or may not occur with static changes, although static changes typically will affect the dynamic response of the tongue tissue. The embodiments of the invention described herein, however, are not limited to this hypothesis.
• Although surgical and non-surgical techniques for biasing the tongue anteriorly are currently available, these techniques suffer from several limitations. For example, the Repose® system (InfluENT® Medical, New Hampshire) utilizes a bone screw attached to the lingual cortex of the mandible and a proline suture looped through the posterior tongue and bone screw, where the suture ends are tied together at some point along the suture loop to prevent posterior tongue displacement. In one study of 43 patients, four patients developed infections of the floor of the mouth and required antibiotics. One patient developed dehydration caused by painful swallowing, requiring intravenous fluids, and another patient developed delayed GI bleeding requiring hospitalization. (Woodson B T, “A tongue suspension suture for obstructive sleep apnea and snorers”, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001 March; 124(3):297-303). In another study of19 patients undergoing combined UPPP and Repose® implantation, two patients developed submandibular infection requiring antibiotics, and one patient developed a hematoma in the floor of the mouth requiring drainage. In addition, one patient extruded the suture four weeks after implantation and another patient developed a persistent lump/globus sensation at the base of the tongue requiring removal of the Repose® system. (Miller F R et al., “Role of the tongue base suspension suture with The Repose® System bone screw in the multilevel surgical management of obstructive sleep apnea”, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002 April;126(4):392-8).
• By developing a tongue remodeling system that can be adjusted before, during and/or after the initial implantation procedure, a device and method for treating a patient with breathing problems may be better tolerated and less prone to treatment failure. For example, by adjusting the tension or bias of the implant, suture migration, suture extrusion, and/or dysphagia may be avoided or corrected. In another embodiment of the invention, the tongue remodeling system alters the structural characteristics of the tongue with an anterior or lateral bias force rather than a fixed length anchoring of the tongue to a body structure. This bias may reduce dysphagia or odynophagia associated with existing tongue suspension devices and procedures. In other embodiments, the tongue may be remodeled by altering the tissue compliance of at least a portion of the tongue. By inserting a prosthesis into the tongue tissue, tongue tissue compliance is changed and may alter the tongue response to forces acting during obstructive sleep apnea. The change in compliance may or may not be associated with a change in the position of the tongue. In some instances, embodiments of the tongue remodeling system can be implanted through an antero-inferior access site of the mandible. Implantation of the system that avoids the transoral route may improve infection rates that occur with other tongue related devices and procedures.
• C. Tissue Anchor
• In one embodiment, depicted inFIGS. 2, 3A and3B, the invention comprises a tongue remodeling system having one ormore tongue elements22 and at least one securingassembly24. As depicted inFIG. 2, at least onetongue element22 comprises adistal tissue anchor26 attached to aproximal tether28. Thedistal anchor26 typically is a soft tissue anchor adapted for implantation within thetongue9. Thesoft tissue anchor26 may comprise any of a variety of structures capable of engaging the surrounding tissue. These structures may have pointed, sharp or blunttissue engagement structures30. In some instances, thedistal anchor26 has a first reduced diameter configuration for delivery into the tongue tissue and a second expanded diameter configuration for engaging the surrounding tissue. In other embodiments, thedistal anchor26 has a fixed configuration.
• The securingassembly24 is configured to provide a stable position about themandible13 or other structure adjacent to themandible13 and comprises one or more securing interfaces32 to which one or moreproximal tethers28 may be secured. In some embodiments, the securingassembly24 may comprise a bone anchor or bone screw, a clip, or a staple for attaching theproximal tether28 to the bone. In other embodiments, as illustrated inFIGS. 3A and 3B, the securinginterface32 may provide a friction fit or mechanical interfit with theproximal tether28 that may be reversed or altered without disengaging or loosening the securingassembly24 from the bone. The securing assembly in turn is attached to the bone using bone screws or anchors34. In some embodiments, the friction fit or mechanical interfit is adjustable in one direction. In other embodiments, the friction fit or mechanical interfit is capable of bidirectional adjustment. In some embodiments, theproximal tether28 and the securingassembly24 may be integrated together. Various embodiments of the securingassembly24 are described in further detail below. Preferably, the remodeling system comprises one securingassembly24 and one to threetongue elements22, but one skilled in the art may select other combinations of securing assemblies and tongue elements, depending upon the patient's anatomy and the desired result.
• By implanting one ormore tongue elements22 within thetongue9, creating tension in theproximal tethers28, and attaching theproximal tethers28 to a securingassembly24 located peripherally to thedistal anchors26, a directional bias may be created in thetongue9 to resist posterior displacement. There need not be continuous tension present in theproximal tethers28. In some embodiments, tension is generated in one or moreproximal tethers28 only when thetongue9 has been displaced a particular distance and/or a range of directions. The peripheral site of the securing assembly is typically located about an anterior portion of themandible13 and may involve the external, internal or inferior surface of themandible13 or a combination of these surfaces. In some embodiments, a lateral or anterolateral location about themandible13 may be used.
• FIGS. 4A to4D depict one embodiment of the invention where thetongue elements22 are inserted into thetongue9 through an insertion site inferior to themandible13, preferably but not always about the anterior portion of themandible13. In other embodiments, the implantation pathway may originate from a location anterior or lateral to themandible13, and in still other embodiments, may also pass through themandible13. Thetongue elements22 may be implanted percutaneously into thetongue9 using ahypodermic needle36 or other piercing delivery tool known in the art. In some instances, thedistal anchors26 of the tongue elements are positioned about the base of the tongue, which is the portion of the tongue posterior to the circumvallate papillae (not shown), but other locations within thetongue9, such as theanterior portion39, may also be used. For example, thedistal anchors26 may also be positioned in thedorsal region38 of thetongue9. This position may have a better effect on resisting posterior tongue displacement against the pharyngopalatine arch. Once positioned, thedistal anchor26 is released from thedelivery tool36. As shown inFIG. 4C,additional anchors26 may be deployed, if desired. Thedelivery tool36 is then withdrawn, leaving theproximal tether40 trailing from thedistal anchor26 and accessible by the physician. A securingassembly24 may be attached to themandible13 using minimally invasive techniques and theproximal tethers40 of thetongue elements22 are adjusted to an initial tension and secured to the securingstructures32 on the securingassembly24. In some embodiments, the initial tension is zero but increases with changes in tongue position. In some embodiments, the securingassembly24 is preferably secured to the inferior or inner surface of themandible13 to reduce visibility of the securing assembly beneath theskin42. The securingassembly24 may be adapted to penetrate and attach to themandible13, as depicted inFIG. 4D, or attach to the mandible surface with the use of an adhesive or tissue welding. In some embodiments, the securing structures may also be adjusted through an adjustment interface, described below, to further alter the tension in the proximal tether.
• FIGS. 5A through 5C are inferior schematic views of an embodiment of the invention where thetongue elements22 have been inserted into the posterior tongue bilaterally and attached to securingassemblies42 located on the inferior surface of thebilateral mandible13. Continuous or intermittent tension created within thetongue elements22 causes remodeling of the posterior tongue not only in an anterior direction but also a lateral direction. This may be advantageous by increasing tissue tension in the posterior tongue with less limitation of tongue movement in the antero-posterior direction.
• FIGS. 6A and 6B depict another embodiment of the invention comprising atongue element44 having adistal tissue anchor46 and aproximal tissue anchor48 joined by atether50. This device can be inserted into the tongue tissue using a singlecutaneous delivery device52 and access point without accessing or inserting into the mandible or other bone. To implant a dual-endedtongue element44, the needle ordelivery tool52 is inserted percutaneously into thetongue9 to a desired distal location and in a direction along the desired tension pathway. Thedistal anchor46 is released from thedelivery tool52 into the tongue tissue. Thedelivery tool52 is withdrawn, gradually exposing thetether50. By applying proximal force to thedelivery tool52, tension may be formed within thetether50. In some embodiments, the release mechanism for theproximal tissue anchor48 further comprises a force measurement component that may assist the physician in determining the appropriate release position for theproximal tissue anchor48. The measurement component may comprise a calibrated spring or a piezoelectric crystal with an analog or digital readout. When the desired tension and/or location for theproximal tissue anchor48 are reached, theproximal tissue anchor48 may be released from the delivery tool by withdrawal of an outer sheath on thedelivery tool52 to expose theproximal tissue anchor48, or by release of an engagement structure, such as a suture or deflection of one or more biased prongs, that are engaged to theproximal tissue anchor48. The tether tension allows the distal and proximal tissue anchors46,48 to come closer together, thereby compressing the tongue tissue between theanchors46,48 and altering the tongue configuration. In other embodiments, the dual-endedtongue element44 is implanted within thetongue9 and creates intermittent rather than continuous tissue compression, depending on tongue position.
• FIGS. 7A through 7F depict another embodiment of the invention, where the implantation pathway passes through themandible13 to access thetongue9. A pathway or conduit through themandible13 or other bone may be created using abone drill54 or other device known in the art. As illustrated inFIGS. 7A and 7B, in some instances, theinferior skin56 of the lower jaw is drawn toward the anterior chin prior to accessing theanterior mandible13. Displacing the skin anteriorly provides access through skin that normally faces inferiorly, thereby hiding the skin access site59 at the inferior surface of themandible13 once the procedure is complete. Referring toFIGS. 7C and 7D, once a pathway is created through themandible13, thedelivery tool36 may be used to insert one ormore tongue elements22 into thetongue9. A sheath or retractors may be inserted through the skin and bone conduit to maintain access and/or exposure to the bone during the procedure. In one embodiment, adelivery tool36 with atongue element22 is inserted generally through themandible13 to a desired location in thetongue9, deployed and released from thedelivery tool36. Deployment of thedistal anchor26 may also include expansion of thedistal anchor26, if needed. InFIG. 7E, thedelivery tool36 is then withdrawn, leaving theproximal tether40 trailing from thedistal anchor26 and accessible by the surgeon.Additional anchors26 may be deployed, if desired. In some embodiments, anintra-mandible securing assembly60, shown inFIG. 7F, may be attached or partially attached to the bone before, during and/or after the implantation of thetongue elements22. In one embodiment, theproximal tethers40 are attached to a securingassembly60 and the tension of theproximal tether40 is adjusted as needed and secured to the securingassembly60. In some embodiments, the securingassembly60 may be engaged to the mandible surface or conduit surface. In other embodiments, the tension of the tongue element(s)22 alone is sufficient to keep the securing assembly against themandible13. In some embodiment, a portion of the securing assembly may be inserted prior to implantation of thetongue elements22. InFIG. 7C, for example, aconduit portion61 of the securingassembly60 is inserted through themandible13 prior to use of thedelivery tool36.
• In addition to securing theproximal tethers40 of thetongue elements22 to the anterior portion of themandible13, other securing sites are also envisioned, including the lateral portions of themandible13, thehyoid bone15, the occiput, thethyroid cartilage16, the tracheal rings and any other structure about the head or neck.
• The embodiments of the invention described above may be combined with other treatments for OSA, sleep disordered breathing, upper airway resistance syndrome and snoring. These other treatments may also include external devices such as CPAP, medications such as modafinil, other surgical procedures, as well as other treatments of the tongue, including various forms of tongue debulking using RF ablation such as Coblation® by ArthroCare® ENT.
• 1. Distal Anchor
• The distal anchor may have any of a variety of shapes adapted for implantation within thetongue9 and to resist migration, typically comprising one or moretissue engaging structures30. Expandable anchors may include expandable slotted tubes, fibrous or porous polymer plugs or structures, coilable wires, expandable barb structures or any other deformable or expandable structure or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, thedistal anchor26 has a fixed configuration but is adapted to facilitate its insertion in one direction through thetongue9 or other soft tissue and to resist migration or displacement in at least the opposite direction. Distal anchors26 with a fixed configuration may have barbs, angled pins, hooks or other angled or ramped structures capable of engaging surrounding tissue. The distal anchors may also be self-expandable or may require the application of force to expand in size or surface area. For instance, in some embodiments of the invention, the distal anchor may have one or more deformable tissue engagement structures that self-expand upon release of the distal anchor from the delivery tool to engage the surrounding tissue. In other embodiments, the distal anchor may engage or expand into the surrounding tongue tissue upon the application of tension to the proximal tether of the tongue element.
• In some embodiments, the distal anchor has a first configuration with a reduced cross-sectional profile to facilitate implantation of the distal anchor within the tongue, and a second configuration with an expanded cross-sectional profile to engage the surrounding tissue and/or resist migration of the anchor within or out of the tongue. In further embodiments of the invention, the distal anchor may have a third configuration to facilitate removal of the distal anchor from the tongue. The third configuration may result from deformation of the distal anchor to facilitate disengagement from the surrounding tongue tissue and/or to reduce the cross-sectional profile. Deformation of the distal anchor may occur at one or more pre-engineered failure points or deformation points on the distal anchor. One skilled in the art can design a failure point to deform with a force greater than the upper limit of forces generally acting on the distal anchor in its intended use.
• FIGS. 7G through 7J depict the removal of an anchor previously inserted inFIGS. 7A through 7F. InFIG. 7G, theproximal tether40 is disengaged from the securingassembly60 and aremoval tool62 is passed along theproximal tether40 to thedistal anchor26. InFIG. 7H, thedistal anchor26 is deformed such that thedistal anchor26 has a reduced cross sectional profile and/or disengages the surrounding tongue tissue. The deformation may occur by stabilizing or pulling on the proximal tether and distal anchor while pushing and/or stabilizing the removal tool against the distal anchor.FIG. 71 depicts a cross sectional expanded view of thedistal anchor26 andremoval tool62 fromFIG. 7G as theremoval tool62 abuts thedistal anchor26.FIG. 7J depicts the distal anchor and removal tool fromFIG. 71 following deformation of the distal anchor. After deformation, theremoval tool62 may be withdrawn from the tongue separately from thedistal anchor26 or together with thedistal anchor26. In some embodiments, theremoval tool62 surrounds thedistal anchor26 to reduce the risk of breakage or snagging of thedistal anchor26 during withdrawal from the tongue. The removal tool may include any of a variety of structures capable of exerting sufficient force against thedistal anchor26 to cause deformation. In some instances, theremoval tool62 may be a catheter or large gauge needle. Preferably, theremoval tool62 is further adapted to slide or interface with theproximal tether40 of the distal anchor to guide theremoval tool62 to thedistal anchor26. The adaptation may include a groove, channel or a lumen that can be placed about theproximal tether40.
• In some embodiments of the invention, the distal anchor may resist migration by having an enlarged surface area that creates a frictional or mechanical interface with the surrounding tissue, but is not limited to this sole mechanism to resist migration. Examples of such distal anchors include a T-shapedanchor64 depicted inFIGS. 8A and 8B, a coil-shapedanchor66 inFIGS. 9A and 9B, and the flat-endedprong anchor68 illustrated inFIGS. 10A and 10B. Tissue anchors having an enlarged surface area may be advantageous by reducing or avoiding tissue laceration that may be associated with piercing-type anchors. In other embodiments of the invention, the distal anchor comprises one or more coils that are drawn taut during the implantation procedure and resume a coiled configuration upon release of tension on the wire coil. In embodiments of the distal anchor comprising multiple coils, the coils lengths may be distinct or intertwined with other coils of the same or different anchor. The ends of each coil may be attached to the same or different point on the tether or coils of the tether. However, a piercinganchor70 with hooks orbarbs72, as shown inFIG. 11, may also be used. The piercing structures need not be arranged on the distal anchor about the same circumference.FIG. 12 illustrates another embodiment of the invention where the piercingstructures72 are located at two separate circumferences of thedistal anchor70, but in other embodiments, the piercing structures may be staggered anywhere along the length of the distal anchor.
• In some embodiments of the invention, thedistal anchor74 may further comprise one or morepolymeric sheets76 between or engaged to thetissue engagement structures78 of thedistal anchor74. In one example depicted inFIG. 13, thepolymeric sheets76 may be attached to thetissue engagement structures78 generally about one end of thedistal anchor74, thereby forming an umbrella-like structure upon expansion that provides an increased surface area for resisting the migration of thedistal anchor74. In other embodiments, the polymeric sheets may span from one end of the distal anchor to the other end, thereby forming a generally enclosed shape.
• Referring toFIGS. 14A and 14B, in one embodiment of the invention, at least a portion of thedistal anchor80 may comprise aplug structure82. The term plug is used to describe any of a variety of space-occupying structures, including lattice, reticular, fibrous or porous plugs, discs or other structures. Theplug82 may comprise a polymer, a metal, a ceramic or combination thereof. The polymer may optionally be a resorbable polymer. The plugs may be expandable or non-expandable. Expandable plugs may be self-expandable through the use of a shape memory material, a compressible material such as a foam, or an absorptive material that may expand in the presence of liquid. The plugs may or may not be filled or saturated with one or more therapeutic agents that may alter tissue ingrowth, scarring or other physiological effect, either systemically or locally about thetongue9. These agents may include but are not limited to an antibiotic, a sclerosing agent, an anti-proliferative agent, growth factors, hormones and other therapeutic agents known in the art. Theplug structure82 may also be combined with other distal anchor designs discussed herein.FIGS. 14A and 14B represent embodiments of adistal anchor80 comprising anexpandable foam plug82 with a T-tag core84. The T-tag84 may be fully encapsulated by thefoam82 as shown inFIG. 14A, or someportions86 of the T-tag88 may protrude from thefoam plug82, as shown inFIG. 14B.
• Other distal anchor designs that may be used are shown inFIGS. 15A though22B.FIGS. 15A and 15B depict one embodiment of the invention comprising a tubulardistal anchor90 having aproximal end92, adistal end94 and at least onedeformable zone96 between theproximal end92 and thedistal end94. Thedeformable zone96 is configured to deform radially outward and may comprise any of a variety of deformable structures, including but not limited to struts98, prongs, lattice, reticular, coiled or spiral structures. The deformation may occur as a result of elastic deformation of thedistal anchor90, shape memory effects, or particular mechanical effects of the distal anchor configuration in response to applied force. In some embodiments, when thedistal end94 and/orproximal end92 of thedistal anchor90 are pushed or pulled closer together, thedeformable zone96 bends in a radially outward direction. In one embodiment, thetether28 is located through a lumen in theproximal end92 of thedistal anchor90 and thedeformable zone96 and attaches to thedistal end94 of thedistal anchor90. Referring toFIG. 15B, by pulling on thetether28, thetether28 moves in a proximal direction and brings thedistal end94 of thedistal anchor90 closer to theproximal end92, causing radial expansion of thedeformable zone96. In one embodiment, shown inFIG. 15C, the position of theproximal end92 is maintained during the expansion of thedeformation zone96, by abutting a portion of thedelivery tool36 against theproximal end92 of thedistal anchor90 to provide leverage and to resist proximal displacement during the expansion process. Thedelivery tool36 may comprise asheath102 for retaining theproximal end92 of thedistal anchor90 during expansion to prevent angular displacement of theanchor90 as force is applied through thetether28. In other embodiments, sufficient resistance is provided by the contact between theproximal end92 of thedistal anchor90 and the tongue tissue to limit displacement of theproximal end92 with tension of thetether28 and thereby allow deformable zone expansion. Referring toFIG. 16, resistance between theproximal end92 of theanchor90 and the tongue tissue may be enhanced bytissue engagement members104 on the proximal end, such as small hooks, barbs, or any of a variety of ramped surfaces inclined radially outwardly from a distal to proximal direction.
• One skilled in the art can configure the deformable zone to provide any of a variety of desired expanded anchor shapes. In addition to a plurality of longitudinally oriented circumferentially spacedslots106 depicted inFIGS. 15A and 15B, theslots106 may also be arranged serially along the longitudinal axis of thedistal anchor108, as depicted inFIGS. 17A and 17B, to create two or moredeformable zones110,112. Eachdeformable zone110,112 need not have the same deformation characteristics. The first deformable zone, for example, may be configured for a larger expanded diameter compared to the second deformable zone.
• Referring toFIG. 18A, in another embodiment, thedeformable zone114 comprises angledcircumferential slots116, which, when expanded as shown inFIG. 18B, result in a spirally orienteddeformation zone118.FIG. 19 illustrates a spirally orienteddeformable zone120 of ananchor124 configured to maintain the position of the one end of theanchor124 while rotating the other end of the anchor. In one embodiment, theproximal end126 of thedistal anchor124 is held in position by a delivery tool or catheter while thedistal end128 of thedistal anchor124 is pulled and rotated proximally. In some instances, thetether28 has sufficient stiffness such that rotation of atether28 joined to thedistal end128 of theanchor124 is sufficient to cause twisting of theanchor124. In other instances, thetether28 attached to thedistal anchor124 may lack sufficient stiffness to transmit sufficient torque to thedistal anchor124. To facilitate torque transmission to thedistal anchor124, a stiff inner core of the delivery tool may extend into the distal anchor to form a mechanical interfit with thedistal end128 of theanchor124 and that is adopted to rotate and deploy theanchor124 with rotation in one direction of the delivery tool and disengage from theanchor124 when rotated in the other direction. After expansion, the inner core may be disengaged from thedistal anchor124 and withdrawn.
• One or more surfaces of an anchor may also be further configured with protrusions, indentations or one or more porous layers to further engage the surrounding tissue.FIG. 20 is a further embodiment of the invention comprising teeth or pointedmembers130 protruding from thestruts98 of thedistal anchor90 that may further enhance the tissue engagement characteristics of thedistal anchor90. In another embodiment, one or more surfaces of astrut98 may be polished by methods known in the art. In still another embodiment, portions of thedistal anchor90 may comprise a drug-eluting surface. Preferably, the drug-eluting anchor may be used to release agents that alter the tissue and scar formation about the anchor. In some embodiments, fibrous tissue growth is encouraged to reduce the friability of the tissue surrounding the anchor. In other embodiments, anti-proliferative agents such as rapamycin or corticosteroids may be used to limit tissue growth. Other therapeutic agents may also be used, including antimicrobials, clot inhibitors, sclerosants, growth factors, hormones and other therapeutic agents known in the art. More than one therapeutic agent may be eluted from the drug-eluting surface, if desired. As mentioned previously, the distal anchor may also be covered with a bioabsorbable coating. The bioabsorbable coating may result in inflammation and/or fibrous tissue formation about the distal anchor. The fibrous tissue formation may also alter the tension or compliance characteristics of the tongue element or surrounding tongue tissue, and may be beneficial in reducing the risk of anchor extrusion or migration.
• Although a distal anchor having a circular cross-sectional shape may be used in some embodiments of the invention, other cross-sectional shapes of distal anchors may also be used, including, triangular, rectangular, oval, polygonal or any other shape. The distal anchor need not have the same cross-sectional shape or size along its length.FIGS. 21A depicts one embodiment of thedistal anchor132 comprising a square cross-sectional shape withslots134 between eachsurface136 of theanchor132. When expanded, the anchor forms an X-shaped anchor as shown inFIG. 21B. The slots, however, may be positioned in a variety of configurations on the anchor as desired to achieve a particular expanded shape. In other embodiments, slots may be located within asurface136 of theanchor132, in addition to or in lieu of slots between thesurfaces136.
• The shape of the slot and/or strut of the deformable zone need not be constant along the length of the slot or strut, or between the slots and/or struts of the same anchor. The struts may also be configured to control the shape of the deformation by varying the strut dimensions along the length of the strut. In some embodiments, indentations or creases in the struts may be used to cause an angular deformation of the strut with expansion. In other embodiments, the struts may deform in a curved or looped fashion. For example, variations in the cross-sectional shape, thickness and width of the struts may be used to provide a distal anchor that deforms asymmetrically in as least one dimension. This may be advantageous for resisting migration of the anchor in a particular direction. InFIGS. 22A and 22B, for example, struts138 of thedeformable zone140 expands with a proximal bias because ofproximal regions142 of narrower widths, which may be beneficial in resisting migration from the proximal tension exerted through thetether28.
• In some embodiments of the invention, the deformable zone may comprise at least one prong with one end that is not joined to either the distal end or proximal end of the tube segment. When the distal end and proximal end of the tube segment is brought closer together, the free end of the prong is able to splay outward and engage the tongue tissue. The strut may or may not have an intrinsic outward bias.FIGS. 23A and 23B depict one embodiment of theinvention comprising prongs144 attached to thedistal end146 of theanchor148. When proximal tension is placed upon thetether28, theprongs144 contact and slide away from theproximal end150 of theanchor146, thereby splaying in a radially outward direction to engage the tongue tissue. In other embodiments, the anchor152 comprises an alternating or other arrangement ofmulti-directional prongs154,156. InFIGS. 24A and 24B, alternating distal end and proximal end prongs154,156 are provided to engage the surrounding tissue from multiple directions. Although the prongs depicted inFIGS. 23A through 24B areflat prongs144,154,156, the prongs may have any of a variety of cross-sectional shapes, including triangles, circles, square or any of a variety of other shapes. The end of each prong may be also configured with additional structures to modify the tissue engagement characteristics of the anchor. In some embodiments, the prong ends may be configured with spheres or other smooth surfaces to reduce the risk of tissue laceration from chronic tension exerted by the tether. In other embodiments, the prong ends are configured with barbs or hooks to further enhance tissue engagement. One skilled in the art can configure or select the prongs with the desired features for a given patient's anatomy and pathophysiology.
• In another embodiment of the invention, thedistal anchor500 comprises at least one deformable hook element, and preferably a plurality ofdeformable hook elements502,504. The plurality ofhook elements502,504 may be spaced circumferentially and/or longitudinally on thedistal anchor500 in any of a variety of configurations, at regular or irregular positions. Thehook elements502,504 may be arranged individually about the distal anchor or placed in one or more groups about thedistal anchor500. A tether is typically attached to thedistal anchor500 about itsproximal end521. In the specific embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 60A to60D, thedistal anchor500 comprises aproximal group506 of fourhook elements502 and adistal group508 of four hooks504. Thehook elements502,504 within eachgroup506,508 are spaced about 90 degrees apart and theproximal group506 is offset from thedistal group508 by about forty-five degrees. In other embodiments, one or more of the angles between thehook elements502,504 and/orhook groups506,508 may be different. For example, the hook elements may be spaced such that the distal anchor has a left/right symmetry but a smaller vertical profile than horizontal profile when fully deployed into tissue. In still other embodiments, the hook elements may or may not have a left/right symmetry, and/or may have similar or dissimilar sizes, shapes and/or lengths. Thehook elements502,504 may be provided with sharp or tapered distal ends510,512 as depicted inFIGS. 60A to60E, but in other embodiments, the ends may have blunt or have other configurations. Each end of the hook element need not have the same configuration. Thedistal anchor500 illustrated inFIGS. 60A to60D may also be combined with other features and structures described herein, including but not limited to biocompatible or biodegradable coatings.
• Thedistal anchor500 inFIGS. 60A to60D comprisegroups506,508 of symmetrical U-shaped planar structures514 with one hook element on each end, as depicted inFIG. 60E, and restrained by aband516 and aninner core518 about their proximal ends520,522, as depicted inFIGS. 60C and 60D. One of skill in the art can produce any of a variety of expandable hook structures for deployment in the tongue without undue experimentation and will understand that the embodiments of the invention are not limited to the arrangements of U-shaped symmetrical hook element structures. For example, in other embodiments, the distal anchor may have a unibody construction, or may comprise a plurality of non-symmetrical and/or multi-planar components. In one specific embodiment, the plurality of piercing or grasping elongate members may be provided using one or more X- or asterisk-like structure formed into a multi-planar structure. Each group may be formed from the same or a different X or asterisk-like structure.
• As shown inFIG. 60A, thedistal anchor500 may comprise a low-profile delivery configuration to facilitate minimally invasive implantation of thedistal anchor500 and, as shown inFIG. 60B, an expanded deployment configuration to engage the surrounding soft tissue. In the low-profile delivery configuration, eachhook element502,504 generally has a straighter configuration to facilitate insertion of thedistal anchor500 into the soft tissue using a delivery device. The delivery device may be configured to restrain the hook elements in the straighter low-profile configuration until the distal anchor is deployed. As illustrated inFIG. 62A, one embodiment of thedelivery device700 for deploying a distal anchor comprises atubular body702 with apushrod704, spring structure or other structure for displacing a distal anchor out of thedistal opening706 of thetubular body702. In other embodiments, the tubular structure may be retracted or withdrawn relative to the pushrod. One embodiment of a delivery device is discussed in greater detail below.
• As each hook element is exposed relative to thedistal opening706 of thetubular body702, the distal tip of each hook element is no longer restrained and can revert back to its deployment configuration to engage the surrounding tissue. In the embodiment depicted inFIG. 60B, the distal ends510,512 of thehook elements502,504 are configured to curl back onto themselves to form a loop-like structure524. In other embodiments, the hook elements may curl to a greater or lesser extent, have a tighter or looser curl, and/or may have a more angular configuration when deployed. In some embodiments, due to the expansion bias of thehook elements502,504 in the deployment configuration, as the distal ends510,512 of thehook elements502,504 are partially exposed from the delivery tool, the expansion of thehook elements502,504 may cause theproximal portions520,522 of thedistal anchor500 to be quickly pulled out of the delivery tool unless restrained or controlled in some manner. In some instances, the rapid expansion of thehook elements502,504 out of the delivery tool may facilitate its engagement of the surrounding tongue tissue by virtue of the rate with which the hook elements pierces or grabs the surrounding soft tissue. With a slower deployment speed, the soft tissue may get pushed away or displaced from the curlinghook elements502,504, rather than being engaged, captured, pierced or grasped. Additional features on the hook elements, including but not limited to tissue ingrowth surfaces or barbs, may be used to enhance engagement of the tissue anchor to the surrounding tissue in some instances when a slower delivery speed is desirable but provides inadequate tissue engagement. Preferably, the deformable or expandable piercing or grasping members of the distal anchor comprise a metal such as Nitinol or superelastic Nitinol, but other materials may also be used and are described in greater detail below.
• Although the distal anchor structure shown inFIGS. 60A to60D and in other figures are described in the context of tongue manipulation, such structures may be applicable to a variety of other tissue structures, anatomical locations and treatments. Other tissue structures may include bone, fat, ligament, tendon, liver, striated and smooth muscle. Other anatomical locations may include the nasopharynx, soft palate, hard palate, pharyngeal wall, GI tract, bronchial tree, biliary tree, and genitourinary tract.
• Referring toFIGS. 25A through 25C, in another embodiment of the invention, the anchor or plug157 may be at least partially formed in situ within thetongue9. As shown inFIG. 25C, aninjectable material159 may be formulated to set in situ, to form theanchor157 or plug, possessing the desired shape, position and mechanical properties to engage or resist migration from the surroundingtongue9 or other soft tissue. Atether28 may be positioned at the site of formation before, during or after the injection of thematerial159. The portion of the tether embedded in the anchor or plug157 may be configured to resist separation from thematerial159, typically by one or more transverse elements, but one skilled in the art will understand that any of a variety of protrusions or other three-dimensional structures may be used.
• Theanchor157 may comprise aninjectable material159 having one or more biocompatible liquid components, or one or more solid biocompatible components carried in one or more liquid biocompatible components. As depicted inFIG. 25B, thematerial159 may be injected as a liquid or slurry into thetongue9 or other soft tissue region by a syringe orother delivery tool161. Upon mixing, the components cross-link, polymerize, or otherwise chemically react to create the in situ biocompatible, non-liquid, staticmechanical anchor157 or plug, as shown inFIG. 25C. In one embodiment, thedelivery tool161 has at least two injection lumens for delivering the components separately to the target site to prevent premature reaction of the components within thedelivery tool161 or elsewhere.
• Referring toFIG. 25A, in some embodiments, prior to injection of thematerial159, the targeted tissue region may be dilated by use of a trocar, balloon catheter or other expandable structure, to open atissue space163 in thetongue9 to receive theinjectable material159. During dilation, thetissue space163 may be deliberately sized and shaped, so that the resultingmaterial159 injected into thetissue space163 will possess the size, shape, and physical characteristics to resist migration within the surrounding soft tissue.
• The biocompatible liquid component may comprise, e.g., an Elastin™ media. Alternatively, the liquid component may comprise an oil or low viscosity liquid that is biocompatible to impart the desired features and/or shape to theanchor157. The solid component may be a polyvinyl acetate (PVA) or foam that is appropriately sealed to provide biocompatibility. Other materials such as silicone rubber, elastomeric polymers and polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon® Material, from DuPont) may also be selected. Alternatively, a powder, small spheres, microtubules or shavings of solid material can be mixed with a slurry or liquid.
• Referring toFIGS. 26A and 26B, alternatively, theinjectable material159 may be injected into afillable structure165 that is itself implanted in a targeted tissue region. The fillable structure is preferably pre-shaped, expandable to assume the desired inflated shape, position, and mechanical properties. Atether28 may or may not be integrated with thefillable structure165.
• As illustrated inFIGS. 26C and 26D, once suitably implanted, thefillable structure165 is inflated by infusion of theinjectable material159, which is dispensed from a syringe orother delivery tool161. In one embodiment, theinjectable material159 may be formulated to set in situ within thefillable structure165, thefillable structure165 and its contents serving as ananchor157 or plug, possessing the shape, position and mechanical properties to resist migration. It should be appreciated that, when anexpandable fillable structure165 is used to house theinjectable material159, a fluid (e.g. saline) or slurry that does not set or cure in situ may be also used to form ananchor157 or plug. Furthermore, theinjectable material159 may be formulated to be injected as a gel that need not set or cure to perform its desired function.
• Thefillable structure165 may comprise a bioresorbable material, such as polyglycolic acid, a polymer used for resorbable sutures and other devices within the body. In this arrangement, onceexpandable fillable structure165 is resorbed, only the core ofinjectable material159 will remain to serve as the anchor or plug. Thefillable structure165 may also have one or more porous regions. Each porous region may be full thickness or partial thickness porous regions. One or more full thickness porous regions may allow escape of trapped air, if any, during the injection procedure. Depending on the pore size, the full thickness porous regions may also allow partial extrusion of one or more components of theinjectable material159 from thefillable structure165 to interface with the surrounding tissue.
• One or more partial thickness porous regions on the outer surface of thefillable structure165 may allow tissue ingrowth into thefillable structure165 or increase the frictional resistance between thefillable structure165 and the surrounding tissue to further resist migration. One or more porous regions may also be provided on the inner surface of thefillable structure165 to allow theinjectable material159 to form an interlocking configuration withfillable structure165 which can resist separation or movement at the interface between thefillable structure165 and the core formed in situ by the injectable material.
• In one embodiment of the invention, the anchor is integral with a tether and comprises a tubular elastic member wherein one or more regions of the elastic member are configured to expand and occupy a larger space when the tubular elastic member is filled or pressurized with the injectable material. In one embodiment the anchor portion of the tubular elastic member comprises a thin walled region configured to expand to a greater size than other portion of the tubular elastic member.
• 2. Tether
• In some embodiments of the invention, the tethers of the tongue elements comprise sutures or wires that are well known in the art. Such materials are generally inelastic and may be useful to fix the distance between the distal anchor and the proximal anchor or securing assembly. For reasons previously mentioned, however, a tether with elastic properties or comprising structures that provide a length/tension relationship may be preferred in some instances. A tether capable of lengthening in response to increased load or tension may be optimized to provide sufficient bias to reduce the effects of oropharyngeal occlusion while providing a more physiologic range of tongue motion than that produced by fixed length tethers. Fixed length glossoplasty or suspension of the tongue may be the cause of odynophagia, dysphagia and deglutition problems seen with existing tongue remodeling devices, but the current invention is not limited to this purpose. A tether with elastomeric properties may be provided by using materials such as but not limited to urethane or silicone. One skilled in the art can select the particular material, tether length, diameter, cross-sectional shape and other features based upon the desired effect, tolerances, and the particular patient's anatomical characteristics. Other materials that may comprise the tether include but are not limited to Nitinol, spring steel, tantalum, polyethylene, polyester, silk, polypropylene, polyolefin or a combination thereof.
• Other tether configurations that may be used include passive and active variable length or bias structures such as braided or woven structures, electropolymers, springs, coils, magnets or solenoids. Thus, in some of the embodiments, the tether configuration may actively change in length in length or configuration resulting from the application of external energy or force such as electrical current or magnets. These active tether configurations may be further configured with local or distal sensor components that may modulate the activity of the external energy or force acting on the active tether. The modulation may be influenced or triggered by detection of diaphragm movement or depolarization activity, nerve depolarization, pressure changes and/mechanical contact in the airway.
• The tether may also be covered by a lubricious biocompatible coating. In another embodiment, the tether comprises a bioabsorbable coating that may cause scar or connective tissue formation about the tether. Scar tissue formation may further enhance the effect of the glossoplasty implant by tightening the tongue tissue and/or to resist migration of the implant.
• In some embodiments, the proximal tether of the tongue element may be configured with one or more structures or surfaces capable of engaging at least a portion of the tongue tissue surrounding the tether so that a distal anchor is not required, or to distribute the tissue engagement. In still other embodiments, the tongue element may comprise multiple distal anchors and multiple tethers arranged in a serial or branching fashion.
• FIG. 27 depicts one embodiment of the invention comprising an elastomeric cord that may be used for thetether28. Theelastomeric cord154 may comprise single or multiple tightly woundelastomeric members156, as shown inFIG. 28. Referring toFIG. 29, in other embodiments, the tether may comprise a structure having spring-like or resilient properties, such as a braided structure, a woven structure, or a metallic orpolymeric coil158.
• The tether may also comprise a variety of other tension structures that provide length/tension relationships.FIG. 30 depicts one embodiment of the invention comprising apneumatic casing160 with afirst tether162 fixed to one end of thepneumatic casing160 and asecond tether164 attached to amovable piston166 within thecasing160 which is capable of reversible movement within thepneumatic casing160 depending upon tension exerted through the first andsecond tethers162,164. Avacuum chamber168 provides a shortening bias to thesecond tether164. In another embodiment of the invention, shown inFIG. 31, thepneumatic casing170 comprising a firstmovable piston166 attached to afirst tether164 and a secondmovable piston172 attached to thesecond tether174. By having twomovable pistons166,172 incorporated into thepneumatic casing190, thecasing170 can remain in a fixed position within thetongue9 while distributing changes in distance between both the first andsecond tether164,174, which may reduce the irritation and inflammation caused by excessive movement of any one part of the tether system.
• The tether may be further configured to provide one or more structures for adjustable mechanical interfacing with the securing structure of the implant. These structures may includebead structures176, as shown inFIG. 32, or rampedstructures178 as shown inFIG. 33. The particular structure on thetether28 can be selected by one skilled in the art based upon particular interface characteristics desired with the securing assembly.
• Although in some embodiments of the invention, the tongue element comprises a single elongate tether having one proximal end, one distal end, and a single distal anchor attached to the distal end of the tether, other configurations of the tongue element are also envisioned. In one embodiment, depicted inFIG. 34, thetongue element179 comprises a tether181 adistal anchor183, and at least oneadditional anchor185,187 along the length of thetether181, arranged serially. Themultiple anchors183,185,187 need not be of the same configuration and need not be spaced regularly along the segment or length oftether181. In another embodiment, depicted inFIG. 35, thetether189 may have one or more branches,191,193,195. Thebranches191,193,195 may originate from themain tether trunk197, or may branch fromother branches191,193,195 of thetether189. In one embodiment, the branchingtether189 had a singleproximal end199 and two or more distal ends201,203,205. Tissue anchors207,209 may be located along a branchingtether189 at the distal ends201,203,205, abranch point211, or any other position along the branchingtether189. Thebranches201,203,205 of thetether189 need not be symmetrical in branch length, diameter, elasticity, branch configuration or other characteristics.
• In another embodiment, shown inFIG. 36, thetether213 may comprise two or more proximal ends215,217, that are attachable to the same or different anatomical structures. Atongue element219 having two or moreproximal attachments221,223 may be beneficial in limiting tongue movement ordistal anchor225 movement in more than one direction. The various features of the tongue element described above may be used in various combinations to achieve the desired effect from the glossoplasty system.
• FIG. 37 depicts another embodiment comprising a tether loop227 having twoends229,231 wherein the two ends229,231 are joined and the tether loop227 is engaged to a securingassembly24. The tether loop227 may comprise one ormore regions233 of an expanded diameter or size to reduce the risk of the loop227 cutting through thetongue9 due to chronic tether tension and with tongue movement. The tether loop227 may have a fixed region of increased diameter, a self-expanding region, a balloon or fluid expanding region or an in situ formed expanded region.
• FIG. 38 illustrates another embodiment of the invention comprising atether235 with twoends237,239 and at least onetissue anchor241 attached to thetether235 between the two ends237,239. The two ends237,239 of thetether235 may be attached to the same site or same securing assembly, or at twodifferent sites243,245. Although the relative locations of the twosites243,245 as shown inFIG. 38 are symmetrical with respect to the midline of thetongue9 andmandible13, in other embodiments the location may be asymmetrical.
• FIG. 60F depicts another embodiment of the invention, comprising atether28 that is looped or threaded through theproximal end521 of thedistal anchor500 fromFIG. 60B. Typically, the proximal end of thedistal anchor500 is positioned about halfway between thefirst end23 andsecond end25 of thetether28, but may also be positioned at other locations between the first and second ends23,25. Referring toFIG. 60G, one ormore knots27 are optionally provided to resist slippage of thedistal anchor500 along the length of thetether28. One ormore knots27 and/or other securing methods (e.g. gluing or melting the elongate member to itself) may also be used to prevent thedistal anchor500 from separating from thetether28 should a section of the tether2between the knot(s)27 and one of theends23,25 be severed. The optional knot(s)27 will keep thedistal anchor500 secured to thetether28 and allow the remaining intact section of thetether28 to maintain its connection to the securingassembly600. The connection of thetether28 to thedistal anchor500 is typically performed at the point of manufacture, but in other embodiments of the invention, one or more attachments may be performed at the point of use to allow customization of the tongue element. As mentioned previously, thedistal anchor500 is preferably implanted into the tongue prior the attachment of the first and second ends23,25 of thetether28 to the securingassembly500, but in other embodiments, thedistal anchor500 andtether22 are pre-attached to the securingassembly600 when thedistal anchor500 is implanted.
• 3. Securing Assembly
• As mentioned previously, bone anchors or screws, clips, staples and other devices well known in the art may be used for directly attaching atongue element22 to amandible13 or other rigid structure. Preferably, however, atether securing assembly24 is provided to facilitate attachment, removal and/or adjustment of thetether28 to an attachment structure. More preferably,tether securing structures24 that allow adjustment in a minimally invasive manner are used. In some embodiments, one tether securing structure is provided for eachtongue element22 of the glossoplasty system. In other embodiments, more than onetongue element22 may be secured to each retaining structure.
• FIG. 39 depicts one embodiment of anattachment structure180. Theattachment structure180 comprises one or more bone engaging elements to attach the attachment structure to a bone or other structure such as a bone screw oranchor34. Angled protrusions ortabs182 projecting from theattachment structure180 provide securinginterfaces32 may be used to lodge and retain one ormore tethers28 through frictional resistance. Thetether28 may be wound between the twoangled protrusions182 to further enhance the frictional resistance between theprotrusions182 andtether28, and also to localize excess tether material for access at a later date. If thetongue element22 was secured with excessive tension, the excess tether material may be unwound, loosened to a desired tension and rewound onto theprotrusions182. Once the desired tension is determined over the course of days, weeks or months post-implantations, any excess tether material not required to secure thetether28 to theattachment structure180 may be removed to reduce the infection risk from unnecessary foreign body material. In some embodiments of the invention, a conduit or bore hole is provided in themandible13 or other bone, anaccess hole184 may be provided in theattachment structures180 and theattachment structure180 may be positioned directly over the conduit or bore hole.
• FIGS. 40A through 40C depict another embodiment of attachment structure comprising abone screw186 with a clampinginterface188 for retainingtethers28. The clampinginterface188 comprises two opposingsurfaces190,192 or structures that are adapted to provide a frictional or mechanical interface withtethers28 or other elongate members inserted within the clampinginterface188. The clampinginterface188 has an open configuration depicted inFIGS. 40B and 40C to allow positioning of one ormore tethers28 within theinterface188 and a closed configuration shown inFIG. 40A for retaining thetethers28. The closed configuration may be achieved by crimping the two opposingsurfaces190,192 or by further structures of the clamping interface, such as complementary clasps or clip structures that are well known in the art to fix the opposingsurfaces190,192 together. Referring toFIG. 40C, the clampinginterface188 may further comprisecomplementary indentations194 andprotrusions196 to further enhance the frictional resistance of the interface in the closed configuration. The opposing surfaces or structures of the clamping interface may also be configured with frictional surfaces that are well known in the art through the use of various materials, surface treatments or configurations. Frictional surface configurations may also include cross hatched surfaces or irregular porous surfaces.
• FIGS. 41A and 41B illustrate another embodiment of theattachment structure198 comprising aretaining lumen200 for inserting one ormore tethers28 and accepting a retainingbolt202 for securing thetethers200 within theretaining lumen200. Typically the retainingbolt202 will comprise a threadedsurface204 that is complementary to a threadedsurface206 of theretaining lumen200.
• In some embodiments of the invention, the securing assembly is capable of adjusting the tension acting on the tether without directly accessing and manipulating the tether. This may reduce the need to perform an open procedure to access the securing assembly and locate small, hard-to-find tether ends. Preferably, the tension adjustment may be facilitated through an adjustment tool interface that can be accessed in a minimally invasive manner.
• As previously illustrated inFIGS. 7A through 7F, in some embodiments of the invention, the securingassembly60 is adapted for insertion into a conduit created through themandible13 or other bone. A securingassembly60 with a reduced or flush profile may be beneficial by minimizing or eliminating any palpability or visibility of the implant. Some patients may find that palpable or visible surface landmarks of the implant are psychologically or cosmetically unacceptable. Although the securing assemblies described below are described in the context of insertion into a conduit through the mandible, these securing assemblies may adapted for attachment to the exterior of the bone by providing an attachment structure with an aperture on the exterior surface of the securing structure capable of accepting a bone screw.
• Referring toFIGS. 42A through 42D, in one embodiment of the invention, a securingassembly217 comprises anelongate body208 with alumen210 and an inner threadedsurface212, and a core214 withexternal surface threads216 complementary to the threadedlumen surface212 of thelumen210 and capable of forming a rotational interface with theelongate body208. Thecore214 may be directly attached or attachable to one ormore tethers216 of the glossoplasty system. After implantation of the distal anchor in the tongue, tether tension can be adjusted by rotating thecore214 within the threadedlumen210 which in turn adjusts the distance between the distal anchor and thecore214 within thelumen210 of theelongate body208. In one embodiment, where thetether216 is directly attached to thecore214, rotation of the core214 with arotation tool240 will adjust the tether tension and result in translation of the core rotation into torque acting on thetether216 and distal anchor, which may or may not result in unacceptable rotation of thetether216 and distal anchor. This torque effect may cause increased tension in thetether216 from twisting causing further reduction in the distance between the core and the distal anchor. The torque effect may cause rotational laceration of the tongue tissue about the distal anchor. In other embodiments, however, the torque effect may be advantageous in taking up excess slack in the tether.
• The securingassembly217 may be threaded on itsexternal surface222 to allow secure positioning of theelongate body208 within the bone conduit of a bone. Although thelumen210 is generally circular in cross section, the cross sectional shape of theexternal surfaces222 of theelongate body208 need not be circular, and could be oval, rectangular, square, polygonal or any other of a variety of cross sectional shapes. Theexternal surface222 may also have other surface characteristics or structures to resist migration, including but not limited to ridges, barbs, hooks, and/or porous surfaces for bone ingrowth. Theelongate body208 may also comprise a flange on theproximal end218 to resist migration of theelongate body208 in the distal direction. Theproximal end218 of theelongate body208 is typically open ended to allow insertion of the threadedcore214 after implantation of theelongate body208. In other embodiments, theproximal end218 of theelongate body208 is partially closed and is configured to accept the threadedcore214 at thedistal end220. In still other embodiments, theelongate body208 is open at both ends. Preferably, thedistal end220 of theelongate body208 is partially closed to prevent accidental release and loss of the threaded core if the core is overadjusted while still open sufficiently to allow passage of one or more tethers into the elongate body. In some embodiments of the invention, a slip interface is provided at the attachment of the tether to the distal anchor to resist rotation of the distal anchor with adjustment of tether tension.
• As shown inFIG. 42A, the threadedcore214 is a cylindrical component with aproximal end224,distal end220, and a threadedexternal surface228 complementary to the threaded innerlumenal surface212 of theelongate body208. The threadedcore214 further comprises a firstpartial slot230 that is generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of thecore214 and asecond slot232 that is generally between the first slot, the external surface and the distal end of the core. Thesecond slot232 is dimensioned to allow passage of at least the diameter of onetether216 but to resist passage of thetether216 when the external surface of thecore214 is in contact with the innerlumenal surface212 of theelongate body208 and where theproximal end234 of thetether216 is configured to with an increased diameter, in some examples, by tying thetether end234 into one or more knots, or to attach the tethers end234 to an enlarged surface area slippage component, such as a rod,disc236 or plate. The first andsecond slots230,232 are generally dimensioned to align the center of thedisc236 with the center of thedistal end226 of thecore214, but it is not required. Alignment of the centers allows thetether216 to maintain a generally stable position while thecore214 is rotated. If either the first orsecond slot230,232 does not include the center of thecore214, the tether may wobble eccentrically when thecore214 is rotated.FIG. 42B illustrates one embodiment of the securing assembly where thetether216 is attached to adisc236, which is then passed through thesecond slot232 and into thefirst slot230. Although it is preferred that thefirst slot230 be generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the core214 to evenly distribute frictional forces between the core and tether end, this is not required. In some embodiments, thefirst slot230 may be oriented within the range of about zero degrees to about 180 degrees with respect to the longitudinal axis of thecore214. In other embodiments, thefirst slot230 is oriented between about 45 degrees and 135 degrees, and in still other embodiments to about 75 degrees to about 110 degrees. Thecore214 further comprises amechanical interface238 on itsproximal end224 for engaging arotational tool240. As shown inFIGS. 42C and 42D, when thecore214 is rotated within thelumen210, the position of the core214 with respect to thelumen210 is changed, thereby adjusting the tension in thetether216. Thefirst slot230,second slot232, and/orslippage component236 may be covered with PTFE or another lubricious coating to minimize rotation of thetether216 from rotation of thecore214 due to friction between the tether/slippage component236 andcore214.
• FIGS. 43A through 43E depict another embodiment of the invention for restricting rotation of the tether. Here, thecore242 is rotatably attached to anintermediate tether interface244 by arod246 or other structure. Theintermediate tether interface244 may be any structure that is rotatably attached to thecore242 and comprises one or morekeyed structures248 that form a partial mechanical interfit with a complementary groove or track250 on the inner threadedsurface252 of theelongate body254 that allows sliding of theintermediate tether interface244 along the longitudinal axis of theelongate body254 while restricting rotation of theintermediate tether interface244. Thegroove250 typically has a generally linear configuration oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of theelongate body254, but thegroove250 may also have other configurations and orientations. In some embodiments, the groove may have a spiral configuration within the inner threadedsurface252 of the elongate body, thereby allow some torque transmission to the tether. The pitch of the spiral configuration may be constant or variable. For example, in some embodiments, the groove may have a tighter pitch proximally, so that it the keyed structure can impart greater rotation to the tether as the longitudinal displacement range limit is reached. Thekeyed structure248 may comprise any of a variety of shapes sufficient to restrict rotation and need not be exactly matched in cross sectional shape and/or surface area to the groove or tract. Thekeyed structure248 and/or the groove of theelongate body250 may be coated with PTFE and/or other lubricious coating to reduce friction and promote sliding of thekeyed structure248 long thegroove250. Thekeyed structure248 depictedFIGS. 43B and 43C are square shaped, while thekeyed structures256 depicted inFIGS. 43D and 43E are triangular.FIGS. 44A and 44B are cross sectional and end elevational views of one embodiment of the securingassembly257 configured with akeyed groove250 and inner threadedsurface252 to accept a threadedcore242 attached to a keyedintermediate tether interface244.
• Theintermediate tether interface244 may be configured with a variety of structures to which one or more tethers may be attached.FIG. 43B depicts atether interface244 configured with asingle hole258 to accept a single tether, whileFIG. 43C depicts another tether interface260 configured with threeholes256 capable of accepting up to three tethers.FIG. 43D depicts still anothertether interface262 with threeeyelet attaching sites264, whileFIG. 43E illustrates atether interface266 withcircular post268 capable of engaging a number of attached tethers.
• FIGS. 45A and 45B depict one embodiment of the invention utilizing thecore242 andtether interface244 depicted inFIG. 43A and the securingassembly257 shown inFIGS. 44A and 44B. Thekeyed structure248 of thetether interface244 remains in thegroove250 or tract of theelongate body254 to restrict rotation of theinterface244. Therod246 of the threadedcore242 and/or therod lumen290 of thetether interface244 may be coated with PTFE and/or other lubricious coating to reduce friction at the rod rotation site.
• In another embodiment of the invention, shown inFIGS. 46A and 46B, a securingassembly292 comprises anelongate body294 with an unthreadedlumen296 containing adrive screw298 and akeyed tether interface300. Thedrive screw298 is supported within the unthreadedlumen296 bythreadless supports302,304 that allow thedrive screw298 to remain in the same general location when rotated. The keyedtether interface300 is manipulable using adrive screw298. The keyedtether interface300 has a threadedopening306 that is complementary to thethreads308 of thedrive screw298. Rotation of thedrive screw298 causes movement of the keyedtether interface300 along the longitudinal axis of the unthreadedlumen296 of the securingassembly292. Although the embodiment shown inFIGS. 46A and 46B depict adrive screw298 located off-center from the longitudinal axis of theelongate body294, thedrive screw298 may be configured with respect to theelongate body294 andtether interface300 at any of a variety of locations relative to the central longitudinal axis. One skilled in the art can select the diameter of thedrive screw298 and the thread pitch of thedrive screw298 and threadedlumen306 of thetether interface300 to achieve the desired adjustment characteristics.
• Referring toFIGS. 47A through 47D, in one embodiment of the invention, the securingassembly310 comprises a sealedcavity312 wherein one section of the sealedcavity312 comprises a sealedaccess interface314 and a second portion of the sealed cavity comprises a slidingseal316 attached to atether28. The sealedcavity312 may be filled with a volume of gas or preferably a liquid316 that can be changed by adding or removing the fluid through theaccess interface314. The slidingseal316 is configured to move with changes in fluid volume of the sealedcavity312. As shown inFIGS. 47B and 47C, theaccess interface314 is preferably configured as a self-sealingpierceable membrane318 so that the sealed cavity may be accessed with ahypodermic needle320 that is percutaneously inserted through themembrane318 in a minimally invasive fashion. Alternatively, theaccess interface314 may comprise any of a variety of sealed mechanical valves or other interfaces that are well known in the art. The securingassembly310 shown inFIGS. 47A through 47C further comprise aflange322 at the proximal end of the securing assembly to restrict further distal migration of the securing assembly.FIG. 47D depicts an alternative embodiment of the securing assembly324 lacking a flange and comprising a threaded orfrictional surface326 on at least a portion of theexternal surface328. Limiting the threaded orfrictional surface326 to only a portion of theexternal surface328 may facilitate insertion of the securingassembly310 into a bony conduit while still providing sufficient friction to resist migration of theassembly310. Although thetether330 depicted inFIGS. 47A through 47D is embedded into the slidingseal316 of the securingassembly310, the slidingseal316 may also be configured with any of a variety of attachment structures to allow attachment of one or more tethers to the slidingseal316.
• In one embodiment of the invention, illustrated inFIGS. 48A and 48B, a securingassembly332 comprises a taperedelongate body334 through which one ormore tethers336 may be passed into or through thelumen338 of theelongate body334. Thetethers336 may be secured to the securingassembly332 by africtional core340 that can be snugly inserted into the taperedlumen338 of the taperedelongate body334. Thefrictional core340 may comprise any of a variety of frictional materials, including silicone, rubber, metal, polymers or a combination thereof. While thefrictional core338 forms a friction fit with thetether336, the fit to the taperedlumen338 may be frictional or mechanical. The surface of thelumen338 may or may not be coated with frictional materials to further enhance the frictional securing of thetethers336 between the core340 andlumen338. Thefrictional core340 may be inserted and removed through a recessedinterface342 that is configured to accept a complementary core attachment tool. Alternatively or additionally, thefrictional core340 may also comprise a patterned, rough or porous surface, such as a knurled or grooved surface. Alternatively, thefrictional core340 may comprise a protruding structure with can be engaged with forceps or other grasping tool for insertion and/or removal.
• In one embodiment of the invention, shown inFIGS. 49A through 49D, a securingassembly344 comprises anelongate body346, atapered lumen348, and apronged core350 capable of forming a mechanical stop or frictional surface to restrict movement of one ormore tethers352. The taperedlumen348 comprises a proximal threadedlumen352 and a distal taperedlumen354 through which atether356 may be passed. Thepronged core350 comprises a proximal threadedexternal surface358 that is complementary to the proximal threadedlumen352 of theelongate body346, and one or moredistal prongs360 that are capable of inward deflection. When thepronged core350 is inserted into theelongate body346, as depicted inFIG. 49C, as thepronged core350 is rotated and advanced distally, the prong orprongs360 are deflected radially inward by the taperedlumen354. In some embodiments, shown inFIGS. 49B through 49D, the distal ends362 of at least some prongs may be curved or angled inward to form a mechanical stop interface capable of restricting abeaded tether356 or other similarly configured tethers with segments of increased cross sectional area. In other embodiments, the distal ends362 of theprongs360 are capable of reducing sufficiently to form a frictional aperture that is capable of resisting sliding of a tether about the prong ends362.
• Referring toFIGS. 50A through 50F, another embodiment of the invention comprises anelongate body364 with a frictional internallumenal surface366 and africtional core368. Thefrictional core368 is configured to resist movement within the internallumenal surface366 by exertion of force within the broad range of force expected by physiologic activities acting on one or more attached tongue elements, but is also capable of movement with the application of supraphysiologic forces through a frictionalcore movement tool370. One embodiment of themovement tool370 is depicted inFIG. 50B. Theinterface372 between themovement tool370 and thefrictional core368 may comprise any of a variety of mechanical interfaces known in the art sufficient to transmit adequate pulling and pushing force to the frictional core. Theinterface372 shown inFIGS. 50A and 50C though50F allow engagement of thefrictional core368 following insertion and rotation of themovement tool370 with one ormore arms374 capable of resisting dislodgement from thefrictional core368 when in the rotated position.
• In still another embodiment of the invention, illustrated inFIGS. 51A to51E, the securingassembly376 comprises anelongate body378 with alumen380 and anexpandable tether core382. Theexpandable tether core382 is configured to allow attachment of one ormore tethers384 and to also reversibly radially expand and contract such that the expanded radius of thecore382 is capable of forming a frictional and/or mechanical fit with thelumen wall386 of theelongate body378. In one embodiment of the invention, depicted inFIGS. 51A through 51E, theexpandable core382 comprises aproximal end388 and a threadeddistal end390, a threadeddrive screw392 through theproximal end388 and threadably engaged to the threadeddistal end390, and one or moreexpandable members394 between theproximal end388 anddistal end390. When thedrive screw392 is rotated, as shown inFIG. 51C, thedistal end390 of theexpandable core382 is brought closer to theproximal end388, causing deformation of theexpandable members394 which can then engage thelumen wall386, as shown inFIG. 51E. Theproximal end388 of theexpandable tether core382 may have aflange396 to facilitate engagement by adeployment tool398. Thedeployment tool398 have grasper400 adapted to engage and hold theflange396 while anextendable shaft402 can form an interfit with thedrive screw392 and rotate thedrive screw392.
• In another embodiment of the invention, the securing assembly comprises a spool or rotation assembly for adjusting the tether length or tether tension between the securing assembly and distal anchor. Referring toFIGS. 61A to61I, in one embodiment of the invention, the securingassembly600 comprises afastener interface602 for attaching the securingassembly600 to a bone or other tissue and aspool assembly604, thespool assembly604 comprising aspool606 and aspool lock608. Thespool lock608 allows the rotation of thespool606 to take up or release a portion of the tether when desired, while resisting unintentional uptake or release of the tether at other times. In the specific embodiment depicted inFIGS. 61A to61I, thespool606 comprises one ormore spool hubs610 onto which one or more tethers may be wound or unwound. Optionally, one ormore flange structures612,614 are provided on thespool606 to help maintain the tether on thespool hub610. In other embodiments, grooves or a slip-resistant surface on the spool hub may be used to maintain the tether on the spool hub, with or without spool flanges. Typically, twoflange structures612,614 are provided, but in other embodiments of the invention, only one flange structure is needed as other portions of the securingassembly housing616 may act to maintain the tether on thespool hub610. Thespool hub610 typically has a circular cross-section, but any of a variety of other cross-sectional shapes may also be used. Furthermore, although thespool hub610 described, for example, inFIG. 61G comprises a cylindrical surface, the spool hub may be any structure capable of winding a tether about it, e.g. in some embodiments, the spool hub may be the region where two flanges are joined.
• The spool may further comprise one or more engagement structures for engaging the tether or elongate element. For example, inFIG. 61D, theinferior flange612 of thespool606 comprises one ormore holes618 for attaching the tether. One of skill in the art will understand that any of a variety of alternative engagement structures may be provide on the spool, spool flange or spool hub, including hooks, clips, clasps, crimp structures or any combination thereof.
• In a further embodiment of the invention, the spool assembly may comprise two or more spools for winding the tether. Use of multiple spools may allow the use of smaller spools and/or use of non-circular tether uptake paths, which may allow the construction of securing assemblies having a reduced profile compared to securing assemblies comprising a single large spool.
• Thespool assembly604 may further comprise aspool adjustment interface620. Referring toFIGS. 61H and 61I, thespool adjustment interface620 is typically located at the center of thespool606 and is configured to form an interfit with anadjustment tool621 for rotating thespool606. Theadjustment tool621 may optionally have a sharp distal end so that the adjustment tool may also be used to provide direct access to thespool606 without the preforming the access pathway, or having to use a cannula, introducer, trocar or access needle first. In further embodiments, theadjustment tool621 may also be used to displace thespool606 in one or more directions. Spool displacement, whether perpendicular to its rotation axis or longitudinally along its rotation axis, as depicted inFIGS. 61H and 61I, may be used to switch the spool between its locking and rotation configurations. In other embodiments, spool displacement may be used to wind the tether onto a secondary spool hub of the spool having a different diameter to provide a different rate of tether winding per rotation, for example, on a frusta-conical spool hub.
• To facilitate the insertion of theadjustment tool621 into thespool adjustment interface620, theadjacent flange612 may have a tapered orconical surface623 to help guide anadjustment tool621 into thespool adjustment interface620. Other tapered orgrooved structures623 on the securingassembly600 may also be provided to guide theadjustment tool621 from other locations about the securingassembly600.
• In other embodiments, the spool adjustment interface may be provided on a cog or disc, which in turn is configured to rotate the spool for adjusting the tether. Likewise, the cog may also be reversibly displaceable along its rotation axis and/or off its rotation axis to lock rotation of the spool.
• The interface between the spool and the spool housing may be configured in a number of ways. As depicted inFIG. 61C, spool rotation is provided by a generally cylindrical orcircular rotation surface622 that rotates in or about ahole624, lumen or other arcuate surface of thespool housing616 to provide rotation. Thecircular rotation surface622 may be located on thespool hub610,spool flanges612,614 or other section of thespool606. In other embodiments, the spool may comprise a tubular lumen which rotates about a pin or an axle structure of the spool housing. The tubular lumen may be concentric or eccentric with the spool hub.
• In some embodiments of the invention, the interface between the spool and the spool housing provides sufficient mechanical or frictional force to generally resist undesired rotation, in one or both directions, related to physiological forces acting on the distal anchor, tether and/or securing assembly. In other embodiments of the invention, the securing assembly may further comprise a reversibly engageable spool lock to resist undesirable spool rotation. Referring to the embodiment shown inFIGS. 61A to61I, thespool lock608 may comprise a four-sided locking flange626 that prevents rotation of thespool606 when the lockingflange626 is positioned within a corresponding four-sided locking cavity628 of thespool housing616. In some embodiments of the invention, the locking flange may also serve the function of a spool flange. To rotate thespool606 when desired, the four-sided locking flange626 may be displaced out of the four-sided locking cavity628 of thespool housing616, longitudinally along the rotation axis of thespool606. Longitudinal displacement along the rotation axis of thespool606 is provided because thecylindrical rotation surface622 of thespool606 has an axial length that is greater than the axial length of arcuate rotation surface orhole624 of thespool housing616. Thespool606 may be biased to its locked position by abias structure630 that applies an axial force on the spool to maintain or push the four-sided locking flange626 into the four-sided locking cavity628 of thespool housing616. Thisbias structure630 may be a coil or leaf spring, an elastically deformable wire or other similar structures known in the art. The bias may be attached or retained in the spool housing in any of a variety of ways, including bonding, or retention within acavity631, with or without a retainingplate632, as illustrated inFIGS. 61A to61I. To move thespool606 from the locked position to the adjustment position, in the embodiment depicted inFIGS. 61H and 61I, theadjustment tool621 is inserted into thespool adjustment interface620 with sufficient force to overcome the force exerted by thebias structure630.
• In the specific embodiment of the invention shown inFIG. 61E, thespool606 may optionally comprise indentations,detents634, or other surface structures that provide auditory and/or tactile feedback to the user of theadjustment tool621. As thespool606 is rotated, the interaction between thebias structure630 andindentations634 will cause a clicking that can convey to the user that theadjustment tool621 is properly inserted into thespool adjustment interface620 and is properly rotating.
• Although one specific embodiment of the invention is depicted inFIGS. 61A to61I, one of skill in the. art will understand that many locking structures or configurations may be used with a spool-based securing assembly. In another embodiment, the bias structure, such as a protruding prong or tab, may be located on the spool itself near the spool adjustment interface and forms a mechanical interfit with a complementary structure about the spool. When the adjustment tool is inserted into the spool adjustment interface, the bias structure is displaced from the complementary structure about the spool. Alternatively, the complementary structure, such as a groove or detent, may be located on the spool about the adjustment interface while the bias structure is located adjacent to the spool and projects into the complementary structure of the spool. In this alternate embodiment, when the adjustment tool is inserted into the spool adjustment interface, the projecting bias structure is displaced form the complementary structure of the spool to allow rotation.
• In still another embodiment, the spool is not axially displaceable but comprises an interface with a lock assembly that resists spool rotation in at least one direction using a ratchet element. The ratchet element or mechanical lock may be deactivated independently or as a result of the application of the spool adjustment tool. In another embodiment, the lock assembly may be a resistance lock provided by a rubber resistance pad. The position of the pad may be fixed or mobile.
• Although the tether may be taken up or released from the spool directly, in other embodiments the securing assembly may comprise a lumen, ring or bushing to facilitate adjustment of the tether and/or to resist snagging of the tether.FIG. 61B depicts abushing636 located on the posterior region of the securingassembly600. When thecurved surface638 of the securingassembly600 is attached in a typical fashion to the inferior surface of the mandible, theadjustment interface620 of thespool606 will be positioned for access from the inferior chin surface while thebushing636 will protect the tether as the tether passes in or out of the securingassembly600.
• The use of a spool or rotational assembly for the adjustment of the tether is generally preferred, because it allows a substantial range of tether adjustment in a limited amount of space. Other embodiments of a movable securing assembly that do not use rotational assemblies or are not purely rotational, however, are also contemplated, including those with helical, slide or pivot assemblies for tether manipulation. These alternative mechanisms have a limited movement range compared to a rotational assembly, but can be configured with a broader range of adjustment by incorporating a ratchet and release subassembly with the slide or pivot assembly. One benefit of a movable securing assembly is that it may allow the adjustment of an attached tether without the risks or complications associated with having to detach the tether in order to adjust it. Such risks may occur when using an eyelet or crimping-type securing device. Furthermore, the articulation or joint between the moving and non-moving components of the securing assembly are configured to withstand the stress of repeated adjustment, in comparison to crimp structures, which may fail with repeated crimp/uncrimp adjustment procedures.
• FIGS. 61J and 61K depict one particular embodiment of the invention wherein thedistal anchor500 andtether28 are implanted into thetongue9, either the base of the tongue or, preferably the anterior tongue. With the first and second ends (not shown) of thetether28 protruding from the inferior chin region after implantation, the first and second ends of the tether are attached to the spool of the securing assembly. Excess tether length, if any, may be cut before, during or after the attachment of the tether to the spool. Preferably, the securingassembly600 is attached to its anchoring site, such as themandible13, after the attachment of thetether28, as this reduces the degree of surgical exposure required to attach thetether28 after the securingassembly500 is attached to its anchoring site. In other embodiments of the invention, attachment of the securing assembly to its anchoring site prior to attachment of the tether, or even implantation of the distal anchor, may be desirable.
• 4. Delivery Systems
• Referring toFIG. 62A to62D, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, thedelivery system711 for thedistal anchor500 comprises adelivery tool700 with atubular body702, apushrod704 within thetubular body702, amovable handle708 for altering the relative position between thetubular body702 andpushrod704, and anoptional retraction assembly710 for loading the implant into the tubular body. Thedelivery system711 may optionally comprise anintroducer712 dimensioned to allow insertion of thedelivery tool700 into itslumen714. Theproximal end716 of theintroducer712 may be provided with a mechanical fit, such as amale Luer adapter718, which can be attached to thebase720 of thedelivery tool700 provided with afemale Luer adapter722, to lock thetubular body702 to theintroducer712 and enhance the accuracy of inserting the distal tip of thedelivery tool700 into the tissue. Thedelivery system711 may also comprise atrocar724 for creating an insertion pathway from the skin insertion site to the desired soft tissue site. Thetrocar724 is preferably, but not necessarily, dimensioned to also fit within thelumen714 of theintroducer712, such that thetrocar724 is insertable into the patient together with theintroducer712 and then removed from theintroducer712 to allow placement of thedelivery tool700. Thebase726 of thetrocar724 may also be provided with afemale Luer adapter722 or other complementary interface to engage the introducer. In other embodiments, the locations of the male and female Luer adapters may be reversed, or other mechanical interfit configurations may be used.
• In the particular embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIGS. 62B and 62C, thedelivery tool700 comprises apushrod702 attached to anactuator handle708, thepushrod702 having a distal position and a proximal position which can be manipulated by a user through theactuator handle708. In an alternate embodiment, rather than moving the pushrod within the tubular body, the actuator handle is attached to a movable tubular to allow withdrawal of the overlying tubular body to expose the distal anchor to the tissue, rather than pushing the distal anchor out of the delivery tube and into the tissue. The alternate embodiment may be advantageous in some instances because it maintains a constant distal anchor position as the distal anchor is deployed, rather than pushing the distal anchor forward during deployment
• Referring toFIGS. 62B and 62C, the distal anchor and tether may be loaded into the delivery tool by attaching the end(s) of the tether totether attachment site727 on aspool728 located within thedelivery tool700. When the tether is attached to thespool728 and thedial730 attached to thespool728 is rotated, the tether and distal anchor are pulled into thetubular body702 as the tether is wound around thespool728. The proximal pulling of the distal anchor into the delivery tube causes the expanded hook elements of the distal anchor to straighten and retract into their delivery profile and into thetubular body702. In some instances, rotation resistance is provided for thespool728, for example by using abiased resistance structure732 with theretraction assembly710. Rotational resistance may be useful to prevent inadvertent unspooling of a tether during packaging, storage or implantation of the device.FIGS. 62B and 62C depict one embodiment of thebiased resistance structure732 comprising acantilever734 biased by aspring736, the cantilever comprising arubber grommet738 or other resistance surface or structure
• When theactuator handle708 is moved from the loading position to the deployed position, theactuator handle708 overcomes the bias of the resistance structure to release the rotation resistance. This allows thespool728 to freely rotate and to quickly deploy the distal anchor into the tissue. As mentioned previously, the speed with which the distal anchor is deployed may affect the degree of tissue engagement by the distal anchor. In some instances, it is desirable to reduce rotation resistance in the delivery phase compared to the loading phase of the delivery tool usage.
• To avoid inadvertent actuation or deployment of a distal anchor loaded into the delivery tool, theactuator handle708,spool728, and/orpushrod704 may be provided with a safety catch or pin that must first be manipulated before the one or more of these components can be moved. Referring toFIG. 62D, theactuator handle708 has anindentation740 or other configuration which can form a mechanical interfit with amovable pin742 that can resist or prevent movement of theactuator handle708 when thepin742. Themovable pin742 can be moved or slid between a safety position wherein a portion of thepin742 interferes with the movement of theactuator handle708, and a release position that removes the mechanical interfit and allows movement of theactuator handle708.
• 5. Soft Palate
• As mentioned previously, the methods and devices described herein may be used to manipulate other body structures besides the tongue. For example, a tissue anchor may be implanted into the soft palate and attached to the hard palate using a tether. Referring toFIG. 63A, in one embodiment, thesoft palate anchor800 comprises one or moreexpandable hooks802 that are preferably arranged in a generally planar configuration for insertion into the similarly planar-shaped soft palate tissue. A planar configuration reduces the risk that thetissue anchor800 forms a palpable nodule or protrudes from the superior or inferior surfaces of the soft palate. However, the expandable hooks802 need not to lie in the same plane to have a generally planar configuration. A planar configuration may be characterized by an anchor having a maximum dimension as measured perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the anchor that is greater than its orthogonal dimension also measured perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. For example,FIGS. 63A and 63B illustrate two pairs ofhooks804,806 that are stacked with the side by side of onepair806 stacked against theside814 of theother pair804 while still having a generally planar configuration. In other embodiments, one pair may be nested within the inside surface of the other pair.
• Thesoft palate anchor800 may have a unibody design or may comprise a multiple components joined together. As illustrated inFIGS. 63A and 63B, thesoft palate anchor800 may comprise apair804 of expandabledistal hooks802 joined with apair806 of expandable proximal hooks using acentral core808 andband810.
• Thesoft palate anchor800 may be inserted into the soft palate using a delivery tool similar to that depicted inFIG. 62A. In other embodiments, as shown inFIGS. 64A to64D, thedelivery tube702,816 of the delivery tool may be further configured to control the planar orientation of thetissue anchor800, by a planar-configureddelivery lumen818. The planar-configureddelivery lumen818 may be achieved using aunibody delivery tube816, as depicted inFIG. 64A, or with one or more additional deliverytube confining structures820, as depicted inFIGS. 64B and 64C. The planar-configureddelivery lumen818 may be concentrically or eccentrically located along the axis of thedelivery tube702, as illustrated inFIG. 64B and 64C, respectively. Although the cross-sectional shape of the delivery tube is typically different from the cross-sectional shape of the delivery lumen in order to facilitate rotation of the delivery tool during implantation, in other embodiments, as shown inFIG. 64D, the cross sectional shape of both thedelivery lumen818 and thedelivery tube826 may also has a planar outer shape.
• As shown inFIG. 65, the rotational position of the planar tissue anchor may also be controlled in the delivery lumen using apush rod820 with adistal end824 configured with aslot822.
• Thesoft palate anchor800 may be inserted through theoral cavity826, as shown inFIG. 66, or through thenasal cavity828, as shown inFIG. 67. Insertion of thesoft palate anchor800 may be facilitated by manipulating the soft palate4 to align it and thedelivery tube816. One of skill in the art will understand that any of a variety of surgical tools and techniques may be used to manipulate the soft palate4, including but not limited to forceps manipulation or the use temporary sutures for applying traction to the soft palate4. In other embodiments, soft palate alignment structures or tools may be integrated into thedelivery tube816. In still other embodiments, thedelivery tube816 may comprise a curved delivery tube to reduce the amount of soft palate manipulation. The curved delivery tube may comprise a curved or flexible push rod with sufficient column strength to resist axial compression when pushed distally.
• FIGS. 68 and 69 depict further embodiments of the expandablesoft palate anchor800 system using different insertion and anchoring methods.FIG. 68 depicts thetether830 of the expandablesoft palate anchor800 attached to thehard palate8 by afixation member832, such as a bone anchor or screw. Thetether830 may also be optionally attached using an adjustment structure834 that allows adjustment of tether tension or length. These adjustment structures may include those depicted inFIGS. 40A to51E, and61A, but are preferably configured with a reduced profile to accommodate the anatomical limitations of the palate. In another embodiment,FIG. 69 depicts thetether830 with aflat tissue anchor800 at each end, with oneanchor800 in the soft palate4 and theother anchor800 attached to themucosal tissue836 overlying thehard palate8. Thismucosal tissue836 is less mobile than the soft palate tissue and therefore may also be used as an anchoring structure. Alternatively, a loop of suture may also be used to attach thesoft palate anchor800 to themucosal tissue836.
• 6. Recapture Systems
• AlthoughFIGS. 7G to7J depict one embodiment for removing an implanted tongue anchor using a cannula, other embodiments of the invention provide additional features and structures to further facilitate removal of the implanted device.
• Referring toFIGS. 70A to70E, in another embodiment of the invention, a recapturetool840 is provided when removal of thetissue anchor800 is desired. The recapturetool840 comprises a recapturetube842 with alongitudinal slot844 at itsdistal end846 and ahandle housing848 at itsproximal end850, amovable blocking assembly852 and amovable tether guide854 with alongitudinal slot856. In the preferred embodiment, the blockingassembly852 andtether guide854 are concentrically arranged inside thelumen858 of the recapturetube842, with the blockingassembly852 between thetether guide854 and recapturetube842. Thelongitudinal slots844,856 of the recapturetube842 andtether guide854 are aligned, with thetether guide854 preferably movable axially, but not rotationally, relative to the recapturetube842. In one embodiment, axial mobility and rotational alignment of thetether guide854 is achieved by alongitudinal alignment groove860 located at theproximal end861 of thetether guide854 that interfaces with analignment pin862 inserting into thegroove860 and held in place by thehandle housing848. Thealignment pin862 may be further configured to allow locking and unlocking of thetether guide854 with respect to the recapturetube842. This may be achieved by any of a variety of locking interfaces known in the art, including but not limited a rotational screw interface or a spring-biased mechanical fit between the alignment pin and the groove.
• The blockingassembly852 typically comprises atubular body864 with a keyedlongitudinal slot866 at itsdistal end868. Referring toFIG. 70C, The keyedlongitudinal slot866 comprises anarrow slot870 and a blockingsurface872 at its mostdistal end868, and awider slot874 just proximal to thenarrow slot870 and blockingsurface872. The blockingassembly852 has aproximal handle876 to facilitate rotation of the blockingassembly852 to open and closed positions within the recapturetube842. Theproximal handle876 projects from anopening878 in thehandle housing848 of the recapturetube842. In some embodiments, theopening878 is configured to limit the range of motion of theproximal handle876. Referring toFIG.70D, in the open position, thenarrow slot870 of the blockingassembly852 is generally aligned with thelongitudinal slots844,856 of the recapturetube842 and thetether guide854. This open position facilitates threading of the proximal end of atether830 of an implantedanchor800 into the recapturetool840. In the closed position, as shown inFIG. 70E, the blockingsurface872 of the blockingassembly852 is located at thelongitudinal slot844 of the recapturetube842, effectively forming a circumferentially closed tube at thedistal end846 of the recapturetube842. As described in greater detail below and depicted inFIG. 71H, as the implantedanchor800 is pulled into the recapturetool840, the circumferentially closeddistal end846 of the recapturetube842 assures that the expanded members or hooks802 of the implantedanchor800 are at least collapsed back to their unexpanded configuration and are not accidentally protruding from thelongitudinal slot844 of the recapturetube842 in an expanded state as it is pulled into the recapturetube842 and removed from the body. In the closed position, thewider slot874 of the blockingassembly852 remains in general alignment with the proximal portions of thelongitudinal slots844,856 of the recapturetube842 and thetether guide854 so that the capturedtether830 can still slide through the recapturetool840.
• Referring back toFIG. 70A, thetether guide854 is configured to move longitudinally within the recapturetube842 and the blockingassembly852. Thetether guide854 further comprises a conicaldistal tip880. In its distal position, thetether guide854 extends from thedistal end846 of the recapturetube842 and theconical tip880 assists with separating thetether830 from the surrounding ingrown tissue, if any, as the recapturetool840 is slid over thetether830 towards theanchor800. In its distal position, the tether guide also facilitates the threading of thetether830 into thetether guide854. Threading is typically accomplished using a needle hole threader that is well known in the art and is inserted through thelongitudinal slot856 of thetether guide854 and out of thetip lumen882 of theconical tip880. Once thetether830 is engaged to the needle hole threader, it is pulled through theconical tip880 and out through thelongitudinal slot856 of thetether guide854.
• In the proximal position, thetether guide854 pulls thetether830 more proximally into the recapturetube842 to allow the blockingassembly852 to rotate into its closed position without snagging thetether830 with the blockingsurface872. Once the blockingassembly852 is moved to the closed position, thetether guide854 may be repositioned back in the distal position in order to allow theconical tip880 to separate the soft tissue from thetether830 as the recapturetool840 is guided toward the implantedanchor800.
• One embodiment for using the above recapturetool840 comprises achieving anesthesia of the midjaw and anterior tongue and accessing the proximal attachment site of the implanted device. Typically, anesthesia is achieved using local or regional anesthesia, but in other embodiments of the invention, general anesthesia may be used. The proximal end of thetether830 is released from its attachment site or adjustment assembly and pulled out from the access site. A needle hole threader inserted into thelongitudinal slot856 of thetether guide854 and out of thelumen882 of theconical tip880. The proximal end of thetether830 can then be pulled into theconical tip880 and out through thelongitudinal slot856 of thetether guide854, as depicted inFIG. 71A. In FIG.71B and71C, thetether guide854 is retracted into the recapturetube842 to proximally shift the position where thetether830 exits thelongitudinal slot844 of the recapturetube842. This allows the blockingassembly852 to rotate into the closed position without snagging thetether830, thereby blocking thedistal end846 of the recapture tube'slongitudinal slot844 and forming a circumferentially closed lumen, as shown inFIG. 71D and 71E. InFIG. 71F, thetether guide854 is placed back in the extended position so theconical tip880 may be used to separate the soft tissue from thetether830 as the recapture tool is passed over thetether830 toward the implantedanchor800. Referring toFIG. 71G, theconical tip880 is pushed distally until it generally abuts the implantedanchor800. As illustrated inFIG. 71H, tether position is maintained by pulling on thetether830 as the recapturetube842 is pushed distally against the implantedanchor800, causing itsexpandable members802 to curl or collapse back into a straighter configuration as it enters the recapturetube842. Once theanchor800 is retracted into the recapturetube842, as illustrated inFIG. 711, the entire recapturetool840 may be withdrawn from the patient. The existing bone anchor and/or adjustment assembly may be removed or left in place, depending upon a variety of factors, such as whether replacement anchors will be inserted and the functionality of the existing bone anchor and/or adjustment assembly.
• In another embodiment of the recapture tool, shown inFIG. 72, thelongitudinal slot844 of the recapturetube842 does not fully extend through thedistal end846 of the recapturetube842. In this embodiment, the blocking assembly may be omitted and adistal segment884 of about 0.5 cm to about 2 cm or more of the recapturetube842 is circumferentially intact. To thread the exposedtether830 into the recapturedevice840, a needle hole threader is inserted through thelongitudinal slot844 of the recapturetube842 andtether guide854 until it is visible at the distal end of the recapture tube. The tether guide is optionally retracted into the recapturetube842 when the needle hole threader is initially inserted and re-extended when the free end of thetether830 is pulled into theconical tip880 of thetether guide854 and out through theslot844 of the recapturetube842. The remaining recapturing steps are similar to the prior embodiment of the recapture system. Although this alternate embodiment of the recapture device omits the rotatable blocking assembly, it may be somewhat more difficult to thread the tether into the device than with the other embodiment.
• One of skill in art the will also understand that the recapture tool depicted inFIGS. 71A to71G may be used or adapted to remove expandable anchors implanted elsewhere in the body, including but not limited to the nasopharynx, soft palate, hard palate, pharyngeal wall, GI tract, bronchial tree, biliary tree, and genitourinary tract.
• Although the delivery tool for implanting a planar-shaped tissue anchor depicted inFIG. 63A is preferably configured to control for rotation of the anchor during the implantation procedure, rotation control is generally unnecessary for a recapture of a planar anchor, but may be provided in some embodiments.
• D. Non-Anchored Tongue Remodeling
• In one embodiment of the invention, the glossoplasty device is implanted in the tongue and does not require attachment or anchoring to any bone or other organ. One example of a non-anchored tongue remodeling device is the dual-anchor device described above and depicted inFIGS. 6A and 6B. Other embodiments are described below.
• 1. Tongue Splinting
• In one embodiment of the invention, a tongue splint is provided that is capable of redistributing the mass of the tongue. The tongue splint may be inserted to displace at least a portion of the base of the tongue or posterior tongue away from the posterior pharynx or pharyngopalatine arch to prevent or resist occlusion of the airway during sleep or other activities.
• As shown inFIGS. 52E and 52F, in one embodiment of the invention, thetongue splint404 comprises a rigidlinear body406 that is dimensioned to fit within a hypodermic needle or other piercingdelivery tool408. Referring toFIG. 52A, beginning on one side of theposterior tongue410, thedelivery tool408 is inserted in a general direction toward theposterior tongue410 in a postero-medial direction, then, as shown inFIG. 52B, reoriented and advanced in an antero-medial direction until generally the midline is reached. Referring toFIG. 52C, the needle ordelivery tool408 is then reoriented and advanced in a postero-lateral direction toward the opposite side of thetongue9 before a final reorientation and advancement in an antero-lateral direction. Advancement may be stopped at a submucosal location of thetongue9, as illustrated inFIG. 52D, or may pierce the opposite side of thetongue9. One skilled in the art can determine the insertion pathway for therigid tongue splint404 based upon theparticular tongue9 and oropharynx anatomy of a particular patient. InFIG. 52E, the needle ordelivery tool408 is withdrawn to deposit thesplint404 along a pathway that redistributes theposterior mass410 of thetongue9 to reduce occlusion of the airway, as shown inFIG. 52F. In a further embodiment of the invention comprising thetongue splint404, one or both ends412,414 of thetongue splint404 may project from the surface of the tongue and may be configured to engage a mouthpiece or appliance inserted into the oral cavity to further displace the tongue mass.
• FIGS. 53A and 53B depict another embodiment of thetongue splint404 comprising a semi-rigidnon-linear tongue splint416. Thesemi-rigid tongue splint416 is configured to at least partially straighten within the lumen of a hypodermic needle ordelivery tool408, yet regain at least some of its original configuration upon release from the needle ortool408 such that thetongue splint416 is capable of redistributing the tongue mass upon return to its original configuration. Thetongue splint416 may be made of a shape memory or superelastic material. Asemi-rigid implant416 may be advantageous in that it may be implantable into thetongue9 with a single linear implantation pathway, as shown inFIG. 53A. Referring toFIG. 53B, upon release and regaining of its previous form, thetongue splint416 will cause a relative redistribution of tongue tissue. To facilitate implantation of asemi-rigid implant416 into thetongue9, thedelivery tool408 may have rotational indicators to that allow the physician to properly orient thetongue splint416 with respect to the tongue anatomy.
• 2. Tongue Tissue Compression
• In another embodiment of the invention, a glossoplasty device capable of compressing tongue tissue is provided. In one embodiment, illustrated inFIGS. 54A and 54B, the device comprises a variablepitch tissue screw418 having adistal end420 with a long pitch, amiddle section422 with a shorter pitch, and aproximal head424 configured to engage and disengage a rotational tool426 for driving thetissue screw418 into thetongue9. Thetissue screw418 is configured to pierce and advance through soft tissue. As thetissue screw418 advances, thedistal end420 with the long pitch defines a spiral pathway through the tissue with afirst tissue volume428 between turns of the spiral pathway. As theshorter pitch portions422 of thetissue screw418 are advanced through the pathway defined by thedistal end420, themiddle section422 of thetissue screw418 will compress thefirst tissue volume428 defined by the long pitchdistal end420 into a smallersecond volume430 caused by redefined by the shorter pitchedportions422 of thetissue screw418. Compression of the tongue tissue along thetissue screw418 will generally bias or displace the tongue tissue toward the insertion site of thetissue screw418, and may indirectly bias or displace the base of thetongue9 orposterior tongue410 from the posterior pharynx or pharyngopalatine arch. The compression and displacement of tongue tissue by the variablepitch tissue screw418 may be further augmented by attaching theproximal head424 or other portion of the tissue screw to a fixed or variable length tether and attaching tether to another structure such as themandible13 orhyoid bone15.
• In one embodiment of the invention, shown inFIGS. 55A and 55B, the glossoplasty device comprises a spring orcoil432 that is advanced into the tongue tissue in a first configuration having a long pitch w′, and then changed to a second configuration with a shorter pitch w″, thereby compressing the tongue tissue about or between the turns of the spring orcoil432. In one embodiment, thecoil432 has a sufficient stiffness to be advanced into the tongue tissue in its first configuration similar to that of the tissue screw previously described. If the spring comprises a shape memory material such as Nitinol, the spring is able to assume the second configuration with a shorter pitch w″ upon warming up to body temperature and/or elastic recoil, thereby compressing the tongue tissue. In another embodiment of the invention, thedistal tip434 of thecoil432 is attached to a suture or wire that is first inserted into thetongue9 along the desired insertion path. Tension is applied to the suture or wire to maintain thecoil432 in its first position as it is advanced into thetongue9. Once the spring is positioned, the suture tension is released to allow thecoil432 to assume its second configuration to engage and compress the tongue tissue. The suture or wire may be cut to eliminate any exposed foreign body and to reduce the risk of infection tracking down the suture path.
• In some instances, the change in configuration from the first configuration to the second configuration may not cause tissue compression because thecoil432 failed to engage the surrounding tissue. In such situations, thecoil432 may axially contract and radially expand to form a cavity without any tissue between the spirals. As shown inFIG. 56, to reduce the risk of non-engagement of the tongue tissue, thecoil432 may be configured with a series of barbs, hooks, angled pins or othertissue engaging structures436 to facilitate engagement and compression of the tissue as thecoil432 assumes the second configuration. The location, spacing, orientation and length of thetissue engaging structures430 may be determined by one skilled in the art with routine experimentation. The characteristics of eachtissue engaging structure436 need not be uniform along the length of thecoil432. For example, the tissue engaging structures at the proximal and distal ends of thecoil432 may be configured differently than the engagingstructures436 in the middle portion of thecoil432 because rather than compress the tongue tissue, theends434,438 of the spring may be configured to attach and pull the surrounding tissue towards the middle section of thecoil432. To facilitate insertion of a spring orcoil432 comprisingtissue engagement structures436, the spring orcoil432 may be covered with a sheath during the insertion process to reduce the risk of engaging tissue prior to final positioning of the device. The sheath can be removed to expose thetissue engaging structures436 upon final positioning.
• In another embodiment of the invention, the spring orcoil432 may be inserted in its first configuration within the lumen of a needle or other delivery device. In some instances, however, reducing the diameter of the spring orcoil432 sufficiently to fit within a lumen device may cause plastic deformation of the spring orcoil432 such that the spring or coil lack the elastic properties to assume the second configuration. Alternatively, as shown inFIG. 57, the spring orcoil432 may be placed around theouter surface440 of a needle or other piercingdevice442 for insertion into thetongue9. In a further embodiment, illustrated inFIG. 58, the needle or other piercingdevice442 may comprise a fittedspiral groove444 or tract along theouter surface440 to reduce or make flush the profile of the spring orcoil432 on thedelivery device442.FIGS. 59A and 59B depict the implantation of the coil-on-needle device432,442.FIG. 59A depicts the positioning thedistal end434 of thecoil432 prior to the complete release of the implant from thesheath446, whileFIG. 59B schematically illustrates the resulting tissue compression from the releasedcoil432.
• 3. Tongue Tissue Compliance Change
• In another embodiment of the invention, the tongue remodeling system changes the compliance of the tongue tissue surrounding the implanted device, but does not require exertion of a continuous force upon the surrounding tongue tissue. In some instances, a change in the tissue compliance without placing the tissue under compression may be sufficient to reduce or eliminate airway occlusion during apnea episodes. The implantation of the device without creating tissue compression may simplify the implantation procedure by eliminating the need to adjust the degree of tissue tension exerted by the device either during or after the initial implantation procedure. Many of the embodiments of the invention mentioned previously may be used without altering the physical characteristics of the tether and/or splint by implanting the device and not exerting tension on the device during the implantation process Thus, although the device exerts reduced or no force while the tongue is in usual or resting position, but when the patient is asleep and the musculature of the oropharynx and/or hypopharynx relaxes, the compliance of the tongue tissue altered by the device such that greater force is required to cause posterior displacement of the tongue. One skilled in the art may also select the materials and/or configurations of the tether and/or splint for the previously disclosed embodiments to modify the degree of change in tissue compliance.
• E. Materials
• The materials that may be used to construct the tether component of the glossoplasty device were discussed previously. The other components of the invention, such as the distal anchor and/or securing assembly, may be manufactured in accordance with any of a variety of techniques which are well known in the art, using any of a variety of medical-grade construction materials. One or more components can be molded, formed or machined from biocompatible metals such as Nitinol, stainless steel, titanium, and others known in the art. One or more components can also be injection-molded from a variety of medical-grade polymers including high or other density polyethylene, nylon and polypropylene. Portions of the system can be separately formed and secured thereto in a post-molding operation, using any of a variety of securing techniques such as solvent bonding, thermal bonding, adhesives, interference fits, pivotable pin and aperture relationships, and others known in the art.
• Reinforcing fibers suitable for use in the components of the present invention include ceramic fibers, like bioabsorbable hydroxyapatite or bioactive glass fibers. Such bioabsorbable, ceramic fiber reinforced materials are described, e.g., in published European Patent Application No. 0146398 and in WO/96/21628, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by way of this reference. The materials may also include a bioabsorbable coating previously described.
• As a general feature of the orientation, fiber-reinforcement or self-reinforcement of the tongue remodeling components, many of the reinforcing elements may be oriented in such a way that they can carry effectively the different external loads (such as tensile, bending and shear loads) that are directed to the remodeling system as used.
• The components of the invention (or a bioabsorbable polymeric coating layer on part or all of the implant surface), may contain one or more bioactive substances, such as antibiotics, chemotherapeutic substances, angiogenic growth factors, substances for accelerating the healing of the wound, growth hormones, antithrombogenic agents, bone growth accelerators or agents, and the like. Such bioactive implants may be desirable because they contribute to the healing of the injury in addition to providing mechanical support.
• In one embodiment, the distal anchor may comprise a bioabsorbable coating and/or structure. As used herein, terms such as bioabsorbable, bioresorbable and biodegradable interchangeably refer to materials which will dissipate in situ, following a sufficient post-operative period of time, leaving acceptable byproducts. A variety of polymers which may be useful for the components of the present invention are identified below. Many of these polymers have been reported to be biodegradable into water-soluble, non-toxic materials which can be eliminated by the body: polycaprolactone, poly (L-lactide), poly (DL-lactide), polyglycolide, poly (L-Lactide-co-D, L-Lactide), 70:30 poly (L-Lactide-co-D, L-Lactide ), 95:5 poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide), 90:10 poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide), 85:15 poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide), 75:25 poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide), 50:50 poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide), 90:10 Poly (DL-lactide-co-caprolactone), 75:25 poly (DL-lactide-co-caprolactone), 50:50 poly (DL-lactide-co-caprolactone), polydioxanone, polyesteramides, copolyoxalates, polycarbonates, and poly (glutamic-co-leucine). The desirability of any one or a blend of these or other polymers can be determined through routine experimentation by one of skill in the art, taking into account the mechanical requirements, preferred manufacturing techniques, and desired reabsorption time. Optimization can be accomplished through routine experimentation in view of the disclosure herein. Bodily reaction to the bioabsorbable materials or byproducts may furnish at least a portion of the support provided by the device or treatment method. All or portions of any of the devices herein, as may be appropriate for the particular design, may be made from allograft material, or synthetic bone material.
• While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention. For all of the embodiments described above, the steps of the methods need not be performed sequentially.

Claims (18)

1. A tissue anchoring system for engaging soft tissue, comprising:

at least one deformable hook element, the at least one hook element comprising an elongate body having a proximal portion and a sharp distal end, wherein the at least one hook element when unrestrained curls to form an arcuate structure; and

a tether attached about the proximal portion of the at least one hook element.

2. The tissue anchoring system as inclaim 1, wherein the at least one deformable hook element is a plurality of deformable hook elements.

3. The tissue anchoring system as inclaim 2, wherein the plurality of deformable hook elements are arranged circumferentially.

4. The tissue anchoring system as inclaim 2, wherein the plurality of deformable hook elements are arranged in a generally planar configuration.

5. The tissue anchoring system as inclaim 3, wherein the hook elements when unrestrained curl back toward themselves to form a loop-like structure.

6. The tissue anchoring system as inclaim 3, further comprising a band about the proximal portions of the hook elements.

7. The tissue anchoring system as inclaim 3, further comprising a proximal group of hook elements and a distal group of hook elements.

8. The tissue anchoring system as inclaim 3, wherein the hook elements comprise symmetrical U-shaped planar structures with sharp distal tips.

9. The tissue anchoring system as inclaim 3, further comprising a delivery device adapted to receive and restrain the hook elements in a generally linear configuration, wherein the hook elements when advanced out of the delivery device curl back toward themselves to engage tissue.

10. A tissue anchoring system for engaging soft tissue, comprising:

at least one means for expandable curled tissue engagement; and

a tether attached to the at least one means for expandable curled tissue engagement.

11. A tissue anchoring system for engaging soft tissue, comprising:

a plurality of deformable hook elements spaced circumferentially about each other, each of the plurality of hook elements comprising an elongate body having a proximal portion and a sharp distal end, wherein the plurality of hook elements when unrestrained curls to form an arcuate structure; and

a tether attached about the proximal portion of the plurality of hook elements.

12. The tissue anchoring system for engaging soft tissue as inclaim 11, wherein the plurality of deformable hook elements comprise at least two pairs of deformable hooks elements joined together about the proximal portions of their elongate bodies.

13. The tissue anchoring system as inclaim 12, wherein the at least two pairs of deformable hook elements are joined proximally by a band.

14. The tissue anchoring system as inclaim 12, wherein the at least two pairs of deformable hook elements comprise four pairs of deformable hook elements.

15. The tissue anchoring system as inclaim 12, wherein the at least two pairs of deformable hook elements are arranged circumferentially.

16. The tissue anchoring system as inclaim 12, wherein the at least two paired groups of deformable hook elements are arranged in a generally planar configuration.

17. The tissue anchoring system as inclaim 16, wherein the at least two paired groups of deformable hook elements are arranged in a generally planar nested configuration.

18. The tissue anchoring system as inclaim 16, wherein the at least two paired groups of deformable hook elements are arranged in a generally planar stacked configuration.

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