US20060019150A1 - Safety device for a sealed cell - Google Patents

Abstract

A safety device for a sealed cell (1) comprising alternating positive and negative electrodes respectively connected to positive and negative current output terminals (6, 7) placed in a container (2) having an end (3) that is closed by a wall. The wall of the closed end presents thinning (13) adapted to be torn by excess pressure inside the container, and the thinning is adapted, on being torn, to interrupt electrical conduction between the electrodes of one polarity and the corresponding current output terminal. The device of the invention is simple in design, is capable of operating at low pressures, and over a wide range of pressures, and acts as a circuit interrupter without decreasing the current density that flows in the electrical circuit.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to a safety device for a sealed cell. It also covers a method of manufacturing such a device.
• A sealed electrochemical cell (or “battery”) comprises in conventional manner an electrochemical stack made up of alternating positive and negative electrodes on either side of separators impregnated in electrolyte. Each electrode is made up of a metal current collector supporting an electrochemically active material on at least one of its faces. Each electrode is electrically connected to a current output which provides electrical continuity between the electrode and an external application with which the cell is associated. The stack of electrodes is placed in a container that is closed in sealed manner by a cover.
• The invention relates to sealed cells of the nickel cadmium, nickel metal hydride, and lithium ion types. These cells may be of cylindrical format or of rectangular format (also known as prismatic format). They constitute cells that are rechargeable, also known as secondary cells or as accumulators.
• A cell is generally designed to operate under so-called “nominal” conditions, i.e. within given ranges of temperature, current, and voltage. When a sealed cell is used outside the nominal conditions, for example in the event of accidental overcharging, or a short circuit, or temperature higher than the maximum operating temperature, etc., there is a danger of explosion. This is because such situations lead to the electrolyte heating and to electrolyte vapor being formed. An accumulation of such vapor inside the container increases the internal pressure of the cell and that can lead to the container bursting violently and to chemical compounds being sprayed out that are harmful and corrosive for the environment and for people situated nearby.
• Safety devices exist that prevent gas from accumulating inside the container of a sealed cell and that enable the gas to be exhausted when the internal pressure exceeds a predetermined value.
• Known safety devices are generally constituted by valves. U.S. Pat. No. 5,523,178 describes a valve for a cell. That valve nevertheless presents the drawback of being complex in design. When valves are simple in design they suffer from the drawback of opening only at pressures that are high or opening only over a narrow range of pressures.
• Furthermore, it is necessary for a cell safety device also to possess a circuit interrupter function suitable for electrically and irreversibly isolating apparatus connected to the cell. Known valves do not perform this circuit interrupter function. A specific electrical device must be provided for performing the circuit interrupter function when the valve is activated.
• There therefore exists a need for a safety device for a sealed cell which is simple in design, suitable for low pressures, and capable of operating over a wide range of pressures. There also exists a need for a safety device that acts simultaneously as a circuit interrupter.
• An object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• To this end, the invention provides a safety device for a sealed cell comprising alternating positive and negative electrodes respectively connected to positive and negative current output terminals, the electrodes being disposed in a container presenting an end that is closed by a wall presenting thinning adapted to be torn by excess pressure inside the container, the thinning being adapted, on being torn, to interrupt electrical conduction between the electrodes of one polarity and the corresponding current output terminal.
• According to a characteristic, the thinning constitutes a zone of weakness in the wall at the closed end.
• According to a characteristic, the end closed by a wall supports the current output terminals.
• According to a characteristic, a cover placed on an open end of the container supports the current output terminals.
• In embodiments, the tear is adapted to interrupt electrical conduction between the positive electrodes and the positive current output terminal or between the negative electrodes and the negative current output terminal. Depending on the application, the sealed cell is cylindrical in format or prismatic.
• According to a characteristic, the sealed cell operates with the pressure inside the container lying in therange 4 bars to 20 bars, and preferably in therange 8 bars to 12 bars.
• According to a characteristic, the thickness of the thinning represents substantially 20% of the wall thickness at the closed end of the container. According to a characteristic, a rim of the wall of the closed end is adapted to prevent the electrodes being expelled in the event of the thinning being torn.
• The invention also provides a method of manufacturing a safety device for a sealed cell, the method comprising the steps consisting in:
• • providing a container presenting an end that is closed by a wall;
  • stamping the wall at the closed end so as to create thinning suitable for being torn by excess pressure inside the container;
  • placing a stack of positive and negative electrodes inside the container;
  • connecting the electrodes to current output terminals so that tearing the thinning interrupts electrical conduction between the terminals of one polarity and the corresponding current output terminal; and
  • closing the cell in sealed manner.
• Other characteristics and advantages of the invention appear on reading the fowling description given by way of example and with reference to the FIGS.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a longitudinal section view of a sealed lithium ion cylindrical cell provided with a safety device of the invention; and
• FIGS. 2A and 2B are respectively a longitudinal section view and a cross-section view of the safety device of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
• The invention provides to a safety device for a sealed cell. The cell comprises alternating positive and negative electrodes respectively connected to positive and negative current outlet terminals. The electrodes are disposed in a container presenting one end that is closed by a wall. The wall of the closed end presents thinning (i.e. a portion of reduced thickness) suitable for being torn by excess pressure inside the container. On being torn, the thinning is adapted to interrupt electrical conduction between the electrodes of one polarity and the corresponding current output terminal.
• Thus, in the event of the pressure inside the cell exceeding a predetermined threshold value, the thinning tears and serves to exhaust the gas, thereby preventing the cell from exploding. The device also acts as a circuit interrupter by simultaneously interrupting electrical conduction between the electrodes of one polarity and the corresponding current output terminal.
• A preferred embodiment of the invention is described below by way of example.
• FIG. 1 is a longitudinal section view of a sealed cylindrical lithium ion cell provided with a safety device of the invention.
• The cell1 comprises a container possessing acylindrical wall2 closed at one end by anend wall3 and open at itsopposite end4. Acover5 is placed on the open end. It supportscurrent output terminals6 and7. One of the current output terminals, in the example described thepositive terminal6, is welded to the cover. The other current output terminal, in the example described in thenegative terminal7, passes through the cover. It is secured thereto by any suitable means such as screw-fastening or crimping. Agasket8 insulates the negativecurrent output terminal7 electrically from the cover.
• Anelectrochemical stack9 constituted by a winding of positive and negative electrodes with a separator is disposed in the container about ahollow shaft10 which serves as a gas chimney. Aconnection strip11 connects the positive electrodes of the stack to the end wall of the container, the walls of the container being electrically conductive and connected to the cover. Anotherconnection strip12 connects the negative electrodes of the stack to the negative current output terminal. A ring-shapedgasket14 is placed between the electrochemical stack and the end wall of the container. It provides electrical insulation so as to prevent electrical contact being made between the edge of a negative electrode in the stack and the wall of the container that is connected to the positive electrode, since that could give rise to a short circuit.
• In the invention, theclosed end3 constituted by the end wall of the container presents thinning13. This thinning is adapted to be torn by excess pressure inside the container. In the example shown, when the thinning tears it is adapted to interrupt electrical conduction between the positive electrodes and the positive current output terminal.FIG. 2B shows that the thinning is circular in shape with a diameter constituting about 75% of the diameter of the container for a cell that is cylindrical. The thickness of the thinning is about 20% of the thickness of the wall at the closed end of the container. The thinning that is implemented constitutes a zone of weakness in the closed end, and it tears under gas pressure. The thickness of the thinning can be adjusted as a function of the looked-for opening pressure and the mechanical strength of the container. The material of the container is preferably aluminum. Alternatively, nickel-plated steel or copper could be used. Depending on the thickness of the thinning, an opening pressure lying in therange 4 bars to 20 bars can be obtained. The thickness of the thinning is preferably selected so that the opening pressure lies in therange 8 bars to 12 bars. The safety device is thus suitable for operation at low pressure and over a broad range of pressures. The non-deformed portion of the closed end wall forms arim15 that serves to prevent the electrochemical stack being expelled in the event of the thinning being torn.
• One possible method of manufacturing a cell of the invention is described below. This description refers to a cylindrical cell.
• A thinning13 is made in a portion of the wall of theclosed end3 of the container by stamping the container material in a press.
• Agasket14 is inserted in the end of the container. It covers the thinning and the rim at the closed end. It is made of a material that withstands high temperatures such as polyetherimide (PEI).
• Thereafter the electrochemical stack is made. The positive electrode is constituted by a current collector, which may be an aluminum foil, covered in an active material constituted by a lithium-containing oxide of transition metals such as LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂, LiMnO₂, LiMn₂O₄, or a mixture thereof.
• The negative electrode is constituted by a current collector, which may be a copper foil, covered in an active material constituted by a material in which lithium can be inserted reversibly, such as graphite, coke, vitreous carbon, or carbon black.
• The separator may be a polyolefin. At least one positive electrode, at least one separator, and at least one negative electrode are superposed to form theelectrochemical stack9. The electrochemical stack is wound around thehollow shaft10 made of aluminum. The positive and negative electrodes are bonded to their plane connections. A connection strip of plane shape is preferred, but any type of connection could be envisaged.
• Theelectrochemical stack9 carrying its connections is inserted into thecontainer2. The electrodes and the separators are impregnated and the container is filled with electrolyte under reduced air pressure inside the container. The electrolyte is constituted by a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent. The container is closed in sealed manner by welding acover5 to theopen end4 of the container, which cover is fitted withcurrent output terminals6 and7.
• The operation of the safety device is described below.
• The thinning13 created in theclosed end3 of the cell constitutes a zone of weakness. When the wall at the closed end is not strong enough to withstand the pressure of electrolyte vapor, the thinning tears. The pressure is exhausted through the tear and the pressure inside the cell drops to atmospheric pressure. Simultaneously with the appearance of the tear, electrical conduction between the plane connection of thepositive electrode11 and the wall of thecontainer2 is interrupted, thereby interrupting the supply of power to the electrical load. When the thinning is torn in part only, excess pressure is exhausted, but the circuit-interrupting function is not provided. Current flow in the electrical circuit needs to be interrupted by an operator.
• The safety device is simple in design and combines the functions of a valve and of a circuit interrupter. It does not require any additional parts that need to be assembled to make the cell, thereby giving the safety device a high degree of reliability.
• The safety device of the invention also presents the advantage of not reducing the density of the current flowing in the electrical circuit as happens when series-connected circuit interrupters are used. The thickness selected for the thinning is a compromise between the largest possible section in order to pass current and the smallest possible section in order to ensure that the thinning tears.
• The safety device is thus well adapted to high-power applications (e.g. hybrid vehicles), in which high current densities are used.
• Another advantage of the invention lies in the fact that the electrochemical stack is retained inside the container in the event of the thinning being torn suddenly, since therim15 at the closed end prevents the electrochemical stack from being ejected. The opening created by tearing the thinning is too narrow to allow the electrochemical stack to pass through. The risks of dangerous chemical substances being sprayed out is thus limited.
• The present embodiment and the drawings should be considered as being presented by way of non-restricted illustration, and the invention is not limited to the details provided herein, but can be modified while remaining within the ambit and the scope of the accompanying claims. In particular, the end of the container that is closed by a thinned wall may be the end that supports the current output terminals.

Claims (13)

1. A safety device for a sealed cell comprising alternating positive and negative electrodes respectively connected to positive and negative current output terminals, the electrodes being disposed in a container presenting an end that is closed by a wall presenting thinning adapted to be torn by excess pressure inside the container, the thinning being adapted, on being torn, to interrupt electrical conduction between the electrodes of one polarity and the corresponding current output terminal.

2. A safety device according toclaim 1, in which the thinning constitutes a zone of weakness in the wall at the closed end.

3. A safety device according toclaim 1, in which the end closed by a wall supports the current output terminals.

4. A safety device according toclaim 1, in which a cover placed on an open end of the container supports the current output terminals.

5. A safety device according toclaim 1, in which the tear is adapted to interrupt electrical conduction between the positive electrodes and the positive current output terminal.

6. A safety device accordingclaim 1, in which the tear is adapted to interrupt electrical conduction between the negative electrodes and the negative current output terminal.

7. A safety device according toclaim 1, for a cylindrical format sealed cell.

8. A safety device according toclaim 1, for a prismatic format sealed cell.

9. A safety device according toclaim 1, for a cell operating with pressures inside the container lying in the range 4 bars to 20 bars.

10. A safety device according toclaim 9, wherein the pressures inside the container lie in the range 8 bars to 12 bars.

11. A safety device according toclaim 1, in which the thickness of the thinning represents substantially 20% of the thickness of the wall at the closed end of the container.

12. A safety device according toclaim 1, including a rim of the closed end wall, said rim being adapted to prevent the electrodes being ejected in the event of the thinning being torn.

13. A method of manufacturing a safety device for a sealed cell, the method comprising the steps consisting in:

providing a container presenting an end that is closed by a wall;

stamping the wall at the closed end so as to create thinning suitable for being torn by excess pressure inside the container;

placing a stack of positive and negative electrodes inside the container;

connecting the electrodes to current output terminals so that tearing the thinning interrupts electrical conduction between the terminals of one polarity and the corresponding current output terminal; and

closing the cell in sealed manner.

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