US20060182780A1 - Resorbable hollow devices for implantation and delivery of therapeutic agents - Google Patents

Abstract

A method of manufacturing a resorbable balloon designed to contain bone cement for vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty applications is described. The resorbable balloon can be inserted into a vertebral body following vertebral cavitation and filled with bone cement. The balloon remains in place in the vertebral body and resorbs over time. Methods and apparatus are also described for delivering therapeutic agents using collapsible, resorbable balloons. The balloons may be nested and filled with various therapeutic agents that are released over time at rates dependent upon structures and degradation rates of the balloons. Furthermore, the function of the hollow devices can encompass both encapsulation and therapeutic substance delivery roles simultaneously.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/653,778, filed Feb. 16, 2005 and entitled RESORBABLE BALLOON FOR BIOMEDICAL IMPLANTATION, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/672,839, filed Apr. 18, 2005 and entitled RESORBABLE HOLLOW DEVICES FOR DELIVERY OF THERAPEUTIC AGENTS, the entire contents of both which are hereby incorporated by reference. This application also relates to U.S. application Ser. No. 10/129,214 (Docket MA9263P), filed Oct. 21, 2002 and entitled TIME-RELEASED SUBSTANCE DELIVERY DEVICE, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• 1. Field of the Invention
• The present invention relates generally to implants and, more particularly, to biomedical balloons and applications employing such balloons.
• 2. Description of Related Art
• Balloon catheters have been employed in angioplasty applications for many years. A catheter having an inflatable balloon formed therein may be inserted into an artery percutaneously, and the balloon guided to a treatment area. The balloon may then be inflated in order to mitigate the effect of plaque deposits in, for example, a coronary artery. In some cases a balloon catheter is employed to implant a stent into an artery of a patient in order to decrease the likelihood of a recurrence of arterial blockage. Balloon catheters used in angioplasty are commonly removed from the patient after use as a result of, for example, typically being meant only to temporarily inflate the vessel or temporarily block the vessel for delivery of a stent or drugs. Additionally, removal of the balloon is typically necessary in order to attenuate complications that may arise pertaining, for example, to long-term effects which may stem from contact between a material of the balloon and the patient's tissue.
• Balloon devices have found utility in biomedical areas other than cardiovascular applications. For example, balloons may be used in kyphoplasty applications wherein the effect of a vertebral fracture from osteoporosis is treated by inserting a balloon into a cavity formed in the fracture. Inflating the balloon may cause pieces of the fracture to return to a positions or orientations approximating those existing before for example a traumatic event that caused the fracture. Bone cement may then be inserted into the cavity in order to stabilize the bone fragments. In other vertebroplasty applications, bone cement may be inserted into, for example, cavities formed in weakened or fractured bones in order to provide enhanced strength and stability.
• Unfortunately, cement extravasation can be a problem in these kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty situations. For instance, cement inserted into bone may extrude into surrounding tissues and nerves, causing pain and other complications. One way to prevent cement extravasation is to insert a balloon into the treatment cavity, fill the balloon with bone cement, and allow the cement to harden inside the balloon while the balloon remains in the body of the patient. Such a solution may not always be viable due for example to confounding factors such as situations wherein the presence of the balloon may prevent bonding between the bone cement and the bone tissue of interest. Consequently, gaps may form between an outer surface of the balloon and surrounding bone, introducing for example attendant risks of infection, bone loss, and pain.
• A need thus exists in the prior art for a method of preventing cement extravasation in vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty applications. A further need exists for enabling bonding between bone cement and bone tissue following vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty treatments.
• A medicinal substance can be administered to a patient systemically or locally. A systemically administered medicinal substance enters into the blood stream, travels throughout the body, and, preferentially, reaches the part of the patient's body in need of treatment at an effective dose before being degraded by metabolism and excreted. The systemic administration of medicinal substances can be achieved by oral application (e.g., syrups, tablets, capsules and the like), needle injection, transdermal delivery (e.g., a medicinal substance incorporated into a skin patch), and subdermal delivery (e.g., a medicinal substance formulation in a metabolizable matrix placed beneath the skin to release, for example, nicotine or birth control drugs). Systemically delivered medicinal substances can be inefficient when only a small amount of the administered dose reaches the site sought for therapeutic action. Moreover, with systemic delivery a medicinal substance can enter parts of the body where it can actually do harm or produce a noxious side effect.
• Medicinal substances can be delivered locally by injection (e.g., injection of anesthetic into a patient's gums) or topically (e.g., creams, ointments, and sprays). Although the local delivery of medicinal substances can in some instances overcome problems of dilution and migration associated with systemic administration, multiple injections may be required to achieve or sustain a therapeutically effective dose over time. To avoid a need for multiple injections, a therapeutic agent may be delivered locally by way of a timed-released or controlled delivery type device. In many cases, timed-released devices are formed as a mixture or dispersion of the therapeutic agent in a degrading or non-degrading delivery material or vehicle. In some cases the therapeutic agent is destroyed, denatured, or looses its activity when combined with the delivery vehicle or material. In other cases, controlled delivery devices rely on diffusion of the therapeutic agent from the delivery material or vehicle, but the therapeutic agent may be too large to diffuse through a delivery material matrix of the controlled delivery device at a reasonable rate. In cases where the volume of the therapeutic time-released agent is large, an open procedure may be required to insert a relatively large therapeutic time-release device to the desired anatomical location. To avoid an open procedure for the delivery of a large volume of therapeutic agent, many small devices may be inserted, such as microspheres. The microspheres, however, may be difficult to retrieve if there is a complication. Even when local delivery of medicinal substances to a target site is possible, an important consideration still remains of maximizing the therapeutic effectiveness of the local drug delivery by controlling the proper dose and duration of the local delivery of the medicinal substance.
• A need thus exists in the prior art for a delivery method or apparatus that can avoid undesirable activity losses of a therapeutic agent that may be associated with techniques that combine the therapeutic agent with a delivery material or vehicle. A further need exists for a method or apparatus that can avoid a requirement of diffusion of a therapeutic agent through a material of a delivery device. A still further need exists for methods or apparatus that may not require implantation of multitudes of small delivery devices and/or associated problems that may be presented of having to retrieve those small devices from an anatomical location upon the occurrence of complications, as well as methods or apparatus that may not require open surgical procedures for delivering large amounts of therapeutic agents.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention provides a resorbable (e.g., bioresorbable, degradable, biodegradable, absorbable, bioabsorbable, erodible, bioerodible) balloon that can encapsulate cement in vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty applications until the cement has an opportunity to harden, thereby preventing incursion of the cement into soft tissue and nerves in a vicinity of bone being treated. The invention herein disclosed includes a method of forming a resorbable balloon comprising, according to an illustrative implementation, extruding resorbable tubing and cutting the tubing to desired lengths, thereby forming a plurality of tubes. A region of a tube is heated, and the tubing that forms the tube can be pulled along an axis of the tube, thereby thinning a wall of the tube at the heated region. Heated air is forced through a lumen of the tube while heating the region of the tube so that the tubing expands and forms a balloon in the heated region. An end of the tube is sealed by a thermal method or by gluing a resorbable plug into the lumen, and excess tubing beyond the sealed point is removed. According to an illustrative example, the resorbable balloon may be employed in a bone restoration procedure whereby a volume of bone is evacuated to form a cavity in the bone. A deflated resorbable balloon is inserted into the cavity, and the resorbable balloon is filled with bone cement, thereby inflating the balloon and filling the cavity. The resorbable balloon subsequently biodegrades to bring the bone cement into contact with bone within the cavity.
• The present invention further provides apparatus and methods that may avoid problems associated with prior art methods of delivering therapeutic agents. Delivery methods and devices of various embodiments of the present invention may provide delivery of therapeutic agents while avoiding or attenuating problems associated with one or more of: combinations of the therapeutic agent with a delivery material or vehicle, diffusion through a material of the delivery device, implantation of multitudes of small delivery devices, and open surgical procedures. The invention herein disclosed thus can employ resorbable hollow devices which can be introduced into a desired anatomical location with, in many instances, a minimum of trauma. As an example, an implementation of a method according to the present invention can comprise a first collapsible resorbable hollow device, such as a resorbable balloon. A surgical procedure, which may be a laparoscopic procedure, may be performed to generate a cavity in a desired anatomical location of a body of a patient. The resorbable hollow device may be deflated, and subsequently inserted into the cavity. At least one therapeutic agent may be injected into the first collapsible resorbable hollow device. According to another implementation of the method, a second collapsible resorbable hollow device may be provided, and the second device may be inserted into the first collapsible resorbable hollow device. At least one therapeutic agent then may be injected into the second collapsible resorbable hollow device. Various therapeutic agents may be injected according to typical implementations of the present invention. For example, a therapeutic agent may comprise one or more of a natural organic substance, a synthetic organic substance, an inorganic substance, and combinations thereof.
• Furthermore, the function of the hollow devices can encompass both encapsulation and therapeutic substance delivery roles simultaneously. An embodiment of the present invention may further comprise a collapsible resorbable balloon formed of resorbable material such as, for example, aliphatic polyesters, polycarbonates, polyoxaesters, polyorthoesters, polyanhydrides, polyphosphoesters, polyphosphazenes, polypropylene fumarates, polyamino acids, other polyamides, pseudopoly(amino acids), polyamidoesters, polyarylates, polyoxaesters containing amine groups, polyalkylene oxalate, polyhydroxybuyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, resorbable polyurethanes, resorbable starches, resorbable silk, chitan or chitosan, and combinations (co- or multi-polymers or blends) of any of the above with or without, for example, nonresorbable polymers and/or natural substances.
• While the apparatus and methods of the present invention have or may be described for the sake of grammatical fluidity with functional explanations, it is to be expressly understood that the claims, unless expressly formulated under 35 U.S.C. 112, are not to be construed as necessarily limited in any way by the construction of “means” or “steps” limitations, but are to be accorded the full scope of the meaning and equivalents of the definition provided by the claims under the judicial doctrine of equivalents, and in the case where the claims are expressly formulated under 35 U.S.C. 112 are to be accorded full statutory equivalents under 35 U.S.C. 112.
• Any feature or combination of features described herein are included within the scope of the present invention provided that the features included in any such combination are not mutually inconsistent as will be apparent from the context, this specification, and the knowledge of one skilled in the art. For purposes of summarizing the present invention, certain aspects, advantages and novel features of the present invention are described herein. Of course, it is to be understood that not necessarily all such aspects, advantages or features will be embodied in any particular embodiment of the present invention. Additional advantages and aspects of the present invention will be apparent in the following detailed description and claims that follow.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a flow diagram describing an implementation of a method of manufacturing a resorbable balloon;
• FIGS. 2a-2gare schematic diagrams illustrating results of applying steps of a method of manufacturing a resorbable balloon in accordance with an implementation of the present invention;
• FIG. 3 is a simplified diagram illustrating a cavity in bone that may be filled with cement by employing a resorbable balloon according to the present invention;
• FIG. 4 is a flow diagram describing an implementation of a method of delivering a therapy or therapeutic agent employing collapsible resorbable hollow devices;
• FIG. 5 is a pictorial diagram illustrating three resorbable hollow devices according to an example of the present invention;
• FIG. 6 is a pictorial diagram illustrating the three resorbable hollow devices ofFIG. 5 with openings sealed or closed in some way, if needed, and conduits removed; and
• FIG. 7 is a graphical chart illustrating timed-release delivery of therapeutic agents.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• Reference will now be made in detail to the presently preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same or similar reference numbers may be used in the drawings and the description to refer to the same or like parts. It should be noted that the drawings are in simplified form and are not to precise scale. In reference to the disclosure herein, for purposes of convenience and clarity only, directional terms, such as, top, bottom, left, right, up, down, over, above, below, beneath, rear, and front, may be used with respect to the accompanying drawings. Such directional terms should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention in any manner.
• Although the disclosure herein refers to certain illustrated embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are presented by way of example and not by way of limitation. The intent of the following detailed description, although discussing exemplary embodiments, is to be construed to cover all modifications, alternatives, and equivalents of the embodiments as may fall within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. It is to be understood and appreciated that the process steps and structures described herein do not cover complete process flows for the manufacture of resorbable balloons and methods of administration of time-release therapeutic agents using resorbable balloons. The present invention may be practiced in conjunction with various techniques that may be conventionally used in the art, and only so much of the commonly practiced process steps are included herein as necessary to provide an understanding of the present invention. The present invention has applicability in the field of resorbable balloons or hollow devices in general. For illustrative purposes, however, the following description is presented in the context of a biodegradable (e.g., resorbable, bioresorbable, degradable, absorbable, bioabsorbable, erodible, or bioerodible) balloon for vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty applications and methods of manufacturing a biodegradable balloon, and in the context of biodegradable (e.g., resorbable, bioresorbable, degradable, absorbable, bioabsorbable, erodible, or bioerodible) balloons for delivering therapeutic agents over a distributed time span.
• Referring more particularly to the drawings,FIG. 1 is a flow diagram describing an implementation of the inventive methods of manufacturing a resorbable (e.g., bioresorbable, degradable, biodegradable, absorbable, bioabsorbable, erodible, bioerodible) balloon. This implementation will be described with reference toFIGS. 2a-2g,which illustrate a representative sequence of performing steps of the methods. The illustrated embodiment of the described inventive methods comprises extruding resorbable tubing atstep10. The tubing extruded may comprise, for example, polymeric tubing in a representative embodiment.FIG. 2aillustrates an example of amold50 from which is extrudedtubing55. In typical embodiments, thetubing55 may have a circular cross-section with anouter diameter60 ranging, for example, from about 0.7 mm to about 15 mm and aninner diameter65 that may range, for example, from about 0.5 mm to about 9 mm. That is, the tubing may exhibit a wall thickness of, for example, about 0.1 mm to about 3 mm in common embodiments. Thetubing55 may be cut into portions atstep15, wherein the portions may have various lengths according to varying intended applications. Tubes of resorbable material may thus be formed from the cutting performed atstep15. For example, a portion of tubing intended for use in angioplasty may range in length from, for example, about 50 mm to about 300 mm. A portion of tubing intended for use in vertebroplasty applications typically may be cut into lengths ranging in length from, for example, about 15 mm to about 100 mm.FIG. 2billustrates twosuch tubes70 and75.
• A portion of the tubing, e.g. tube70 (FIG. 2b), then may be heated in a selected region atstep20. For example, a center region of the tube may be selected and heated.FIG. 2cillustrates acenter region85 oftube70 being heated by an embodiment of an external heat source, which may comprise, for example, a mold formed, for example, of metal. In the illustrated embodiment, the mold comprises aheated mold90. Theheated mold90 may comprise an internal chamber orcavity91 having a shape and size equal or corresponding to, for example, one or more of a final balloon size and a final balloon shape. An exemplary embodiment of theheated mold90 compriseselectrical coils92 through which may be passed a current93 supplied from anelectrical power source94. Other internal heating means, and/or even external heating means, such as heating elements (e.g., flames) and/or electromagnetic energy (EM) emitting sources used for example with nonmetallic (e.g., non-EM blocking) molds, may be implemented in modified embodiments.
• Regardless of the means used for providing heat, theheated mold90 may in certain embodiments be configured to provide heat (and/or cooling), for example, in different amounts along one or more of: (a) at least one spatial dimension (e.g., along a longitudinal axis of the heated mold90), and (b) a time dimension (e.g., at different points in time and/or for different durations). For example, when tubing is inserted into theheated mold90 such that a longitudinal axis of the tubing is substantially aligned with a longitudinal axis of theheated mold90, and when as in the illustrated embodiment tubing near the center of thecavity91 is substantially further from walls of theheated mold90 than tubing at ends of thecavity91, greater amounts of heat energy may be provided near the center of thecavity91 at certain points in time such as during the process ofFIG. 2e.
• Electrical coils in an illustrated embodiment of theheated mold90 may be fabricated to have, for example, greater resistance in a center region of theheated mold90 than at edges. Such an arrangement may provide greater I²R heating of metal near the center of theheated mold90, wherein I represents current and R represents resistance. Thus, in an illustrative embodiment wherein theheated mold90 comprises a block of metal housingelectrical coils92, certain parts of the heated portions ofelectrical coils92 may be formed to comprise greater resistances (or other heating structures) to thereby provide varying amounts of heat at the heated portions of theelectrical coils92.
• In an exemplary operation, tubing may be fed down a middle of theheated mold90, and current93 then turned on to raise a temperature of theheated mold90. Typically, theheated mold90 heats the tubing material to a temperature greater than a glass transition temperature, but below a melting temperature, of a material (e.g., a polymer) forming the tubing.
• Theheated center region85, which is indicated inFIG. 2cwith shading, is bounded by relativelyunheated regions80 and81 of tubing on either side of theheated center region85. According to an implementation of the methods of the present invention, after a condition has been met, such as an occurrence of one or more of a predetermined time period and a predetermined temperature, thematerial forming tube70 may be pulled. In one embodiment, the material forming thetube70 is pulled while being heated. When polymeric tubing is used, such pulling may accomplish one or more of strengthening and orienting a polymer or polymers of the tubing and causing the tubing wall to thin in the heated region. The pulling may increase the length of the heated center region of thetube85 in a range of, for example, about 0 percent to about 1000 percent. The thickness of the thinnedtubing wall95 in theheated center region85 may range from, for example, about 0.01 mm to about 0.5 mm whenstep20 is concluded.FIG. 2dis a pictorial representation of an implementation of the heating/pulling operation just described. The pulling may be implemented, for example, by applyingaxial forces105 and106 to opposite ends of thetube70.
• A balloon may be formed in the resorbable tube by forcing heated air through a lumen of the tube atstep25 while, in the illustrated embodiment, continuing to apply external heat, thereby causing the tubing to expand in the selected region.FIG. 2eillustrates the process. Fluid, such as air, which in the illustrated embodiment may compriseheated air110, is directed, e.g., forced, into thetube70. The directing of the fluid into thetube70, e.g., into one or more ends of thetube70, may result in one or more of further thinning of awall97 of thetube70 and formation of a balloon100 (FIG. 2f). In the illustrated embodiment, the directing of fluid into thetube70 causes a pressure increase inside thetube70. As presently embodied, the effect of the heat applied from theheated mold90 and the heat of theheated air110 can cause thetube70 to expand in thecenter region85, which action may result in thinning of thewall97 of thetube70 and formation of aballoon100.
• Exhaust air111 may be directed out of thetube70 via, for example, an end of thetube70 that is opposite to an end through which the fluid is directed. According to this method, the thickness of thewall97 of theballoon100 may in the illustrated embodiment be reduced to a thickness of, for example, about 0.005 mm to about 0.1 mm.FIG. 2fillustrates an example of aballoon100 formed according to the aforementioned steps after theheated mold90 and a source of forcedheated air110 have been removed. In certain embodiments, theheated mold90 may be partially or substantially completely (e.g., below a glass transition temperature) cooled before removal of theballoon100 from theheated mold90. Fabrication of theballoon100 can then be completed by, for example, at least partially modifying, e.g., sealing, an end of the tube near theballoon100 atstep30. For example, inFIG. 2g,aresorbable plug115 is shown formed, e.g., integrally formed using heat, or affixed, e.g., adhered or glued, to an end of theballoon100, thereby providing, for example, a seal at an end of the tube that is disposed in close proximity to theballoon100. Excess tubing, corresponding for example to a relatively unheated region80 (FIG. 2f), can be removed, e.g., cut off, beyond the sealed point as depicted in the embodiment ofFIG. 2g.According to an alternative implementation of the method, one end of the tube can be modified, e.g., heat crimped, plugged, or otherwise closed, before theballoon100 is formed, i.e., before the performance ofstep20. Once formed, theballoon100 may, for example, be deflated and configured, e.g., folded or twisted, to a cross-section of, for example, about the size of the relativelyunheated region81.
• FIG. 3 is a simplified diagram illustrating a cavity in bone that may be filled with cement by employing a resorbable balloon in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. Bone such as vertebral bodies of the spine in a patient is represented inFIG. 3 by twocylinders150 and151 separated by acushioning disk155. Arepresentation160 of a spinal cord that passes through thevertebrae150 and151 and thedisk155 also is shown. Acavity165 has been formed invertebra151 representing a cavity that may be formed in, for example, an injured or osteoporotic spine. Anaccess passageway170 formed in thevertebra151 provides a means for access to thecavity165. In at least one implementation, a diameter, e.g., a maximum diameter, of theaccess passageway170 is less than a diameter, e.g., a maximum diameter, of thecavity165. In other embodiments, however, a diameter of theaccess passageway170 may be about equal to or greater than a corresponding, e.g., measured in the same or similar direction, diameter of thecavity165.
• In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, tubing comprising a resorbable balloon that is similar to theballoon100 illustrated inFIG. 2gcan be formed as described herein. A property, e.g., dimension such as diameter, of the tubing is chosen such that the tubing and the balloon in its deflated state are capable of being inserted throughaccess passageway170 and into thecavity165. For instance, properties of the tubing and/or balloon may be selected such that the tubing and balloon may be folded to facilitate insertion through theaccess passageway170. According to at least one implementation, the tubing and balloon are maneuvered through theaccess passageway170 and into thecavity165 using a catheter. Once inside thecavity170, a material such as bone cement may be inserted, e.g., injected, into a lumen of the tube. In implementations comprising a catheter, the material may be delivered directly into the balloon via the catheter, wherein, for example, the material does not contact internal surfaces of the tubing during transit to the balloon. Other implementations may comprise, for example, delivery of the material into the balloon via the tubing itself, wherein, for example, the material contacts the tubing during transit to the balloon. In one embodiment, insertion of the material at least partially fills, e.g., inflates, the balloon.
• According to an illustrated embodiment, one or more of a size and a shape of the balloon can be chosen such that the balloon is capable of conforming to sides of thecavity165 when, for example, the balloon is inflated. In implementations utilizing a catheter, once the material has been delivered into the balloon and, for example, the balloon has expanded to substantially fill thecavity165, the catheter may be removed from the resorbable balloon, whereby the balloon with the material remains inside the cavity. Thus, a resorbable balloon can be positioned within a cavity and filled with a material to accomplish expansion and conformance of the balloon to interior dimensions of the cavity.
• As presently embodied, with a passage of time at least a part of the balloon degrades, causing the material within the balloon to be delivered into contact with a corresponding interior surface or surfaces of or within the cavity. In particular implementations, the resorbable balloon is not removed and resorbs substantially completely within the cavity. Resorption of the balloon can be engineered to occur, for example, after the material has contacted and at least partially reacted, e.g., bonded, with interior surfaces within the cavity. In exemplary embodiments comprising a cavity formed in bone, material comprising bone cement can be positioned within a resorbable, expandable balloon, combined, in some implementations, with one or more of an antiobiotic, analgesic, growth factor (such as Bone Morphogenetic Protein), or a combination thereof, to contact interior surfaces of a cavity formed within bone, thereby permitting one or more of reacting, hardening, and bonding to occur between the material and the bone upon resorption of the balloon. Consequently, risks of one or more of infection and pain can be attenuated or eliminated.
• FIG. 4 is a flow diagram describing an implementation of a method of performing therapy employing collapsible resorbable hollow devices. According to the implementation described in the figure, a collapsible, resorbable hollow device, cavity, or balloon is provided atstep110. A method of fabricating collapsible, resorbable hollow devices of a type appropriate to the implementation is described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/653,778, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Althoughstep110 of the implementation comprises providing a single collapsible, resorbable hollow device, other implementations may comprise providing two or more collapsible, resorbable hollow devices.
• In other implementations, the collapsible, resorbable hollow devices may be nested as illustrated, for example, inFIG. 5. The collapsible, resorbable hollow devices may be designed to deliver or release at least one therapeutic agent. As part of the fabrication of the hollow device, a conduit or tube may be attached, if needed (e.g., suitable or desired), to an opening of the device atstep120 of the implementation. According to another embodiment, the conduit may be formed as a continuous part of the hollow device. The conduit (see, e.g.,FIG. 5) may facilitate loading of the hollow device with at least one therapeutic agent. Additionally, the conduit may aid in positional manipulation of the hollow device.
• A surgical procedure, which may be a laparoscopic procedure, may be performed, if needed (e.g., suitable or desired), atstep130 to identify a cavity in an anatomical location. As presently embodied, a cavity in a desired anatomical location may also be formed. For example, a cavity may be formed in soft tissue using a tissue expander. Alternatively, a cavity may be formed in a collapsed vertebra of the spine of a patient, wherein therapy is to be performed. As another example, a cavity may be identified in the abdomen or other part of the body of a patient near an abscess requiring antibiotic therapy. Once the cavity is formed or identified, the hollow device may, to the extent inflated, be at least partially deflated atstep140, and the hollow device inserted into the cavity atstep150. The attached conduit, for example, may facilitate insertion and positional manipulation of the hollow device. A therapeutic agent, such as an antibiotic, may be injected into the hollow device atstep160, thereby inflating the hollow device. Alternatively, the hollow device may be inflated before the therapeutic agent is injected. According to other implementations, the inflating may be performed by altering an internal or external physical or chemical environment of the device when the device is in living tissue. The conduit may also be used to transfer the therapeutic agent into the hollow device. The opening may be closed atstep170 after which the conduit may then be removed, if needed (e.g., suitable or desired), from the hollow device atstep180. According to another implementation, the opening is closed after removal of the conduit. In yet another implementation, the opening is closed during removal of the conduit. In yet another implementation, the opening is not closed, as may occur when the device is used to transfer gelling or polymerizing substances as therapeutic agents.
• The therapeutic agent may be delivered in a time-released manner according to specific properties of the hollow device. For example, the device may be fabricated with varying thicknesses or with relatively small perforations or holes, sizes of which may be adjusted to achieve a desired rate of delivery of the therapeutic agent. In other examples, more than one collapsible, resorbable hollow device may be employed. A second collapsible device may be inserted inside a first collapsible hollow device, the first device then being injected with one or more or a combination of therapeutic agents. The second collapsible device then may be inflated, and yet another therapeutic agent or combination thereof may be injected into the second device. This process may be continued by nesting a plurality of collapsible, resorbable hollow devices in a manner that should be clear to one skilled in the art from the disclosure provided herein. When a plurality of hollow devices or balloons is employed, openings of the hollow devices may be closed separately either before, after, or during removal of conduits associated with each device. In some instances, the openings may be closed together. In still other examples, nested hollow devices may be made with differing materials or geometry (shapes). Alternatively, space, or lack of space, between the devices can be used to achieve desired patterns of release of therapeutic material.
• FIG. 5 is a pictorial diagram illustrating an embodiment comprising a plurality of nested hollow devices according to the present invention. Although only three such devices are illustrated in the figure, one skilled in the art will understand that more or fewer hollow devices may be employed so that a description of three devices is by way of example and not by way of limitation. In the illustrated embodiment, a first collapsible, resorbablehollow device200 is inflated and fully or partially filled with a firsttherapeutic agent205. That is, the first collapsible, resorbablehollow device200 may, in some instances, be partially filled in order to leave room for insertion of subsequent hollow devices. As already noted, the first therapeutic agent, as well as below-referenced additional therapeutic agents, may comprise one or more or a combination of individual therapeutic agents. The firsttherapeutic agent205 may be loaded into the firsthollow device200 through a first tube orfirst conduit210 formed as part of the first hollow device. Loading of firsttherapeutic agent205 is noted on the diagram byreference numeral215. A second collapsible, resorbablehollow device220 may be inserted usingsecond conduit230 in deflated form, and thedevice220 then may be partially or fully inflated. According to an exemplary embodiment, loading the secondhollow device220 with a secondtherapeutic material225 throughsecond conduit230 as denoted byreference numeral235 may serve to inflate the secondhollow device220, thereby displacing or redistributing a portion of the firsttherapeutic agent205 already loaded. Continuing, a third collapsible, resorbablehollow device240 may likewise be inserted into thesecond device220 and loaded usingthird conduit250 as indicated byreference numeral255. Once in place, respective first, second, andthird conduits210,230, and250 may be removed using any of several methods well-known in the art, leaving, for example,seal260 in place as illustrated inFIG.6.
• The collapsible, resorbablehollow devices200,220, and240 illustrated inFIGS. 5 and 6 may be formed of various materials. For example, a representative hollow device can be made with a resorbable synthetic polymer including by way of example, and not by way of limitation, one or more of aliphatic polyesters (e.g., polyL-lactide, polyD-lactide, polyglycolide, poly epsilon-caprolactone, and the like), polycarbonates (e.g., polytrimethylene carbonate, tyrosine derived polycarbonates, and polyiminocarbonates), polyoxaesters (e.g., polyp-dioxanone), polyorthoesters, polyanhydrides, polyphosphoesters, polyphosphazenes, polypropylene fumarates, polyamides (e.g., polyaminoacids), pseudopoly(amino acids), polyamidoesters, polyarylates, polyoxaesters containing amine groups, polyalkylene oxalate, polyhydroxybuyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, resorbable polyurethanes, resorbable starches, resorbable silk, chitan or chitosan and combinations (co- or multi-polymers or blends) of any of the above with or without, for example, nonresorbable polymers (e.g., polyethylene oxide, and polyvinyl alcohol) and/or natural substances, and other combinations thereof. Depending at least in part upon fabrication material, hollow devices may be made to resorb (e.g., bioresorb, degrade, biodegrade, absorb, bioabsorb, erode, or bioerode) over time periods ranging from a few days to a number of years according to a desired release rate of a therapeutic agent.
• Therapeutic agents may have the consistency of, for example, one or more of a liquid, gel, powder, small granules, spheres or chips, a polymerizable substance, and combinations thereof, and likewise, may be chosen from a variety of possibilities. For example, a natural organic substance can be or include one or more of living biological agents (e.g., cells), proteins (e.g., growth factors such as Bone Morphogenetic Protein, and the like), other natural polymers (e.g., collagen, gelatin, fibrin, hyaluronic acid, polysaccharides, elastin, cellulose, polynucleotides), other biological materials, and the like. Combinations of these and similar materials also may be used. In other instances, the therapeutic agent may comprise a synthetic organic substance, such as, for example, one or more of a drug, antibiotic, steroid, glycerol, polymer (e.g., polyester, silicone, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene fumarate, pluronics, polyhydroxymethacrylate, or polymethylmethacrylate), and the like, and combinations thereof. In still other cases, the therapeutic agent may comprise an inorganic substance, such as, for example, one or more of calcium phosphate (e.g., beta-tricalcium phosphate or hydroxapatite), allograft bone, other ceramics or metals, and combinations thereof. The therapeutic agents may be made in combinations from any of the above components or groups or other suitable carrier(s), examples of which may include cells loaded in a pluronic gel or growth factors and antibiotics mixed with an inorganic substance.
• FIG. 7 is a chart illustrating in graphical form an example of how release of a therapeutic agent may be controlled through use of resorbable hollow devices in a repeat action dosage form. The chart illustrates a variation of local concentration or amount of a therapeutic agent on avertical axis300 during a time period drawn on ahorizontal axis305. The amount of therapeutic agent to be released normally is to be kept between a minimumtherapeutic level310 and a maximumtherapeutic level315. The maximumtherapeutic level315 may correspond as well to a toxicity level. The chart ofFIG. 7 is keyed to the first, second, and third resorbablehollow devices200,220, and240 depicted inFIGS. 5 and 6. In the example illustrated, firsthollow device200 becomes resorbed (i.e. degrades) at afirst time320 releasing afirst wave325 of the therapeutic agent. As time increases to the right, the level of therapeutic agent represented byfirst wave325 decreases. At asecond time330, secondhollow device220 degrades releasing asecond wave335 of the therapeutic agent. Similarly, thirdhollow device240 degrades at athird time340 releasing athird wave345 of the therapeutic agent. The actual elapsed time between degradation of the first, second, and thirdhollow devices200,220, and240 may be controlled, as noted above, by choosing materials from which the devices are fabricated, and/or constructions (e.g., designing the devices with small holes or perforations), or the like. The time intervals betweentimes320,330, and340 may be the same or different. First, second, and thirdtherapeutic agents205,225, and245 (FIGS. 5 and 6), likewise, may be the same or different in different embodiments of the present invention.
• For example, first, second, and third resorbablehollow devices200,220, and240 could be designed, respectively, to degrade slowly, at a medium rate, and quickly, and to therefore release, again respectively, first, second, and thirdtherapeutic agents205,225 and245 after, still again, respectively, a long, medium, and short period of time. In one embodiment, first, second, and thirdtherapeutic agents205,225, and245 are different or comprise different combinations or concentrations of therapeutic agents. In another embodiment, first, second, and thirdtherapeutic agents205,225, and245 are the same agent, and the different degradation rates of thehollow devices200,220, and240 serve to release the agent over a relatively long period of time, and/or possibly in short bursts, but, for example, above the therapeuticminimum level310 and below the maximum therapeutic level or below thetoxicity level315. In yet another embodiment, a hollow device, such as secondhollow device220, can be made to have perforations or holes, or no perforations, and may be covered or layered with another hollow device, such as firsthollow device200 having a faster degradation rate. This arrangement may allow release of the secondtherapeutic agent225 through the holes of the second hollow device220 (i.e., the more slowly degrading device) when the first hollow device200 (i.e., the more rapidly degrading device) degrades.
• In view of the foregoing, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the methods of the present invention can facilitate formation of resorbable balloons and control of time-release therapeutic agents using collapsible, resorbable hollow devices or balloons. The above-described embodiments have been provided by way of example, and the present invention is not limited to the described examples. Multiple variations and modifications to the disclosed embodiments will occur, to the extent not mutually exclusive, to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the foregoing description. For example, the resorbable balloon may be used for other implanting applications such as a bariatric balloon, breast augmentation balloon, etc. Furthermore, modifications to the above-described manufacturing techniques may include, for example, a continuous extrusion and balloon forming method, and alternative implementations of such techniques may include, for example, extrusion of tubing with one closed end resembling the shape of, for example, a blow molding parison. Other combinations, omissions, substitutions and modifications will be apparent to the skilled artisan in view of the disclosure herein. Accordingly, the present invention is not intended to be limited by the disclosed embodiments, but is to be defined by reference to the appended claims.

Claims (37)

1. A method of forming a resorbable balloon, comprising:

heating a region of a tube and pulling tubing along an axis of the tube, thereby thinning a wall of the tube at the heated region;

forcing a gas or liquid through a lumen of the tube while heating the region of the tube, thereby causing a portion of the tubing to expand and form a balloon; and

sealing an end of the tube in proximity to the balloon.

2. The method as set forth inclaim 1, wherein the heating is preceded by:

extruding resorbable tubing; and

cutting tubing to desired lengths, thereby forming the plurality of tubes.

3. The method as set forth inclaim 1, wherein one end of the tube is sealed before forcing a gas or liquid through the lumen of the tube.

4. The method as set forth inclaim 3, wherein the sealing of an end of the tube comprises gluing a resorbable plug into the lumen.

5. The method as set forth inclaim 3, wherein the sealing of an end of the tube comprises at least one of thermally welding or heat sealing the tube.

6. The method as set forth inclaim 1, wherein the sealing is followed by removing excess tubing beyond the sealed point.

7. The method as set forth inclaim 1, wherein the liquid or gas is heated air.

8. A resorbable balloon formed by the method ofclaim 1 that is made of a resorbable polymer, including one or more of poly-L-lactide, poly-DL-lactide, polyglycolide, polycaprolactone, polytrimethylene carbonate, polydioxanone, polydioxane, and copolymers or mulit-polymers of the above listed polymers.

9. A method of performing bone restoration, comprising:

providing a cavity within the bone;

inserting a deflated resorbable balloon into the cavity; and

filling the resorbable balloon with bone cement, thereby causing the resorbable balloon to expand and fill the cavity.

10. The method as set forth inclaim 9, wherein the providing of a cavity comprises evacuating a volume of bone.

11. The method as set forth inclaim 10, wherein increasing the size of the cavity comprises inserting a deflated non-resorbable balloon into the cavity and filling the balloon with a liquid or gas to expand the balloon and increase the size of the bone cavity (e.g. kyphoplasty™).

12. A method of providing therapy, comprising:

providing a first collapsible resorbable hollow device;

identifying a cavity in an anatomical location; and

inserting the first collapsible resorbable hollow device into the cavity.

13. The method as set forth inclaim 12, wherein the inserting is followed by injecting at least one therapeutic agent into the first collapsible resorbable hollow device.

14. The method as set forth inclaim 13, wherein:

the identifying of a cavity in an anatomical location comprises forming a cavity in a desired anatomical location; and

the inserting is preceded by deflating the hollow device; and

15. The method as set forth inclaim 14, wherein the inserting is performed laparoscopically.

16. The method as set forth inclaim 14, further comprising:

providing a second collapsible resorbable hollow device;

inserting the second collapsible resorbable hollow device into the first collapsible resorbable hollow device; and

injecting at least one therapeutic agent into the second collapsible resorbable hollow device.

17. The method as set forth inclaim 16, further comprising:

providing one or more collapsible resorbable hollow devices;

nesting the collapsible resorbable hollow devices; and

injecting at least one therapeutic agent into each of the collapsible resorbable hollow devices.

18. The method as set forth inclaim 17, wherein the injecting of at least one therapeutic agent comprises injecting one or more of a natural organic substance, a synthetic organic substance, an inorganic material, and combinations thereof.

19. The method as set forth inclaim 18, wherein the injecting of a natural organic substance comprises injecting one or more of a living biological agent, proteins, a natural polymer, and combinations thereof.

20. The method as set forth inclaim 18, wherein the injecting of a natural polymer comprises injecting one or more of a collagen, gelatin, fibrin, hyaluronic acid, polysaccharides, elastin, cellulose, polynucleotides, and combinations thereof.

21. The method as set forth inclaim 18, wherein the injecting of a synthetic organic substance comprises injecting one or more of a drug, antibiotic, steroid, glycerol, polymer, and combinations thereof.

22. The method as set forth inclaim 21, wherein the injecting of a polymer comprises injecting one or more of polyester, silicone, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene fumarate, pluronics, polyhydroxymethacrylate, polymethylmethacrylate, and combinations thereof.

23. The method as set forth inclaim 18, wherein the injecting of an inorganic material comprises injecting one or more of calcium phosphate, allograft bone, ceramics, metals, and combinations thereof.

24. The method as set forth inclaim 23, wherein the injecting of calcium phosphate comprises injecting at least one of beta-tricalcium phosphate and hydroxapatite.

25. The method as set forth inclaim 17, wherein the providing of one or more collapsible resorbable hollow devices comprises providing a hollow device having perforations, whereby the therapeutic agent is delivered at a predetermined delivery rate.

26. The method as set forth inclaim 12, wherein the providing of a first collapsible resorbable hollow device comprises providing a hollow device fabricated with a material containing an additive that accelerates resorption of the first collapsible resorbable hollow device.

27. The method as set forth inclaim 12, wherein the providing of a first collapsible resorbable hollow device comprises providing a hollow device fabricated with a material containing an additive that retards resorption of the first collapsible resorbable hollow device.

28. The method as set forth inclaim 13, further comprising attaching a conduit to an opening of the first collapsible resorbable hollow device, the conduit acting to facilitate at least one of loading of the first collapsible resorbable hollow device with the at least one therapeutic agent and aiding in positional manipulation of the hollow device.

29. The method as set forth inclaim 28, further comprising closing the opening and then removing the conduit.

30. The method as set forth inclaim 29, wherein the removing of the conduit forms an opening in the hollow device.

31. The method as set forth inclaim 13, wherein a conduit to an opening of the first collapsible resorbable hollow device is formed as a continuous part of the device, the conduit acting to facilitate loading of the first collapsible resorbable hollow device with the at least one therapeutic agent.

32. The method as set forth inclaim 31, further comprising:

removing the conduit; and

closing the opening.

33. The method as set forth inclaim 32, wherein the removing of the conduit forms an opening in the hollow device.

34. A collapsible, resorbable balloon formed of one or more of aliphatic polyesters, polycarbonates, polyoxaesters, polyorthoesters, polyanhydrides, polyphosphoesters, polyphosphazenes, polypropylene fumarates, polyamino acids, other polyamides, pseudopoly(amino acids), polyamidoesters, polyarylates, polyoxaesters containing amine groups, polyalkylene oxalate, polyhydroxybuyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, resorbable polyurethanes, resorbable starches, resorbable silk, and combinations (co- or multi-polymers or blend) of any of the above with nonresorbable polymers, and any combination thereof.

35. The collapsible, resorbable balloon as set forth inclaim 34, wherein the aliphatic polyesters are selected from a group comprising one or more of polyL-lactide, polyD-lactide, polyglycolide, poly ε-caprolactone, and combinations thereof.

36. The collapsible, resorbable balloon as set forth inclaim 34, wherein the polycarbonates are selected from a group comprising polytrimethylene carbonate, tyrosine derived polycarbonates, poly(iminocarbonates), and combinations thereof.

37. The collapsible, resorbable balloon as set forth inclaim 34, wherein the polyoxaesters are selected from a group comprising poly(p-dioxanone).

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