US20060079748A1 - Kit for image guided surgical procedures - Google Patents

Abstract

An embodiment of the present invention provides a kit of parts for use in a surgical procedure performed under image guidance, and particularly under real time image guidance. The kit includes a sterilized drape for use with the chosen imaging machine and which can be used to provide a sterile operating environment when the procedure is performed under the imaging beam. The kit also includes a needle holder that can keep the surgeon's hand away from the imaging beam. The needle holder is operable to hold a needle that is made from a material suitable for piercing tissue, but also substantially preserves the appearance of the needle when it is viewed under the imaging beam.

Description

PRIORITY CLAIM
• The present application is a divisional of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 10/373,835 filed Feb. 27, 2003, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/366,530 filed Mar. 25, 2002 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/366,529 filed Mar. 25, 2002, and for which co-inventor Murphy of the present application is also named as co-inventor. The contents of all of these documents are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates generally to image guided surgery and more particularly relates to a kit of parts, and the individual parts of the kit, for use in navigation during a surgical procedure.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Over one million CT-guided biopsies are performed per year in the US. There are two million ultrasound-guided biopsies a year. Many of these ultrasound biopsies are performed because computerized tomography (“CT”)is not available. Ultrasound is also traditionally faster than CT, as there is the availability of substantially real time imaging. Traditionally, CT required the acquisition of an image, the passage of a needle, the acquisition of another image and the repositioning of the needle to be checked by acquisition of another image. With this process a biopsy could take hours and it was hard to keep track of the needle tip relative to the patient and know if it was necessary to angle up or down to get to the target.
• The recent availability of CT fluoroscopy has radically changed management of patients. With CT fluoroscopy, cross sectional images of the body are obtained which are refreshed up to thirteen times a second. Further increases in the refresh rate are believed by the inventors to be a reasonable expectation. With some CT scanners three slices can be presented simultaneously, all being refreshed thirteen times a second. This can create a substantially flicker-free image of a needle or device being passed into the patient. This has the potential to increase speed, accuracy and ability to safely deliver needles to sensitive or delicate structures and avoid large blood vessels.
• However, there are drawbacks and limitations to CT fluoroscopy. These mainly relate to issues of infection due to the procedure and radiation safety for the physician. For example, during the passage of the needle by the physician's hands into the patient under substantially real time x-ray guidance, the physician's hand is in the x-ray beam. This can result in an accumulation of excessive radiation dose to the physician's hand. The physician may perform the procedure repeatedly during his career or even during a single day and this cumulative dose becomes an issue of personal radiation safety.
• Furthermore, current biopsy needles are composed of metal that generates significant artifacts when used with x-ray detectors of CT quality. These artifacts are related to the density of the metals used in these needles. These artifacts are called beam-hardening artifacts. These artifacts can obscure the intended target or obscure an important structure and possibly make it possible for inadvertent injury of the target. Accordingly, current biopsy needles are not generally suitable for CT image guided surgical procedures.
• A further disadvantage of the prior art is that needles that are currently used for biopsies typically have the stylet attached to the trocar loosely, yet such a loose attachment can present certain hazards when using such a needle under CT imaging.
• A further disadvantage of the prior art is that, since CT machines are typically used for simple capturing of images, they are typically non-sterile, and therefore, under CT image guidance procedures, elaborate sterilization can be necessary to reduce risk of patient infection. Simplified sterilization techniques are therefore desirable.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a kit of parts for image guided surgical procedures that obviates or mitigates at least one of the above-identified disadvantages of the prior art. In an aspect of the invention there is provided a sterile needle holder that allows the transmission of force from the physician's hand to the needle so that the needle can be guided into the patient without requiring the physician to have his hand in the x-ray beam during the procedure. It is presently preferred that the needle holder be made from materials such that artifacts are not generated (or artifacts are desirably reduced) that would obscure the target. (i.e. radio lucent).
• It is therefore desirable to provide needles of decreased density. The unit of density used for CT is the Hounsfield unit after the inventor of CT, Dr Hounsfield. A Hounsfield unit of Zero is attributed to the density of water on CT, bone is higher in density than water, fat is lower in density than water. Fat therefore has a negative number. According to an aspect of the invention there is provided needles that are composed of metals or composites that are visible on CT but have a reduced likelihood of showing artifacts under CT. Needles are composed of two parts, an outer trocar and an inner stylet. Either one or the other or both can be made of diminished Hounsfield unit density material. It can be thus desirable to construct a stylet made of carbon fiber or plastic. Aluminium or Nitinol or Inconel, are metals that are MRI compatible and may be valuable for CT purposes while at the same time being useful for MRI.
• In another aspect of the invention there is provided a biopsy needle wherein the stylet is attached to the trocar via a locking means or attachment means, such as a Luer lock.™ or a simple screw system. The locking biopsy needle is thus used under CT image guidance, advanced using the needle holder. The locking needle thus can be unlocked at the desired time and reduce the likelihood of trauma or injury to the patient during navigation under CT image guidance.
• In another aspect of the invention there is provided a drape that reduces contamination of the operator's hand against the side of the CT scanner. For conventional angiography, a sterilized plastic bag with an elasticated top is placed around the image intensifier and used like a sack. In a CT machine, there is provided a donut-shaped configuration and the patient passes through the central hole of the donut. Preferably, such a drape is disposable, but re-sterilizable drapes are also within the scope of the invention. It is presently preferred that the drape would be like a basketball hoop. In this particular implementation of this aspect of the invention, the basketball-hoop like drape is attachable to the open ends of the CT scanner by any suitable attachment means, such as either or a combination of a) adhesive, b) preplaced hoops affixed to the CT scanner and whereby such hoops would attach by an elasticated band to the drape; c) the drape could be made from a metal that is foldable and therefore transportable, though when released from its package would have a radial force such that it would affix the drape to either side of the CT scanner. Such a material could be Nitinol, from Nitrol Devices and Components, 47533 Westinghouse Drive, Fremont, Calif. 94539.
• In another aspect of the invention there is provided a kit for use in CT guided image fluoroscopy, comprising: (1) a needle holder for keeping the operator's hand out of the beam; (2) a needle of diminished beam hardening artifact inducing potential; (3) a lock to fix the stylet with regard to the trocar in an appropriate position; and (4) a drape to protect the operator's hand from contamination.
• In another aspect of the invention there is provided a kit of parts for use in an image guided surgical procedure using a substantially real time imaging machine comprising: a needle holder having a grasping means and a handle depending therefrom, the handle being configured such that the grasping means can be exposed to the imaging beam and an operator's hand can be distal from the imaging beam in relation to the grasping means; a needle attachable to the grasping means and having a rigidity to travel through mammalian tissue to a target area and having a radioopacity that substantially preserves an appearance of the needle when the needle is viewed on a display of the real time imaging machine; and a sleeve for attachment to the real time imaging machine that provides a substantially sterile operating environment for using the needle when attached to to the machine.
• In a particular implementation of the foregoing aspect, a locking mechanism is associated with at least one of the grasping means and the needle for releasably locking the needle to the needle holder.
• In another aspect of the invention there is provided a surgical instrument for use in an image guided surgical procedure using a substantially real time imaging machine comprising: a needle holder having a grasping means and a handle depending therefrom, the handle being configured such that the grasping means can be exposed to the imaging beam and an operator's hand can be kept a distance away from the imaging beam; and a needle attachable to the grasping means and having a rigidity to travel through mammalian tissue to a target area and having a radioopacity that substantially preserves an appearance of the needle when the needle is viewed on a display of the real time imaging machine.
• In a particular implementation of the foregoing aspect, the needle is a trocar comprising a cannula and a stylet receivable within the cannula.
• In a particular implementation of the foregoing aspect, a locking mechanism is associated with at least one of the grasping means and the needle for releasably locking the needle to the needle holder.
• In another aspect of the invention there is provided a sterile drape for attachment to a real time imaging machine comprising: a sheet of material for providing a substantially sterile barrier between the imaging machine and a patient; and an attachment means for affixing the body to the imaging machine.
• In a particular implementation of the foregoing aspect, the sheet of material is plastic and substantially tubular.
• In a particular implementation of the foregoing aspect, the imaging machine has a pair of annular lips that flare outwardly from a respective opening of the machine and wherein the attachment means comprises an annular shaped elastic integral with each open respective ends of the sheet, each of the elastics for grasping a respective lip.
• In a particular implementation of the foregoing aspect, the drape is umbrella-like, in that the material is plastic and the attachment means is a series of series of rods integrally affixed to the plastic, the rods made from a springed material such that the sleeve has a first position wherein the sleeve is collapsed and a second position wherein the sleeve is outwardly springed.
• In a particular implementation of the foregoing aspect, the material is nitinol and the attachment means is acheived through configuring the nitinol to be outwardly springed.
• In a particular implementation of the foregoing aspect, the attachment means is selected from the group consisting of velcro, ties, or snaps.
• In another aspect of the invention there is provided an imaging machine comprising a channel for receiving a patient and exposing the patient to a substantially real time imaging beam. The machine also includes an attachment means for affixing a sterile drape to the channel, such that when the sterile drape is attached thereto a substantially sterile barrier between the channel and the patient is provided, thereby providing a substantially sterile environment for the patient.
• In a particular implementation of the foregoing aspect, the attachment means is comprised of a pair of annular lips flanged so as to provide a secure attachment to a pair of annular elastized openings of a sterile sleeve.
• In a particular implementation of the foregoing aspect, the beam is selected from the group consisting of CT, MRI, and X-Ray.
• In a particular implementation of the foregoing aspect, a refresh rate of the real-time imaging beam is greater than, or equal to, about thirteen frames per second. The rate can be greater than about thirty frames per second. The rate can also be greater than about fifty frames per second. In other implementations, however, it is contemplated that the refresh rate can be as low as about one frame per second, depending on the actual procedure being performed and/or the imaging device being used.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• Embodiments of the invention will now be discussed, by way of example only, with reference to the attached Figures, in which:
• FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a CT machine in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
• FIG. 2 is a side sectional view of the CT machine ofFIG. 1;
• FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a drape for use with the machine shown inFIG. 1 in accordance with an other embodiment of the invention;
• FIG. 4 is the side sectional view ofFIG. 2 but with the drape ofFIG. 3 assembled to the machine;
• FIG. 5 is a front view the drape ofFIG. 3 assembled to the machine shown inFIG. 4, in the direction of the lines V-V ofFIG. 4;
• FIG. 6 is an exploded perspective view of a needle holder in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
• FIG. 7 is an assembled view of the needle holder ofFIG. 6 just prior to use;
• FIG. 8 shows the needle holder ofFIG. 7 being inserted into a target area of a patient;
• FIG. 9 shows the stylet of the needle holder ofFIG. 7 being removed; and,
• FIG. 10 is a kit of parts including the drape ofFIG. 3 and the needle holder ofFIG. 6 in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• Referring now toFIGS. 1 and 2, a computerized tomography (“CT”) imaging machine in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is indicated generally at30.CT Machine30 is composed of achassis34 and achannel38 through which a patient is received in order to capture the desired images of the patient and/or perform any desired procedures. A presently preferred CT machine for use in the present embodiment is an imaging machine capable of generating substantially real time images. In order to generate images in substantially real time, the imaging machine can generate images at a rate of about fifty frames per second or greater. However, substantially real time images suitable for the present embodiment can also be generated by machines capable of generating images at a rate of about thirty frames per second or greater. However, substantially real time images suitable for the present embodiment can also be generated by a machine capable of generating images at a rate of about thirteen frames per second or greater. A presently preferred substantially real time imaging machine is the Toshiba Aquillon, a CT machine, which generates images at a rate of about thirteen frames per second for use in performing procedures under CT image guidance.
• As will be understood by those of skill in the art,chassis34 inFIGS. 1 and 2 is a simplified representation used for purposes of explaining the present embodiment, and thus also contain the requisite imaging beam technology to provide the desired CT imaging functionality.
• Thus,machine30 is further characterized by a pair ofannular lips42aand42b,(or other attachment means) that flare outwardly from a respective opening ofchannel38 and away fromchassis34. Each lip42 attaches tochassis34 at the periphery ofchannel38, wherechannel38 meetschassis34 at the ends ofmachine30. Further details onmachine30 and lips42 and its use will be discussed in greater detail later below.
• Referring now toFIG. 3, a sterile sleeve is indicated generally at46, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. In the present embodiment,sleeve46 is comprised of a substantially tubular sterilized plastic sheet (or other suitably flexible material that will not interfere with the imaging beam of machine30). While not shown in the Figures,sleeve46 is thus typically pre-sterilized and then folded for storage (all while maintaining sterility) within a sterile packaging. The sterile packaging is thus not opened untilsleeve46 is put into use, and only then opened under acceptable and/or desirable sterile conditions.
• Sleeve46 is thus further characterized by a pair ofannular openings50aand50binterconnected by acontinuous plastic sheet54. Each opening50aand50bis further characterized by an elastic58aand58bencased within the periphery of itsrespective opening50aand50b.
• Referring again toFIGS. 1 and 2, in conjunction withFIG. 3, the length ofsheet54 between each opening50aand50bis substantially the same as the length between eachlip42aand42b.Further, the diameter ofsheet54 typically will substantially match the variation in the diameter ofchannel38 along its length, the diameter ofsheet54 being slightly smaller than the diameter ofchannel38 therealong.
• Referring now toFIGS. 4 and 5,sleeve46 is shown assembled tomachine30. In order to perform such assembly, thepackaging containing sleeve46 is opened, in sterile conditions, andsleeve46 is unfolded, just prior to the use ofmachine30 for capturing images and/or for performing a procedure under image guidance. Accordingly, to assemblesleeve46 withmachine30, elastic58aof opening50ais first stretched and passed overlip42a,thereby securingopening50atolip42a,and wideningopening50aso that it is substantially the same size as the opening ofchannel38. Next, the remainder ofsleeve46 includingsheet54 andopening50bare passed throughchannel38 towards and through the opening ofchannel38 opposite fromlip42a.Elastic58bis then stretched so that opening50bextends overlip42b,thereby securingopening50btolip42b,thereby completing the assembly ofsleeve46 tomachine30, as seen inFIGS. 4 and 5. Accordingly,CT machine30 can now be used in a sterile manner. When the use ofCT machine30 is completed,sleeve46 can simply be disassembled therefrom by substantially reversing the above-described assembly steps, and then disposed of, or re-sterilized, as desired and/or appropriate to provide patient safety.
• It will now be understood thatsleeve46 andmachine30 are complementary to each other, and thus, the various components and dimensions ofsleeve46 are chosen to correspond with the complementary parts onmachine30. Thus, for example, elastics58 are chosen to have a material and elasticity such that assembly of an opening50 to a corresponding lip42 can be performed with relative ease. In other words, the elasticity is chosen so that the person performing the assembly will not have to apply undue force to actually expand elastic58 and fit it around lip42. By the same token the elasticity of elastic58 is sufficiently strong to ensure a reliable attachment of opening50 to the corresponding lip42 during the capturing of images or performance of a surgical procedure under image guidance. Furthermore the diameter ofsheet54 is chosen so as to not substantially reduce the diameter ofchannel38 after assembly. The material ofsheet54 is also chosen so as to not interfere with the imaging beam generated bymachine30.
• It should also now be understood thatsheet54 can be constructed in different shapes to complement different types and shapes of imaging machines that are capable of providing substantially real time images and thereby could benefit from the sterile sleeve of the present invention. In particular,sheet54 may only have one opening50, depending on the type of imaging machine with which it is used. By the same token, it will be understood that any variety of mechanical substitutes to the cooperating lips42 and elastics58 can be provided, and that such substitutes are within the scope of the invention. Thus, in general, any cooperating attachment means betweensleeve46 andmachine30 can be provided, and such varied cooperating attachment means are within the scope of the invention. For example, of hooks and loops, velcro, ties, and/or snap-buttons or the like can be used as cooperating attachment means. By the same token, it is to be understood that lip42 (or any suitable mechanical equivalent) can be retrofitted onto existing CT machines, or built directly thereto, as desired.
• Furthermore, the location of the cooperating attachment means onmachine30 andsleeve46 need not necessarily be limited to the respective distal ends ofmachine30 andsleeve46, but need only result in the ability to assemblesleeve46 tomachine30 while leaving a suitable and appropriately substantially sterile passageway withinchannel38 for receiving a patient. In another variation of the foregoing,sleeve46 could be made from a rigid material, or an outwardly springed material, to thereby obviate the need for lip42 or any means of attachment actually connected tomachine30.
• Referring now toFIGS. 6-8, a needle system for use under substantially real time image guidance is indicated generally at100 and is in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.Needle apparatus100 comprises aneedle holder104 and atrocar108, which itself is comprised of astylet112 and acanula116.
• Needle holder104 is typically made of a plastic or other material that does not appear under CT image guidance (or under the imaging beam of the particular imaging machine being used).Holder104 is comprised of ahandle portion120 and a graspingportion124. In a present embodiment, handleportion120 depends from grasping portion at an angle “A” greater than about ninety degrees, however, handleportion120 can actually depend from graspingportion124 at ninety-degrees or any other desired angle, depending on the procedure being performed, and the preferences of the surgeon or other medical professional performing the procedure. In a present embodiment, handleportion120 is substantially cylindrical, but can be any desired shape and length, again depending on the preferences and/or needs of the procedure and/or surgeon. Graspingportion124 is also substantially cylindrical, but is further characterized by ahollow channel130 through which canula116 can be passed, and it is presently preferred thehollow channel130 is of a slightly larger diameter thancanula116 to securely holdcanula116 within graspingportion124. In a present embodiment, graspingportion124 includes a set ofinterior threads128 located on the portion of graspingportion124 locatednearest handle portion120.
• Canula116 is comprised of ahollow shaft132 with atip136.Tip136 has a desired shape for piercing the target area of the patient in a desired manner. It is presently preferred thatshaft132 be made from a material that is hard enough to pierce the patient's target area, yet also made from a material that presents reduced and/or minimal artifacts whenshaft132 is viewed under a CT imaging beam using a CT machine, (such asmachine30 shown inFIG. 1), such that appearance ofshaft132 is substantially preserved when viewed under such an imaging beam.Canila116 is also characterized by a set ofexterior threads138 towards theproximal end140 ofcanula116 opposite fromtip136.Exterior threads138 are thus complementary tointerior threads128 of graspingportion124, such thattrocar136 can be releasably secured to graspingportion124.Canula116 is also characterized by a set ofinterior threads144 at theproximal end140 ofcanula116,proximal end140 also being made from a material that presents reduced and/or minimal artifacts when viewed under a CT imaging beam such that appearance ofproximal end140 is substantially preserved when viewed under such an imaging beam.
• Stylet112 is comprised of a needle having asolid shaft148 including apoint152 at its distal end.Point152 is complementary to tip136, and the length ofshaft148 is substantially the same length asshaft132, such that whenstylet112 is inserted within and assembled tocanula116,point152 andtip136 form a contiguous shape.Solid shaft148 is preferably made from substantially the same material asshaft132, such thatshaft148 is hard enough and/or rigid to pierce a target area T within the patient, yet also made from a material that presents reduced and/or minimal artifacts and/or no artifacts whenshaft132 is viewed under a CT imaging beam using a CT machine, (such asmachine30 shown inFIG. 1), such that appearance ofstylet112 is substantially preserved when viewed under such an imaging beam. Suitable materials can include, for example, certain carbon fibres, inconel etc. Other materials will now occur to those of skill in art.
• Stylet112 is also characterized by a set ofexterior threads156 at theproximal end160 ofstylet112 opposite frompoint152.Proximal end160 is also made from a material that presents reduced and/or minimal artifacts when viewed under a CT imaging beam, again, such that appearance ofproximal end160 is substantially preserved when viewed under such an imaging beam.Exterior threads156 are thus complementary tointerior threads144, such thatstylet112 can be releasably secured tocanula116.
• Use ofapparatus100 is represented inFIG. 1 andFIGS. 7-9. In use, assembledneedle apparatus100 as shown inFIG. 7 is grasped by a surgeon byhandle portion120, towards or at the end ofhandle portion120 opposite from graspingportion124. Thusly grasped,trocar108 and graspingportion124 are then placed within the imaging beam (e.g. the beam withinchannel38 ofmachine30 inFIG. 1) when the machine is “on”, the surgeon being careful to keep his or her hand out of the imaging beam.Trocar108 is thus viewed on the display ofmachine30, and guided to the target area of the patient also located withinchannel38.Trocar108 can thus be used in any desired procedure under such image guidance while keeping the surgeon's hand from harm's way. For example, as seen inFIG. 8,trocar108 is shown piercing through brain tissue towards a target area T inside the patient. As seen inFIG. 9,stylet112 is removed fromcannula116 by first disengagingthreads156 fromthreads144, thereby leaving leaving a hollow channel between the exterior of the patient and the target area T. This hollow channel can then be used in any desired manner, such as to drain excess cerebral spinal fluid, to treat a clot and/or to insert a catheter according to the shunt implantation method taught in co-inventor Murphy's copending US Formal patent Application entitled “Method, Device and System for Implanting a Shunt” filed on Feb. 11, 2003.
• It is to be understood that various combinations, subsets and equivalents can be employed in the foregoing description ofapparatus100. For example, any one or more of pairs ofthreads156 and144, or138 and128, can be reversed and/or substituted for a Luer-lock.™ system. Furthermore, any one of pairs ofthreads156 and144, or138 and128 could be replaced by a clamping mechanism. For example, graspingportion124 could be replaced with a mechanical clamp that surroundsproximal end140 ofcannula116.
• Referring now toFIG. 10, a kit for peforming image guided surgical procedures is indicated generally at200.Kit200 comprises asterile package204 which includes twosterile compartments208 and212.Compartment208houses sleeve46 andcompartment212houses apparatus100.Kit200 can then be distributed to hospitals and clinics. Prior to performing a surgical procedure,compartment208 can be opened andsleeve46 applied to the corresponding CT machine. When the patient is prepped,compartment208 can be opened and theapparatus100 therein used as previously described.Kit200 can include such other components as desired to perform a particular procedure under substantially real time image guidance.
• While only specific combinations of the various features and components of the present invention have been discussed herein, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that desired subsets of the disclosed features and components and/or alternative combinations of these features and components can be utilized, as desired. For example, while the embodiments discussed herein refer to CT machines, it is to be understood that the teachings herein can be applied to any type of imaging machine capable of generating substantially real time images, such as machines based computerized tomography (“CT”), magnetic resonance (“MR”), or X-Ray.
• The above-described embodiments of the invention are intended to be examples of the present invention and alterations and modifications may be effected thereto, by those of skill in the art, without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.

Claims (6)

1. An imaging machine comprising: a channel for receiving a patient and exposing said patient to a substantially real time imaging beam; and, an attachment means for affixing a sterile drape to said channel, such that when said sterile drape is attached thereto a substantially sterile barrier between said channel and said patient is provided.

2. The machine ofclaim 1 wherin said attachment means is comprised of a pair of annular lips flanged so as to provide a secure attachment to a pair of annular eleasticed openings of a sterile sleeve.

3. The machine according toclaim 1 wherein said beam is selected from the group consisting of CT, MRI, and X-Ray.

4. The machine according toclaim 1 wherein a refresh rate of said real-time imaging beam is greater than about thirteen frames per second.

5. The machine according toclaim 4 wherein said rate is greater than about thirty frames per second.

6. The machine according toclaim 4 wherein said rate is greater than about fifty frames per second.

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