- adding polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane particles to a fluid-conduit system in an engine-operated vehicle, wherein the polydialkylsiloxane particles form a mixture with oil in the fluid-conduit system; and
- operating the engine of the vehicle, wherein the mixture of polydialkylsiloxane particles and oil coats automobile parts accessed by the fluid-conduit system.

The polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxanes of the present invention can generally be represented by the following chemical formula (1):

wherein

Z is independently selected from O,
R₁and R_1′ are independently selected from C₁-C₆alkyl and -Z-(C₁-C₆alkyl)
R₂and R_2′ are independently selected from C₁-C₆alkyl;
R₃is —(C(R₆)(R₇))—;
R₄is —(C(R₈)(R₉))_v—;
R₅is selected from hydrogen, —O—(C₁-C₆-alkyl) and C₁-C₆alkyl;
R₆, R₇, R₈and R₉are independently selected from hydrogen and C₁-C₆alkyl;
n is an integer from 1 to 10;
m is an integer from 0 to 5;
v is an integer from 1 to 4;
x is an integer from 1 to 150; and
y is an integer from 1 to 500.

In the above formula (1), the C₁-C₆alkyl comprises methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl and isomers thereof. In a preferred embodiment the C₁-C₆alkyl group comprises methyl, ethyl, propyl and isomers thereof. In one particular preferred embodiment of the present invention R₁, R_1′, R₂and R_2′ are methyl so as to form a polyether- or polyester modified polydimethylsiloxane. All C₁-C₆alkyl groups can be optionally substituted, i.e. one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl groups can be replaced by a substituent selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, —F and —Cl.
The polydialkylsiloxanes used in the present invention can be in a solid form or in a liquid form, all being indicated as particles, dependent on their molecular weight and the alkyl groups used in particular for R₁, R_1′, R₂and R_2′. If the polydialkylsiloxane is in a solid form, particles with a diameter of less than 2 microns, preferably less than 1 micron are generally used in the present invention. If the polydialkylsiloxane is in a liquid form, then the polydialkylsiloxane will be present in droplet form within the same size range as mentioned above.
The physical properties of the polydialkylsiloxane will further be influenced by the respective type of polyether- or polyester group used in the polymer. If liquid siloxanes will be applied, said siloxanes usually have a viscosity from about 50 cs to about 1000 cs, preferably from about 100 cs to about 800 cs.
In the above formula (1), n is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 5. m is an integer from 0 to 5, wherein m is preferably 1 or 2. v is an integer from 1 to 4, while x is an integer from 1 to 150, preferably from 5 to 120. Furthermore, y is an integer from 1 to 500, preferably from 10 to 350.
The polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane particles have an average diameter of less than 2 micrometers (microns), preferably less than 1 micron.
For example, suitable polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxanes can be obtained from BYK-Chemie USA, Inc. of Wallingford, Conn. Polyether-modified polydialkylsiloxanes can be used w ith a wide variety of petroleum-based lubricants, synthetic lubricants, or even with water, to form improved lubricating mixtures thereof for a wide variety of applications. Other uses of a polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane in an automobile include its use as an additive for (1) manual and automatic transmission fluid; (2) power steering fluid; (3) gear oil for use in a differential; (4) all-purpose machine lubricant; and (5) fuel (e.g., in standard grades of gasoline and in a two-cycle engine in lieu of petroleum-based lubricants). Further still, the additive can be used as a rust and corrosion inhibitor and as a lubricant for plastic and rubber surfaces.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the polyether- or polyester modified polydialkylsiloxane is represented by the general formula (2):
wherein

Z is independently selected from O,
R₃is —(C(R₆)(R₇))—;
R₄is —(C(R₅)(R₉))_v—;
R₅is selected from hydrogen, —O—(C₁-C₆-alkyl) and C₁-C₆alkyl;
R₆, R₇, R₈and R₉are independently selected from hydrogen and C₁-C₆alkyl;
n is an integer from 1 to 10;
m is an integer from 0 to 5;
v is an integer from 1 to 4;
x is an integer from 1 to 150; and
y is an integer from 1 to 500.

In formula (2), C₁-C₆alkyl is the same as defined above. In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, Z is —O— in formula (2).
Polydialkylsiloxanes, in particular polydimethylsiloxane are inert and non-poisonous.
Motor oil is one example of a lubricating oil as mentioned above, with which the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is mixed. Motor oil typically is either a processed crude oil (petroleum) composition or in the form of a “synthetic” motor oil. In either, the motor oil serves to lubricate engine components so that the components will pass across one another without significantly sacrificing power due to friction. When the engine is running, the motor oil creates a film between moving parts, wherein this film substantially reduces friction between the parts. By coating parts, the motor oil also protects the parts from wear and against corrosion caused by acids that can form in the oil as a result of oxidation, condensation and combustion by-products. Motor oil also helps to clean the engine by preventing formation of deposits that can compromise fuel efficiency and engine performance in addition to causing engine wear. In particular, any solid particle larger than about 5-20 microns in size can seriously damage an engine if introduced directly into the combustion chamber without a chance to disintegrate into smaller particles. The motor oil helps to hold any such particles in suspension until they can be removed by the oil filter. Further still, motor oil serves to transport heat that is generated by combustion or by friction away from engine components such as the crankshaft, camshaft, timing gears, pistons, main and connecting rod bearings.
Motor oil includes a base fluid, known as a “basestock,” and an additive package. The basestock generally forms the majority of the motor oil and can either be petroleum or synthetic. Examples of motor oils having petroleum basestocks include Chevron SUPREME motor oil, Pennzoil MULTIGRADE motor oil, Kendall GT-1 motor oil, Castrol GTX motor oil, Mobil DRIVE CLEAN motor oil and many others. Examples of motor oils having synthetic basestocks include Mobil 1 SUPERSYN motor oil, Castrol SYNTEC motor oil, Valvoline SYNPOWER motor oil, Pennzoil SYNTHETIC motor oil, Kendall GT-1 SYNTHETIC motor oil and many others.
Petroleum basestocks are a purified form of crude oil and have been used since the earliest motor oils were developed. Petroleum basestocks include paraffins (wax), sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, water, salts and a number of metals. These contaminants are substantially (though not fully) removed from the basestock via a refining process via a procedure including many or all of the following steps. First, the crude oil is distilled to remove salt contaminants. The crude oil is then subject to partial vaporization; the components of the crude oil with the highest boiling points, except for asphaltic materials, are separated to form the petroleum basestock. The basestock is then subject to vacuum distillation to separate it according to molecular weights and, accordingly, by viscosity. Solvents are extracted from the basestock. Waxes are also removed from the basestock to improve the basestock's low-temperature fluidity, which is compromised by wax crystallization at low temperatures. Hydrofinishing can also be performed, whereby the basestock is passed through a catalyst bed (or via clay treatment) to remove components such as sulfur and nitrogen from the basestock, thereby improving its oxidation stability, thermal stability and its color. Finally, hydrotreating can also be performed, wherein the basestock is subject to extremely high temperature and pressure in the presence of a catalyst to convert remaining aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants into usable nonaromatic hydrocarbon molecules.
Synthetic basestocks are chemically engineered specifically to meet the lubrication needs of an engine. Synthetic basestocks are engineered from pure, substantially contaminant-free compounds. Synthetic basestocks have been widely used in automobiles since the 1970's. Synthetic basestocks typically are formed of one or more of the following: polyalphaolefins, diesters, and polyolesters. Polyalphaolefin basestocks are the most common and are also referred to as “synthesized hydrocarbons.” Polyalphaolefin basestocks include no wax, metals, sulfur or phosphorous and have a viscosity index around 150 and a pour point below about 40° F. (4° C.).
In addition to the basestock, motor oils typically include an additive package to improve a variety of desirable properties in the motor oil. The additives, however, usually only form a small percentage of the oil, with the basestock forming the vast majority. Additives that improve the viscosity characteristics of the motor oil include pour point depressants, which improve the flow of the basestock at low temperatures by absorbing into wax crystals and lowering their volume. Pour point depressants are routinely used in petroleum basestocks but are often not needed in synthetic basestocks. Other additives relating to viscosity are viscosity index improvers, which are polymers that expand with increasing temperature; at high temperatures, the expanding polymers can compensate for high-temperature “thinning” of the basestock to help to provide a more-consistent viscosity in the motor oil across a broad temperature range.
Other classes of additives help to maintain lubricant stability in terms of helping to prevent breakdown and viscosity loss in the oil over time. First, detergents and dispersants help to minimize and contain build up in the form of sludge and varnish in an oil. Detergents and dispersants are attracted to the sludge and varnish contaminants and serve to contain and suspend those particles so that they do not agglomerate to form a deposit. Anti-foaming agents are also included in the oil to control formation of air bubbles in the oil, which can otherwise form at room temperature, as a consequence of the detergents and dispersants. Additionally, oxidation inhibitors are included to reduce the tendency of oils to oxidize; the oxidation inhibitors either destroy free radicals or react with peroxides in the oil. Further still, corrosion inhibitors are included; the corrosion inhibitors either neutralize acids that form in the oil or coat metal surfaces so that the surfaces do not contact the acids. Finally, anti-wear agents, such as zinc and phosphorus, can be included in the motor oil to coat metal surfaces with a protective barrier against physical wear.
One embodiment of a polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane additive for a lubricating oil is produced by mixing the selected polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane with the lubricating oil at a ratio of one part polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane to five parts lubricating oil (based on the volume) to form a pre-mixed siloxane-and-oil additive, wherein the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is uniformly distributed in the oil in the form of a dispersion or suspension. For example, 55 gallons of standard 10W-30 motor oil may be mixed with 11 gallons with the aforementioned commercial product BYK-333 of the suspended or dispersed polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane to form the siloxane-and-oil additive. In various embodiments of the mixture, the concentration of polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is about 8 to about 33 percent-by-volume, and the concentration of the lubricating oil is about 67 to about 92 percent-by-volume, i.e. the ratio is from about 1:2 to about 1:12.
The siloxane and the oil can be mixed using a sonic mixer, such as a Branson 900-B mixer sold by Branson Ultrasonic Corp. (Danbury, Conn., USA). Where a sonic mixer is used, the mixing can be accomplished using a pump to circulate the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane and lubricating oil through the sonic mixer for approximately three to four hours or until the temperature of the mixture reaches approximately 200 degrees Fahrenheit (93° C.) due to the mixing. Although the temperature of the mixture rises due to the sonic mixing process, the mixture can also be heated using an external heater or other heating means.
The mixing process reduces the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane to a generally spherical-shaped droplet or particle form, wherein the diameter of the particles can be less than approximately two micrometers (microns) and in particular mixtures is less than one micron. As used herein, the term, “diameter,” is generally intended to include the corresponding widest dimension of particles or droplets that are not spherical, such as a generally cube-shaped particle or droplet. It is believed that the benefits produced by the siloxane-and-oil additive when added to the lubricating oil will be realized for additive mixtures in which the particle size of the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is reduced to as small as 0.002 microns, preferably 0.001 microns in diameter. Before adding the siloxane-and-oil additive or mixture to a selected quantity of the lubricating oil, the siloxane-and-oil additive is filtered through a filter having a pore size of approximately 2 microns to filter out any siloxane particles, droplets or agglomerates having a diameter of more than two microns. Further, filters having a pore size of approximately 1 micron or less can also be used.
The formulation process is shown schematically in the FIGURE. Selected quantities of the selected polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane and oil (e.g., 55 gallons oil and 11 gallons siloxane) are added to a container orreservoir5.Pump7 then pumps the siloxane and oil throughsonic mixer9 and, optionally, through heater11 to three-way valve13.Valve13 can be set or positioned in a first or recirculating orientation to continuously direct the flow of siloxane and oil back toreservoir5, where the flow is re-circulated through thesonic mixer9 and optionally through heater11. Once the desired degree of mixing is obtained, thevalve13 can be set or advanced to a second or filling orientation in which the siloxane and oil flows into thefiltering station15 and is allowed to drain by gravity through afilter15 to abottling station17 where the mixture of siloxane and oil is bottled in selected quantities, such as12 ounces.
The premixed siloxane-and-oil additive is then added to a sufficient quantity of lubricating oil to form a selected quantity of lubricant, such as the recommended amount of oil to be held in the lubricating system of an automobile engine, such that the resulting percentage of polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane in the resulting lubricant is approximately between 0.5 and 2.5 percent and, in a particular example, is approximately 1.25 percent of the total volume. For example, twelve ounces of the siloxane-and-oil additive, formed at a ratio of one part siloxane to five parts oil, as explained above, can be added to enough oil to result in five quarts of a lubricant mixture. The resulting mixture includes approximately two ounces of polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane in 160 ounces of lubricant, such that the volume of siloxane is 1.25 percent of the total volume. In an automobile engine, where the polydialkylsiloxane has been added to the lubrication system, the polydialkylsiloxane will generally be well mixed in the oil after the automobile is driven about 10 miles (16 km).
Without being bound to any particular theory it is believed that the superior effect of the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is due to several different properties of the siloxanes.
First, it is believed that the polydialkylsiloxanes will decompose when coming into contact with the hot surfaces of the motor, e.g. the cylinder walls, piston rings and piston walls. As a consequence of this decomposition, a SiO/SiO₂-film is built on said surfaces which coats and protects the respective parts of the motor.
Furthermore, the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane serves to de-gas the motor oil and to displace moisture from the motor oil. The polydialkylsiloxane also prevents re-introduction of dissolved gases and water into the motor oil. Without the polydialkylsiloxane, motor oil typically comprises 10 to 15% infiltrated air, which is dissolved in the oil. As the typical motor oil approaches hot engine parts, the temperature of the motor oil rises, which causes the dissolved gas to vaporize, thereby forming air bubbles in the motor oil. Those air bubbles then grow larger and larger as the oil approaches the hot engine parts and temperature increases. The air bubbles displace oil and produce turbulance in the flow of the oil around the engine parts, thereby compromising the ability of the motor oil to coat the engine parts and producing potentially destructive harmonic vibrations in the engine due to implosion of the gas bubbles.
In this scenario, the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane serves a function far beyond traditional uses of “anti-foamants” in motor oil, wherein an anti-foamant is used to remove large gas bubbles, formed, e.g., by detergents. Rather, the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane removes substantially all of the dissolved gas (e.g., at least 99.9% removal) and water from the oil. By substantially eliminating this source of gas bubbles when the motor oil approaches its maximum operating temperature, the motor oil flows more fluidly and smoothly around hot parts and better coats those parts. The flashpoint and oxidation temperature of the motor oil can also be raised substantially by the addition of the polydialkylsiloxane. For example, the flashpoint of a PENNZOIL 10/30 motor oil was raised from 228° F. (109° C.) to greater then 500° F. (>260° C.) by adding the polydialkylsiloxane.
Further, in an engine, the improved flow of the oil and the substantial removal of gas bubbles from around the hot parts enables the oil to form a film around piston cylinders, thereby sealing the pistons properly and cooling the pistons to thereby help to prevent pre-ignition due to contact of the fuel with overheated pistons.
Further still, the polydialkylsiloxane displaces moisture from the motor oil. The presence of moisture (i.e., water) in the motor oil can cause lubricated cast-iron parts to rust. Rust generates acid, which can destroy the oil and bearings lubricated therewith. Accordingly, inclusion of the polydialkylsiloxane helps to promote longer oil life [e.g., an oil life of 12,500 miles (20,000 km) or more] and also to lengthen the life of engine parts by displacing water (and gases) from the oil. One reason for the improved filming properties and lengthened life of the oil is the displacement of air and water by polydialkylsiloxane from the oil, but also other phenomena may contribute.
Additional additives can be added to the siloxane-and-oil mixture to enhance properties of the mixture. Potential additional additives include rust inhibitors and anti-oxidants. Selected strippers or solvents such as mineral spirits or lacquer thinner can also be added to strip off any glazing on engine parts formed during previous operation of the engine before introduction of the siloxane-and-oil additive. The stripper or solvent would function to deglaze the affected engine parts and to then volatilize at elevated engine-operating temperatures. It is believed that the material deglazed from the engine parts by the stripper is then filtered out of the lubricant as it passes through the oil filter. Other additives that can be included in the siloxane-and-oil mixture include viscosity index improvers or dimethylsulfoxide at a concentration of approximately one tenth of one percent (0.1%) for use as a blending agent, sodium hydroxide (0.0001%) as a blending and binding agent, and glycerol to help maintain the siloxane in suspension.
The polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane of reduced particle size can be added directly to a quantity of lubricant, such as the motor oil in an oil pan of an automobile, without premixing the siloxane with a portion of the lubricating oil to be used, while still achieving the enhanced lubricating properties. Additional engine operational time is needed, however, for the siloxane to become generally uniformly dispersed throughout the engine oil when the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is added directly to the automobile engine oil, thereby extending the operational time before the maximum benefits of enhanced lubrication occur.
Finally, the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane can be used as an additive to a motor oil, wherein said polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is represented by general formula (1) or (2) as mentioned above.

EXPERIMENTAL EXEMPLIFICATIONSExample 1Coating Tests

Various tests demonstrated the improved lubricating and emission-reducing properties of the siloxane-and-oil additive. In one test, the coating capability of lubricant including the polydialkylsiloxane-and-oil additive at approximately 1.25 percent of the total volume was compared to the coating capability of a mixture of SLICK 50 Advanced Formula Engine Treatment in 10W-30 motor oil and to the coating capability of MOBIL 1 SYNTHETIC motor oil. Oils that were used for mixing with the polydialkylsiloxane are Penzoil 10/30, Castroil 10/30, Napa Premium 10/30, Union 76 10/30, Castrol Semi Synthetic 10/30 and Castroil Full Synthetic 10/30, all by weight. Equal quantities of each lubricant were applied to a hot plate heated to 350 degrees Fahrenheit (177° C.) and angled downward at a 45-degree angle. The hot plate comprised a TEFLON-coated aluminum plate. Through visual inspection, it was observed that the SLICK 50 engine treatment in 10W-30 motor oil and the MOBIL 1 SYNTHETIC motor oil did not adhere to or coat the surface of the hot plate to any appreciable degree and essentially just ran off the hot plate.

The test was performed as follows: All the oils tested were tested without the added polydialkylsiloxane. The test was completed with standard oil and runoff was noted. All the test oils were then mixed with the polydialkylsiloxane mix and retested as before. The results showed marked improvement as to coating properties on the hot plate. An oxidation test was performed in the same manner, where as a spoon shaped receptacle was used to hold 2 cc's of oil above a heat source of 800° F. for 2 min. observation of the samples showed that regular oils oxidized and evaporated within 10 to 30 sec. The same test was performed with the same base oils with a proportional addition of siloxane. Observations showed a significant reduction in oxidation and evaporation of the mixture. In 90% of the tests there was no noticeable change of the sample being tested. The remaining 10% of the samples that were tested showed a change 2 min into the testing and was found to be a result of wax/paraffin separating from the mixture, although it should be noted that the remaining oil remained stable and did not oxidize.

In contrast, visual observation of the surface onto which the polydialkylsiloxane-and-oil additive was poured revealed formation of a lasting and even lubricant coating thereon. The test was repeated with similar results for hot-plate temperatures ranging from 250 to 500 degrees Fahrenheit (121-260° C.). The tests demonstrated that the siloxane-and-oil additive adheres to and coats hot surfaces to a greater degree than does the non-treated SLICK 50 treated motor oil or the MOBIL 1 synthetic, Napa premium 10/30, Penzoil 10/30 and 30 wt., Union 76 10/30 and 30 wt. oil. Napa premium 10/30 did show slight coating prior to being treated with siloxane, although with the siloxane added it showed a marked improvement in coating at temp.

Example 2Comparative Horsepower Tests

The improved lubricating properties of lubricants including the siloxane-and-oil additive were further demonstrated by comparing the horsepower generated by an automobile engine operating without the siloxane-and-oil additive added to the lubricant versus the horsepower generated by the same automobile engine with the siloxane-and-oil additive added to the engine lubricant. In each case, the horsepower generated by a 1998 Jeep GRAND CHEROKEE LAREDO automobile having a 4.0-liter, six-cylinder engine was measured using a Dynajet Model 248C Dynamometer.

In a first test, the horsepower of the Jeep GRAND CHEROKEE automobile was initially measured without the siloxane-and-oil additive added to the engine lubricant. The lubricant utilized in the engine lubricating system was 5 quarts of 10W-30 petroleum based motor oil. In the first test, the engine of the automobile was accelerated from 0 to 5200 RPM (revolutions per minute), and measurements were taken at increasing increments of 250 RPM. During the first test, the absolute barometric pressure was recorded as 29.92 in. Hg (about 100 kPa) with a vapor pressure of 0.61 in. Hg (about 2 kPa). The intake air temperature was measured at 86 degrees Fahrenheit (30° C.), and the gear ratio was recorded as 49 RPM/MPH. A Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) correction factor of 1.01 was used to convert the measured horsepower to a corrected horsepower.

A second test was performed on the same automobile by adding 12 ounces of the siloxane-and-oil additive to the engine-lubricating oil. The ratio of siloxane to oil in the additive was 1 ounce siloxane to 11 ounces oil. Adding the twelve ounces of additive to the existing 5 quarts of oil in the automobile resulted in a concentration of siloxane in the lubricant of approximately 0.58%. The automobile was again accelerated from 0 to 5200 RPM with measurements again taken at increasing 250 RPM intervals. During the second test, the absolute barometric pressure was recorded as 29.92 in. Hg (about 100 kPa) with a vapor pressure of 0.61 in. Hg (about 2 kPa). The intake air temperature was measured at 88.8 degrees Fahrenheit (31.6° C.), and the gear ratio was recorded as 48 RPM/MPH. An SAE correction factor of 1.01 was used to convert the measured horsepower to a corrected horsepower.

The measured and corrected horsepower of the automobile operating with lubricant only versus with the siloxane-and-oil additive added to the lubricant at various engine speeds is provided, below, in Table 1.

TABLE 1


	Measured	Corrected	Measured	Corrected
	horsepower	horsepower w/o	horsepower	horsepower
Engine	w/o siloxane	siloxane	w/siloxane	w/siloxane
RPM	additive	additive	additive	additive

3250	109.0	109.7	136.8	138.2
3500	117.5	118.3	119.8	120.9
3750	124.5	125.3	124.6	125.9
4000	129.7	130.6	130.0	131.3
4250	133.9	134.8	138.3	139.6
4500	138.5	139.5	142.7	144.2
4750	139.0	139.9	139.9	141.2
5000	133.4	134.3	135.2	136.6
Avg.	125.4	126.3	133.4	134.7
Max.	139.0	139.9	142.7	144.2

In comparing the data in Table 1, it can be seen that the corrected horsepower increased by an average of 8.4 horsepower when the siloxane-and-oil additive was added to the engine lubricant compared with the corresponding tests performed without the additive. In addition, the maximum horsepower achieved in the tests using the siloxane-and-oil additive exceeded the maximum horsepower in the tests without the additive by 4.3 horsepower. The test measurements of increased horsepower resulting from use of the siloxane-and-oil additive supports the conclusion that use of the siloxane-and-oil additive provides better lubrication of the engine parts.

Example 3ASM Emission Tests

A comparison of the emissions of automobiles with and without the siloxane-and-oil additive added to the engine lubricant Penzoil 10/30 was preformed using the acceleration simulation mode (ASM) emission test for the State of California. The test results, below, provide the measured exhaust concentrations of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxide (NO_x) gases, which are generally considered harmful. The data in the column entitled, “Concentration without additive,” comprise the results for a first test in which no additive was added to the engine lubricant (5 quarts of motor oil), and the data in the column entitled, “Concentration with additive,” comprises the results of a second test in which 12 ounces of the siloxane-and-oil additive (at a ratio of 2 ounces siloxane per 10 ounces oil) were added to the engine lubricant to result in an overall concentration of siloxane in the lubricant of approximately 1.16% by volume.

TABLE 2


Vehicle Model: GMC YUKON Year: 1996
Mileage: 133,321 (214,559 km)

	Concentration	Concentration
	without additive	with additive and	Reduction
	and engine speed at	engine speed at	with
Emission type	2110 RPM	2149 RPM	additive use

Hydrocarbon	68 ppm	3 ppm	95.6%
Carbon Monoxide	0.54%	0.04%	92.6%
NO_x	377 ppm	107 ppm	71.6%

TABLE 3


Vehicle Model: BMW 325i Year: 1995
Mileage: 70,329 (113,184 km)

	Concentration	Concentration
	without additive	with additive and	Reduction
	and engine speed at	engine speed at	with
Emission Type	1960 RPM	1935 RPM	additive use

Hydrocarbon	83 ppm	35 ppm	57.8%
Carbon Monoxide	0.1%	0.05%	50%
NO_x	217 ppm	131 ppm	39.6%

TABLE 4


Vehicle Model: Jeep Grand Cherokee Laredo
Year: 2000 Mileage: 27,845 (44,812 km)

	Concentration	Concentration
	without additive	with additive and	Reduction
	and engine speed at	engine speed at	with
Emission Type	1451 RPM	1440 RPM	additive use

Hydrocarbon
	7 ppm	0 ppm	100%
Carbon Monoxide	0.04%	0.0%	100%
NO_x	131 ppm	68 ppm	48.1%

TABLE 5


Vehicle Model: Dodge CARAVAN Year: 1988
Mileage: 123,767 (199,184 km)

	Concentration	Concentration
	without additive	with additive and	Reduction
	and engine speed at	engine speed at	with
Emission Type	1717 RPM	1871 RPM	additive use

Hydrocarbon	931 ppm	82 ppm	91.2%
Carbon Monoxide	1.2%	0.17%	85.8%
NO_x	319 ppm	370 ppm	−16.0%

These test results demonstrate that use of the siloxane-and-oil additive significantly reduced the concentration of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in each case, and significantly reduced the NO_xemissions in all but one of the applications. These results support the conclusion that use of the siloxane-and-oil additive improves engine efficiency (i.e., provides more-thorough combustion of the fuel in the engine), which thereby reduces emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and NO_xgases.

Example 4Siloxane Alone in Automobile Engine Lubrication System

In one test, the polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane of reduced particle or droplet size at a viscosity of approx 10/30 wt. was the sole lubricant utilized in an automobile engine lubricating system. The polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane was processed in the same manner as the siloxane-and-oil mixture described above with reference to the FIGURE, except that no oil was added. More specifically, polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane, without oil, was circulated bypump 7 throughsonic mixer9 until the particle or droplet size was reduced to approximately one micron in diameter and then passed through thefilter15 to remove any particles having a diameter exceeding the pore size of approximately two microns. Approximately five quarts of the processed polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane was then added to the engine lubricating system of an automobile to replace the recommended five quarts of motor oil, which was previously drained from the lubricating system. The automobile using the siloxane only lubricant was then run for approximately two thousand miles without any adverse affects identified. This test showed improved fuel use as compared to regular oils. Data collected prior to and after adding siloxane 100% showed a 3 mile per gallon savings after adding siloxane.

Example 5Use of Siloxane and Gasoline Mixutre in a Two-Cycle Engine

In another test, the polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane, processed in the manner described in Example 4, above, was added to gasoline to replace the two-cycle engine oil normally included in an oil-and-gas mixture used with a two-cycle engine. The ratio of gasoline to polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane was fifty to one, and no adverse engine effects were observed. Passing through of particulate (oil) through the engine was reduced if not completely eliminated. No oil residue was noted when using siloxane in place of regular 2 cycle oil as compared to regular 2 cycle oils that were observed to pass through the engine as unburned solids, causing detrimental environmental damage to both land and water, as well as killing any plant life that the solids came into contact with. When using polydialkylsiloxane as a 100% product or in aqueous dispersion, suspension or solution in place of oil this was not to be considered a problem as any of the base lubricant that passed through the engine is not harmful to nature or humans. The test was performed for approximately 200 hours and temperature readings taken on the engine using the mixture of gasoline and polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane were lower than simultaneous temperature readings taken on another two-cycle engine using the recommended gasoline and oil mixture. The temperature readings were taken using a digital, infrared thermometer. The reduced-temperature readings indicate improved lubricating properties of the siloxane versus two-cycle engine oil.

The polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane can be premixed with a quantity of two-cycle engine oil before adding the resulting lubricant to the gasoline at the recommended fuel-to-lubricant ratio. Alternatively, processed polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane of reduced particle size can be added to the gasoline separate from the two-cycle engine oil to achieve the desired fuel-to-lubricant ratio.

While certain formulations of the present invention have been illustrated and described herein, the invention is not limited to the specific formulations described and shown. For example, although polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane is described primarily with reference to its use in forming an additive for motor oil, polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane has also been formulated and tested as an additive for power steering fluid, transmission fluid or oil and gear grease. Testing on these various formulations all showed improvement in the lubricating properties of the formulations. Such testing has also been performed on water-based Lubricants as well as petroleum-based lubricants. In addition, testing was done on a wide range of weights of oil, from 5 to 120 weight oil

The tests included although were not limited to motor oils from 20 wt to 140 wt oils as well as 10/20, 10/30, 10/40, 20/50. Also, tests included bearing grease, power steering fluids, axle lubricants from 50 to 160 wt in range. The tests were preformed on spray lubricants WD-40, and alike. It was noted that in all testing the addition of siloxane improved the lubricating features of the products being tested. When added to WD-40 it was noted that the lubrication features of this product was marked when tests of a mixture of siloxane and water were preformed and tested head to head with WD-40 spray lube. Test included lubricity, staining, water resistance, longevity.

It was noted that the use of WD-40 applied to test hinge mounted to metal door plate. WD-40 applied as directions required, coated the hinge with an oily coating that reduced sqeaking. Further, the use of this product caused permanent staining on the metal plate. When flushed with water (with water hose) the product repelled the water and staining remained. The test repeated with a 25% siloxane mixed with 75% water by vol. revealed that the siloxane mixture also coated the hinge and metal although the water evaporated and no noticeable staining occurred. After the mixture was dry and water was applied the lubrication of the mixture continued.

During all testing there was a marked improvement with each and every test and base lubricant used, so the addition of siloxane when mixed and used without the addition of a base lubricant worked equally across the tests performed.