US20060182283A1 - Architecture for asymmetric crypto-key storage - Google Patents

Abstract

Techniques for securing an asymmetric crypto-key having a public key and a split private key with multiple private portions are provided. A first one of multiple factors is stored. All of the factors are under the control of a user and all are required to generate a first private portion of the split private key. The first private portion not stored in a persistent state. A second private portion of the split private key under control of an entity other than the user is also stored. The first private portion and the second private portion are combinable to form a complete private portion.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. ______, filed concurrently herewith, and entitled “TECHNIQUE FOR ASYMMERIC CRYPTO-KEY GENERATION” [Attorney Docket No. 3001-32], U.S. application Ser. No. ______, filed concurrently herewith, and entitled “MULTIPLE FACTOR PRIVATE PORTION OF AN ASYMMETRIC KEY” [Attorney Docket No. 3001-33], U.S. application Ser. No. ______, filed concurrently herewith, and entitled “AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOL USING A MULTI-FACTOR ASYMMETRIC KEY PAIR” [Attorney Docket No. 3001-34], U.S. application Ser. No. ______, filed concurrently herewith, and entitled “ROAMING UTILIZING AN ASYMMETRIC KEY PAIR” [Attorney Docket No. 3001-35], U.S. application Ser. No. ______, filed concurrently herewith, and entitled “ASYMMETRIC KEY PAIR HAVING A KIOSK MODE” [Attorney Docket No. 3001-36], and U.S. application Ser. No. ______, filed concurrently herewith, and entitled “TECHNIQUE FOR PROVIDING MULTIPLE LEVELS OF SECURITY” [Attorney Docket No. 3001-37]. This application is also related to U.S. application Ser. No. 09/739,260, filed Dec. 19, 2000, and entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CRYPTO-KEY GENERATION AND USE IN CRYPTOSYSTEM” [Attorney Docket No. 3001-07], U.S. application Ser. No. 10/849,818, filed May 21, 2004, and entitled “ONE TIME PASSWORD ENTRY TO ACCESS MULTIPLE NETWORK SITES” [Attorney Docket No. 3001-07A-CNT], which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/739,114, filed Dec. 19, 2000, (now abandoned) and U.S. application Ser. No. 09/739,260, filed Dec. 19, 2000, U.S. application Ser. No. 09/739,112, filed Dec. 19, 2000, and entitled “HIGH SECURITY CRYPTO SYSTEM” [Attorney Docket No. 3001-07B], U.S. application Ser. No. 09/739,113, filed Dec. 19, 2000, and entitled “SECURE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK WITH USER CONTROL OF AUTHENTICATED PERSONAL INFORMATION PROVIDED TO NETWORK ENTITIES” [Attorney Docket No. 3001-07C], U.S. application Ser. No. 09/739,119, filed Dec. 19, 2000, and entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR AUTHORIZING GENERATION OF ASYMMETRIC CRYPTO KEYS” [Attorney Docket No. 3001-07D], U.S. application Ser. No. 09/739,118, filed Dec. 19, 2000, and entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR AUTHENTICATION IN A CRYPTO SYSTEM UTILIZING SYMMETRIC AND ASYMMETRIC CRYPTO KEYS” [Attorney Docket No. 3001-07E], and U.S. application Ser. No. 09/739,111, filed Dec. 19, 2000, and entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR GENERATION AND USE OF ASYMMETRIC CRYPTO KEYS EACH HAVING A PUBLIC PORTION AND MULTIPLE PRIVATE PORTIONS” [Attorney Docket No. 3001-07F]. This application claims priority based upon Provisional U.S. application Ser. No. ______, filed Jan. 18, 2005, and entitled “THE TRICIPHER ARMORED CREDENTIAL SYSTEM” [Attorney Docket No. 3001-30PROV], the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
• This invention relates to cryptosystems. More particularly, the present invention relates to split key cryptosystem having multiple levels of security.
BACKGROUND ART
• Today, computing devices are almost always interconnected via networks. These networks can be large closed networks, as within a corporation, or truly public networks, as with the Internet. A network itself might have hundreds, thousands or even millions of potential users. Consequently it is often required to restrict access to any given networked computer or service, or a part of a networked computer or service, to a subset of the users on the public or closed network. For instance, a brokerage might have a public website accessible to all, but would like to only give Ms. Alice Smith access to Ms. Alice Smith's brokerage account.
• Access control is an old problem, tracing its roots to the earliest days of computers. Passwords were among the first techniques used, and to this day remain the most widely used, for protecting resources on a computer or service.
• In its simplest form, known as single factor authentication, every user has a unique password and the computer has knowledge of the user password. When attempting to log on Alice would enter her userid, say alice, and password, say apple23, the computer would compare the pair, i.e. alice, apple23, with the pair it had stored for Alice, and if there is a match would establish a session and give Alice access.
• This simple scheme suffers from two problems. First, the table containing the passwords is stored on the computer, and thus represents a single point of compromise. If Eve could somehow steal this table, she would be able to access every user's account. A second problem with this approach is that when Alice enters her password it travels from her terminal to the computer in the clear, and Eve could potentially eavesdrop. Such eavesdropping is known as a Man-In-The-Middle attack. For instance the “terminal” could be Alice's PC at home, and the computer could be a server on the Internet, in which case her password travels in the clear on the Internet. It will be recognized by those with ordinary skill in the art that a Man-in-The-Middle attack can go beyond eavesdropping to modify the contents of the communication.
• Various solutions have been proposed and implemented to solve these two issues. For instance, to solve the first problem of storing the password on the computer, the computer could instead store a one way function of the password. E.g. F(apple23)=XD45DTY, and the pair {alice, XD45DTY}. In this example as F( ) is a one way function, computing XD45DTY from apple23 is easy, but as it is a “one way function”, the reverse is believed to be computationally difficult or close to impossible. So when Alice logs on and sends the computer {alice, apple23}, the computer can compute F(apple23) and compare the result with XD45DTY. The UNIX operating system was among the first to implement such a system in the 1970's. However, this approach, while solving the problems due to the storage of the password on the computer, does not solve the problem of the password traveling in the clear.
• Multiple factor authentication also exists as a solution to the problems inherent with single factor authentication. In multiple factor authentication, at least knowledge of, if not actual possession of, at least two factors must be shown for authentication to be complete. It should be understood that in multiple factor authentication, each factor remains separate. That is, the factors are not combined. Further, the factors are not even concatenated. Several multiple factor authentication techniques exist, including one time password token techniques, encrypted storage techniques, smart card techniques, and split key techniques.
• In one time password token techniques, two passwords are utilized, one being a permanent password associated with the user, and the other being a temporary, one-time use, password generated by a password generator. The permanent password may be optional. The temporary password has a finite usable life, such as sixty seconds. At the end of the useable life, another temporary password is generated. An authentication server knows each usable password as well as its useable life, based upon algorithms well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. A user transmits both the permanent password (first factor) and a temporary password (second factor) to the authentication server which then verifies both passwords. The passwords are transmitted in the clear, thus token techniques are subject to man-in-the-middle attacks.
• Encrypted storage techniques utilize a cryptographic key, to be discussed further below, stored on either removable media or a hard drive. The cryptographic key is encrypted with a user's password. After decryption with the user's password, the key is then stored, at least temporarily, in memory of the user's computer system where it is used to either encrypt or decrypt information. As will be recognized by one of ordinary skill, this particular approach is undesirable due to it being susceptible to a dictionary attack, to be discussed in detail further below.
• In smart card techniques, a private portion of an asymmetric cryptographic key, to be discussed further below, is stored on a smart card, which is portable. A specialized reader attached to a computer system is used to access the smart card. More particularly, the user enters a PIN (the first factor) to ‘unlock’ the smart card. Once unlocked, the smart card encrypts or decrypts information using the key stored thereon. It should be stressed that in smart card techniques the key never leaves the smart card, unlike in the encrypted storage techniques discussed above. Rather, electronics within the smart card itself perform the encrypting and/or decrypting. Smart card techniques are associated with certain problems. These problems include the fact that the technique is costly to implement, due to hardware costs. Further, a lack of readers makes use of a user's smart card difficult, and smart cards themselves are subject to loss.
• Before discussing in detail the more sophisticated conventional techniques for authentication, which are based upon split key technology, let us briefly describe symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography.
• In symmetric key cryptography, the two parties who want to communicate in private share a common secret key, say K. The sender encrypts messages with K, to generate a cipher, i.e. C=Encrypt(M,K). The receiver decrypts the cipher to retrieve the message, i.e. D=Decrypt(C,K). An attacker who does not know K, and sees C, cannot successfully decrypt the message, if the underlying algorithms are strong. Examples of such systems are DES3 and RC4. Encryption and decryption with symmetric keys provide a confidentiality, or privacy service.
• Symmetric keys can also be used to provide integrity and authentication of messages in a network. Integrity and authentication means that the receiver knows who sent a message and that the message has not been modified so it is received as it was sent. Integrity and authentication is achieved by attaching a Message Authentication Code (MAC) to a message M. E.g., the sender computes S=MAC(M,K) and attaches S to the message M. When the message M reaches the destination, the receiver also computes S′=MAC(M,K) and compares S′ with the transmitted value S. If S′=S the verification is successful, otherwise verification fails and the message should be rejected. Early MACs were based on symmetric encryption algorithms such as DES whereas more recently MACs are constructed from message digest functions, or “hash” functions, such as MD5 and SHA-1. The current Internet standard for this purpose is known as hash-based MAC (HMAC).
• By combining confidentiality with integrity and authentication, it is possible to achieve both services with symmetric key cryptography. It is generally accepted that different keys should be used for these two services and different keys should be used in different directions between the same two entities for the same service. Thus if Alice encrypts messages to Bob with a shared key K, Bob should use a different shared key K′ to encrypt messages from Bob to Alice. Likewise Alice should use yet another key K″ for MACs from Alice to Bob and Bob should use K′″ for MACs from Bob to Alice. Since this is well understood by those skilled in the art, we will follow the usual custom of talking about a single shared symmetric key between Alice and Bob, with the understanding that strong security requires the use of four different keys.
• Symmetric key systems have always suffered from a major problem—namely how to perform key distribution. How do Bob and Alice agree on K? Asymmetric key cryptography was invented to solve this problem. Here every user is associated with two keys, which are related by special mathematical properties. These properties result in the following functionality: a message encrypted with one of the two keys can then only be decrypted with the other.
• One of these keys for each user is made public and the other is kept private. Let us denote the former by E, and the latter by D. So Alice knows D_alice, and everyone knows E_alice. To send Alice the symmetric key K, Bob simply sends C=Encrypt(K,E_alice). Alice, and only Alice (since no one else knows D_alice), can decrypt the ciphertext C to recover the message, i.e. Decrypt(C,D_alice)=K. Now both Alice and Bob know K and can use it for encrypting subsequent messages using a symmetric key system. Why not simply encrypt the message itself with the asymmetric system? This is simply because in practice all known asymmetric systems are fairly inefficient, and while they are perfectly useful for encrypting short strings such as K, they are inefficient for large messages.
• The above illustrates how asymmetric cryptography can solve the key distribution problem. Asymmetric cryptography can also be used to solve another important problem, that of digital signatures. To sign a message M, Alice encrypts it with her own private key to create S=Encrypt(M,D_alice). She can then send (M,S) to the recipient who can then decrypt S with Alice's public key to generate M′, i.e. M′=Decrypt(S,E_alice). If M′=M then the recipient has a valid signature as only someone who has D_alice, by definition only Alice, can generate S, which can be decrypted with E_aliceto produce M. To convey the meaning of these cryptographic operations more clearly they are often written as S=Sign(M,D_alice) and M′=Verify(M,S,E_alice). It is worth noting that asymmetric key digital signatures provide non-repudiation in addition to the integrity and authentication achieved by symmetric key MACs. With MACs the verifier can compute the MAC for any message M of his choice since the computation is based on a shared secret key. With digital signatures this is not possible since only the sender has knowledge of the sender's private key required to compute the signature. The verifier can only verify the signature but not generate it. It will be recognized by those with ordinary skill in this art that there are numerous variations and elaborations of these basic cryptographic operations of symmetric key encryption, symmetric key MAC, asymmetric key encryption and asymmetric key signatures.
• The RSA cryptosystem is one system that implements asymmetric cryptography as described above. In particular the RSA cryptosystem allows the same public-private key pair to be used for encryption and for digital signatures. It should be noted there are other asymmetric cryptosystems which implement encryption only e.g., ElGamal or digital signature only, e.g., DSA. Technically the public key in RSA is a pair of numbers E, N and the private key is the pair of numbers D, N. When N is not relevant to the discussion it is commonplace to refer to the public key as E and the private key as D.
• Finally, the above description does not answer the important question of how Bob gets Alice's public key E_alice. The process for getting and storing the binding [Alice, E_alice] which binds E_aliceto Alice is tricky. The most practical method appears to be to have the binding signed by a common trusted authority. So such a “certificate authority” (CA) can create CERT_alice=Sign([Alice, E_alice], Dca). Now CERTalice can be verified by anyone who knows the CA's public key Eca. So in essence, instead of everyone having to know everyone else's public key, everyone only need know a single public key, that of the CA. More elaborate schemes with multiple Certificate Authorities, sometimes having a hierarchical relationship, have also been proposed.
• Asymmetric key cryptosystems have been around for a long time, but have found limited use. The primary reasons are twofold: (a) the private key D in most systems is long, which means that users cannot remember them, and they have to either be stored on every computer they use, or carried around on smart cards or other media; and (b) the infrastructure for ensuring a certificate is valid, which is critical, is cumbersome to build, operate, and use. The first technique proposed to validate certificates was to send every recipient a list of all certificates that had been revoked. This clearly does not scale well to an environment with millions of users. The second method proposed was to require that one inquire about the validity of a certificate on-line, which has its own associated problems.
• A system based on split private key cryptography has been developed to solve these two issues, among others. In this system the private key for Alice, i.e. D_alice, is further split into two parts, D_aawhich Alice knows, and a part D_aswhich is stored at a security server. To sign a message, Alice could perform a partial encryption to generate a partial signature, i.e. PS=Sign(M,Das). Alice then sends the server PS which ‘completes’ the signature by performing S=Sign(PS,Dss). This completed signature S is indistinguishable from one generated by the original private key, so the rest of the process works as previously described. However, D_aacan be made short, which allows the user to remember it as a password, so this system is consumer friendly. Further, if the server is informed that a particular ID has been revoked, then it will cease to perform its part of the operation for that user, and consequently no further signatures can ever be performed. This provides for instant revocation in a simple highly effective fashion. It will be recognized by those with ordinary skill in the art that use of a split private key for decryption purposes can be similarly accomplished, and that the partial signatures (or decryptions) may be generated in the opposite sequence, that is first on the security server and subsequently by the user's computer, or even be computed concurrently in both places and then combined.
• Let us return now to password based systems. Challenge-response systems solve the issue of having to send passwords in the clear across a network. If the computer and Alice share a secret password, P, then the computer can send her a new random challenge, R, at the time of login. Alice computes C=Encrypt(R,P) and sends back C. The computer decrypts Decrypt(C,P)=C′. If C=C′, then the computer can trust that it is Alice at the other end. Note however that the computer had to store P. A more elegant solution can be created using asymmetric cryptography. Now Alice has a private key D_alice, or in a split private key system she has D_aa. The computer challenges her to sign a new random challenge R. She signs the challenge, or in the split private key system she interacts with the security server to create the signature, and sends it back to the computer which uses her public key, retrieved from a certificate, to verify the signature. Observe that the computer does not have to know her private key, and that an eavesdropper observing the signature on R gains no knowledge of her private key.
• The SSL system, which is widely used on the Internet, in effect implements a more elaborate method of exactly this protocol. SSL has two components, ‘server side SSL’ in which a server proves its identity by correctly decrypting a particular message during connection set-up. As browsers such as Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer come loaded with the public keys of various CAs, the browser can verify the certificate of the server and use the public key therein for encryption This authenticates the server to the client, and also allows for the set-up of a session key K, which is used to encrypt and MAC all further communications. Server side SSL is widely used, as the complexity of managing certificates rests with system administrators of web sites who have the technical knowledge to perform this function. The converse function in SSL, client side SSL, which lets a client authenticate herself to a server by means of a digital signature is rarely used, because although the technical mechanism is much the same, it now requires users to manage certificates and long private keys which has proven to be difficult, unless they use the split private key system. So in practice, most Internet web sites use server side SSL to authenticate themselves to the client, and to obtain a secure channel, and from then on use Userid, Password pairs to authenticate the client.
• So far from disappearing, the use of passwords has increased dramatically. Passwords themselves are often dubbed as inherently “weak” which is inaccurate, because if they are used carefully passwords can actually achieve “strong” security. As discussed earlier passwords should not be sent over networks, and if possible should not be stored on the receiving computer. Instead, in a “strong” system, the user can be asked to prove knowledge of the password without actually revealing the password. And perhaps most critically passwords should not be vulnerable to dictionary attacks.
• Introduced above, dictionary attacks can be classified into three types. In all three types the starting point is a ‘dictionary’ of likely passwords. Unless the system incorporates checks to prevent it, users tend to pick poor passwords, and compilations of lists of widely used poor passwords are widely available.
• On line dictionary attack: Here the attacker types in a guess at the password from the dictionary. If the attacker is granted access to the computer they know the guess was correct. These attacks are normally prevented by locking the user account if there are an excessive number of wrong tries. Note that this very commonly used defense prevented one problem, but just created another one. An attacker can systematically go through and lock out the accounts of hundreds or thousands users. Although the attacker did not gain access, now legitimate users cannot access their own accounts either, creating a denial of service problem.
• Encrypt dictionary attacks: If somewhere in the operation of the system a ciphertext C=Encrypt(M,P) was created, and the attacker has access to both C and M, then the attacker can compute off-line C1=Encrypt(M,G1), C2=Encrypt(M,G2), . . . where G1, G2, . . . etc. are the guesses at the password P from the dictionary. The attacker stops when he finds a Cn=C, and knows that Gn=P. Observe that the UNIX file system, which uses a one way function F( ) instead of an encryption function E( ), is vulnerable to this attack.
• Decrypt dictionary attacks: Here the attacker, does not know M, and only sees the ciphertext C (where C=Encrypt(M,P)). The system is only vulnerable to this attack if it is true that M has some predictable structure. So the attacker tries M1=Decrypt(C,G1), M2=Decrypt(C,G2) . . . , and stops when the Mi has the structure he is looking for. For instance Mi could be known to be a timestamp, English text, or a number with special properties such as a prime, or a composite number with no small factors. Those with ordinary skill in the art will recognize there are numerous variations of the encrypt and decrypt dictionary attacks.
• In split private key systems the user portion of the private key, referred to as D_aaabove, may come from the user's password only. Thus, a compromise of the password, i.e, another person learning a user's password, results in a compromise of the split private key system. Also, there still remains the possibility of a dictionary attack on the server portion of the private key, referred to as D_asabove, because the user portion of the private key comes from the user's password only. Thereby knowledge of D_asenables a dictionary attack on Daa. Further, and as discussed above, existing multiple factor systems that overcome these problems rely upon expensive hardware. Because of this and other reasons, such systems have failed to gain support. Thus, there remains a need for a multifactor cryptographic system which overcomes the problems of the prior art.
OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION
• It is an object of the present invention to provide a cryptosystem which overcomes the deficiencies of existing cryptosystems. Additional objects, advantages, novel features of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure, including the following detailed description, as well as by practice of the invention. While the invention is described below with reference to preferred embodiment(s), it should be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. Those of ordinary skill in the art having access to the teachings herein will recognize additional implementations, modifications, and embodiments, as well as other fields of use, which are within the scope of the invention as disclosed and claimed herein and with respect to which the invention could be of significant utility.
SUMMARY DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
• In accordance with the present invention, a method and a system for securing an asymmetric crypto-key are provided. The asymmetric crypto-key includes a public key, and a split private key. The split private key includes at least a first private portion and a second private portion. As desired, the asymmetric crypto-key may include even more private portions. Each of the private portions are applied to an original message separately or in sequence and the partial results combined to form a transformed message, and the public portion is applied to the transformed message to verify authenticity of the message preferably by recovering the original message, which authenticates the user. Conversely a message encrypted with the public portion is decrypted by applying each of the private portions to the encrypted message separately or in sequence and the partial results combined to decrypt. The use of asymmetric crypto-keys and split private keys is well understood by those skilled in the art.
• The system includes at least a first data repository and a second data repository. In some aspects the system also includes a processor. Either of the first data repository or the second data repository can be any type of data repository capable of storing data, including, but not limited to, a hard disk, a floppy disk, flash drive, an optical drive, a tape drive. A processor could be any type of processor capable of communicating with one or more memories and functioning to implement the method, including, but not limited to, a processor as found in a typical personal computer, main-frame computer, server-type computer, or any other type computing device.
• A first one of multiple factors upon which generation of a first private portion of the asymmetric crypto-key is based is stored. Thus, the first private portion is generated using multiple pieces of information, known as factors. Each of the multiple factors upon which the first portion is based is under the control of the user. That is, the user has possession of, or free access to, each of the multiple factors.
• A factor could be as simple as a readily available number string, such as a serial number of a user's computer, or could be a sophisticated algorithm, such as a cryptographic key. Also, if the multiple factors are simple number strings, generation of the first private portion could be a simple concatenation of the multiple factors. However, preferably, generation of the first portion includes cryptographically combining the multiple factors, and each of the multiple factors is, or is used to produce, a cryptographic key. Thus, in the preferred embodiment, cryptographic keys are used to produce a crypto-graphic key.
• The first portion is not stored in a persistent state. That is, the first portion must be generated whenever its use is desired. In one embodiment, the first portion is destroyed after its use. However, in other embodiments, the first portion is stored for a limited time after its generation, making it available for use multiple times before it is destroyed. The limited time could be a predetermined time period, or could be a predetermined number of uses of the first portion.
• A second private portion of the asymmetric crypto-key is also stored. The second private portion is under control of an entity other than the user. The first and second portions of the asymmetric crypto-key are combinable to form a complete private key. This private key is then usable to transform messages, as desired.
• Thus, in accordance with the present invention, a new type of asymmetric crypto-key, and storage thereof, is provided. A private portion of the asymmetric crypto-key is produced using multiple factors, each under control of the user. This key provides more security than existing asymmetric crypto-keys in which a private portion is produced using a single factor. As desired, the multiple factors could be two factors, three factors, or any number of multiple factors desired.
• In one aspect, the first factor is stored in a first location, and a second one of the multiple factors is stored in a second location that is different than the first location. Thus, at least two of the factors upon which the private portion is based are stored separately. This adds a level of security, in that a thief would have to infiltrate two locations to steal both of these factors.
• In another aspect, the first factor is stored on either a user's computing device, or removable media configured to communicate with the user's computing device. Preferably the user's computing device is a personal computer, but could be any type computing device capable of functioning in implementing the method, including a PDA, or a mobile telephone. Preferably, the removable media is a USB flash drive, but could be any type of data repository capable of communicating with the user's computing device and storing a factor.
• According to another aspect of the present invention, a second one of the multiple factors is not stored in a persistent state. Thus, each time this second factor is used in generating the first private portion, it must be made available anew, preferably by the user. In a further aspect, the second factor is generated based upon a user's password. Thus, a user provides his or her password, and the second factor is then generated using the password.
• In still another aspect of the present invention, the first private portion is stored for a limited time period after it is generated. During this limited time it is usable to prove the user's identity multiple times without the user providing any authentication information. This limited time period could be a predefined time period, or could be a predefined number of authentications.
• According to yet another aspect, the public key is stored under control of an entity other than the user. Thus, the public portion is available to at least one entity other than the user.
• In an especially beneficial aspect of the present invention, a third private portion of the split private key is based upon another set of multiple factors. This other set of multiple factors could be the same set of multiple factors upon which the first portion is based, or could be a different set. Further, the second set of factors could be partially or completely under the control of an entity other than the user. Or, as desired, the second set of factors could be completely under control of the user. In any event, this third portion is generated based upon multiple factors, as is the first portion.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary network of the present invention, including networked devices associated with a user, a sponsor, a merchant, and an optional distinguished server.
• FIG. 2 depicts a computer suitable for use by a user to access a network in accordance with the invention.
• FIG. 3 is an exemplary block diagram of components of the computer depicted inFIG. 2.
• FIG. 4 depicts a server suitable for use by the sponsor station, optional distinguished entities, and merchants in accordance with the present invention.
• FIG. 5 is an exemplary block diagram of components of the server depicted inFIG. 4.
• FIGS. 6a-6cis a flow chart showing operations which are performed by a user a optional distinguished server and sponsor station in associating a multifactor asymmetric key pair with the user in accordance with certain aspects of the present invention.
• FIGS. 7a-7bis a flow chart showing operations which are performed by a user device and merchant server for a user to authenticate himself or herself to a server in accordance with certain aspects of the present invention.
• FIGS. 8a-8cis a flow chart showing operations which are performed by a user device and the sponsor station for a user to log himself or herself onto a server in accordance with certain other aspects of the present invention.
• FIGS. 9a-9bis a flow chart showing operations which are performed by a user device and the sponsor station for a user to authenticate himself or herself subsequent to logging on in accordance with certain aspects of the present invention.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
• FIG. 1 illustrates a network10, which could be the Internet. As shown, the network10 is an interconnection of networked devices in communication with each other. These networked devices include networked devices30-33 associated with individual network users, networked devices40-41 associated with merchant network users, asponsor station50 associated with a sponsor, and optional networked devices60-62 associated with entities known to and trusted by the sponsor.
• Networked devices30-33 will be referred to as user devices. These network devices are typically personal computers, but could be other type network devices. Networked devices40-41 will be referred to as merchant servers. It should be understood that merchant servers40-41 could be associated with any type entity having a presence on network10. Optional networked devices60-62 will be referred to as distinguished servers. It will be understood that a network may consist of more networked devices than depicted inFIG. 1.
• FIGS. 2 and 3 depict an exemplary personal computer (PC) suitable for use by an individual user as a user device30-33 to access the network10. The PC is preferably a commercially available personal computer. It will be recognized that the PC configuration is exemplary in that other components (not shown) could be added or substituted for those depicted, and certain of the depicted components could be eliminated if desired. Further, a user device30-33 could be another type device other than a ‘computer’, such as, but not limited to, a PDA or a mobile phone.
• The computer functions in accordance with stored programming instructions which drive its operation. Preferably, the computer stores its programming instructions on an EPROM, or hard disk. It will be recognized that only routine programming is required to implement the instructions required to drive the computer to operate in accordance with the invention, as described below. Further, since the computer components and configuration are conventional, routine operations performed by depicted components will generally not be described, such operations being well understood in the art.
• Referring toFIG. 2, thecomputer1000 includes amain unit1010 withslots1011,1012, and1013, respectively provided for loading programming or data from floppy disk, compact disk (CD), or other removable media, onto thecomputer1000. Thecomputer1000 also includes akeyboard1030 andmouse1040 which serve as user input devices. Adisplay monitor1020 is also provided to visually communicate information to the user.
• As depicted inFIG. 3, thecomputer1000 has amain processor1100 which is interconnected viabus1110 with various remote or local storage devices which may include, but are not limited to,EPROM1122,RAM1123,hard drive1124, which has an associatedhard disk1125,CD drive1126, which has an associatedCD1127,floppy drive1128, which has an associatedfloppy disk1129, USB port1195 for connecting a USB drive1196 (often called a flash drive), smart card reader1197 for communicating with asmart card1198. Also shown inFIG. 3 is a trusted processing module (TPM)1199 for securely storing cryptographic keys. Taken together, the remote and local storage will be referred to collectively as1170. Adrive controller1150 controls thehard drive1124,CD drive1126 andfloppy drive1128. Also depicted inFIG. 3 is adisplay controller1120 interconnected to displayinterface1121, akeyboard controller1130 interconnected tokeyboard interface1131, amouse controller1140 interconnected tomouse interface1141 and amodem1160 interconnected to I/O port1165, all of which are connected to thebus1110. Themodem1160 and interconnected I/O port1165 are used to transmit and receive signals via the network10 as described below. It will be understood that other components may be connected if desired to thebus1110, or that less than all the components shown inFIG. 3 May be connected to thebus1110. By accessing the stored computer programming, theprocessor1100 is driven to operate in accordance with the present invention.
• Thesponsor station50, the merchant users and the optional distinguished entities are preferably represented on network10 by an Internet server of the applicable type shown inFIGS. 4 and 5, as will be described further below. However, here again, any network compatible device which is capable of functioning in the described manner could be substituted for the servers shown inFIGS. 4 and 5.
• FIGS. 4 and 5 depict an exemplary network server suitable for use by the sponsor, merchants, and optional distinguished entities to access the network10 in the below-described invention. The server is preferably a commercially available high power, mini-computer or mainframe computer. Here again, it will be recognized that the server configuration is exemplary in that other components (not shown) could be added or substituted for those depicted and certain of the depicted components could be eliminated if desired.
• The server functions as described below in accordance with stored programming instructions which drive its operation. Preferably, the server stores its unique programming instructions on an EPROM or hard disk. It will be recognized that only routine programming is required to implement the instructions required to drive the server to operate in accordance with the invention, as described below. Further, since the server components and configuration are conventional, routine operations performed by depicted components will generally not be described, such operations being well understood in the art.
• Referring toFIG. 4, theserver1000′ includes amain unit1010′ withslots1011′,1012′,1013′ and1014′, respectively provided for loading programming or data from a floppy disk, CD and/or hard disk onto theserver1000′. Theserver1000′ also includes akeyboard1030′ andmouse1040′, which serve as user input devices. Adisplay monitor1020′ is also provided to visually communicate information to the user.
• As depicted inFIG. 5, theserver1000′ has amain processor1100′ which is interconnected viabus1110′ with various storagedevices including EPROM1122′,RAM1123′,hard drive1124′, which has an associatedhard disk1125′, CD drive1126′, which has an associatedCD1127′, andfloppy drive1128′, which has an associatedfloppy disk1129′. The memories, disks and CD all serve as storage media on which computer programming or data can be stored for access by theprocessor1100′. The stored data includes one or more databases containing information associated with network users. The memories associated with a server hereafter will be collectively referred to as memory1170′. Adrive controller1150′ controls thehard drive1124′, CD drive1126′ andfloppy drive1128′. Also depicted inFIG. 11B is adisplay controller1120′ interconnected to displayinterface1121′, akeyboard controller1130′ interconnected tokeyboard interface1130′, amouse controller1140′ interconnected tomouse interface1141′ and amodem1160′ interconnected to I/O port1165′, all of which are connected to thebus1110′. Themodem1160′ and interconnected I/O port1165′ are used to transmit and receive signals via the network10 as described above. It will be understood that other components may be connected if desired to thebus1110′. By accessing the stored computer programming, theprocessor1100′ is driven to operate in accordance with the present invention.
• Multifactor Asymmetric Crypto-key
• A multifactor asymmetric crypto-key is associated with at least each individual network user, and, if present, each optional distinguished server60-62. If desired, a multifactor asymmetric crypto-key can also be associated with each merchant user. Each multifactor asymmetric crypto-key consists of two portions, a public portion and a private portion. The public portion is referred to as E, and the private portion is referred to as D. The public portion of each multifactor asymmetric crypto-key is known to at least each merchant user. If desired, the public portion of each multifactor asymmetric crypto-key can also be known to each individual user. Each of these public portions can be stored on each merchant server, or on each merchant server and each individual device, in association with a user id. Additionally, each E, or less than each E, can be stored atsponsor station50. The private portion of each asymmetric crypto-key consists of at least a first private portion having multiple factors and a second private portion. The second private portion of each multifactor asymmetric crypto-key is retained by thesponsor station50 and will be referred to as D₂. The first private portion of each multifactor asymmetric crypto-key will be referred to as D₁and will be further discussed below.
• The multifactor asymmetric crypto-keys are used in transforming information. Preferably, the multifactor asymmetric crypto-keys are used in providing trusted authentication of an individual user to a merchant user. Also, the multifactor asymmetric crypto-keys can be used in providing trusted authentication of an individual user to another individual user, or of a merchant user to another merchant user. Further the multifactor asymmetric crypto-keys can be used to decrypt data encrypted with the public key. More generally, some subset of the multifactor asymmetric crypto-keys can be used to sign (or likewise decrypt) a message and the signature verified (likewise message encrypted) by the remaining crypto-keys.
• In accordance with the present invention D₁is made up of at least two, and perhaps additional, factors. One factor which is preferably always present is a user's password. Another factor will be either a private key stored on a user device30-33, or a private key stored elsewhere. Of course, both, instead of one, of the other factors could be utilized with the user password, as will be discussed in detail below. Sometimes a private key stored on a user device30-33 will be referred to as D_tetheror a tether key, and a private key stored elsewhere will be referred to as D_USB.
• Typically, the password will not be stored in any form, as preferably a password is short, and thus relatively easy for a user to memorize. However, as desired, a password could be stored on a user device30-33, or even elsewhere. Introduced above, D_tether, when present, is stored on the user's device. In the most common implementation, D_tetheris stored securely on thehard disk1125 using the protection capabilities provided by the PC's operating system, preferably as a non-exportable private key in a Windows Operating System key-store. Of course, as desired, D_tethercould be stored in a Windows Operating System registry. Alternatively, D_tethercan be, as desired, stored on the trusted processing module (TPM)1199. No matter where or how on the user device30-33 D_tetheris stored, in the most basic configuration, D_tethercan only be used from the user device30-33 upon which it is stored. That is, D_tetheris a non-exportable private key stored on the user device upon which it will be used. However, as will be discussed in detail further below, D_tethermay be ported to other devices and used thereon.
• Introduced above, D_USBis not stored on the user device. D_USBis stored on removable media such as, but not limited to, a USB drive (flash drive), a floppy disk, or a CD. Preferably D_USBis stored on a USB flash drive. As desired D_USBmay be encrypted. Preferably, such an encryption is not performed with the user's password. However, D_USBcould be, as desired, encrypted with D_tether. In addition to the removable media described above, D_USBcan be, as desired, stored on a smart card, which is a more sophisticated form of removable memory which typically includes separate processing electronics.
• Key Generation
• In one preferred implementation of key generation thesponsor station50 drives the association between users and multifactor asymmetric crypto-keys. Preferably, for a user to obtain an association with a multifactor asymmetric crypto-key, the user must have a relationship with an entity associated with an optional distinguished server60-62 and only those users referred to thesponsor50 by an optional distinguished server60-62 are eligible to participate in network10. However, as desired, distinguished servers60-62 may not be included in the network10. In such a case, some or all of the functions performed by an optional distinguished server60-62, including those described herein, could be performed bysponsor50, and/or some or all of the functions performed by an optional distinguished server60-62 might not be performed.
• For the sake of discussion below, it is assumed that one or more optional distinguished servers60-62 are included in network10. If an individual user associated withuser device31 wishes to obtain an association with a multifactor asymmetric crypto-key, yet does not have a preexisting relationship with any distinguished server60-62, that user may choose to contactdistinguished server60 via the network10 and provide identity information to thedistinguished server60. In this case, thedistinguished server60 has the capabilities to verify identity information. This capability may be any well known method of verifying identify information, such as a database of credit information, a database of telephone account information, or a database of address information. If thedistinguished server60 verifies the provided information, thedistinguished server60 can refer the user to thesponsor station50.
• If an individual user associated withuser device33 wishes to obtain an association with a multifactor asymmetric crypto-key and has a relationship with thedistinguished server61, the individual user must request that thedistinguished server61 initiate the process of associating an asymmetric crypto-key with the individual user. Operations as described below and depicted inFIGS. 6a-6cwill be performed.
• As shown instep601 ofFIG. 6a, a distinguished server60-62, in this instancedistinguished server62, logs in with thesponsor station50. Then, thedistinguished server62 transmits to thesponsor station50 information identifying a new user with whom a multifactor asymmetric crypto-key will be associated, in this instance the individual user associated withuser device33,step605. Thesponsor50 then generates a symmetric key pair and a user ID which will be associated with the new user,step610. This symmetric key pair will serve as a one time activation code. Preferably, the symmetric key/one time activation code is a short pronounceable word. This symmetric key/one time activation code and user ID is stored in the memory1170′ and is also transmitted to thedistinguished server62,step615. Thedistinguished server62 then causes the symmetric key/one time activation code and user ID to be delivered to the new user. This delivery may be via traditional postal delivery, via e-mail, or via other electronic delivery, such as via a web-page,step617. Preferably electronic or hard-copy delivery will be secured using techniques familiar to those skilled in the art.
• The new user, after receiving the user ID and symmetric key/one time activation code, establishes a communication session with thesponsor50 via network10,step620. The new user enters the user ID into his or her user device and transmits the same to thesponsor station50 via the network10,step625. Thesponsor50 matches the received user ID with the user ID and symmetric key stored in memory1170′,step630.
• If the received user ID has a match stored in memory1170′, thesponsor50 generates a challenge and encrypts the challenge with the symmetric key/one time activation code,step635. Thesponsor50 transmits the encrypted challenge to theuser device33,step638. Theuser device33 decrypts the challenge using the new user's symmetric key/one time activation code,step640. At step645, theuser device33 transmits either the decrypted challenge, or proof of possession thereof, to sponsor50 to authenticate the user to the sponsor. At this point, the user is eligible to be associated with a multifactor asymmetric crypto-key.
• In an alternative embodiment, thesponsor station50 and an optional distinguished server60-62 do not participate in key generation. Rather, key generation is between a user device30-33 and a merchant server40-41. In such a case, as desired, conventional processing for a user to authenticate to a server may be utilized.
• The generation of the multifactor asymmetric crypto-key begins atstep650 in which theuser device33 generates two asymmetric key pairs. The first key pair is D_tetherand E_tether, along with N_tether. E_tether, is the corresponding public key to the private key D_tether, and N_tetheris the modulus. The second key pair is D_USBand E_USB, along with N_USB. E_USBis the corresponding public key to the private key D_USB. Introduced above, D_tetheris stored on theuser device33, and D_USBis stored on removable media. Atstep655 theuser device33 transmits the non-private portions of the generated keys, i.e., E_tether, N_tether, E_USB, and N_USB, to sponsor50 via network10 for storage. It should be appreciated that this transmission could be broken into multiple transmissions, as well as could be encrypted with the symmetric key/one time activation code, or even another key.
• Atstep658 ofFIG. 6btheuser device33 generates a third asymmetric key pair, D and E, along with N. E is the public portion of the multifactor asymmetric crypto key, with N being the modulus. Following atstep660, theuser device33 splits D into at least a first private portion, D₁, having multiple factors, and a second private portion D₂. Theuser device33 first determines D₁, as will be described below, and then determines D₂utilizing conventional techniques, as will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, i.e, that D₁*D₂=D modF (N).
• The processing to determine D₁is based upon the multiple factors. In the preferred embodiment, the multiple factors are a user password, D_tether, and D_usb. However, as desired, the multiple factors could be any two of D_tether, D_USB, and the user password. In particular, theuser device33 calculates D₁utilizing the PKCS-5 algorithm, a well known one way function. The preferred equation for D₁is as follows:
  PKCS-5(sign{Sha-1(sign{Sha-1(password),D_tether}),D_USB},salt,iteration count)  (1)
• Thus, as shown in equation 1, D₁is computed in a novel manner by taking a first Sha-1 hash of the password and transforming this quantity with D_tether,, taking a second Sha-1 hash of the transformed quantity and transforming the second Sha-1 hash with D_USB, and then using the result of this second transformation as an input to the PKCS-5 algorithm, along with the salt and the iteration count. After the determination of D₁, theuser device33 determines D₂utilizing conventional and well known techniques, completing the split of D₁.
• For those cases in which it is desired to use the password and D_USBas the multiple factors, but not D_tether, the following equation for determining D₁can be used:
  PKCS-5(sign{Sha-1(password),D_USB},salt,iteration count)  (2)
• For those cases in which it is desired to use the password and D_tetheras the multiple factors, but not D_USB, the following equation for determining D₁can be used:
  PKCS-5(sign{Sha-1(password),D_tether}, salt, iteration count)  (3)
• After theuser device33 determines D₁, operations continue withstep665 in which theuser device33 destroys D₁and transmits D₂, E and N to the entity with which the user is establishing a multifactor asymmetric crypto-key, which could be thesponsor station50 or a merchant server40-41, for storage in memory1170′. Thereafter theuser device33 destroys D2. Preferably, at least the transmitted D₂is encrypted with the symmetric key/one time activation code, or even another key. Of course, as desired, either or both of E and N could also be encrypted.
• Alternatively, as desired, the key association entity, i.e., for example,sponsor50, or merchant server40-41, could generate one or more of the first, second, or third key pairs, including the splitting of D₁. If an entity other than auser device33 generates either the first or the second key pair, that generating entity will transmit the generated private portion, i.e., D_tetherand/or D_USB, to theuser device33 and destroy the copy at theother entity50 so that only the user, through theuser device33 or removable media, has access to a private portion of either of these key pairs. If another entity generates the third key pair and performs the splitting, that generating entity does not provide any associated information to the user. However, preferably the user will provide the password to the generating entity for use with the PKCS-5 algorithm. Also, the non-user device having generated D₁and D₂destroys D₁and the password and stores D₂in memory1170′.
• Login Protocol—One to One
• In providing trusted authentication of an individual user, in this instance, the individual user associated withuser device30, to an entity which the user directly obtained a multifactor asymmetric crypto-key, in this instance, the merchant user associated withmerchant server40, the following operations, as shown inFIGS. 7aand7b, are performed bynetworked devices30 and40. For simplicity of the description, it is assumed here that themerchant server40 also functioned as thesponsor server50 in the previously described key generation protocol, although more generally they can be different network devices. This authentication is known as the LOGIN ONE TO ONE protocol.
• A communication session betweenuser device30 and merchant server via network10 is established, step701 ofFIG. 7.Merchant server40 transmits a request via network10 touser device30 requesting that the individual user authenticate himself or herself to the merchant user,step710. Atstep715 the user transmits his or her user ID to themerchant server40 via network10 in the clear. It should be understood that, as desired, communications between theuser device30 and the merchant server could be protected using server side SSL encryption. However, for the sake of simplicity, it will be assumed that, in the present example, server side SSL is not used.
• Next, atstep720 themerchant server40 generates a challenge, which consists of a random number and a time stamp, and transmits the same to theuser device30 via the network10, also in the clear. In response to the challenge, theuser device30, atstep725, generates a permission request (PR) which consists of the challenge, a time stamp, and a random number R1. In order to authenticate the user to themerchant server40, the user will demonstrate knowledge of D₁, D_tether, and D_USB. However, theuser device30 will not provide the password to themerchant server40. Atstep726, theuser device30 generates D₁, using the PKCS-5 algorithm resident on theuser device30, as described above. In other words, the user enters his or her password and makes the removable media upon which D_USBis stored available touser device30. As will be understood from the above, D_tetheris already stored on theuser device30. It should be understood thatsteps725 and726 could be concurrently performed, or could be performed in some other order than that depicted in the Figures and as described herein.
• Atstep730 theuser device30 creates a signed permission request (SPR) using D₁, D_tether, and D_USB. The signed permission request has the following form:
  SPR=(PR,sign(Sha-1(PR),D_tether,sign(Sha-1(PR),D_USB)^D1  (4)
  Thus, PR is combined with both a Sha-1 hash of PR signed with D_tetherand a Sha-1 hash of PR signed with D_USB. This combination is then encrypted with D₁. Atstep735 theuser device30 transmits SPR to themerchant server40 via network10.
• Upon receipt of SPR, themerchant server40 uses D₂, N and E, stored in memory1170′, to recover PR, sign (Sha-1 (PR), D_tether), and sign (Sha-1 (PR), D_USB) by removing D₁. step740. Verifying that the challenge included in PR is correct, after decrypting with D₂, verifies knowledge of D₁. Atstep745 themerchant server40 uses E_tetherand N_tetherto directly verify knowledge of D_tether. That is, themerchant server40 recovers PR from sign (Sha-1 (PR), D_tether). And, atstep750 themerchant server40 uses E_USBand N_USBto directly verify knowledge of D_USB. That is, themerchant server40 recovers PR from sign (Sha-1 (PR), D_USB). The successful completion ofsteps740 throughstep750 implicitly verifies knowledge of the password and associated multiple factors used to correctly construct D₁, as well as additional direct verification of these multiple factors, thus providing successful authentication. One or more of these direct additional verifications may be omitted as desired.
• Followingstep750, assuming successful authentication, themerchant server50 and theuser device30 work together to create a symmetric crypto-key used to encrypt and MAC communications between the two. Creation and use of such a symmetric crypto-key is well known in the art and will be understood by one of ordinary skill.
• Login Protocol—Single Sign on
• Single sign on capabilities are easily provided within the context of a multiple factor asymmetric crypto-key. That is, a user enters his or her password once to access one website and is not asked for the same when accessing another website, or different portion of the one website. To provide single sign on, in one embodiment after generation during login, D₁, is stored encrypted on theuser device30, with the key for decryption stored on thesponsor server50. D₁could be stored on the hard disk in a location such as the Windows registry where it can be accessed by multiple programs. However, this makes the encrypted key vulnerable to theft, so another alternative is to store the encrypted key in a shared area of RAM. D₁, when stored in RAM, can also be encrypted with a non-exportable one time use RSA key pair that has a lifetime of that particular encrypted copy of D₁, or encrypted with a smartcard key. Yet another possibility is to store D₁in the TPM1199, either directly in the TPM or external to the TPM encrypted with one of the private keys of the TPM1199.
• In another single sign on embodiment, thesponsor station50 participates in the login protocol. With reference toFIG. 8, a communication session betweenuser device30 and merchant server via network10 is established,step801.Merchant server40 transmits a request via network10 touser device30 requesting that the individual user authenticate himself or herself to the merchant user,step810.
• In response to this request, theuser device30 determines if a logged-in ticket is stored on memory1170 at theuser device30,step815. For purposes of the present discussion it will be assumed that a logged-in ticket is not stored. Theuser device30 requests the individual user to enter his or her user id and password into theuser device30,step820.
• User device30 processes the entered password along with D_tetherand D_USBto obtain D₁,step825.User device30 then transmits a log-in request to sponsorstation50 via network10,step830. The log-in request includes at least the user's user ID. It should be understood thatstep825 can occur previous to step830, concurrent withstep830, or subsequent to step830, though it is shown previous to step830 inFIG. 8.
• Sponsor station50 receives and processes the log-in request to generate a challenge to theuser device30,step835. The generated challenge is transmitted to theuser device30 via network10,step840. The log-in request and challenge are preferably each transmitted in the clear. That is, neither of these messages are protected. However, as will be understood, server side SSL encryption could be, as desired, used to protect these communications.
• Theuser device30 receives the challenge and generates SPR, as will be understood from the discussion above andFIG. 7, forming a first encrypted message,step841.User device30 transmits the first message to sponsorstation50,step850.Sponsor station50 decrypts the first encrypted message, as also will be understood from the above, to recover PR, which includes the challenge, time stamp and R1,step855. This operation authenticates theuser device30 to thesponsor station50.
• Upon successful authentication, thesponsor station50 generates a second random number R2, computes the function XOR of R1 and R2, generates a time stamp, and determine a lifetime-value,step860. The lifetime-value is the life span of the logged-in ticket. This value may be a finite time period, such as 1 hour or any other finite time period so desired, or this value may be an end time such that the logged-in ticket expires upon that time being reached. Next, thesponsor station50 encrypts R2, the time stamp, and the lifetime-value with R1, forming a second encrypted message,step865. Thesponsor station50 transmits this second encrypted message to theuser device30 via network10,step870.
• Theuser device30 decrypts the second encrypted message using R1, recovering R2, the time stamp, and the lifetime-value,step875. This operation authenticates thesponsor station50 to theuser device30. Theuser device30 computes function XOR of R1 and R2 which is called R12, encrypts D1 with R1, and then destroys R1 and the unencrypted D₁,step880. Theuser device30 then stores the encrypted D1, user ID, time stamp, and the lifetime-value on memory1170, or elsewhere on theuser device30, forming the logged-in ticket,step885. Theuser device30 then transmits a message to thesponsor station50 which includes a ‘done’ indication and a time stamp which are encrypted using R12,step890. Thesponsor station50 stores an indication in memory1170′ that the user is logged in. The user has now successfully logged in. If the user has an unexpired logged-in ticket, the user need not provide the user's client ID or password again to provide authentication to another network station requesting authentication.
• Once the user is successfully logged in, to complete the authentication of user to the merchant, theuser device30 transmits an authorization request to thesponsor station50,step910 ofFIG. 9a. The authorization request includes the user's user ID which is stored as part of the logged-in ticket on memory1170. Theuser device30 retrieves the user ID from memory1170, theuser device30 does not prompt the user to enter the user ID. This transmission is sent using a Message Authentication Code (MAC) using R12. As will be understood by one skilled in the art, a MACed message is not encrypted, rather it includes a number string appended to the message which authenticates the sender of the message to the receiver of the message and assures integrity of the message content. Theuser device30 MACs the authorization request with R12. Thesponsor station50 processes the received message to authenticate the user based upon the MACed message, step515. Then, thesponsor station50 generates and transmits an acknowledgement message to theuser device30. This is also MACed with R12,step916.
• Theuser device30 authenticates the received acknowledgment and encodes a 36 byte hash, provided by themerchant server40,step920, preferably being the running hash of a client-side SSL handshake sequence. Preferably, the 36 byte hash is encoded using the PKCS1 algorithm, though other well known algorithms could be used. Next, theuser device30 encrypts the 36 byte hash and a time stamp with R12 and transmits both to thesponsor station50,step925.
• Thesponsor station50 decrypts encoded 36 byte hash and time stamp using R12,step930. Next, thesponsor station50 signs the encoded 36 byte hash with D₂, the second private portion of the multifactor asymmetric crypto-key,step935. Thesponsor station50 generates a fresh time stamp, recalls R1 from memory1170′, and transmits the time stamp, the signed encoded 36 byte hash, and R1 to theuser device30, all encrypted with R12,step940.
• Theuser device30 decrypts the time stamp, the signed encoded 36 byte hash, and R1 using R12,step945. Then, theuser device30 recalls encrypted D₁from the memory1170 and decrypts D₁using R1 obtained from thesponsor station50,step950. Theuser device30 then uses D₁to complete the signature of the encoded 36 byte hash and transmits the fully signed 36 byte hash to themerchant server40,step955. To complete the transaction, theuser device30 transmits a ‘done’ message to thesponsor station50,step960.
• Alternately the encoded 36 byte hash could be first signed on theuser device30 using D₁decrypted via R12 and the signature completed on thesponsor station50 using D₂.
• Roaming
• Introduced above, D_tethermay be moved to additional user devices30-33 besides the one upon which it was created. This movement of D_tetheris known as roaming. In the preferred embodiment, roaming is provided via an extension to the key generation protocol. This extension will be discussed in the context ofuser device32 communicating with thesponsor station50 to associate a multifactor asymmetric crypto-key with a user. However, it should be understood that the same extension applies when communications are between a user device30-33 and a merchant server to establish such an association.
• During key generation thesponsor station50 preferably transmits one or more secret questions to theuser device32 in the clear via network10, after theuser device32 has generated, or received, D_tether. The secret question(s) will be referred to herein as part A. Alternatively, thesponsor station50 could transmit a trigger to cause secret question(s) already stored on theuser device32 to be presented to the user. It should be appreciated that the secret question(s) asked a particular user could be varied by thesponsor station50 based upon any desired factor. Further, it should be understood that the number of secret questions asked a particular user could likewise be varied based upon any desired factor.
• The user enters answers to the secret question(s) on theuser device32. The answer(s) will be referred to herein as part B. Theuser device32 then uses parts A and B as inputs to the PKCS-5 algorithm, discussed above. After the entering of part B, theuser device32 performs the PKCS-5 algorithm twice, with the only difference between the two performances being the value of the iteration count. The first iteration count is preferably 99, and the second iteration count is preferably 100. However, it will be appreciated that any two different iteration counts could be used where the second is larger than the first. Based upon the output of the PKSC-5 algorithm, two symmetric keys are produced, preferably in accord with the well known DES3 standard. These keys will be referred to as DES3-99, and DES3-100. In the PKCS-5 algorithm, part B is used as the password, and part A is used as the salt. Alternatively, for example if part A is not transmitted to theuser device32, but instead is stored thereon, the user's id could be used as the salt.
• After generation of DES3-99 and DES3-100, theuser device32 encrypts D_tetherwith the first of the two DES3 keys, in this example, DES3-99. The encrypted D_tetheralong with the second of the two keys, in this example DES3-100, is transmitted from theuser device32 to thesponsor station50 via network10. Thesponsor station50 then stores the received encrypted D_tetherand DES3-100 in memory1070‘in association with that user’s user ID.
• Whenever this user desires to move D_tetheronto a different user device30-33 the user accesses thesponsor station50 from that different user device30-33 and thesponsor station50 transmits part A to the different user device30-33, in the clear or encrypted with server side SSL. The user enters the same answers previously entered and once again DES3-100 and DES3-99 are computed, this time by the different user device30-33, based upon part B. DES3-100 is now available to be used as a shared symmetric key, as both the user and thesponsor station50 have a copy thereof. Proof of possession of DES3-100 by the different user device30-33 is made to thesponsor station50, i.e., the user is authenticated using any authentication technique desired.
• After authentication, thesponsor station50 transmits the stored encrypted copy of D_tetherto the different user device30-33 via network10. This transmission is encrypted with DES3-100. The different user device30-33 is then able to decrypt D_tetherusing the copy of DES3-99 it generated. Thereafter, the different user device30-33 stores D_tether, which, as discussed above, could be in any of several places on or associated with this user device30-33. Those with ordinary skill in the art will understand that successful communication using DES3-100 establishes correct knowledge of Part B by the user and that storage of DES3-100 on the sponsor station does not enable decryption of D_tether.
• As desired, the ability of a user to roam may be limited. For example, the number of user devices30-33 onto which D_tethercan be moved can be limited. Also, the actual machines onto which D_tethercan be moved can be limited. Other variations include only performing the above-described extension to key generation when a user desired to roam, not during the actual key generation processing. In this way, the encrypted copy of D_tetherstored could be destroyed after a certain period of time, forcing a user to actually move D_tetherdown onto a different user device30-33 within a predetermined period of time after performance of the extension of the key generation protocol.
• In an alternative approach to roaming, a user is associated with multiple, different, D_tethers. This results in a modified login protocol from that discussed above. In the modified login protocol, D₁is no longer based upon a password, D_tether, and D_USB. Rather, D₁is based only upon D_USBand the password. However, SPR is still determined as described above, i.e., based upon D_USB, and any one of the multiple D_tethers. Each of the multiple D_tethersis, as will be understood, associated with a unique E_tether. Each D_tetheris associated with a single, particular user device30-33. Each of the E_tethersis stored in association with the user id at the entity with which the key association was made. Also stored is an indication of the single, particular user device30-33 with which a particular E_tetheris associated. During Login, information identifying a particular user device30-33 from which login is being performed is transmitted to the particular device being accessed, i.e.,sponsor station50 or a merchant server40-41, so that the correct D_tetheris utilized in decrypting SPR. In this manner, each user is associated with a single certificate because each user is associated with a single D₁.
• Kiosk Mode
• Roaming, discussed above, is but one technique provided by the present invention which enables a user to securely transmit information via network10. Introduced above, D is split into D₁and D₂. However, any particular D can be split more than one way. The kiosk mode leverages this fact to provide a user multiple levels of network access. In the kiosk mode, D is split two different ways, resulting in not only D₁and D₂, discussed above, but also D₃and D₄. More particularly, D₃is based upon the password only, and D₄is the complement to D3, as will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. So, as commonly understood, E*D=1 mod F (N). The D is split twice, with one split being D₁*D₂=D mod F (N), and the other split being D₃*D₄=1 mod F (N). The second split, based upon the password only, can be called the zero footprint split.
• As desired, D₃could be generated from information other than, or in addition to, the password. For example, D₃could be generated from the password and D_USB, or any other information different than that utilized to generate D₁. However, it is most desirable that D₃be based upon the user's password only, as the user will most typically be operating under kiosk mode will at a user device30-33 other than the user device30-33 upon which D_tetheris stored.
• Preferably, when a user is not at the user device30-33 upon which his or her D_tetheris stored, the user transmits his or her user id and password to a merchant server40-41. As desired, this could be via a special kiosk mode user presentation. Typically, this transmission will be protected by server side SSL. The receiving merchant server then will authenticate the user based only upon the received user id and password by converting the received password into D3 and demonstrating knowledge of D3 to asponsor station50 which verifies this knowledge by means of D4 stored in memory1170′.
• Authentication via kiosk mode will preferably result in a different level of access, i.e., information that requires a higher level of security will not be available via the kiosk mode. In kiosk mode, a lowest level of security is provided, based upon the password only. Thus, kiosk mode can be referred to as a single factor mode. In a two factor mode, a higher level of security is provided based upon the password and either of D_tetheror D_USB. And, in a three factor mode, a highest level of security is provided, based upon the password, D_tether, and D_USB. A particular server may be a legacy server that only uses passwords, not additional factors. Or, a particular server may only host non-sensitive information, and thus a higher level of security is not needed. In both cases, such a server might employ only single factor or double factor security.
• Further, a same server can now offer multiple levels of security utilizing the present invention. Thus, for example, a user can log on under kiosk mode based upon only his or her password/user id combination, or that same user can log on, to the same server, based upon his or her password/user id, as well as one or both of his or her D_tetherand/or D_USB. It should also be noted that, as desired, the multiple levels of access could be from the same user device30-33.
• Still further, different users could be, as desired, associated with one or more different levels of access. Thus, for example, a first user could be allowed to only log on under three factor security, a second user could be allowed to log on under either one or three factor security, and a third user could be allowed to log on under only single factor security. It will be appreciated that other combinations of access, based upon a user's identity, a server, or other network appliance, being accessed, the type of information being accessed, and/or the particular user device30-33, or type of user device30-33, being used by a user may be had. This has the powerful business benefit that a single security system can issue credentials of different strengths to different users, allowing strength to be appropriately matched to need.
• Somewhat different than kiosk mode, though also resulting in a lower level of security, a second and/or third factor does not have to be a cryptographic key, or even a random number. A factor could be a property of the user device30-33, such as a hard drive serial number, available to the user device30-33 for use in encrypting information. So, if a high level of strength is not desired, a second and/or third factor might not be a crypto-graphic key. Further, as desired, when multiple factors are utilized, the multiple factors could be merely concatenated instead of algorithmically combined, as described above. However, it will be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art that a simple concatenation will not produce a high level of security.
• It will also be recognized by those skilled in the art that, while the invention has been described above in terms of one or more preferred embodiments, it is not limited thereto. Various features and aspects of the above described invention may be used individually or jointly. Further, although the invention has been described in the context of its implementation in a particular environment and for particular purposes, e.g. in providing security for Internet communications, those skilled in the art will recognize that its usefulness is not limited thereto and that the present invention can be beneficially utilized in any number of environments and implementations. Accordingly, the claims set forth below should be construed in view of the full breath and spirit of the invention as disclosed herein.

Claims (20)

1. A method for securing an asymmetric crypto-key having a public key and a split private key with multiple private portions, comprising:

storing a first one of multiple factors, all of which are under the control of a user, required to generate a first private portion of the split private key, the first private portion not stored in a persistent state; and

storing a second private portion of the split private key under control of an entity other than the user;

wherein the first private portion and the second private portion are combinable to form a complete private portion.

2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the first factor is stored at a first location, and further comprising:

storing, at a second location different than the first location, a second one of the multiple factors.

3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein:

the first factor is stored on one of i) a computing device associated with the user, and ii) removable media configured to communicate with the user computing device.

4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein a second one of the multiple factors is not stored in a persistent state.

5. The method ofclaim 4, wherein the second factor is generated based upon a user password.

6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein generation of the first private portion based upon the multiple factors includes cryptographically combining the multiple factors.

7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein:

the asymmetric crypto-key is a first asymmetric crypto-key; and

the first factor is a private key of a second asymmetric crypto-key different than the first asymmetric crypto-key.

8. The method of1, further comprising:

generating the first private portion based upon the multiple factors, including the stored first factor;

non-persistently storing the generated first private portion for a limited time period; and

during the limited time period applying the stored first private portion to authenticate the user multiple times.

9. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising:

storing the public key under control of an entity other than the user.

10. The method ofclaim 1, wherein:

the multiple factors are a first set of multiple factors; and

a third private portion of the split private key is based upon a second set of multiple factors.

11. A system for securing an asymmetric crypto-key having a public key and a split private key with multiple private portions, comprising:

a first data repository configured to store one of multiple factors, all of which are under control of a user, required to generate a first private portion of the split private key, the first private portion not stored in a persistent state and

a second data repository configured to store a second private portion of the split private key, the second portion under control of an entity other than the user;

wherein the first private portion and the second private portion are combinable to form a complete private portion.

12. The system ofclaim 11, further comprising:

a third data repository configured to store a second one of the multiple factors, the third data repository different than the first data repository.

13. The system ofclaim 11, wherein:

the first data repository is one of i) a drive associated with a user computing device, and ii) removable media configured to communicate with the user's computing device.

14. The system ofclaim 11, wherein a second one of the multiple factors is not stored in a persistent state.

15. The system ofclaim 14, further comprising:

a processor, in communication with the first data repository, configured to generate the second factor based upon a user password.

16. The system ofclaim 11, further comprising:

a processor, in communication with the first data repository, configured cryptographically combine the multiple factors to generate the first private portion.

17. The system ofclaim 11, wherein:

the asymmetric crypto-key is a first asymmetric crypto-key; and

the first factor is a private key of a second asymmetric crypto-key different than the first asymmetric crypto-key.

18. The system ofclaim 11, wherein:

a generated first private portion is non-persistently stored for a limited time period after generation; and

during the limited time the stored first private portion is applied to authenticate the user multiple times.

19. The system ofclaim 11, further comprising:

a third data repository under control of an entity other than the user and configured to store the public key.

20. The system ofclaim 11, wherein:

the multiple factors are a first set of multiple factors; and

a third private portion of the split private key is based upon a second set of multiple factors.

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