US20060041252A1 - System and method for monitoring electrosurgical instruments - Google Patents

Abstract

A system and method for performing an electrosurgical procedure are disclosed. The method includes applying an active electrode to a patient and placing a return electrode on the patient so as to create a current path in tissue of the patient between the active electrode and the return electrode. A conductive element, which is operatively coupled to the active electrode, is coupled to a reference voltage with a low impedance path and a voltage is imparted to the active electrode so as to generate current in the current path. Any undesirable current flow that would otherwise flow from the active electrode to the reference voltage through the patient is limited to reduce a risk of harm to the patient.

Description

PRIORITY
• The present application claims priority from commonly owned and assigned provisional application No. 60/602,103 Attorney Docket No. ENCS-004/00US, entitled SYSTEM FOR MONITORING RESECTOSCOPES AND RELATED ELECTROSURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, filed Aug. 17, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference.
RELATED APPLICATIONS
• The present application is related to the following commonly owned and assigned application: application Ser. No. ______ (unassigned), Attorney Docket No. ENCS-004/02US, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PERFORMING AN ELECTROSURGICAL PROCEDURE, filed herewith; application Ser. No. ______ (unassigned), Attorney Docket No. ENCS-004/03US, entitled ELECTROSURGICAL SYSTEM AND METHOD, filed herewith, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to surgical techniques and devices. In particular, but not by way of limitation, the present invention relates to electrosurgical techniques.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The problems arising with the use of electrosurgical instruments where the field of view of the surgeon is limited are well-known. Traditional laparoscopic electrosurgical tools include a trocar sheath or other cannula that is inserted into a patient's body and that provides a conduit for a surgeon to introduce various surgical cutting tools, optics for increased visualization, irrigation, active surgical electrodes, and other devices to be used during a surgical procedure.
• One problem arises if the insulation on the active electrode is damaged thereby allowing the active current (possibly in the form of arcing) to pass there-through directly to the patient's tissue whereby unintended and potentially unknown injury, possibly in the form of a life threatening infection, can occur. The arcing may occur out of the surgeon's field of view which may extend as little as about 2 centimeters from the tip of the active electrode (or the surgical field). The field of view is typically established by illumination and viewing sources. In the context of prior art laparoscopic instruments, the illumination and/or viewing sources are established through one or more other trocar sheaths at other incisions.
• Particularly with electrosurgical instruments, there can be many centimeters of the active electrode which extend between the entry point in a patient's body and the surgeon's field of view, typically at the distal end of the active electrode and near the point where electrosurgery takes place. The area of the electrosurgical instrument, and in particular the active electrode, that is out of the field of view of the surgeon is potentially dangerous if left in an unmonitored state. In this situation, the insulated active electrode may unintentionally come into contact with unknown tissue of the patient may cause serious injury that might not be noticed by the surgeon during the procedure.
• If arcing resulting from the damaged insulation were to occur within the field of view of the surgeon, the surgeon would normally observe this and immediately deactivate the generator. Arcing, however, is prone to occur at a site remote from the field of view of the surgeon, and as a consequence, damage to the active electrode insulation is particularly a problem because it may go undetected while the full active current passes through an unintended path of the patient's tissue from the active electrode to the return electrode.
• A second problem that can arise is caused by a capacitive effect where one electrode of the capacitance is the active electrode and the other electrode of the capacitance is the metallic trocar sheath. The dielectric between these elements is the insulation on the active electrode. Current from the active electrode will be capacitively coupled to the trocar sheath and then returned through the body and the return electrode to the generator. If this current becomes concentrated, for example, between the trocar sheath and an organ such as the bowel, the capacitive current can cause a burn to the organ.
• With respect to the use of laparoscopic electrosurgical tools, the above problems have been preliminary addressed by the use of a safety shield and/or monitoring circuitry which serves to deactivate the electrosurgical generator and accompanying current flow if an abnormal condition occurs. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,312,401, 5,688,269, 5,769,841 and 6,494,877, assigned to Encision, Inc., describe solutions to these problems. All of the details of these patents are hereby incorporated into the present application by reference in their entirety.
• U.S. Pat. No. 4,184,492, by Meinke, discloses, in general, a system in which a resecting apparatus includes a connection between an outer tube (metallic) and a lead means (the return electrode) with an impedance of 100-1000 ohms. The purpose is to minimize or avoid burns to the patient and user touching the metallic parts of the instrument. There may be a monitor included in the connections to display unsafe conditions and also reduce power.
• The assignee of the Meinke patent, Karl Storz Endoscopy-America, Inc., has not, to this day, offered a monitored or otherwise protected resectoscope that embodies the description contained in the Meinke patent indicating that there were, and continue to be, significant hurdles in the implementation of such a monitored or protected system in a resectoscopic device. The complex design issues of modern resectoscopes and associated surgical techniques have not changed significantly since the Meinke patent and the same problems described therein persist today.
• It is thus desirable to overcome the inherent problems associated with incorporating the use of shielded and/or monitored systems such as those disclosed in the prior art into devices such as resectoscopes and hysteroscopes and to give the same, or better, level of protection to patients that is achieved with those prior systems.
• Conventional resectoscopes, such as those manufactured by Karl Storz, combine many features into a single device. Such devices are typical of the devices that are predominantly used in many urological and gynecological electrosurgical procedures. It is estimated that approximately 200,000 of the resectoscopic surgeries in the United States alone are performed with a Storz instrument. This represents approximately ⅔ of the total procedures performed each year. U.S. Pat. No. 6,755,826, assigned to Olympus, gives one example of some of the mechanical complexities of a resectoscope. The details of the '826 patent are hereby incorporated by reference into this disclosure in their entirety.
• Resectoscopes, such as those manufactured by Karl Storz, involve complex mechanics and generally bulky construction when compared with laparoscopic devices. For example, resectoscopes employ many components, each of which must be used in combination in a single device. In laparoscopic procedures, several separate devices are typically used to perform the many functions of a resectoscope. These include optics, illumination, irrigation (both in and out), electrical function (RF power), and the mechanical linkages for operation of the cutting tools. In addition, user proximity to resectoscopic devices presents its own challenges and increased need to prevent current from energizing the components that are near the surgeons face. Since the surgeon's face is, in many situations can be close to metallic conductive optics, there is the potential for current to flow directly to the surgeon and cause injury.
• There are several additional problems that need to be overcome in resectoscopic and like devices that are not addressed in the prior art and that have not been addressed in any currently available technology. For example, the 100 ohm impedance addressed in the Meinke '492 patent is not low enough to completely and/or adequately couple the harmful current away from the patient and the user. While it does cut down the current flow, it is not adequate for shunting fault currents through the return electrode, particularly in applications where instruments have metallic components (e.g., resectoscopic applications). The 100 ohm impedance disclosed in the Meinke '492 patent is meant to prevent alternate return current from flowing through the metal components to the generator return. 100 ohms is not high enough to do that completely and some portion of the total current could still be conducted and may be enough to cause a burn at the contact with wet tissue.
• Finally, resectoscopes are subject to otherwise “normal” working element current surges due to blood and/or other conductive fluid tissue bridging the working element and active electrode. These current surges are normally present on only a temporary basis and may or may not represent a dangerous condition to the patient that requires intervention.
• Although present devices are functional, they are not sufficiently accurate or otherwise satisfactory. Accordingly, an improved system and method are needed to address one or more of the various shortfalls of present technology and to provide other new and innovative features.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• Exemplary embodiments of the present invention that are shown in the drawings are summarized below. These and other embodiments are more fully described in the Detailed Description section. It is to be understood, however, that there is no intention to limit the invention to the forms described in this Summary of the Invention or in the Detailed Description. One skilled in the art can recognize that there are numerous modifications, equivalents and alternative constructions that fall within the spirit and scope of the invention as expressed in the claims.
• In one variation, the invention may be characterized as a method for performing an electrosurgical procedure including: applying an active electrode to a patient and placing a return electrode on the patient so as to create a current path in tissue of the patient between the active electrode and the return electrode. The method also includes coupling a conductive body of a surgical instrument to a reference voltage with a low impedance path and imparting a voltage to the active electrode so as to generate current in the current path. In addition, any undesirable current flow that would otherwise flow from the active electrode to the reference voltage through the patient, conductive body and the low impedance path is limited to reduce the risk of harm to the patient.
• In another variation, the invention may be characterized as a system for performing an electrosurgical procedure. The system in this variation comprises an electrosurgical instrument that includes an active electrode operatively coupled to a conductive body of the instrument. A return electrode is coupled between the patient and the electrosurgical generator, and a low impedance current path is implemented between the conductive body and a reference voltage. A current limiting means is utilized to limit current from flowing from the active electrode to the reference voltage through the patient, conductive body and the low impedance path.
• As previously stated, the above-described embodiments and implementations are for illustration purposes only. Numerous other embodiments, implementations, and details of the invention are easily recognized by those of skill in the art from the following descriptions and claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• Various objects and advantages and a more complete understanding of the present invention are apparent and more readily appreciated by reference to the following Detailed Description and to the appended claims when taken in conjunction with the accompanying Drawings wherein:
• FIGS. 1 and 2 are block diagrams depicting one embodiment of a system for monitoring an electrosurgical procedure;
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram depicting another embodiment of a system for monitoring an electrosurgical procedure;
• FIG. 4 is a block diagram depicting yet another embodiment of a system for monitoring an electrosurgical procedure;
• FIG. 5 is a flowchart depicting steps carried out in accordance with an electrosurgical procedure;
• FIG. 6 is a block diagram depicting one embodiment of a system for monitoring an electrosurgical procedure in which the reference potential depicted inFIG. 4 is derived from a voltage of a patient;
• FIG. 7 is a block diagram depicting an embodiment of another system for monitoring an electrosurgical procedure in which the reference potential depicted inFIG. 4 is generated;
• FIG. 8 is a block diagram depicting a variation of the system depicted inFIG. 7;
• FIG. 9 is a flowchart depicting steps carried out in connection with preparing an electrosurgical apparatus for an electrosurgical procedure in accordance with the embodiment depicted inFIGS. 7 and 8;
• FIG. 10 is a cross sectional view of an exemplary electrode assembly;
• FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a system for monitoring both a conductive body and a shield of the electrode assembly depicted inFIG. 10;
• FIG. 12 is a schematic representation of a resectoscope that may be used in connection with the embodiments disclosed with reference toFIGS. 1-9;
• FIGS. 13A, 13B and13C depict respective front, top and cross sectional views of an exemplary embodiment of a resectoscope that may be used in the embodiments disclosed with reference toFIGS. 1-11;
• FIG. 14 a perspective view of the resectoscope depicted inFIG. 13 in a disassembled form; and
• FIGS. 15A and 15B are a cross sectional and a front views of a portion of the resectoscope depicted inFIGS. 13 and 14.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• Referring now to the drawings, where like or similar elements are designated with identical reference numerals throughout the several views,FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of one embodiment of asystem100 for monitoring an electrosurgical procedure. As shown, agenerator102 is coupled to anactive electrode104 via anactive line106, and aconductive body108 that supports theactive electrode104 is shown coupled to areturn electrode110 of thegenerator102 via alow impedance path112.
• As depicted inFIG. 1, thelow impedance path112 includes amonitor114 that is coupled to thegenerator102 with acontrol line116. Theactive electrode104 and thereturn electrode110 are shown contacting apatient118 so as to create a normal current path that is shown running from thegenerator102, through theactive line106,active electrode104, thepatient118 and thereturn electrode110 back to thegenerator102. Also shown is a fault current path that runs from a portion of theactive electrode104, through theconductive body108 and thelow impedance path112.
• Thegenerator102 in the exemplary embodiment is a high frequency electrosurgical generator capable of generating radio frequency current in the range of 50 KHz to 5 MHz, but the type of generator implemented may vary depending upon the type of electrosurgical procedure being performed. Examples of high frequency generators include the ERBE ICC 350 electrosurgical generator available from ERBE Elektromedizin, Tubingen, Germany and the FORCE-2 and FX electrosurgical generators available from VALLEYLAB of Boulder, Colo.
• Themonitor114 in this embodiment is implemented with a low impedance monitor configured to measure current and/or voltage in the fault current path. The impedance of themonitor114 in several embodiments is substantially less than 100 Ohms, and in other embodiments the impedance is less than or equal to about 50 Ohms. In yet other embodiments, the impedance of themonitor114 is less than or equal to about 30 Ohms. An exemplary monitor that has an impedance of about 20 Ohms is an EM-2 style monitor manufactured by Encision, Inc of Boulder Colo., but it is contemplated that themonitor114 may be implemented with an impedance of less than or equal to about 15 Ohms.
• In several embodiments, theconductive body108 is a portion of an electrosurgical apparatus (e.g., an endoscope) that is not intended to impart surgical-level voltages (e.g., voltages that ablate tissue) to the patient; yet theconductive body108 is susceptible (or even intended) to contact the patient during an electrosurgical procedure. In many embodiments, theconductive body108 provides mechanical support for elements of the surgical apparatus. For example, theactive electrode104 is generally supported, yet electrically insulated from, theconductive body108. Although conductive bodies of surgical instruments are frequently discussed herein in the context of endoscopes for exemplary purposes, it should be recognized that the conductive bodies described herein may be realized in a variety of electrosurgical apparatus including endoscopes, colonoscopies, laproscopic instruments and catheter systems.
• Theactive electrode104 in the exemplary embodiment imparts a voltage, also referred to herein as an electrical potential, generated by thegenerator102 to thepatient118. In someembodiments104 theactive electrode104 includes a rollberball configuration and in other embodiments a cutting loop, but other embodiments are certainly contemplated and are well within the scope of the present invention.
• In operation, when a potential is applied to thepatient118 with theactive electrode104, a current, following the normal current path, flows from theactive electrode104, through thepatient118 to thereturn electrode110, which is coupled to another portion of thepatient118. In several embodiments, the current alters (e.g., ablates) tissue of thepatient118 that is within and around the normal current path so as to effectuate a surgical procedure.
• During an electrosurgical procedure, one or more events can cause the potential of theconductive body108 to approach the potential of theactive electrode104. For example, if the insulation surrounding theactive electrode104 fails, the impedance between theconductive body108 and theactive electrode104 will decrease and may allow current to flow (e.g., arc) from theactive electrode104 to theconductive body108. In addition, during some electrosurgical procedures, conductive fluids and/or tissue are prone to accumulate between theactive electrode104 and theconductive body108. These conductive fluids also reduce the impedance between theactive electrode104 and theconductive body108, which allows current to flow, via the conductive fluid, from theactive electrode104 to theconductive body108.
• In accordance with several embodiments of the present invention, thelow impedance path112 effectively shunts current from theconductive body108 to thereturn electrode110 so as to prevent theconductive body108 from reaching a much higher potential. In this way, theconductive body108 is prevented from attaining a level of potential that would otherwise be harmful to the patient. In some embodiments where theconductive body108 forms part of an endoscope for example, portions of theconductive body108, telescope (not shown), and sheath (not shown) routinely contact the patient, and if current is not shunted away from thepatient118, current from these portions of the surgical tool can severely burn thepatient118 at unintended locations.
• As depicted inFIG. 1, when an event occurs that causes the potential of theconductive body108 to approach that of theactive electrode104, fault current following the fault path flows from theconductive body108 through thelow resistance path112 to thereturn electrode110. In accordance with several embodiments of the present invention, thelow impedance path112 has an impedance that is substantially less than 100 Ohms.
• Creating a low impedance path between theconductive body108 and thereturn electrode110, however, may create an undesirablecurrent path202 from theactive electrode104 to thereturn electrode110 that includesunintended portions204 of thepatient118. Specifically, as shown inFIG. 2, the combined impedance of thelow impedance path112, theconductive body108 and theunintended portions204 of thepatient118 is low enough to attract a harmful level of current through the undesirablecurrent path202.
• As a consequence, in accordance with several embodiments of the present invention, undesirable current that would otherwise flow in the undesirablecurrent path202 is limited so as to prevent undesirable current from harming thepatient202. In other words, the undesirable current that would otherwise flow from theactive electrode104 to thereturn electrode110 through thepatient118,conductive body108 and thelow impedance path112 is limited.
• FIG. 3 depicts one embodiment of the present invention that limits the undesirable current that would otherwise flow in the undesirablecurrent path202 described with reference toFIG. 2. In the exemplary embodiment depicted inFIG. 3, aninsulator302 is interposed between theconductive body308 and thepatient118 so as to limit the amount of current that may flow from theactive electrode104 in theundesirable path202, which includes thepatient118, theconductive body308 and thelow impedance path312.
• In one embodiment where theconductive body308 is part of an endoscope for example, theinsulator302 is an insulating sheath that is added to the endoscope so as to be interposed between the patient118 and theconductive body308 during an electrosurgical procedure.
• In another embodiment, the undesirable current is limited by limiting a difference between a voltage of theconductive body108,308 and a voltage of thepatient118. Referring toFIG. 4, for example, shown is an exemplary embodiment in which aconductive body408 is coupled to areference potential420 via alow impedance path412. In the exemplary embodiment thereference potential420 has a voltage that is established so as to render the voltage of theconductive body408 to be substantially the same as the voltage of thepatient118. In this way, any currents that do travel from theactive electrode104, through thepatient118 to the conductive body418 are much less likely to cause damage to tissues of thepatient118.
• Advantageously, the exemplary configuration depicted inFIG. 4 enables an electrosurgical instrument to be utilized without insulating exterior portions of the instrument from the patient. In the context of resectoscopes, for example, a metallic sheath may be utilized because theconductive body408 has a potential, by virtue of being coupled to thepatient118 via thelow impedance path412, that is close to the potential of thepatient118.
• As a consequence, manufacturers of resectoscopes need not retool to accommodate an insulating sheath, and metallic sheaths often times have a longer life span and smaller size than insulating sheaths. Moreover, most surgeons are accustomed to and prefer the look and feel of stainless steel components.
• In some variations of the embodiment depicted inFIG. 4, thereference potential420, in connection with thelow impedance path412, maintains theconductive body408 at a potential that is within 25 Volts of the potential of the patient. In other variations, the potential of theconductive body408 is maintained to within 15 Volts of the patient. In yet other variations, the potential of theconductive body408 is maintained to within 10 Volts of the patient potential, and in accordance with still other variations, thereference potential420 is varied so as to maintain the potential of the conductive body to within 3 Volts of he conductivebody408.
• As depicted inFIG. 4, a protective circuit advantageously utilizes aseparate reference potential420, which lacks a voltage offset (i.e., a substantially lower voltage than a patient voltage) that is inherent with a return electrode (e.g., the return electrode110). As a consequence, currents that would ordinarily flow from theactive electrode104 through an undesirable path that includes thepatient118 and theconductive body408 are substantially reduced or prevented altogether. Thus, any tissue of thepatient118 or the operator/surgeon that contacts theconductive body408 is protected from being a part of the undesirable current path.
• Moreover, because theconductive body408 is coupled to the reference potential420 (i.e., via the low impedance path412) instead of thereturn electrode110, this embodiment is aligned with international standards such as IEC 601-2-2. This in turn may allow the use of a metallic sheath as a alternate to an insulated sheath. This is desirable because it comports with the user's customary instruments, it is durable, and aids in achieving a minimum instrument diameter.
• It should be recognized that the embodiments described with reference toFIG. 4 are certainly not limited to applications involving endoscopes. For example, coupling the conductive body (e.g., working element) of a variety of electrosurgical devices (e.g., colonoscopes and catheter systems) to thereference potential420 via thelow impedance path412 is advantageous for one or more of the reasons discussed above.
• Although embodiments described with reference toFIG. 4 do have advantages over embodiments described with reference toFIG. 3, it should be recognized that the embodiments described with reference toFIG. 3 do provide a viable approach to improving the safety of electrosurgical procedures.
• While referring toFIGS. 3 and 4, simultaneous reference will be made toFIG. 5, which is a flowchart depicting steps traversed in accordance with one method for performing an electrosurgical procedure. As shown, theactive electrode104 is initially applied to thepatient118 along with thereturn electrode110 so as to create acurrent path206 in tissue of thepatient118 between theactive electrode104 and the return electrode110 (Blocks500-506).
• In addition, theconductive body308,408 is coupled to a reference voltage with a low impedance path. (Block508). In the embodiment depicted inFIG. 3, the reference voltage is the voltage of thereturn electrode110, and in the embodiment ofFIG. 4, the reference voltage is the voltage of thereference potential420.
• As shown inFIG. 5, a voltage is then imparted to theactive electrode104 so as to generate current in thecurrent path206 that alters tissue of the patient118 (Block510). While the voltage is imparted to theactive electrode104, any undesirable current202 that would otherwise flow from theactive electrode104 to thereference voltage110,420 through thepatient118,conductive body308,408 andlow impedance path312,412 is limited (Block512).
• Additionally, in several embodiments, a non-zero level of conduction between theconductive body308,408 and theactive electrode104 is monitored while continuing to impart the voltage to the active electrode104 (Block514), and the voltage of theactive electrode104 is altered in response to a particular variation of the non-zero level of conduction between theconductive body308,408 and the active electrode104 (Blocks516,518).
• In many embodiments, variations in the level of conduction between theactive electrode104 and theconductive body308,408 are tolerated for one or more periods of time. For example, when the electrosurgical procedure depicted inFIG. 5 is carried out with either a resectoscope or hysteroscope, chips of tissue and/or blood can cause a temporary conduction between theactive electrode104 and theconductive body308,408. Although thepatient118 and operator may need protection from this condition, in these embodiments, such a temporary conduction is not a fault condition per se that requires thegenerator302,402 to be shut down completely. As a consequence, themonitor314,414 in some embodiments responds to the temporary conduction with asignal316,416 that does not immediately shut down the generator.
• For example, in some embodiments themonitor314,414 provides a warning to the operator without initiating a reduction of power to active electrode. In other embodiments, the particular variation that causes an alteration of the current level between theactive electrode104 and theconductive body308,408 is a particular current level that is sustained for a predetermined amount of time. The alteration to the voltage imparted to theactive electrode104 in some embodiments is a reduction in the voltage applied to theactive electrode104 so that the energy level is brought to a level that the patient's body can tolerate without harm. In yet other embodiments, the alteration to the voltage imparted to theactive electrode104 is a complete removal of the voltage imparted to the active electrode.
• In several embodiments, the monitoring for any conduction between theconductive body308,408 and theactive electrode104 is carried out by metering a parameter that has a value that varies with the conduction between theconductive body308,408 and theactive electrode104. In some embodiments for example, the conduction between theconductive body308,408 and theactive electrode104 is carried out by metering the level of current in thelow impedance path312,412. In other embodiments, the monitoring for conduction between theconductive body308,408 and theactive electrode104 is carried out by metering a voltage of theconductive body308,408. In these embodiments, the monitoring includes an indirect measurement of the current flowing between theactive electrode104 and theconductive body308,408.
• Thereference potential420 in some embodiments is generated based upon a voltage known to be close to a typical human voltage. In other embodiments, the reference potential is derived from at least one physical characteristic of the patient.
• Referring next toFIG. 6, for example, shown is a block diagram600 depicting one embodiment in which thereference potential420 is derived directly from a voltage of the patient. As depicted inFIG. 6, aconductive body608 is connected through amonitor614 to a reference potential electrode (RPE)640. TheRPE640 in this embodiment is maintained at a reference potential that is consistent with the a potential of the patient's618 body. In this embodiment, the coupling between theconductive body608 and theRPE640, which includes themonitor614, creates a low impedance path (e.g., less than 100 Ohms) from theconductive body608 to areference potential640, which in this embodiment, is obtained from a direct coupling of theRPE640 to thepatient118.
• TheRPE640 in some embodiments is realized as a completely separate electrode that is coupled to an opposite or alternate site of thepatient118, and in other embodiments theRPE640 is implemented as a separate conductive area or areas in a return electrode assembly. In both of theses types of implementations, theRPE640 and thereturn electrode610 each have a separate contact area on thepatient118 that electrically isolates, to a substantial degree, theRPE640 and returnelectrode610. Exemplary electrodes that are suitable for implementation as either thereturn electrode610 or theRPE640 are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,416,276 or 4,416,277, the details of which are hereby incorporated by reference into the present application.
• Referring next toFIG. 7, shown is a block diagram depicting anexemplary electrosurgical system700, which is configured to generate a derived reference. As depicted inFIG. 7, aprocessor702 is coupled to acurrent sensor704, adependent voltage source706, acurrent transducer708, anexternal input710 and acontact quality monitor712. Also shown is amonitor714 that is coupled to aconductive body716, anRF power source718, and via a derivedreference line715, to thedependent voltage source706. Theconductive body716 in this embodiment is a working element that forms part of anendoscope717, which includes atelescope718, atube assembly720 and anactive electrode722. As depicted inFIG. 7, theactive electrode722 is in contact with thepatient118. In addition, areference electrode724 and returnelectrode726 are shown coupled to thepatient118 at different locations of thepatient118. Thereference electrode724 is shown coupled to adifferential voltage transducer728 and thereturn electrode726 is shown coupled to a current sensor704 (e.g., via inductive coupling).
• Theprocessor702 in several embodiments includes analog and digital components and a variable gain amplifier (not shown). One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, however, that theprocessor702 may be realized in other embodiments as an entirely analog or entirely digital processor and may be one integrated processor (e.g., an ASIC or PIC controller) or several discrete components. In the present embodiment, the analog and digital components control the variable gain amplifier so as to provide anoutput730 to thedependent voltage source706, which affects the derivedreference voltage715 that is generated by thedependent voltage source706.
• Theoutput730 of the processor, and hence, the derivedreference voltage715 of thedependent voltage source706 is a function of one or more of theinputs732 to theprocessor702. In particular, theprocessor702 receives asignal734 from the current sensor704 (e.g., a current transducer), which is indicative of a level of current in thereturn line726. Theprocessor702 then scales thesignal734 from thecurrent sensor704 as a function ofother inputs736,740,742 to theprocessor702. In several embodiments, theprocessor702 continuously receives theinputs732 and adapts theoutput730 to the changing conditions/of thepatient118.
• As depicted inFIG. 7, one of theinputs732 to theprocessor702 is asignal736 from thecontact quality monitor712, which is indicative of an impedance of thepatient118 at alocation738 where thereturn electrode726 contacts the patient. In this embodiment, thereturn electrode726 includes two return wires (not shown), and each of the return wires is separately coupled to thepatient738. The contact quality monitor712 in the present embodiment meters an impedance of thepatient118 between the two return wires, and provides thesignal736 to theprocessor702.
• Another input to theprocessor702 in the exemplary embodiment is theexternal input710. Although theexternal input710 is depicted as a single line for simplicity, in some embodiments the external input is realized by multiple inputs to theprocessor702. In this embodiment, the external input is asignal740 that is indicative of one or more variables such as an amount of body fat in the tissue of thepatient118, the particular portion of thepatient118 being operated upon and information about the locations on thepatient118 where theelectrodes724,726 are being placed. These factors are merely exemplary, however, and other factors may be utilized by theprocessor702 as well.
• Yet another input to theprocessor702 in the exemplary embodiment is asignal742, which is indicative of a difference between the voltage of thereturn electrode726 and a voltage of the reference electrode724 (i.e., a voltage of thepatient118 at thelocation744 where thereference electrode724 is coupled to the patient118). In some embodiments, thereference electrode724 is part of an electrode assembly that includes thereturn electrode726, but this is certainly not required, and in other embodiments thereturn electrode726 andreference electrode724 are completely separated.
• As depicted inFIG. 7, thedifferential voltage transducer728 generates anoutput742 that is proportional to the difference between thereturn electrode726 and thereference electrode724. Although depicted as a single functional block, thedifferential voltage transducer728 includes a an RMS responding detector that generates theoutput742.
• In the exemplary embodiment, thedependent voltage source706 is an isolated amplifier with adifferential output715 that is a function of theoutput730 of theprocessor702 relative to the voltage of thereturn electrode726. In this embodiment, theprocessor702 provides theoutput signal730 at a level that prompts thedependent voltage source706 to generate, as the derivedreference715, a voltage between 0 and 50 Volts RMS referred to the voltage of thereturn line726.
• As shown inFIG. 7, themonitor714 in this embodiment couples theconductive body716 to the derivedreference715. Themonitor714 in several embodiments is a low impedance monitor (e.g., less than 100 Ohms) so as to provide alow impedance path709 between theconductive body716 and the derivedreference715. In one embodiment, for example, the monitor is an EM-2 style monitor manufactured by Encision, Inc of Boulder Colo. As shown, acurrent transducer708 is configured to sense a level of current in thelow impedance path709 and provide anoutput750 to theprocessor702 that is indicative of the level of current in thelow impedance path709. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that thecurrent transducer708 may be realized by a variety of current transducers.
• In some embodiments, theprocessor702 generates theoutput730 at a level that translates to a derivedreference voltage715 that is substantially the same as a voltage of thepatient118 at thesurgical site746. In this way, the voltage of theconductive body716 relative to the surgical site of thepatient746 is limited to a relatively small value (e.g., less than 25 Volts) that is a function of the current in thelow impedance path709 from theconductive body716, through themonitor714, to the derivedreference715.
• In other embodiments, theprocessor702 generates theoutput730 at a level that translates to a derivedreference715 that compensates for current flow in thelow impedance path709 from theconductive body716 through themonitor714 to the derivedreference715 so as to render the voltage of theconductive body716 at a level that is substantially the same as a voltage of thepatient118 at thesurgical site746.
• As shown inFIG. 7 for example, in the event the current level from theconductive body716, through themonitor714, to the derivedreference715 increases (indicating a voltage of theconductive body716 is higher than the patient voltage), thecurrent transducer708 provides theoutput750 to theprocessor702 at a level that is indicative of the increased level of current in themonitor714. In turn, theprocessor702 adjusts theoutput signal730 to thedependent voltage source706 so that the derivedreference voltage715 is decreased. In this way, the voltage of theconductive body716 is also reduced back to the level of the patient at thesurgical site746.
• Referring next toFIG. 8, shown is a block diagram depicting another embodiment of an electrosurgical system800, which is configured to generate a derivedreference815 utilizing a referencepotential electrode850. The electrosurgical system800 operates in a similar manner as thesystem700 depicted inFIG. 7 except the derivedreference815 in the present embodiment is referenced to a potential of thepatient860 at the referencepotential electrode850 instead of thereturn electrode726. In addition, a contact quality monitor870 in this embodiment provides asignal836 which is indicative of an impedance of thepatient118 at alocation860 where the referencepotential electrode850 contacts thepatient118. Thedifferential voltage transducer728 in this embodiment generates anoutput842 that is proportional to the difference between the referencepotential electrode850 and thereference electrode724.
• As depicted inFIG. 8, theprocessor802 receives and scales thesignal842 from thedifferential voltage sensor728 as a function ofother inputs836,740,850 so as to generate anoutput830 which is converted to the derivedreference voltage815 by thedependent voltage source706. In several embodiments, theprocessor802 continuously receives theinputs832 and adapts theoutput830 to the changing conditions/of thepatient118.
• Referring next toFIG. 9, shown is aflowchart900 depicting steps carried out to prepare an electrosurgical instrument for an electrosurgical procedure in accordance with the exemplary electrosurgical systems ofFIGS. 7 and 8. In operation, theprocessor702,802 initially receives information indicative of at least one physical characteristic of the patient118 (Blocks902,904).
• As depicted in the exemplary embodiments ofFIGS. 7 and 8 and discussed above, theprocessor702,802 is configured to receive information indicative of different physical characteristics of the patient from theexternal input710, thecontact quality monitor712,870 and thecurrent transducer708. The information from theexternal input710 may include an indication of fat content in the tissue of the patient, the particular portion of thepatient118 being operated upon and information about the locations on thepatient118 where theelectrodes724,726,826,850 are being placed. Thesignal736,836 from thecontact quality monitor712,870 is indicative of an impedance of thepatient118 at alocation738,860 where thereturn electrode726,826 contacts thepatient118. In the embodiment depicted inFIG. 7, theoutput742 of thevoltage transducer728 is indicative of a difference between the voltage of thereturn electrode726 and a voltage of thepatient118 at thelocation744 where thereference electrode724 is coupled to thepatient118. In the alternative embodiment depicted inFIG. 8, theoutput842 of thevoltage transducer728 is indicative of a difference between the voltage of the referencepotential electrode850 and a voltage of thepatient118 at thelocation744 where thereference electrode724 is coupled to thepatient118.
• Theprocessor702,802 in connection with thedependent voltage source706, then generates a reference voltage (e.g., the derivedreference715,815) based upon at least one of the physical characteristics of the patient (Block906). In the embodiment discussed with reference toFIG. 7, thecurrent signal734 is scaled by a function that includes, as inputs, thesignals736,740,742 from thecontact quality monitor712, theexternal input710 and thedetector708, respectively. In the alternative embodiment discussed with reference toFIG. 8, theprocessor802 receives and scales thesignal842 from thedifferential voltage sensor728 as a function ofother inputs836,740,850 so as to generate anoutput830 which is converted to the derivedreference voltage815.
• The reference voltage (e.g., the derivedreference715,815) is then coupled to a conductive body (e.g., the working element716) of the electrosurgical apparatus (e.g., the endoscope717) so as to limit any difference between the voltage of thesurgical site746 of thepatient118 and the body of the electrosurgical apparatus (e.g., the resectoscope717) (Blocks908,910).
• In the embodiments depicted inFIGS. 7 and 8, themonitor714,814 provides additional safety by monitoring current flow between the conductive body716 (e.g., a working element) of the electrosurgical apparatus and theactive electrode722 and alters the level of voltage provided to theactive electrode722 by sending acontrol signal748,848 to thepower source718. In some embodiments, the alteration of the voltage that is applied to theactive electrode722 may be a modulation of the active electrode voltage as a function of one or more characteristics of the current monitored between theactive electrode722 and aconductive body716 of the electrosurgical instrument (e.g., the resectoscope717).
• As discussed above, in the context of endoscopes, some current is expected to flow between theactive electrode722 and theconductive body716 while an electrosurgical procedure is being carried out (e.g., due to conductive tissue and/or fluid that becomes interposed between theactive electrode722 and the conductive body716). As a consequence, in some embodiments, themonitor714 sends thecontrol signal748,848 at a level that directs thepower source718 to continue to impart a voltage to theactive electrode722, for at least an acceptable period of time, while there is a non-zero level of conduction between theactive electrode722 and theconductive body716. In this way, the electrosurgical procedure is not interrupted due to the expected conduction between theactive electrode722 and theconductive body716.
• Although many variations of the system depicted inFIGS. 7 and 8 are described herein within the context of procedures performed utilizing endoscopes, it is contemplated that generating the derivedreference715 and coupling the derivedreference715 to a conductive body of any one of a variety of electrosurgical devices provides a substantial level of safety by limiting a level of voltage that the body of the electrosurgical devices may attain. It should also be recognized that neither any one nor all of theinputs732,832 must be utilized when generating the derivedreference715,815.
• Referring next toFIG. 10, shown is a cross sectional view of an exemplaryelectrode assembly structure1000, which may be utilized in any of the embodiments described with reference toFIGS. 1-9. As shown, anactive electrode1002 is surrounded in part by aninsulator layer1004, ashield1006 and anouter insulator1008 that are stacked in a radial direction relative to theactive electrode1002. Theactive electrode1002 in several embodiments is custom designed for implementation as part of theassembly structure1000. Theinsulator1004 in the exemplary embodiment may be composed of a variety of plastics including polyaryletheretherketone (e.g., sold under the PEEK™ brand) and fiber reinforced polymer.
• Theshield1006 in this embodiment is a conductive material that may include stainless steel and/or aluminum. As depicted inFIG. 10, the shield is arranged so as to protect theinsulator1004 that surrounds theactive electrode1002 from being pierced. In this way, the shield helps to maintain electrical isolation between a conductive body (e.g., working element) of the electrosurgical device (e.g., an endoscope) that employs theelectrode assembly1000.
• In some embodiments, as discussed further with reference toFIG. 11, theshield1006 is adapted so as to be capable of being conductively coupled to a monitor, and the monitor is then able to assess the integrity of the electrode assembly by monitoring a level of conduction between theshield1006 and theactive electrode1002.
• As shown, theouter insulator1008 is disposed so as to insulate theshield1006 from other components of the electrosurgical device when theelectrode assembly1000 is installed and utilized. Theouter insulator1008 may be realized by similar materials as theinner insulator1004, but the outer insulator need not have the level of strength nor the low dielectric constant of theinner insulator1004.
• Referring next toFIG. 11, shown is a block diagram of asystem1100 for monitoring both aconductive body1108 and ashield1120 of an electrode assembly (e.g., the electrode assembly1000) during an electrosurgical procedure. In this embodiment theactive electrode1104 incorporates the active-insulation-shield-insulation construction, described with reference toFIG. 10, through an otherwise conventionalconductive body1108.
• As depicted inFIG. 11, anRPE1140 is utilized to provide a reference potential that is derived from a direct coupling of theRPE1140 to the patient1118. In alternative embodiments, theconductive body1108 is coupled to a derived reference (e.g., the derived reference715) that is generated based upon one or more physical characteristics of the patient. TheRPE1140 in the present embodiment may be a completely separate electrode on an alternate site of thepatient118, or it may be a partitioned area in a return electrode assembly.
• In this embodiment, theshield component1120 of the electrode assembly (not shown) is returned to a return electrode connection of thegenerator1102 through themonitor1114 in a manner that is similar to prior AEM laparoscopic instruments described, for example, in the Newton '401 patent.
• Theconductive body1108 in this embodiment is connected to the reference potential electrode (RPE)1140 as described above, and themonitor1114 in the exemplary embodiment includes two separate channels. Afirst channel1160 monitors the current flowing from theshield1120 to thereturn electrode1110, and the first channel is configured to alter the power output from thegenerator1102 by sending acontrol signal1116 to thegenerator1102 in the event of a fault condition. In some embodiments, thechannel1160 does not distinguish between a normal and abnormal fault condition, and instead, it simply shuts off the power if a fault condition is detected. Asecond channel1170 monitors currents between theconductive body1108 and theRPE1140 and alters power imparted to theactive electrode1104 by inhibiting and/or reducing power as described with reference to other embodiments depicted inFIGS. 3-9.
• In this embodiment, large currents flowing through an insulation failure of the electrode assembly have a different path than smaller currents flowing through theconductive body1108, with different monitoring thresholds and monitoring effects. For example, themonitor1114 may have a fixed current threshold, a fault current threshold proportional to the active current, and/or themonitor1114 may produce a warning when the threshold is exceeded.
• Alternatively, themonitor1114 may have two thresholds that include a lower threshold that triggers a warning and a higher threshold that triggers asignal1116 from themonitor114 to thegenerator1102 that reduces power to theactive electrode1104. As previously discussed, fault currents in theconductive body1108 can be temporarily induced due to tissue or conductive fluid that causes coupling between theactive electrode1104 and theconductive body1108. Under such a fault condition, a warning rather than an alteration of the power is advantageous. Another advantage of this configuration is that insulation fault currents will have a direct path to thereturn electrode1110 and do not challenge the path involving theRPE1140 and theconductive body1108.
• Referring next toFIG. 12, shown is a schematic representation of aresectoscope1200 that may be used in the embodiments disclosed with reference toFIGS. 3-9. As shown, a working element1202 (i.e., the conductive body of the resectoscope1200) is coupled to ascope1204, aninner tube1206, anouter sheath1208 and aconnector block1210. As depicted inFIG. 12. the connector block is coupled to anactive line1212, afirst shield lead1214 and asecond shield lead1216.
• Also shown is anelectrode assembly1218, which includes anactive electrode1224 with afirst end1226 that is configured to impart a voltage to a region of a patient and asecond end1228 that is configured to detachably couple to theactive line1212 of theconnector block1210. As shown, portions of theactive electrode1224 between the first andsecond ends1226,1228 are surrounded byinsulation1230, and portions of theinsulation1230 are surrounded by ashield1232, which is detachably coupled to the first and second shield leads1214,1216. In several embodiments, a highly conductive material (e.g., gold plating) is employed at the respective interfaces between theshield1232 and the first andsecond leads1214,1216 and between theactive electrode1224 and theactive line1212. Theinsulation1230 in the exemplary embodiment may be composed of a variety of plastics including polyaryletheretherketone (e.g., sold under the PEEK™ brand) and fiber reinforced polymer. Theshield1232 in this embodiment is a conductive material that may include stainless steel and/or aluminum.
• In this configuration, theconnector block1210 is added to the workingelement1202 of a standard resectoscopic device in order to provide conductive connections to the workingelement1202 and the shield2332 of theelectrode assembly1218. In the exemplary embodiment, the first and second shield leads1214,1216 are both disposed so as to be detachably coupled with different portions of theshield1232. The two shield leads1214,1216 provide a redundant, and hence more reliable, coupling to theshield1232. In addition, the twoleads1214,1216 enable the connection between the shield leads1214,1216 and theshield1232 to be tested by measuring the continuity between the shield leads1214,1216. In this way, when theactive electrode assembly1218 is inserted into theresectoscope1200, a simple continuity test ensures the electrode assembly is properly engaged with theresectoscope1200.
• As depicted inFIG. 12, thesecond shield lead1216 in this embodiment is coupled to the workingelement1202 so as to conductively couple theshield1232 and the workingelement1202. In this way, both theshield1232 and the working element1302 may be conveniently coupled to a reference potential (e.g., the reference potential420) via a monitor (e.g., themonitor114,214,314,414,614,714 and1014).
• In this embodiment, theinner tube1206 andouter sheath1208 are also coupled to the workingelement1202 so that the workingelement1202, theshield1232, theinner tube1206 and theouter tube1208 have substantially the same voltage. Both theinner tube1206 andouter sheath1208 have a low resistance conduction to the workingelement1202. A gold plating, or other good conductor, are preferential solutions for this purpose.
• Theconnector block1210 also provides a connection between theactive electrode1224 and theactive electrode lead1212. In this embodiment, the workingelement1202,scope1204 andinner tube1206 are metallic. Theouter sheath1208, however, is metallic in some variations and is an insulator (e.g., fiber reinforced plastic) in other variations.
• In some variations of the embodiment depicted inFIG. 12, thesecond shield lead1216 is disconnected from the workingelement1202 and a separate lead to the workingelement1202 is provided within the connector block so as to enable both theshield1232 and the workingelement1202 to be coupled to the separate channels of thedual channel monitor1114 described with reference toFIG. 11. In yet other variations, theelectrode assembly1000 described with reference toFIG. 10 may be employed in the resectoscope depicted inFIG. 12.
• Referring next toFIGS. 13A, 13B and13C, shown are a front, a top and a cross sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of aresectoscope1300. As shown inFIGS. 13A and 13B, a workingelement1308 is coupled to aconnector block1310 and anouter tube assembly1312. InFIG. 13C, which is a cross-sectional view of theresectoscope1300 taken along section J-J ofFIG. 13B, shown is atelescope portion1316 of theresectoscope1300 within the workingelement1308 and theouter tube assembly1312.
• Referring toFIG. 14, shown is a perspective view of the resectoscope depicted inFIG. 13 in a disassembled form. As shown, thetelescope assembly1316 is configured to fit within the workingelement1308, and theelectrode assembly1304 is configured to couple to an exterior portion of the workingelement1308 so as to be able to move relative to the workingelement1308. Also shown is aninner tube assembly1318 that is configured to slide over both theelectrode assembly1304 and the workingelement1308. In addition, theouter tube assembly1312 is configured to slide over theinner tube assembly1318.
• Referring next toFIGS. 15A and 15B, shown are a cross sectional and a front view of a portion of the resectoscope depicted inFIGS. 13 and 14. As shown inFIGS. 15A and 15B, thetelescope1316 andactive electrode assembly1304 fit within theinner tube assembly1318 while providing sufficient space for the inflow of irrigating fluid.
• In conclusion, the present invention provides, among other things, a system and method for monitoring, and rendering safer, electrosurgical procedures. Those skilled in the art can readily recognize that numerous variations and substitutions may be made in the invention, its use and its configuration to achieve substantially the same results as achieved by the embodiments described herein. For example, many of the embodiments described herein are generally applicable to a range of electrosurgical procedures and devices. Accordingly, there is no intention to limit the invention to the disclosed exemplary forms. Many variations, modifications and alternative constructions fall within the scope and spirit of the disclosed invention as expressed in the claims.

Claims (23)

1. A method for performing an electrosurgical procedure comprising:

applying an active electrode to a patient, the active electrode being operatively coupled to a conductive body of a surgical instrument;

placing a return electrode on the patient so as to create a current path in tissue of the patient between the active electrode and the return electrode;

coupling the conductive body to a reference voltage with a low impedance path;

imparting a voltage to the active electrode so as to generate current in the current path, wherein the current in the current path alters some tissue of the patient; and

limiting any undesirable current flow that would otherwise flow, absent the limiting, from the active electrode to the reference voltage through the patient, conductive body and the low impedance path.

2. The method ofclaim 1 including:

monitoring, while continuing to impart the voltage to the active electrode, a non-zero level of conduction between the conductive body and the active electrode; and

altering the voltage to the active electrode in response to a variation of the non-zero level of conduction.

3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the limiting includes limiting the undesirable current flow with an insulator interposed between the patient and the conductive body.

4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the limiting includes limiting a difference between a voltage of the conductive body and a voltage of the patient.

5. The method ofclaim 4, wherein limiting the difference between the voltage of the conductive body and the voltage of the patient includes the coupling the conductive body to the reference voltage, wherein the reference voltage is substantially the same as the voltage of the patient.

6. The method ofclaim 5, wherein the coupling includes coupling the conductive body to the patient with the low impedance path, and wherein the reference voltage is the voltage of the patient.

7. The method ofclaim 4, wherein the reference voltage is a derived reference, wherein the derived reference is derived from at least one physical characteristic of the patient.

8. The method ofclaim 7, wherein the derived reference is derived so as to render the voltage of the conductive body substantially the same as the voltage of the patient.

9. The method ofclaim 7, including:

measuring an impedance of the patient; and

measuring a return current in the return electrode, wherein the derived reference is derived, at least in part, from the impedance of the patient and the return current in the return electrode.

10. The method ofclaim 7, wherein the derived reference is derived from a characteristic of the patient selected from the group consisting of a hydration level and a body fat level.

11. The method ofclaim 7, wherein the derived reference is derived, at least in part, from at least one voltage measurement of at least one portion of the patient.

12. The method ofclaim 6 including:

placing, at a distance from the return electrode, a reference electrode on the patient, wherein the reference voltage is a voltage of the reference electrode.

13. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the coupling includes coupling the conductive body to the return electrode with the low impedance path, wherein the reference voltage is a voltage of the return electrode.

14. The method ofclaim 2, wherein the monitoring the non-zero level of conduction includes measuring current in the low impedance path.

15. The method ofclaim 2, wherein the monitoring the non-zero level of conduction includes monitoring a voltage of the conductive body.

16. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the low impedance path is less than 100 ohms.

17. The method ofclaim 16, wherein the low impedance path is greater than or equal to 15 ohms and less than or equal to 50 ohms.

18. The method ofclaim 2, wherein the altering includes modulating, in relation to the non-zero level of conduction, the voltage to the active electrode.

19. The method ofclaim 18, wherein the modulating includes sustaining a magnitude of the voltage to the active electrode for a predetermined period of time before inhibiting the voltage to the active electrode.

20. The method ofclaim 1, including:

monitoring a level of conduction between a shield and the return electrode, wherein an insulating layer separates the shield from the active electrode and the shield surrounds a substantial portion of the active electrode and the insulating layer; and

altering the voltage to the active electrode in response to the level of conduction between the shield and the return electrode.

21. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the conductive body is a conductive body selected from the group consisting of an endoscope working element and a conductive body of a colonoscope.

22. A method for performing an electrosurgical procedure on a patient with an electrosurgical instrument comprising:

placing a return electrode between the patient and a return line of an electrosurgical generator;

coupling a conductive body of the electrosurgical instrument to a reference voltage via a low impedance path, wherein the reference voltage is substantially isolated from the return electrode and the reference voltage is selected so as to limit a difference between a patient voltage and a voltage of the conductive body;

coupling an active electrode of the electrosurgical instrument between the patient and an active line of the electrosurgical generator, wherein the electrosurgical generator is capable of providing, to the active electrode, a range of surgical-level voltages that are sufficient to alter tissue of the patient;

detecting undesirable current between the active electrode and the working element; and

imparting a voltage to the active electrode that is within the range of surgical-level voltages while there are tolerable non-zero levels of the undesirable current between the active electrode and the working element.

23. A system for performing an electrosurgical procedure comprising:

an electrosurgical instrument comprising an active electrode and a conductive body, wherein the active electrode is operatively coupled to the conductive body and the active electrode is configured to impart, when coupled with an electrosurgical generator, a voltage to a region of a patient so as to alter tissue in the region of the patient;

a return electrode configured to be coupled between the patient and the electrosurgical generator;

a reference electrode configured to be coupled to the patient so as to attain a patient voltage; and

a monitor coupled between the conductive body of the electrosurgical instrument and the reference electrode, wherein the monitor is configured to monitor a fault current between the conductive body and reference electrode.

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