US20060200220A1 - Endovascular graft with sensors design and attachment methods - Google Patents

Abstract

A endovascular graft having sensing devices attached thereto to facilitate measurement of pertinent parameters within the vasculature into which the graft is implanted. Power sources and transmitters may be attached to the graft to facilitate transmission of measurements to a receiving device outside the patient's body. The sensing devices, may be electrically passive or integrated devices with measurement and transmission capability. The sensing devices may be attached to specific locations on the graft material or attached to the lumen, thereby providing pertinent parameters from critical points inside the vasculature, or may be dispersed over the surface of the graft material or within the lumen to provide a profile of pertinent parameters. The sensing devices may be attached to the graft material with one suture using a running stitch to minimize graft bulk and may be coated with a material to inhibit or control tissue growth.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• This invention relates to the treatment of body lumens and, more particularly, to the endovascular placement of a prosthetic graft within vasculature for the purpose of repairing the same.
• Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are a leading cause of death in the United States. Treatment options to repair AAA include conventional open surgery and implantation of an endovascular graft. Conventional open surgical repair of AAA involves major abdominal surgery with associated high rates of morbidity. Endovascular grafts have been developed to endoluminally bypass abdominal aortic aneurysms through minimally invasive surgery. Many patients that are unacceptable surgical risks for open repairs are eligible for endovascular graft implantation. Deployment of transfemoral, endovascular grafts to treat AAA is appealing for many reasons: avoidance of an abdominal incision, lack of aortic cross clamping, the potential for regional anesthesia, and a shortened hospital stay.
• Untreated AAA have been shown to continue to expand until rupture, with an associated high mortality rate. Implantation of endovascular grafts have also been associated with high complication rates, including perioperative death, conversion to open repair, the need for further intervention, the need for hemodialysis, a failure to cure the AAA, and wound complications.
• The inability to obtain or maintain a secure seal between the vessel wall and the endovascular graft is a complication unique to endovascular aneurysm exclusion. Because the term “leak” has been associated with aneurysm rupture following conventional surgery, the term “endoleak” has been proposed as a more definitive description of this complication. It is believed that persistent endoleaks result in continued aneurysm expansion, which may eventually lead to aneurysm rupture. Aneurysms that have been successfully excluded have shown a tendency towards a reduction in aneurysm diameter. Failure to properly exclude the aneurysm from systemic arterial blood pressure keeps the patient at risk of impending rupture. Endoleaks have been classified according to the source of the leaks. Current classifications of endoleaks include four categories. Type I endoleaks are “perigraft” or “graft-related” leaks that involve a persistent channel of blood flow due to inadequate or ineffective sealing at the ends of the endovascular graft, or between overlapping components of a modular system. Type II endoleaks are retrograde flow into the aneurysm sac from patent lumbar arteries, the inferior mesenteric artery, or other collateral vessels. Type III endoleaks result from fabric tears, graft disconnection, or graft disintegration. Finally, Type IV endoleaks are flow through the graft fabric associated with graft wall porosity or permeability. It has been recognized that preoperative patent side branches are not a good predictor of postoperative endoleaks.
• There have been a number of reported cases of aneurysm rupture following implantation of an endovascular graft. Some of the ruptures occurred in patients without a documented endoleak.
• A number of studies have focused on measurement of pressure within the aneurysm sac following implantation of an endovascular graft, both in the human patient, an animal model, or an in vitro model. Properly implanted endovascular grafts have been shown to reduce the pressure within the aneurysm sac while an endoleak, with or without detectable blood flow, continues to pressurize the sac at pressures equivalent to the systemic arterial pressure. Animal studies utilizing a predictable rupturing aneurysm model have shown that non-excluded aneurysms will rupture. Thrombosed aneurysm sacs may still receive pressurization from a sealed endoleak and this continued pressurization keeps the aneurysm at risk for rupture.
• Current methods of patient follow-up include arteriography, contrast-enhanced spiral computed tomography (CT), duplex ultrasonography, abdominal X-ray, and intravascular ultrasound. All of these methods are costly and involve invasive procedures with associated morbidity that may need to be performed in a hospital. None of the imaging methods are completely successful in detecting endoleaks. Therefore, the potential exists for an endoleak to go undetected until eventual rupture. An increase in aneurysm diameter is detectable, and should be considered an indication of endoleak. To avoid aneurysm rupture an increase in aneurysm diameter must be detected in a timely fashion to identify patients in need of corrective endovascular procedures.
• An endovascular graft with the ability to measure pressure within the aneurysm sac and provide feedback to the physician could provide acute confirmation of a procedure and identify those patients with persistent pressurization of their aneurysm, and subsequent risk of rupture. Some physicians are advocating that the follow-up examinations of AAA patients focus on pressure measurements, but that this is not currently clinically feasible. Furthermore, follow-up examinations may be performed in the physician's office as opposed to a hospital. Moreover, clinicians will have a new method to study the pathology of post-endovascularly treated AAA disease.
• Accordingly, there exists a need for an endovascular graft that facilitates non-invasive measurement of pressure, as well as other pertinent parameters, within the aneurysm sac and along the endovascular graft itself as a means for confirming the success of a procedure as well as identifying patients at risk for aneurysm rupture after the endovascular graft is implanted.
• However, providing devices on an endovascular graft to facilitate the measurement of pertinent parameters poses problems. The measurement device increases bulk, which can significantly effect the delivery profile of the endovascular graft and increase the force necessary to deploy the device, such as jacket or release wire retraction forces. Increased bulk is a significant issue for an endovascular graft. Furthermore, attachment of measurement devices to an endovascular graft may require sutures and the suture knots not only provide increased bulk, but are also potential graft wear points. Additionally, tissue growth around a measuring device attached to an implanted endovascular graft may interfere with its function and inaccurate data may result. The present invention addresses these problems and other needs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• Briefly and in general terms, the present invention is embodied in an endovascular graft with sensors attached thereto. The endovascular graft has the ability to be delivered endovascularly and measure pertinent parameters within the lumen in which it is implanted. The endovascular graft has the ability to transmit data about intra-lumen parameters to an external monitoring device. Confirmation of a successful implant procedure is quickly and easily obtained. Patient follow-up is less costly (conducted in the physician office), non-invasive, and more accurate, allowing prompt intervention in those patients most at risk for acute AAA rupture. The invention would also allow for more frequent patient follow-up, increasing the potential to diagnose and treat aneurysms at risk before acute rupture.
• In one aspect of the invention, a modular endovascular graft having a main body component and one or more limb components is provided. One or more sensors are attached to the limb component(s). By attaching at least one sensor near the superior end of the limb component and sizing the main body component such that the sensor is adjacent to the aneurysm sac when the endovascular graft is implanted, measurement of pertinent parameters within the aneurysm sac is facilitated. The meaning of the term “adjacent” as used herein encompasses the sensor being located within the aneurysm sac or at a location where the parameters or properties being detected indicate conditions within the aneurysm sac. Measurements of pertinent parameters within the aneurysm sac may allow early confirmation of a successful procedure and identification of areas of the patient's vasculature at risk for aneurysm rupture, thrombus formation, infection, inflamation or other anomalies without the need for invasive procedures.
• An antenna or other data transmitter and a power source also may be attached to the limb component adjacent to the aneurysm sac, allowing a physician or technician to monitor graft and vessel health without the need for an invasive procedure. The transmitter transmits measurements made by the sensors to a receiver located outside the patient's body. With the main body component unencumbered with sensors, transmitters or power sources, the bulk of the main body component is minimized and thereby, catheter diameter, jacket retraction and deployment complications are kept to a minimum.
• In another aspect of the invention, an endovascular graft is provided that has attached thereto at least one integrated sensor/transmitter device capable of measuring a pertinent parameter and transmitting the measurements to an external monitoring device. Although having more bulk than a sensor, the integrated sensor/transmitter device has less total bulk than a sensor and independent transmitter device, thereby facilitating less total bulk for the endovascular graft.
• Furthermore, the integrated sensor/transmitter device may be designed to allow one or more “satellite” sensors, having no function other than measurement, to be connected thereto. A single integrated sensor/transmitter device and smaller “satellite” sensors facilitate a smaller total bulk than multiple integrated sensor/transmitter devices. Attaching the integrated sensor/transmitter at a central location such as the graft crotch and “satellite” sensors at various locations on the endovascular graft facilitates measurement and transmission to an external monitoring device of pertinent parameters at multiple locations along the endovascular graft and within the lumen. The “satellite” sensors allow a complete profile of pertinent parameters to be obtained and may provide more accurate identification of anomalies. Measurement of pertinent parameters at multiple locations along the endovascular graft or within the aneurysm sac may allow early detection of a defective seal between endovascular graft components, graft wear or changes in aneurysm geometry. The smaller “satellite” sensors may also allow pertinent parameters to be measured from locations on the endovascular graft where local graft bulk is a constraint of the design, such as the graft contra limb or near the superior attachment system that holds the graft in the patient's aorta.
• Additionally, it is contemplated that “satellite” sensors may be attached directly to the lumen of a patient. The integrated sensor/transmitter device also may be attached directly to the lumen or attached to an implanted endovascular graft.
• Moreover, it is contemplated that passive devices, or monuments, which perform no sensing function may be attached to the implanted endovascular graft or directly attached to the aneurysm sac. By tracking the location of the monuments with a monitoring device, changes in the position of the endovascular graft within the lumen or changes in the geometry of the tissue outside the endovascular graft may be detected without the problems of encapsulation or thrombus isolation associated with the measurement of pertinent parameters. Such changes may provide early detection of endovascular graft displacement or aneurysm re-dilation due to an endoleak.
• Sensors with pressure measurement capability may be used to detect pressure changes in the aneurysm sac indicative of graft failure or endoleak due to an inadequate seal between the endovascular graft and the vasculature. Sensors with temperature measurement capability may be used to detect temperature differentials associated with “hot spots” related to inflamation, infection or thrombus formation in the vessel. Sensors with the capability to measure oxygen and other blood constituents such as enzymes, proteins, and nutrients, may be used to detect minute blood flow indicative of endoleak. Sensors with the capability to measure electrical potential or magnetic fields may be used to detect differences in potential associated with areas of the vessel at risk for thrombus formation. Sensors also may be provided to facilitate other sensing applications such as blood oxymetry, blood glucose, blood or fluid flow, biochemical or hormonal balance, blood chemistry, positional data, dynamic displacement data, ocular pressure, respiration, electro physiology, tissue stress, venous return and body acoustics.
• In yet another aspect of the invention, sensors are attached to an endovascular graft using one continuous suture. Starting at one location on the sensor, a running stitch around the sensor is used to attach the sensor to the graft fabric, thereby minimizing the number of knots necessary for attachment, in this case a single knot. It is contemplated that the running stitch may start at any location on the sensor depending on the location of the sensor on the endovascular graft. Minimizing the number of knots is advantageous because knots are potential graft wear points and add bulk. Additionally, a single knot attachment design may allow the sensor to be placed close to the graft crotch due to the lack of a knot at the end closest the crotch.
• In an additional aspect of the invention, the sensors may be covered in a coating that either inhibits tissue growth or promotes a known or controlled amount and/or type of tissue growth. Because tissue growth may interfere with the ability of a sensor to perform its measurement function, inhibiting tissue growth or restricting tissue growth to a known type and/or amount may increase the reliability of measurements obtained.
• The invention is applicable to all applications of endovascular grafts to treat aneurysmal segments of blood vessels. Furthermore, the invention and methods disclosed herein may be applied any time it is desired to measure intra-luminal parameters in a non-invasive manner. It is contemplated that the invention may be used with all shapes of endovascular grafts known within the art.
• Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the invention showing a partially assembled bifurcated endovascular graft implanted across an aneurysm sac;
• FIG. 2 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention showing a bifurcated graft with an integrated sensor/transmitter device and “satellite” sensors;
• FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a typical integrated sensor/transmitter device of the present invention;
• FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment of the invention shown inFIG. 2 showing a bifurcated graft implanted across an aneurysm sac into which an integrated sensor/transmitter device and “satellite” sensors have been attached;
• FIG. 5 is a schematic view of another embodiment of the present invention showing an endovascular graft with monuments attached thereto implanted in a patient's body and an external source/receiver; and
• FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of a portion of graft fabric showing a sensor of the present invention attached using a single suture and running stitch.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• As shown in the exemplary drawings and for purposes of illustration, the invention is embodied in a prosthetic endovascular graft having the ability to measure pertinent parameters inside the lumen into which it is implanted and transmit the measurements to a receiver located external to the patient.
• Referring toFIG. 1, an embodiment of the invention is shown in which a modular bifurcatedendovascular graft10 of the type known within the art is implanted in abody vessel40 across ananeurysm sac42 in the area of the contra-lateral44 and ipsi-lateral46 iliac arteries using methods known within the art (only the contra-lateral limb is shown). The bifurcatedendovascular graft10 may be assembled in-vivo from atubular trunk component20 and twolimb components30. Thetrunk component20 has asuperior end22 adapted to be secured above the aneurysm and aninferior end24 adapted to accept thelimb components30. Thelimb component30 has atransmitter12,power source14, andsensors16 attached external the graft material. Thetransmitter12,power source14 andsensors16 can be integrated into one device as described below. Thelimb component30 has asuperior end32 adapted to mate with thetrunk component20inferior end24 and aninferior end34 adapted to be secured to the ipsi-lateral44 iliac artery.
• Thesensors16 measure pertinent parameters outside theendovascular graft10 and thepower source14 provides power for thetransmitter12 which transmits the measurements to a receiver (not shown) located outside the patient's body. Thetransmitter12,power source14 and receiver (not shown) may be of any type known in the art of surgical implants or other systems utilizing miniaturized power sources and transmitters. Thepower source14 andtransmitter12, for example, may be of the type used in pacemaker technology or passive power sources such as ultrasonic chargeable capacitors.
• One ormore sensors16 are located near thesuperior end32 of thelimb component30 but inferior the attachment/sealingarea26 between thetrunk component20 andlimb component30 such that the seal between thetrunk component20 andlimb component30 is not jeopardized. Note that the attachment/sealingarea26 is such that one or more of thesensors16 on thelimb component30 is adjacent theaneurysm sac42, thereby facilitating measurement of pertinent parameters within theaneurysm sac42 without encumbering thetrunk component20 withsensors16. Note also that thetransmitter12 andpower source14 are attached to thelimb component30 such that they are also adjacent theaneurysm sac42. Minimizing the bulk of the trunk component facilitates a smaller delivery profile for theendovascular graft10.
• Thesensors16 may measure pressure, with the measurements used as an aid inendovascular graft10 placement or to identify anomalies that occur after endovasculargraft10 implantation but before aneurysm rupture occurs. Thesensors16 may detect changes in pressure resulting from blood leakage between theendovascular graft10 and thevessel wall40, an endoleak resulting from an inadequate seal between them. Furthermore, thesensors16 may detect changes in pressure resulting from leakage from an endoleak between thetrunk20 andvessel wall40. Becausesensors16 are located in the area of theaneurysm sac42, there may bemultiple sensors16 disbursed over the graft material outer wall since local thrombus or calcification may shield one or more of thesensors16 from blood flow and render their measurements erroneous. Moreover, thesensors16 may allow pressure differences throughout the “excluded”aneurysm sac42 to be mapped. It is contemplated that pressure measurements in the aneurysm sac may be obtained to an accuracy range of +/−1 to 30 mm Hg and preferably of +/−10 mm Hg.
• Alternatively, thesensors16 may measure temperature. Differences in temperature may identify “hot spots” associated with infection, inflammation, thrombus formation or other anomalies that indicate an increased risk for aneurysm rupture. Methods known in the art of pathology and physiology may be used to relate temperature to changes in the vessel walls within which the endovascular graft is implanted.
• Alternatively, thesensors16 may detect blood flow by measuring oxygen or other constituents, such as enzymes, proteins and nutrients, which are altered by the presence of blood flow. Such sensors may allow detection of minute blood flow, often missed by conventional imaging modalities, and, therefore, allow endoleaks to be detected earlier. One method is to obtain a baseline of the constituents upon implantation of the endovascular graft. Thereafter, changes in the amount of the measured constituents may be used to identify anomalies.
• Alternatively, thesensors16 may measure electrical potential or magnetic field strength. Changes in electrical potential may identify areas of the patient's vasculature that are at risk for thrombus formation. Induced magnetic fields indicate motion at a charged portion of the aneurysm such as would occur from pulsatile pressure.
• Sensors also may be provided to facilitate other sensing applications such as blood oxymetry, blood glucose, blood or fluid flow, biochemical or hormonal balance, blood chemistry, positional data, dynamic displacement data, ocular pressure, respiration, electro physiology, tissue stress, venous return and body acoustics.
• Although shown external thelimb component30 inFIG. 1, it is contemplated that thetransmitter12,power source14 andsensors16 may be located internal the graft material of thelimb component30. It is further contemplated that the number oftransmitters12,power sources14 andsensors16 shown inFIG. 1 may be varied to meet the requirements of the individual patient. It is further contemplated thatsensors16 which measure different pertinent parameters may be used together. Moreover, the invention shown inFIG. 1 may be utilized in any type of endovascular graft implant known in the art.
• Referring toFIG. 2, another embodiment of the invention is shown in which an integrated sensor/transmitter50 is attached to theendovascular graft110 and “satellite”sensors52 are attached at various locations on theendovascular graft110. The integrated sensor/transmitter50 is capable of measuring a pertinent parameter as well as transmitting measurements to a receiver (not shown) outside that patient's body. The “satellite”sensors52 only measure pertinent parameters and their measurements are transmitted by the integrated sensor/transmitter, to which they are connected by leads54. The “satellite”sensors52 may provide a complete profile of pertinent parameters over the surface of theendovascular graft110 and, therefore, facilitate better identification of anomalies.
• Because the “satellite”sensors52 are smaller than the integrated sensor/transmitter50, the overall bulk of theendovascular graft110 is smaller than if multiple integrated sensor/transmitter devices50 were utilized. Furthermore, the smaller “satellite”sensors52 may be placed such that measurements may be obtained from multiple locations, such as near the superior attachment area or within theaneurysm sac42. Moreover, the smaller “satellite”sensors52 facilitate measurements from places on theendovascular graft110 where local graft bulk is a constraint of the design, such as the contra limb, or near the superior attachment system that holds the graft in the patient's aorta.
• Aseparate power source114 may be provided. The power source can be integrated into the sensor/transmitter as described previously and further below. The leads54 which connect the integrated sensor/transmitter50 to the “satellite”sensors52 may be woven into the graft fabric or attached external to theendovascular graft110.
• It is contemplated that the location and number of integrated sensor/transmitter devices50,power sources114 and “satellite”sensors52 shown inFIG. 2 may be varied to meet the requirements of the individual patient. In the embodiment shown, the integrated sensor/transmitter device50 is located at the crotch, thereby allowing it to be near the center of the aneurysm sac42 (seeFIG. 2) while still being located furthest away from the aneurysm wall during shrinkage. It is further contemplated that the invention shown inFIG. 2 may be utilized in any type of endovascular graft implant known in the art.
• Moreover, the integrated sensor/transmitter50 and “satellite”sensors52 may be of any type known in the art used to measure pressure, temperature, oxygen and other blood constituents, electrical potential or any other pertinent parameter indicative of endovascular graft or lumen health. One such integrated sensor/transmitter50 to measure pressure is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Application Publication No. 2002/0045921 (Wolinsky et al.), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Again, other sensing applications may be supported such as blood oxymetry, blood glucose, blood or fluid flow, biochemical or hormonal balance, blood chemistry, positional data, dynamic displacement data, ocular pressure, respiration, electro physiology, tissue stress, venous return and body acoustics.
• FIG. 3 shows a typical integrated sensor/transmitter50 for use with the present invention. The integrated sensor/transmitter50 includes acontrol chip55 with a transmitter/receiver,energy exchanger56,capacitor57 andsensor58. An external receiver (not shown) may contain a transducer, computer, LCD display and measurement display devices, such as barometers if thesensor58 measures pressure. In operation, the transducer in the external receiver charges thecapacitor57 using ultrasonic energy and activates thesensor58 to measure a pertinent parameter and ultrasonically transmit the measured parameter. The external receiver receives the transmitted pertinent parameter, assesses the measurement and displays the measurement, for example, as a pressure pulse curve.
• AlthoughFIG. 2 shows an integrated sensor/transmitter50 and “satellite”sensors52 connected byleads54 and attached to theendovascular graft110, alternate embodiments of the invention may utilize an integrated sensor/transmitter50 as the sole implant. Furthermore, the “satellite”sensors52 may be attached to thevessel40 with the integrated sensor/transmitter50 either attached to thevessel40 or attached to theendovascular graft110.FIG. 4 shows anendovascular graft110 implanted across ananeurysm sac42 into which an integrated sensor/transmitter50 connected to “satellite”sensors52 byleads54 have been attached. It is contemplated that pressure measurements in theaneurysm sac42 may be obtained to an accuracy range of +/−1 to 30 mm Hg and preferably +/−10 mm Hg utilizing either an integrated sensor/transmitter50 alone or in conjunction with one or more “satellite”sensors52 or integrated sensor/transmitters50.
• In an alternate embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIGS. 2 and 4, micro devices having the capability to sense their location relative to each other are either attached to theendovascular graft110 or attached to thevessel40. The micro devices may be excited by an external energy source, sense their relative location and transmit the data to a receiver located outside the patient's body. The data may then be interpreted to determine if displacement of theendovascular graft110 or changes in the geometry of thevessel40 has occurred. Such changes may provide early detection ofendovascular graft110 displacement oraneurysm42 re-dilation due to an endoleak. Additional micro devices could be provided for better resolution. Detecting location of the micro devices rather than measuring a pertinent parameter minimizes reliability problems due to encapsulation or thrombus isolation. It is contemplated that the micro devices may be an ultrasonic crystal attached or integral to a MEM chip having the ability to read, interpret and transmit data. The micro devices also may be ultrasonic or other energy reflectors utilized in conjunction with an energy source. Using ultrasound to show or image reflector location would be much easier than creating an ultrasound image of the tissue.
• In a further embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIGS. 2 and 4, devices or monuments which perform no sensing function may be attached to the implantedendovascular graft110 or directly attached to theaneurysm sac42. The location of the monuments may be tracked with a monitoring device to detect changes in the position of theendovascular graft110 within thevessel40 or changes in the geometry of the tissue outside theendovascular graft110. It is contemplated that the monitoring device may be located external the patient's body or attached to an implanted endovascular graft.FIG. 5 illustrates anexternal monitoring device54 being used to sense the location of anendovascular graft310 havingmonuments60 attached thereto which has been implanted in a patient's body. It is contemplated that the monuments may be electrically passive devices or magnetic sensors. The use of RF or magnets to sense the position of monuments is contemplated.
• In one example, the position of magnetic sensors attached to theaneurysm sac42 are measured using an external magnet of known magnetic field strength and shape. By moving the external magnet to multiple positions and orientations outside the body and polling the magnetic sensors with ultrasound, a baseline of magnetic sensor positions is established. Subsequent polling of the magnetic sensor positions allows changes inaneurysm sac42 geometry to be detected.
• In yet another embodiment of the invention shown inFIG. 6,sensors16 or integrated sensor/transmitters52 are attached to theendovascular graft110 fabric using onecontinuous suture70 with a running stitch, from astarting point72 onsensor16, which continues around thesensor16 and back to an end point74 (the dashed lines inFIG. 6 indicate where thesuture70 is on the inner diameter of theendovascular graft110 fabric).Suture loops71 are provided on thesensor16 to facilitate attachment. Asingle knot75 may be used to join the ends of thesuture70. It is contemplated that the running stitch may start and end at either end of the sensor and utilize more or less stitches depending on the location of thesensor16 on theendovascular graft110 and the attachment requirements. Minimizing the number of knots not only reduces bulk but also reduces potential graft wear points and may allow the sensor to be placed close to the graft crotch due to the lack of a knot at the distal end. It is further contemplated that thecontinuous suture70 attachment method may be utilized withsensors16 having suture holes or any other attachment mechanism.
• In yet another embodiment of the invention, thesensors16 may be covered in a coating, such as Teflon or heparin, to inhibit tissue growth or covered in a coating, such as Thrombin, to promote a known or controlled amount of tissue growth. Inhibiting or controlling tissue growth, which may interfere with performance, increases the reliability of the measurements made by thesensors16.
• While several particular forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, it will be apparent that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as by the appended claims.

Claims (20)

1-21. (canceled)

22. A modular endoluminal prosthesis for repairing an aneurysm in vasculature, comprising:

a first endovascular graft component; and

a second endovascular graft component for attachment to the first endovascular graft component, the second endovascular graft component having one or more sensors attached thereto and wherein at least one sensor is located on the external surface of the second endovascular graft component.

23. The prosthesis ofclaim 22, further comprising:

one or more power sources attached to the second endovascular graft component; and

one or more transmitting devices attached to the second endovascular graft component, each transmitting device capable of transmitting signals containing the parameters measured by one or more sensors to a location outside a patient's body.

24. The prosthesis ofclaim 23, wherein one or more of the power sources are located on the external surface of the second endovascular graft component.

25. The prosthesis ofclaim 23, wherein one or more of the transmitting devices are located on the external surface of the second endovascular graft component.

26. The prosthesis ofclaim 22, further comprising one or more receiving devices located outside a patient's body, each receiving device capable of receiving signals transmitted by one or more transmitters.

27. The prosthesis ofclaim 22, wherein one of the first and second endovascular graft components is generally tubular and each has a superior end, an inferior end and a midsection.

28. The prosthesis ofclaim 27, wherein one or more sensors are located on the second endovascular graft component at a midsection thereof.

29. The prosthesis ofclaim 22, wherein the first endovascular graft component has a trunk portion and at least one limb portion.

30-75. (canceled)

76. A method of measuring pertinent parameters in the vasculature of a patient, comprising:

providing one or more sensors in the vasculature, each sensor capable of measuring a pertinent parameter and transmitting the measurement to a receiving device;

providing a receiving/transmitting device capable of receiving measurements from the sensors and transmitting the measurements to a receiving device outside the patient's body; and

providing one or more receiving devices outside the patient's body, each receiving device capable of receiving the measurements transmitted by the receiving/transmitting device.

77. The method ofclaim 76, wherein the sensors are attached to an endoluminal prosthesis implanted in the vasculature.

78. The method ofclaim 76, wherein the sensors are attached to a lumen wall of the vasculature.

79. The method ofclaim 77, the endoluminal prosthesis further comprising a first endovascular graft component and a second endovascular graft component for attachment to the first endovascular graft component, the second endovascular graft component having one or more sensors attached thereto and wherein at least one sensor is adjacent an aneurysm when the first and second endovascular graft components are implanted within the vasculature.

80. The method ofclaim 77, the endoluminal prosthesis further comprising a first endovascular graft component and a second endovascular graft component for attachment to the first endovascular graft component, the second endovascular graft component having one or more sensors attached thereto and wherein at least one sensor is located on the external surface of the second endovascular graft component.

81. The method ofclaim 77, the endoluminal prosthesis further comprising at least one integrated sensor/transmitter device capable of measuring and transmitting a pertinent parameter to the receiving device.

82. The method ofclaim 81, wherein the integrated sensor/transmitter device is connected to one or more sensors by electrical leads and wherein the integrated sensor/transmitter device is capable of sensing the parameter measured by each sensor and transmitting the parameter to the receiving device.

83. The method ofclaim 76, wherein the receiving/transmitting device is attached to a lumen wall of the vasculature.

84. The method ofclaim 76, wherein the receiving/transmitting device is attached to an endovascular graft implanted in the vasculature.

85-106. (canceled)

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