US20050276329A1 - Method and apparatus for performing motion compensation on video data - Google Patents

Abstract

An apparatus and method for performing two-pass real time video compression is provided. Tactical decisions such as encoding and quantization values are determined in software, whereas functional execution steps are performed in hardware. By appropriately apportioning the tasks between software and hardware, the benefits of each type of processing are exploited, while minimizing both hardware complexity and data transfer requirements. One key concept that allows the compression unit to operate in real time is that the architecture and pipelining both allow for B frames to be executed out of order. By buffering B frames, two-pass motion estimation techniques can be performed to tailor bit usage to the requirements of the frame, and therefore provide a more appealing output image.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/721,947 filed on Nov. 25, 2003 which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/613,359 filed Jul. 10, 2000 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,760,478 issued Jul. 6, 2004) which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/670,199 filed on Jun. 21, 1996 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,101,275 issued Aug. 8, 2000), the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• This invention relates in general to computer systems and more specifically to computer video compression and decompression techniques.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• With the convergence of computers, communications and media, video compression techniques have become increasingly important. Video compression is often used to translate video images (from camera, VCR, laser discs, etc.) into digitally encoded frames. The digitally encoded frames may then be easily transferred over a network, or stored in a memory. When desired, the compressed images are then decompressed for viewing on a computer monitor or other such device.
• The three most common video compression standards are MPEG (Moving Pictures Experts Group), JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group), and H.261. These standards partition incoming video frames into small tiles and perform either spatial or temporal compression on the tiles. Each standard has a defined compression sequence for the series of incoming frames.
• Compressed frames are classified as either Intra-coded (I frames), Predictive frames (P frames), or Bi-directional frames (B-frames). An ‘I’ frame is a frame in which spatial redundancies are removed using spatial compression techniques. A ‘P’ frame is a frame in which temporal redundancies have been removed by matching tiles through motion estimation in the current frame to a previous reference frame, then spatially compressing the temporal difference. A ‘B’ frame is a frame in which temporal redundancies are removed by matching tiles in the current frame to a previous and a future reference frame, then compressing the difference with the spatial transform.
• To perform spatial compression alone, such as in the I frame, only the individual frame is required for the compression. However, to perform the temporal compressions, which are required for both the ‘P’ and ‘B’, frames, the compression of other frames must first be performed. Each P frame is encoded based on the previous I or ‘P’ reference frame. Because ‘B’ frames require the results of both past and future frame calculations, the processing of the B frame is an out-of order function, in which future reference frames must be analyzed prior to the intervening B frames.
• Two recognized forms of video compression techniques are real-time compression and high-quality n-pass compression, where n>1. Each form has known advantages. Real-time video compression uses only spatial compression techniques (I frames) to allow images to be compressed at the rate at which they are input. Thus real-time compression processes require less buffering of the input image and consequently less hardware complexity.
• To provide real-time compression, a ‘peephole’ approach is typically implemented whereby each tile in each frame is encoded as it is processed. One drawback of this scheme arises from the fact that only a fixed number of bits are allocated for encoding a frame. If bits are used to encode portions of the frame as they are received, bits may be ‘used up’ encoding low priority components of the tile, leaving fewer bits available for encoding higher priority blocks which may appear later in the frame.
• Two-pass compression alleviates the above encoding problem by processing each frame in two steps. First, each frame undergoes a Motion Estimation (ME) calculation. During the ME phase, for P and B frames, the possible motion of each macroblock in the frame is characterized relative to a past and/or future reference frame as described above. In addition, for I, P and B frames, energy statistics are generated for the frame to profile the visual complexity of the frame, providing energy statistics allow for proper allocation of bits for encoding purposes throughout the frame.
• Following the ME phase, the frame undergoes Motion Compensation (MC), during which the data is actually compressed. Based on the encoding directives, a Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is performed on each portion (or block) of each frame, or to the temporal differences between each block and its corresponding reference point in another frame. The resulting data is then quantized and transformed into run-level tokens (RLE) tokens, which are then encoded.
• Because the entire frame is evaluated before bits are allocated for encoding the different blocks of the frame, the output image provided is of much higher quality than that provided via the ‘peephole’ compression technique described above. It would be desirable to provide two-pass compression techniques in real-time. However the complexity of the process has precluded it from being a valuable tool for video compression applications which require real-time performance. The main problem with two-pass compression techniques is encountered when analyzing B frames, as will be shown below.
• Referring now toFIG. 1, a subset of a typical input stream of MPEG encoded frames, I1, B2, B3, P4, B5, B6, P7 is shown, where numbers designate the temporal order of images to encode and the I, P, and B references designate intra-coded, predictive or bi-directional frames as described above. Each P frame is encoded based on the previous I or P reference frame. Thus, to maintain real-time operation, the compression technique should be able to process P frames and I frames as they are received. Each B frame is encoded based on the previous I or P reference frame, and/or the next I or P reference frame. As seen inFIG. 1, a problem with real-time two pass processing soon develops when encoding B frames.
• At time T0 frame I1 is input to ME stage of the compression engine. At time T1, frame I1 is passed to the MC stage of compression where the compression is completed. Although the ME stage is free, the B2 frame may not be input for ME processing, because the data for the next P frame has not yet been calculated. In fact, the next P frame is not even received until time T3, at which time it is input to the ME stage of the compression engine. At time T4, frame P4 is forwarded to the MC stage for compression. Only after this compression step is completed may the B2 frame be input to the ME stage of processing, at time T5. At time T6, the B3 frame may be input to the ME stage of processing, and at the B2 frame moves to the MC stage of processing. However, at time T6, the frame P7 is being input in real time, and must be processed.
• If the processing of the P7 frame is extended to time T7, then the compression engine is no longer operating in real time, and thus the prior art solution is ineffective at providing a real-time two-pass compression algorithm. In order to make such a solution work, it would be necessary to accelerate processing of the ME and MC engines by a factor of 4/3 so that the ME and MC engines operate on 4/3 frames during each frame interval. However, such a solution would require more process power than is currently marketable for video compression techniques.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• According to one aspect of the invention, a method of performing real-time compression and decompression of video data input to a video compression/decompression unit is disclosed. The-video data is apportioned into a plurality of frames including reference frames, where a subset of the frames are dependent frames having dependencies on one or more of the reference frames for compression purposes. The method includes the steps of compressing the reference frames as they are input, but storing the dependent frames until the associated one or more reference frames have been compressed. After the associated reference frames are compressed, the associated dependent frame is retrieved and compressed.
• With such and arrangement, a high quality image may be produced because bits are more optimally allocated across pictures than they are using conventional techniques. Because the reference frame is encoded prior to the dependent frames, such as B frames, more bits are available to encode the reference frame. It is inherently more important for reference frames to be optimally encoded because the reference frame is not only displayed but is used to effect encoding of up to 4 other dependent frames. Accordingly, the present invention, by delaying the compression of dependent frames until all associated reference frames have been compressed, provides a high quality image.
• According to a further aspect of the invention, the method of compressing the frames further includes the steps of determining motion characteristics for each of said frames and providing compressed data for each of the frames in response to the motion characteristics. In the present invention, the step of determining motion characteristics operates on a first frame in parallel with the step of providing compressed data operating on a second frame. With such an arrangement, the motion characteristic stage and the data compression stage each can be designed to process a frame in one frame interval. As a result, a fully pipelined operation may be provided that allows for real time two-pass video compression.
• According to a further aspect of the invention, the method includes the step of storing the dependent, B frames in a memory of a coupled computer system while they await processing of their associated reference frames. Such an arrangement minimizes the storage requirements of the video compression/decompression unit itself, thereby reducing the overall cost of the system.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The above-mentioned and other features of the invention will now become more apparent by reference to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
• FIG. 1 is a timing diagram used to illustrate the problems of providing real-time two-pass compression in the prior art;
• FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a computer system incorporating the present invention;
• FIG. 3 is a functional flow diagram illustrating the apportionment of video compression/decompression tasks between the video compression/decompression unit ofFIG. 2;
• FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the components of one embodiment of the Video Compression Decompression unit ofFIG. 2;
• FIG. 5A provides an illustrative example of video frames being provided to the Video Compression Decompression unit ofFIG. 2;
• FIG. 5B is an illustration of a frame of data apportioned into macroblocks;
• FIGS. 6A, 6B and6C provide an illustrative example and a flow diagram, respectively, of the motion estimation process provided in the flow diagram ofFIG. 3;
• FIG. 6D is a block diagram showing, in general, the logical flow of video data in the present invention;
• FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the process used to determine the perceptual visual weight of an I-coded frame or macroblock;
• FIG. 8 is a diagram of the process used to determine the visual classification of a macroblock;
• FIG. 9 includes flow charts for the determination of an initial perceptual visual weight for the process ofFIG. 7;
• FIG. 10 is a flowchart corresponding to the visual classification process ofFIG. 8;
• FIG. 11 is a flowchart for determining the final perceptual weight for the process ofFIG. 7;
• FIG. 12 includes flowcharts for the determination of initial perceptual visual weight values for the process ofFIG. 15;
• FIG. 13 includes flowcharts for the determination of initial visual weight values for the process ofFIG. 12;
• FIG. 14 includes additional flowcharts for the determination of initial visual weight values for the process ofFIG. 12;
• FIG. 15 is a block diagram for a process for determining the perceptual visual weight for P and B-type frames and macroblocks;
• FIG. 16 is a block diagram of depicting motion vectors associated with various macroblocks of an image;
• FIG. 17 is a block diagram of the process used to build a non-parametric model for determining quantization values;
• FIG. 18 is block diagram of the usage of the non-parametric model ofFIG. 17;
• FIGS. 19A and 19B provide an illustrative example and a flow diagram, respectively, of the intra-coding procedure used in the motion compensation process ofFIG. 3;
• FIG. 20 provides an illustrative example of one step of a differential encoding procedure used in the motion compensation process ofFIG. 3;
• FIG. 21 is a flow diagram illustrating the entire flow of the motion compensation process ofFIG. 3;
• FIGS. 22A-22C provide examples of a “synthetic” B frame being inserted into the Group of Pictures to provide for a dropped frame;
• FIGS. 23A-23C provide examples of a “synthetic” P frame being inserted into the Group of Pictures to provide for a dropped frame;
• FIG. 24 is a timing diagram illustrating the pipelining of the motion estimation and motion compensation process of the present invention;
• FIG. 25 is a series of timing diagrams illustrating the buffering of frames input to the VCDU and passed to and from system memory for buffering to support the PAL SIF standard;
• FIG. 26 is a series of timing diagrams illustrating the buffering of input frames for supporting IBBBP compression according to the NTSC SIF video standard; and
• FIG. 27 is a series of timing diagrams illustrating the buffering of frames input to the VCDU and passed to and from system memory for buffering to support IBBBP compression according to the PAL SIF standard.
• FIG. 28 is a block diagram illustrating the components of one embodiment of the Video Compression Decompression Unit ofFIG. 2;
• FIG. 29 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment of the Filter and Motion Unit of the Video Compression/Decompression Unit ofFIG. 28;
• FIGS. 30A-30D include flow diagrams and sequence execution diagrams for providing forward and inverse Discrete Cosine Transforms;
• FIGS. 31A and 31B are block diagrams illustrating one embodiment of the data path of the Discrete Cosine Transform unit and Double Buffer of the Video Compression/Decompression Unit ofFIG. 28;
• FIG. 32 illustrates a partitioning of a block of video data into left and right halves for row transforms, and into top and bottom halves for column transforms, for purposes of the DCT operation ofFIGS. 31A and 31B;
• FIG. 33 is a table diagram for illustrating an order of operation that allows for compression transform efficiency in the process outlined inFIGS. 31A and B above;
• FIG. 34 is a table diagram for illustrating a second order of operations that allows for compression transform efficiency in the process outlined inFIGS. 31A and B above;
• FIG. 35 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment of the quantization unit of the Video Compression/Decompression Unit ofFIG. 28;
• FIG. 36 is a detailed diagram of the quantization divider ofFIG. 32;
• FIG. 37 is a flow diagram illustrating the steps used by a video decoder for decompression of a video image;
• FIG. 38 is a detailed block diagram of a decoder portion ofFIG. 2;
• FIG. 38ais a detailed logic diagram of a comparator inFIG. 38;
• FIG. 38bis an alternate detailed logic diagram of a comparator inFIG. 38;
• FIG. 39 is an example of an encoded bitstream shown inFIG. 38;
• FIGS. 39a-39dis an example of a codeword table as shown inFIG. 38;
• FIG. 40 is an alternate embodiment of the variable length decoder ofFIG. 38 using a pair codeword tables and one compare mask;
• FIG. 40ais an example of a decomposition of a pair of codeword tables as shown inFIG. 40;
• FIG. 41 is another alternate embodiment of the variable length decoder ofFIG. 38;
• FIG. 42 is an exploded diagram of the PCI controller logic ofFIG. 28;
• FIGS. 43a-43cis a series of diagrams illustrating the layout of data forwarded over the PCI bus to buffers in the PCI controller ofFIG. 42;
• FIG. 44 is a block diagram of one of the buffers ofFIG. 42;
• FIG. 45 is a schematic diagram of the buffer ofFIG. 44;
• FIG. 46 is a block diagram illustrating the control paths for the buffers ofFIG. 44;
• FIG. 47 is a schematic diagram illustrating the control logic used to control the writing and reading of the buffers ofFIG. 44;
• FIG. 48 is a timing diagram illustrating the operation of the control logic ofFIG. 47;
• FIG. 49 is a block diagram illustrating a de-interleaving buffer for use in the computer system ofFIG. 28; and
• FIGS. 50, 50aand50bare a schematic diagram of the de-interleaving buffer ofFIG. 49.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
• Referring now toFIG. 2, acomputer system10 for use with the present invention is shown to include a central processing unit (CPU)12 for processing an instruction stream. The instruction stream as well as data which is used by the CPU is stored in amemory14. TheCPU12 and thememory14 are coupled together via asystem bus16.
• Also coupled tosystem bus16 is Input/Output (I/O)interface18. The I/O interface enables the CPU to communicate with a number of external devices via an I/O bus20. The I/O bus20 of the present invention is operated according to the Peripheral Connect Interface (PCI™) protocol, and is capable of transferring data at 133 Mbyte/sec, although it is understood that the present invention could be modified for use with other I/O protocols by one of ordinary skill in the art.
• Anetwork interface22 is coupled to I/O bus20 for interfacing the CPU with other CPU's in a network. Also coupled to the PCI bus is agraphics controller26, which is used to control the display of images on aCRT28. In addition, a video compression/decompression unit (VCDU)24 is coupled to the I/O bus for providing compression and decompression of the video images received from external devices via external ports.
• The VCDU has three ports; anoption port30, avideo port32, and amemory port34. The option port provides an interface between the PCI bus and audiosignal processing devices31 such as Analog Devices® 2171 and 2181 family of digital signal processors. Thevideo port32 provides an interface to any one of a number of digitalvideo decoder devices33 from Philips® and Brooktree®, such as the Philips® SAA717x family of devices or the Brooktree® Bt81x family of devices. Thememory port34 couples the VCDU to anexternal DRAM device35 which is used for temporary storage of data during the compression/decompression process.
• The raw, analog video is input to thevideo port36 of the VCDU and converted into luminance and chrominance data types, where the luminance roughly corresponds to the intensity at that point, and the chrominance corresponds to the color. The digital data consists of eight bits of luminance (Y), eight bits of chrominance-blue (Cb) and eight bits of chrominance-red (Cr). Raw, analog video data are received by thecolor decoder33 and translated to digital YUV format according to the CCIR601 standard at either an NTSC format of 720 pixels×480 scan lines at 29.97 frames/second, or PAL format of 720 pixels×576 lines at 25 frames per second. The pixel data arrives as a stream of horizontal scan lines. The scan lines arrive in interlaced order (first all consecutive even lines from top to bottom followed by all consecutive odd lines from top to bottom).
• Once the input pixels are digitized, the VCDU works in concert with the CPU to compress the input SIF (Standard Interchange Format) frames. There are three types of compression standards, including the MPEG standard developed by the Moving Pictures Experts Group, the JPEG standard developed by the Joint Picture Experts Group, or the H.26x video teleconferencing standard. Each type of compression standard uses a variety of encoding techniques for encoding incoming frames. For example, the MPEG standard and the H.26x teleconferencing standard use a combination of spatial encoding, temporal encoding and entropy encoding techniques, while the JPEG standard uses only spatial encoding techniques and entropy encoding techniques. The various types of encoding techniques will be described later herein.
• For purposes of simplification, compression of an input video frame stream using the MPEG standard will be described, although it will become apparent as to how the described system could be modified to perform compression according to the other compression standards.
• The MPEG standard was developed to reduce the high cost of video compression codes and resolve the critical problem of interoperability of equipment from different manufacturers. Some requirements of the MPEG standard were a targeted rate of between 1.5 and 3.0 Mbits/sec, the ability to randomly access any frame in a series of images, and the production of a high quality image.
• According to the MPEG standard each video input frame is compressed into one of three types of frames: either an Intra-coded frame (I), a Predicted frame (P) or a Bi-directional Frame (B). Intra-coded frames provide access points for random access with moderate, spatial compression of the image. Predicted frames are coded with reference to a past Intra-coded or Predicted frames, and are in general used as a reference for future predicted frames. Bi-directional frames provide the highest amount of compression, but require both a past and a future reference for prediction. Bi-directional frames are never used as a reference.
• A typical MPEG compression sequence of the raw frame data into the three frame types is shown below, where the letters I, P, and B are used to designate the type of MPEG frame, and the numerical designators are used to indicate the order of receipt of the frames:
• • I1 B2 B3 P4 B5 B6 P7 B8 B9 P10 B11 B12 I13
• In the above sequence, it can be seen that every 3rd input frame is identified and compressed as a reference frame. This frame sequence is described as having an M=3 reference distance.
• As mentioned above, the I frames and the P frames are both reference frames for both P frames and B frames. The I frames differ from the P and B frames in that they do not reference any other frame, and are therefore compressed using spatial compression techniques. The P and B frames are compressed using temporal compression techniques, as will be described in more detail below.
• Referring now toFIG. 3, a functional block diagram will be used to describe the processes undertaken by the CPU and the VCDU to provide real-time MPEG compression. Each functional block includes a designator, either CPU or VCDU for indicating which portion of thecomputer system10 operates to perform the respective function.
• The digitized YUV data video signal is fed to a decimate and filter functional unit (DFU)42 which performs the first step of compression through resolution reduction. The DFU is responsible for reducing the amount of video data by means of sub-sampling and decimation of horizontal scan lines as they arrive by optionally keeping only half the scan lines, either even or odd. Pixels output from the DFU are generated as a weighted average of the incoming ones, in effect filtering out high frequency components. In addition, the pixel data may additionally be filtered using a low pass filter to remove extraneous noise which would greedily use up compression bits, although this is not a requirement. The result is SIF (Standard Interchange Format) frames, 352 pixels×240 lines for rectangular systems (320×240 for square).
• Thus thecolor decoder33 reduces the raw pixel data via subsampling and decimation to conform to the Standard Interchange Format (SIF). NTSC SIF frames comprise 352 pixels by 240 scan lines transmitted at 29.97 frames/second. PAL SIF frames comprise 352 pixels by 288 scan lines transmitted at approximately 25 frames/second. The pixels are in YUV 4:2:0 format, meaning for every two chrominance pixels, one byte of blue (U) and one byte of red (V), there are 4 pixels (or bytes) of luminance (Y) data. The frames are forwarded to the VCDU off-chip memory34 (FIG. 2) for temporary buffering.
• Referring now toFIG. 4, a block diagram of a first embodiment of aVCDU24 is shown. TheVCDU24 includes aDFU42 coupled to thevideo port32 which, as discussed above, performs the first step of compression of the video input stream through resolution reduction. TheDFU42 is coupled to amemory controller134. Thememory controller134 is coupled toexternal VCDU memory35 through thememory port34, for controlling transmission of data to and from various units in theVCDU24. TheVCDU24 further includes anencoder37 which here, converts the digitized video input into a compressed MPEG video stream. The preferred embodiment of anencoder37 includes a co-processor architecture as described inFIG. 3. Details of this embodiment will be discussed later herein.
• As described above, a SIF frame is sent from theDFU42 to thememory controller134 which temporarily stores the frames of digitized pixel data in theVCDU memory35. When theencoder37 is ready for a frame, it retrieves the frame from theVCDU memory35. As the frame is retrieved from theVCDU memory35, this operation frees space in theVCDU memory35 allowing subsequent frames to be stored.
• At times during the processing of the incoming video stream however, the system, for various reasons, is unable to keep up with the video stream. In the preferred embodiment of the invention described inFIG. 3, typical reasons for the system being unable to keep up with the incoming video stream are because the CPU12 (FIG. 1) has been delayed or because the co-processor hardware has taken too much time.
• In either case where the system is unable to keep up with the incoming video stream, theVCDU memory35 becomes full and therefore is unable to store any additional frames as it has not yet been relieved by theencoder37 of the data from previous frames in the video stream. Accordingly, thememory controller134, unable to store the incoming frame inVCDU memory35, drops the frame allowing the system time to process the data already stored in theVCDU memory35. A mechanism for determining which frame to drop and how to later recreate this frame is described below.
I.) Frame Dropping
• Referring now toFIG. 5A, a series offrames54 in a video stream is shown to include a succession of frames as they are received by thevideo port32. The series of frames is provided in increasing temporal order, withframe A55abeing the frame received at time t=0 and frameF55fbeing the frame received at time t=5. Included in each of the frames is aframe image element56, which corresponds to an object, such as a ball, appearing in an actual video segment. Theframe image element56 is designated at different (x,y) coordinates in each frame, thus indicating motion of theframe image element56.
• At time t=0, data corresponding to frame A55ais received at thevideo port32 and passed through theDFU42 to thememory controller134. Thememory controller134 assigns an index value to frame A55aand stores the frame inVCDU memory35. The index value assigned by thememory controller134 indicates the order in whichframe A55awas received by theVCDU24 in relation to the remaining frames in theframe series54. At time t=1, data corresponding to frameB55bis received at thevideo port32, partially compressed by theDFU42, assigned an index value by thememory controller134, and stored inVCDU memory35 by thememory controller134. At time t=2, data corresponding to frameC55cis received at thevideo port32, assigned an index value, and eventually stored inVCDU memory35 by thememory controller134. Also at time t=2, 10 the data corresponding to frame A55ais retrieved fromVCDU memory35 by theencoder37.
• Here, for illustrative purposes, it will be assumed thatVCDU memory35 has sufficient storage space to retain data corresponding to three video frames. At time t=3, data corresponding to frameD55dis received at thevideo port32, partially compressed, assigned an index value and eventually stored inVCDU memory35.
• At time t=4, data corresponding to frameE55eappears at thevideo port32. At this point in time however, the data corresponding to frame A55ais still being encoded byencoder37 while the data corresponding toframes B55b,C55candD55dare stored inVCDU memory35.VCDU memory35 therefore, is currently full asframe E55eis received at thevideo port32.Frame E55eis partially compressed by theDFU42 and assigned an index value by thememory controller134. Having nowhere to storeframe E55e,Memory controller134 “drops” the frame.
• At time t=4+,encoder37 has completedencoding frame A55a, and retrievesframe B55bfromVCDU memory35. At time t=5,video port32 receives data corresponding to frameF55fwhich is partially compressed by theDFU42 and assigned an index value bymemory controller134. Asframe B55bhas been retrieved by theencoder37,VCDU memory35 is no longer full andmemory controller134 is able to store the data corresponding to frameF55finVCDU memory35.
• It should be noted that by dropping the frame at the input to the encoding process, theencoder37 will encode the input video stream, minus the dropped frame, in the previously dictated GOP pattern, i.e. IBBPBBP. In this way the process by which the video stream is encoded is not varied for a sequence in which a frame was dropped.
• Because frame E was dropped from the video stream, problems may occur when the encoded video is decompressed and viewed. One method in which the dropped frame may be handled is to insert accurate time stamp information into the resulting MPEG stream and simply not encode the missing frame. In a decoder which references the time stamps in the video stream, the missing frame would be handled correctly. At the time in the video during which the frame would be viewed, no frame would be displayed. In this way, the audio would remain synchronized with the video.
• In a decoder which does not reference time stamp information or on a decoder which requires the audio and video clocks to be locked together, such as those decoders conforming to the VideoCD standard, however, the time stamp information would be nominal. The encoded video would be a single frame shorter and since the time stamp information would not be referenced, the video will not be synchronized with the audio. Accordingly, a synthetic frame should be inserted into the video stream to synchronize the video with the corresponding audio.
• Synthetic frames may be B frames or P frames. A synthetic B frame is defined as being identical to the reference frame nearest to where in the video stream the original frame was dropped. A synthetic P frame is identical to the reference frame which precedes it in the video stream. Insertion of the synthetic frame into the MPEG video stream will be discussed later herein.
• The frames that are stored inVCDU memory35 are partitioned into a20 matrix of groups of pixels, referred to as macroblocks. Referring toFIG. 5B, a frame of M×N pixels43 illustrating a head and shoulders, which is typical of a teleconferencing application, is shown partitioned into such a matrix ofmacroblocks45 each comprising L×W pixels.
II). Motion Estimation
• Suffice it to say that once the video frame data that can ‘fit’ in VCDU memory has been subdivided into macroblocks, theCPU12 signals themotion estimation unit44 of the VCDU to begin motion estimation on the frame data. Macroblock based motion estimation is performed by comparing a particular macroblock in a current frame, sampled at a first time, with similarly sized macroblocks in a reference frame, sampled at a second time. In the preferred embodiment, the second sample time is prior to the sample time of the current frame.
• Motion estimation covers a set of techniques used to extract the motion information from a video sequence. The MPEG standard represents motion information by providing one or two motion vectors per macroblock, depending upon the type of motion compensation; forward predicted, backward predicted, or average. The present invention implements motion estimation in the manner described below.
• Each pixel in a particular frame can be modeled as a moving object in the three dimensional, horizontal, vertical and time space. A correlation procedure, performed at consecutive discrete time instances, or frames, provides information about the flow of the pixel between successive frames. Even the most efficient flow computation requires a significantly complex hardware implementation.
• Motion estimation is performed on P and B frames. I frames are always intra-coded and thus never reference other frames. Motion estimation is performed by comparing an original reference image to the current input image. Motion estimation is accomplished by performing block match operations on square pixel regions of the input image. The idea is to find the block position within a larger region for a P or B frame which best minimizes error in luminance data from the reference frame.
• Referring briefly toFIGS. 6A and 6B, the motion estimation process will be described with reference to a series offrames60. Each frame of theseries60 includes pixels designated via (x,y) coordinates. The series of frames is provided in increasing temporal order, withframe61 being the frame input at time t=0. Each frame is apportioned into 16 pixel×16 pixel macroblocks. Each pixel comprises 8 bits of luminance data, and 8 bits of C_band C_rdata, where, as mentioned above, the chrominance data is shared between 4 luminance pixel values.
• A given macroblock on which motion estimation is to be performed is shown shaded asmacroblock63. As mentioned above, I frames and P frames are the only frames which serve as reference frames. When the best match is found, its location is stored for the purposes of motion compensation. As shown inFIG. 6A, the B-frame in which macroblock63 resides uses I frame61 for purposes of calculating motion estimation.
• As seen inFIG. 6B, motion estimation is shown to include3 discrete steps; ablock matching step66, a motionvector generation step67 and anenergy calculation step68. Block-matching techniques are used to identify macroblocks in the preceding (and/or succeeding) frames which have the best match of pixel values to the macroblock of interest in the current frame. Typically, in block-matching techniques, the motion vector is obtained by minimizing a cost function measuring the mismatch between a block and each candidate block in the other frames. The macroblock matching procedure may be performed using a series of adder circuits or other methods apparent to those in the art.
• During block matching, as mentioned above, the basic premise is to find the block position within a larger region for a P or B frame which best minimizes error in luminance data from the reference frame. The size of the ‘outer’ square block in which the search is conducted is programmable. The size of the ‘inner’ block that is matched is varied based on the mode that is selected.
• There are 3 modes supported by the motion estimator44 (FIG. 3). These include sub-sampled search, full search, and half-pixel search. Sub sampled search uses sub-sampled luminance data to perform a block match over an 8 pixel by 8 pixel area. Full search uses the full resolution luminance data and matches 16 pixel by 16 pixel areas. Half pixel search uses the full resolution luminance data and matches to half pixel boundaries by interpolating luminance values at the half pixel positions.
• For example, the block matching algorithm for the full search finds the value of i,j which produces the minimum error. The error is defined in Equation I below as:$\mathrm{EQUATION}1\text{:}$$E_{\mathrm{ij}}=\sum \sum \left(P_{\underset{x=0y=0}{x,y}}^{\mathrm{pixels}-1}-R_{x+1,y+j}^{\mathrm{pixels}-1}\right)$
• InEquation 1, the constant Pixels refers to the number of pixels comprising the group of pixels used in a particular search method. For example, when using the full search method, the constant Pixels has a value of 256 and when using a sub-sampled method it has a value of 64. Variables P and R refer to the luminance values of pixels at position (x,y) in a current frame and position(x+i,y+j) in a reference frame respectively. When the best matching macroblock is identified, its location is treated as the prior location of the current macroblock for the purposes of motion compensation and for applying a filter on the video data.
• After a matching macroblock is found, the motion estimation procedure continues to calculate the coordinates of a motion vector which, when added to the coordinates of any pixel in the matching, reference macroblock, will generate the coordinates of a corresponding pixel in the current macroblock. Because the motion estimation procedure is performed on a macroblock basis, all further calculations which would otherwise be performed on a pixel by pixel basis are performed on a macroblock basis. For example, every pixel comprising a macroblock will be presumed to have moved in the same direction and by the same amount. Therefore this method represents a coarse approximation which is much faster and requires less computation power than the pixel-wise calculation of optical flow or motion estimation.
• It should be noted that the present invention should not be limited to the above searching techniques, as other searching techniques known to those of skill in the art, such as telescopic searching or hierarchical full searching would prove equally effective.
• The motion estimation procedure of the preferred embodiment uses a hierarchical search technique consisting of a phase I coarse search followed by finer grained searches. During phase I (66a) the first pass motion match is performed in sub-sampled space, using 8×8 pixel compares. That is, the raw input frame data is decimated by 2 both horizontally and vertically (i.e. only every other row and every other column is used in the match process). This sub-sampled raw input data is compared against a reference frame's sub-sampled raw data. Upon completion, the motion estimation process has a clue as to the general area to determine the best match.
• During phase II of the motion estimation process, the entire raw frame data is compared against the reconstructed reference frame to find the best match, using 16×16 pixel compares. The macroblock in the earlier frame which is the best match to the macroblock in the current frame is the one which has the lowest error value using one of the above techniques.
• At step67 a motion vector is calculated which identifies the relationship between the present macroblock and the previous, matched, macroblock. For example, motion vector (m_x, m_y) will identify the change in position of the pixels betweenmacroblock61aandmacroblock63.
• The motion vector is a value which, when added to the coordinates of any pixel in the matching macroblock will provide the coordinates of the current macroblock. Because the motion estimation procedure provides vectors on a macroblock basis, all further calculations that would otherwise be performed on a pixel by pixel basis are performed on a macroblock basis. Accordingly, this motion estimation method requires less computational power than other pixel-wise approximation techniques.
• For example, referring now toFIG. 6C, an example will be provided to demonstrate the generation of motion vectors. Two temporally consecutive video frames,69aand69b, are shown for illustration purposes. Also shown is amacroblock71 whose pixels have moved from a first position at time −1, to a second position attime 0. Thereafter these pixels comprisemacroblock70. If the motion of the macroblock71 from the first to the second position is represented by a vector (m_X, m_Y)72, specifying the shift in the X and Y directions, the reference macroblock,71 can be motion compensated simply by addingvector72 to it. Therefore, corresponding pixels from each macroblock are constructively aligned such that the filtering process occurs appropriately.
• Referring still toFIG. 6C,macroblock71 has specifically moved from location (0,0) to location (16,32) and is thereafter referred to as thecurrent macroblock70, or alternatively as the macroblock ofinterest70. For illustration purposes, assume that thereference macroblock71, which for illustration purposes is shown at position (0,0) and sampled at time −1, contains approximately the same pixel values as thecurrent macroblock70, which is sampled attime 0. In order to filter the two macroblocks in relation to each other, macroblock71 must be constructively shifted, i.e. motion compensated, such that each of its pixels lines up with a corresponding pixel inmacroblock70. This is done mathematically by adding themotion compensation vector72 to each pixel's coordinates inmacroblock71.
• For example, in this illustration themotion compensation vector72 is calculated by subtracting the coordinates of one of thepixels comprising macroblock71 from a corresponding pixel comprising macroblock70:$\begin{array}{c}\left(\mathrm{m\_X},\mathrm{m\_Y}\right)=\left(x_2-{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="x"\; filenames="US20050276329A1-20051215-D00002.png,US20050276329A1-20051215-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">x</figure-callout>}}_1,y_2-y_1\right)\\ =\left(16-0,32-0\right)\\ =\left(16,32\right)\end{array}$
• Thereafter, addingmotion compensation vector72 to any pixel coordinates inmacroblock71 yields the coordinates for the motion compensated pixel, i.e. the corresponding pixel in the macroblock ofinterest70. The motion compensation method is performed as follows:
  determine location of pixel inmacroblock71=(16,16)
  calculate location of motion compensated pixel=(x+m_—Xy+m_—Y)=(16+16,16+32)=(32,48)
• It should be noted that it is necessary to calculate motion estimation once for each macroblock, as opposed to once for each pixel as required by the prior art.
• Referring back again toFIGS. 6A and 6B, after the motion vectors have been computed atstep67, the AC and DC energies are computed for each macroblock for each encoding method atstep68. The AC and DC energy are, in effect, a characterization of the amount of change between the reference frame and the current frame. This energy data will be used by the CPU for the purpose of allocating bits during frame encoding.
• For I, P, and B frames, both Intra_AC and Intra_DC energy is computed using the formulas shown in Equations 2A and 2B below, with P representing the pixels in the associated frame. The intra-coded characterization measures the amount of change within the input block itself without reference to any previous reference frame.$\mathrm{EQUATION}2A\text{:}\mathrm{Intra\_DC}=\sum \sum P_{i,\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="j"\; filenames="US20050276329A1-20051215-D00023.png,US20050276329A1-20051215-D00024.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">j</figure-callout>}}^{15}/{\stackrel{15}{64}}_{i=0j=0}\mathrm{EQUATION}2B\text{:}\mathrm{Intra\_AC}=\sum \sum (P_{i,\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="j"\; filenames="US20050276329A1-20051215-D00023.png,US20050276329A1-20051215-D00024.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">j</figure-callout>}}^{15}\stackrel{15}{-}(\left(\underset{i=0y=0}{\mathrm{Intra}\mathrm{\_DC}}=128\right)8))$
• For P and B frames, Forward DC and Forward AC energy components are calculated using the formulas provided below in Equations 3A and 3B, with P representing the pixels in the associated frame, and Rf representing the pixels in the previous reference frame. This forward predicted characterization measures the amount of change of the current frame relative to a previous frame.$\mathrm{EQUATION}3A\text{:}$$\mathrm{Forward\_}\stackrel{15}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="DC"\; filenames="US20050276329A1-20051215-D00023.png,US20050276329A1-20051215-D00024.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">DC</figure-callout>}}\stackrel{15}{=}{\sum \sum \left(P_{i,j}-{\mathrm{Rf}}_{i,j}\right)}_{i=0j-0}$$\mathrm{EQUATION}3B\text{:}$$\mathrm{Forward\_}\stackrel{15}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="AC"\; filenames="US20050276329A1-20051215-D00023.png,US20050276329A1-20051215-D00024.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">AC</figure-callout>}}\stackrel{15}{=}\sum \sum {\left(P_{i,j}-{\mathrm{Rf}}_{i,j}\right)}_{i=0j=0}$
• The Backward DC and AC components and Average AC and DC components are calculated for the B frames, where P represents the pixel value of the associated frame, Rf represents the pixel value of a previous reference frame, and Rb represents the pixel value of a future reference frame, using Equations 4A-4D below. The backward-predicted characterization measures the amount of change of the current block relative to a previously calculated reference frame which follows the current frame during the display sequence. The average characterization measures the amount of change of the current block relative to a forward and backward reference frame.${\mathrm{EQUATION}4A\text{:}\mathrm{Backward\_}\stackrel{15}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="DC"\; filenames="US20050276329A1-20051215-D00023.png,US20050276329A1-20051215-D00024.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">DC</figure-callout>}}\stackrel{15}{=}{\sum \sum \left(P_{i,j}-{\mathrm{Rb}}_{i,j}\right)}_{i=0j=0}\mathrm{EQUATION}4B\text{:}\mathrm{Backward\_}\stackrel{15}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="AC"\; filenames="US20050276329A1-20051215-D00023.png,US20050276329A1-20051215-D00024.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">AC</figure-callout>}}\stackrel{15}{=}\sum \sum {\left(P_{i,j}-{\mathrm{Rb}}_{i,j}\right)}_{i=0j=0}\mathrm{EQUATION}4C\text{:}\mathrm{Average\_}\stackrel{15}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="DC"\; filenames="US20050276329A1-20051215-D00023.png,US20050276329A1-20051215-D00024.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">DC</figure-callout>}}\stackrel{15}{=}\sum \sum (P_{i,j}-\left({\mathrm{Rb}}_{i,j}+{\mathrm{Rf}}_{i,j}+1\right)1)}_{i=0j=0}$$\mathrm{EQUATION}4D\text{:}$$\mathrm{Intra\_AC}=\sum \sum {\left(<figure-callout\; label="\; P"\; filenames="US20050276329A1-20051215-D00023.png,US20050276329A1-20051215-D00024.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}"></figure-callout>\stackrel{}{P}\stackrel{15}{}\stackrel{15}{-}({\mathrm{Rb}}_{i,j}+{\mathrm{Rf}}_{i,j}+1\_1)❘\right)}_{i=oj=0}$
• The results of the motion estimation stage of the process are thus motion vectors and AC and DC information, all of which are stored in a data structure in off-chip memory35 (FIG. 2). When the VCDU has completed the motion estimation process, the VCDU generates an interrupt signal which is sent to theCPU12 to indicate that the data is now available for use.
• As indicated inFIG. 3, the array of data structures are sent via the PCI bus20 (FIG. 2) to the I/O device18 (FIG. 2) and subsequently to memory14 (FIG. 2) using a Direct Memory Access (DMA) transfer.
• TheCPU12 then performs scene characterization by evaluating the motion estimation data and determining how each macroblock will be encoded and quantized to maximize compression. The basic goal of scene characterization is to select the best encoding scheme for each macroblock so that picture quality is maximized without exceeding the maximum specified bit transmission rate.
III). Scene Characterization
• The CPU determines how each macroblock is to be encoded. Note that all I frame macroblocks are always encoded as intra-coded. P frame macroblocks may be encoded as either forward-predicted or intra-coded. B frame macroblocks may be encoded as intra-coded, forward-predicted, backward-predicted, or averaged. Thus the P and B frame macroblocks may be either Intra-coded, using spatial compression techniques, or differentially coded, using the motion estimate techniques. The tradeoff as to whether to differentially code or intra-code the macroblock is based on the energy content of the macroblock. If there is a high energy value, then there has potentially been a large change in the image between the previous frame and the current frame, and intra-coding would be the best choice to capture the updated image. If the energy value is low, then the change between macroblocks is minimal, and inter-coding, (also referred to as differentially coding), which uses the least amount of bits, would be the optimal selection.
• In addition to determining how the macroblock is to be encoded, the CPU also determines whether the macroblock will be encoded. Referring now toFIG. 6D thelogical flow57 of determining whether to encode eachmacroblock58 is shown to include sending each macroblock58 to acomparison module59a, which compares that image block to the same block on the previous image, and calculates the difference value.Comparison module59aalso compares the current value of the so-called non-code counter with a preset value. The non-code counter keeps track of how many cycles have passed since the last time this particular macroblock was “coded” and transmitted to the final image destination. There are three possible situations which can arise. First, if the difference between the present block and the previous block is zero, and if the non-code counter is below the set point, the image data is sent tologic module59bwhich then increments the non-code counter and sends the macroblock image data to thedefault dump59c. In other words, the default is that no transmission is necessary because the image block of the present picture is the same as the previous picture, and in addition the number of consecutive non transmits of this particular macroblock has not yet exceeded the maximum allowed.
• Second, if the non-code counter is at the set point for this particular macroblock of data, in other words this macroblock has not been encoded for a large number of consecutive cycles, thencomparison module59asends the macroblock image data to the encode and transmit module59i.
• The third possible case forcomparison module59ais that a difference in the current image block versus the previous block exists. In this case the macroblock image difference value (which is also known as an error vector) is transmitted tologic block59d,where the difference is quantified.Logic decision block59ecompares the difference value to a set threshold value. If the difference value is less than the set threshold value,logic block59ftransmits the calculated difference value to the adaptivethreshold calculation module59g.Module59gsubtracts the calculated difference value from the current threshold value and transmits the new (lower) threshold value back tologic decision block59efor use the next time this particular macroblock is evaluated.Module59galso sends the image data to thedefault dump59c. It can be seen that inlogic decision block59e, the value of the threshold declines from the preset point by whatever the difference value is between the present macroblock and the previously transmitted macroblock. Thus there is a tendency for the threshold point inblock59eto decline from the set point toward zero as any information differences occur in the macroblocks.
• The other possible decision path fromblock59eoccurs in the case where the difference value does exceed the current threshold value for the particular macroblock of image data. This image data goes into reset block59h, which does two things. First, block59hresets the threshold back to its fixed set point, and transmits the new threshold to block59e. Second, block59htransmits the macroblock image data to encode block59iwhich encodes and transmits the picture represented by that particular macroblock of data.
• Thus, it is apparent that a clean image, i.e., one which has a difference of zero from the prior macroblock of that same spot in the previous image, does not result in the transmission of any data, thereby increasing the available transmission bandwidth for image data transmission for sections of the image that do need to be transmitted in order to still keep a nice clean image.
• In the case where there is a difference between the two macroblocks of image data, the system will either not transmit, or it will encode and transmit the picture element (thereby bringing the picture up to the current state, cleaning up the picture and getting rid of any defects that may have accumulated in the picture from the past) depending on whether the difference is less than the threshold value or not. One key aspect of the present invention is that if the image difference is less than the set threshold, the system adaptively resets the threshold value to a lower level. That lower level is automatically set by default rule to the current threshold level minus the difference vector for the current macroblock.
• Thus dirty macroblocks automatically increase the rate at which that macroblock is refreshed via encoding and transmitting. On the other hand, clean macroblocks (i.e., ones in which very little activity occurs and in which very little dirt has accumulated) have a slower rate of threshold decline, and thus a lower rate of encoding and transmitting. That clean macroblocks are transmitted less frequently is completely in agreement with the requirements of the human visual system. That is, a visually pleasing image may be achieved while encoding and transmitting less than the full data representation of an image.
• Thus a method has been described for making an optimal decision as to which specific macroblocks should be encoded. The next step is to determine how to encode each macroblock; i.e. whether to use spatial or temporal compression techniques. There are a variety of tradeoffs that must be considered. Scene characterization is used to determine the type of encoding and the number of bits that should be allocated for each frame.
• During scene characterization, all of the macroblocks of the frame are organized in monotonically decreasing order from those having the most energy to the least. Those macroblocks with the highest energy coefficients will require more bits for encoding the macroblock to ensure that the high frequency components are captured. The bit rate control is provided by assigning a quantization value MQUANT to each macroblock. MQUANT scales the amount of quantization that occurs for each macroblock during the DCT process. The greater MQUANT is, the fewer the non-zero DCT frequencies that need to be encoded and the fewer bits are necessary to encode the quantized frequency amplitudes. Thus, larger values of MQUANT translate into fewer encoded bits that need to be transmitted. The downside is that larger values of MQUANT can degrade picture quality.
• In order to fully utilize the resources (bits) allocated to each frame in a video sequence during compression, a value for MQUANT is calculated for each macroblock. Here, this calculation is based on an analysis of each macroblock within each frame. The analysis results, in summary, in the assignment of a scalar weighting value to each macroblock according to its so called “Perceptual Visual Weight” (PVW). Here, PVW is a scalar weighting which is calculated to represent the perceptual importance of any particular scene type to the human visual system (HVS). The use of PVW is based on the recognition that human viewers tend to concentrate their attention to certain regions of interest or certain types of video sequences. Once the PVW value for each macroblock is determined, bit allocation may be done in an intelligent manner.
• The PVW weighting process is based on the calculation of one of three picture statistics. As will be discussed in more detail below, the statistics chosen are based on the frame type being analyzed. The first statistic calculated is the weighted mean absolute difference of pixel data within a macroblock. The mean absolute difference statistic S₁at pixel location (m,n) of a macroblock is calculated according to equation 5A given below as:$\mathrm{EQUATION}5A\text{:}$${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="S"\; filenames="US20050276329A1-20051215-D00002.png,US20050276329A1-20051215-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">S</figure-callout>}}_1=\sum _{i=0}^{M-1}\sum _{j=0}^{N-1}W\left(i,j\right)p\left(m+1,n+j\right)-\mu \left(m,n\right)$$\mathrm{where}\text{:}$$\mu =\frac{1}{M*N}\sum _{i=0}^{M-1}\sum _{j=0}^{N-1}p\left(m+1,n+j\right)$
  and represents the mean pixel value of a local pixel region (e.g. macroblock) M×N and W(i,j) is a weighting function typically chosen to be:
  W(i,j)+1∀i, j
  The S₁statistic proves a measure of how smooth the pixel surface is or how complex the local region is. Large values for S₁may indicate the presence of an edge or texture region within the macroblock.
• Once the S₁values are calculated for each macroblock in a frame, further processing using these values is performed in order to compute the PVW of the macroblock. It should be noted that the use of S₁alone in calculated the PVW is only valid for I-frames since the S₁statistic does not provide any temporal component. As will be discussed below, in order to calculate the PVW for B or P type frames, additional statistics need to be determined.
• Referring now toFIG. 7, the PVW process (for an I-frame) is shown to include a mapping between the global statistics (e.g., mean, median, and variance) for the S₁values as related to an initial PVW value for each macroblock. Visualtype classification process62 is coupled to scalingoperator64, such that each initial PVW value is scaled by a factor which is dependent upon the visual type classification of the macroblock. The scaled value thedn serves as the PVW value for the particular macroblock. As will be discussed below, this value is used to calculate the resource allocation (bit assignment) for that macroblock.
• Referring now toFIG. 8, the visual type classification process62 (FIG. 7) is shown to include three processes used to determine the visual type classification of any particular macroblock. The process is based in part on a comparison of the macroblock of interest to its immediate neighboring macroblocks. That is, the S₁values for each of the neighboring macroblocks are used to provide inputs to two of the three (texture and edge) classification determinations.
• To classify a particular macroblock as a texture region, the average of the minimum two neighboring S₁values is calculated. Additionally, the average value of all neighboring S₁values are also calculated. These values, plus the S₁value of the macroblock of interest are then used to detect a texture region.
• To classify a region as an edge region the minimum SI value of all neighboring macroblocks is determined. The S₁value for the macroblock of interest is then divided by the minimum value. This value is then compared to a threshold value to determine if the macroblock should be classified as an edge type macroblock.
• Similarly to classify a region as a smooth region, the S₁value of a macroblock is compared to a threshold value defined as the maximum value which S₁may be and still indicate a smooth region. It should be understood that the choice for the threshold values described above constitute no part of the invention and thus should not be seen as a limitation thereto.
• Generally, consecutive frames in a video sequence are highly correlated in terms of the information content of successive frames. As a result, motion compensation may be used to enhance the compression ratio by removing these temporal redundancies. As described in detail below, each picture or frame is divided into small regions called macroblocks, and for each region or macroblock, a match is located from the other frames which bear the most resemblance to that region. The displacement in spatial coordinates between the region and the matches found in the other frame are called motion vectors. The motion information or motion vectors by themselves are too elementary for immediate usage in calculating the PVW value for a motion compensated frame. Thus, in order to reduce the motion vector information into a more usable form, the average pixel variation (i.e. spatial displacement) of each macroblock is computed according to equation 6A shown below.$\mathrm{EQUATION}6A\text{:}$${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="S"\; filenames="US20050276329A1-20051215-D00021.png,US20050276329A1-20051215-D00022.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">S</figure-callout>}}_3=\sum _{i=0}^{M-1}\sum _{j=0}^{N-1}\mathrm{DFD}\left(m+i,n+j\right)$
  The resultant S₃values for each macroblock may then be used as described previously with respect to the S₁values in order to calculate the PVW value for each macroblock.
• The processes ofFIGS. 7 and 8 for determining the perceptual visual weight will now be discussed in more detail while referring toFIGS. 9, 10 and11. Referring first toFIG. 9, the determination of the initial PVW for a particular macroblock (I-type) is performed according to the process as shown inflowchart75. For purposes of illustration, arbitrary values for the global S₁attributes have been chosen such that the minimum is 500, the mean is 4,000, the variance is 2,500, the median is 6,000, and the max is 10,000. Using these values, the peak PVW (p) and rate values (r) may be determined according toflowchart130. Atdecisional block132 offlowchart130, the mean, variance and median values are examined to determine if they are below certain chosen values, here 2,000, 5,000, and 3,000 respectively. It should he understood that these and other threshold values discussed herein are solely for illustration purposes and should be seen as a limitation of the present invention. If the mean, variance and median are all below the given values, then the peak PVW value is set, inblock134, to have thevalue 30. Additionally, inblock134 the rate value is chosen to be three. If the mean, variance, and median do not meet the requirements ofdecisional block132, traversal through the process moves todecisional block136 where the mean, variance, and median are compared against three new values, here 7,000, 9,000, and 5,000 respectively. If the mean, variance and median satisfy the conditions as shown, then atblock138 the peak PVW value is set to be 20.0 and the rate is chosen to be 2.0. If the conditions are not met as shown indecisional block136, processing moves to block140 where the peak PVW value is set to a value of 10.0 and the rate set to a value of 1.5.
• Other values associated with the global S₁characteristics of the frame being considered also need to be calculated before the initial PVW value for a particular macroblock may be obtained. The additional values are determined according toflowcharts100 and120 and produce the values for the S_1—ceiling and the S_1—floor. As shown inflowchart100, processing begins atdecisional block102 where the mean and variance are compared against the chosen values of700 and 10,000 respectively. If the values match the criteria, then atblock104 the S_1—ceiling is set to be the mean value plus two times the square root of the variance value. From there, processing proceeds todecisional block108 where the S_1—ceiling value is compared against the max value associated with the global S₁characteristics. If the criteria are satisfied, then the S₁ceiling is set to be the maximum value (e.g. 10000 as given above). If atdecisional block102 the mean and variance do not meet selected criteria, then the S_1—ceiling value is calculated to be the mean value plus the square root of the variance as shown inblock106. From this point, processing moves todecisional block108 where the calculated S_1—ceiling value is compared against the max value associated with the global S₁attributes. If the calculated S_1—ceiling value is less than the maximum value, the S_1—ceiling value is set to be the maximum value as shown inblock110.
• In order to determine the S_1—floor value,flowchart120 begins atdecisional block122 where the minimum value associated with the global S₁attributes is compared against the chosen threshold value of 1,000. If the criteria are met, then the S_1—floor value is set to be 1,000, as shown inblock126. If the criteria are not met, then the S_1—floor value is set to be the minimum value associated with the global S₁attributes as shown in decisional block124 (e.g. 500 as described above).
• Still referring toFIG. 9, the process for determining the initial PVW value for an I-coded frame is accomplished by the process according toflowchart75. The processing starts atblock76 and moves to block77 where the determination of the S₁value is performed for each macroblock. From there, processing moves to block78 where the mean, variance, median, max, and min statistics are calculated for all S₁values of the entire frame as described above. Processing then moves to block79 where the ceiling, floor, and range of S₁values are determined as previously described in connection withflowcharts100,120, and130. Afterblock79, each macroblock is analyzed according to the steps beginning atdecisional block80. For a particular macroblock, its S₁statistic value is compared against the calculated ceiling value and if the S₁statistic value is greater or equal to the ceiling value, processing moves to block82 where the initial PVW value is set to be peak value p as determined inflowchart130. If atdecisional block80 the S₁statistic value is not greater than or equal to the calculated ceiling value, processing moves to step88 where the S₁statistic is compared against the calculated floor value. If the S₁value is less than or equal to the floor value, processing moves to block84 where the initial PVW value is set to the value of 1.0. If however, atdecisional block88 the S₁value is determined not to be less than or equal to the floor value, processing moves to block90 where the initial PVW value is set according to the formula given inblock90. Note that blocks86 and92 provide for a continuing loop of the comparisons and value settings ofblocks80,82,84,88, and90, with processing ceasing when the last macroblock or last S₁value has been reached for a particular frame.
• As described previously with regard toFIG. 7, each of the initial PVW values is scaled depending on the visual type classification for the particular macroblock. As also discussed previously, the process for determining the visual type classification is shown inFIG. 8. The process for determining visual type classification will now be discussed in more detail with reference toflowchart140 ofFIG. 10. The processing offlowchart140 begins withstep142 and moves todecisional block144 where the S₁value for the macroblock under consideration is compared against a chosen value or threshold. If the S₁value is less than the chosen threshold, processing moves to block146 where the macroblock is classified as being “smooth”. If the S₁value does not meet the criteria ofdecisional block144, processing moves todecisional block148 where the S₁value of the macroblock under consideration is divided by the minimum S₁value of all the macroblocks in the frame. The resulting value is compared against another threshold, here chosen to be the value 7.0. If the calculated value is greater than the threshold value, processing moves to block150 where the macroblock is classified as being a “strong edge”.
• If the criteria ofdecisional block148 are not met, processing moves todecisional block152 where the S₁value divided by the minimum of all S₁values is again checked against a threshold, here chosen to be 4.0. If that condition is met, processing moves to block154 where the macroblock is classified as being a “medium edge”. If the criteria ofdecisional block152 are not satisfied, processing moves todecisional block156 where: the S₁value of the macroblock under consideration is compared against a threshold, here chosen to be 3,000, the average of all the minimum S₁values is compared against another threshold, here chosen to be 1,200, and the average of all the S₁values for the frame are compared against a third threshold here chosen to be 2,000. If all three conditions are met, then processing moves to block158 where the macroblock is classified as having a high texture level. If the criteria ofdecisional block156 are not met, processing moves todecisional block160 where the same comparison as done indecisional block156 are performed with the choice of different thresholds.
• Indecisional block160 the SI value for the macroblock of interest is compared against the value 2,000, the average minimum S₁value for the entire frame is compared against the value 1,000, and the average of all S₁values for the frame is compared against the value 1,200. If those conditions are not satisfied, atstep160athe macroblock is classified as nominal. Otherwise, if those conditions are satisfied, the processing moves to block162 where the macroblock is classified as having a medium texture level.
• Once an initial PVW value and a visual type classification for each macroblock has been calculated, the scaling process64 (FIG. 7) is performed according toflowchart170 ofFIG. 11. As shown, the final PVW value is scaled depending upon the visual classification of the macroblock. In particular, atdecisional block172 the visual classification is checked to determine if the macroblock is classified as a strong edge. If it is, processing moves to block174 where the final PVW value is set according to the formula given inblock174. If the macroblock is not classified as a strong edge, processing moves todecisional block176 where the visual classification is checked to determine if the macroblock is a medium edge. If the macroblock is classified as a medium edge, processing moves to block178 where the final PVW value for the macroblock is set according to the formula given inblock178. If the visual classification is neither a medium edge nor a strong edge, processing moves todecisional block180 where the visual type classification is checked to determine if the macroblock has a high texture level. If it does, processing moves to block182 where the PVW value is set to be the initial PVW value times 0.5. If the macroblock does not have high texture, then processing moves todecisional block184 where the visual classification of the macroblock is checked to see if it has medium texture. If it does, processing moves to block186 where the final PVW value is set to be the initial PVW value times 0.8.
• The processes described above in connection withFIGS. 7-11 describe the determination of the PVW values for interceded frames (or macroblocks). Very similar procedures are followed for the determination of PVW values for both P frames and B type frames. The difference being that an additional statistic, the S₃or temporal information statistic is available for P and B type frames. Thus the S₃statistic may be used in place of the S₁statistic when calculating the PVW for P and B coded frame or P and B macroblocks within a frame containing a mix of types.
• Referring now toFIG. 12,flowchart200 shows the process used for determining the initial PVW for a P coded frame. For purposes of illustration, example values are shown in the upper left hand corner ofFIG. 12 for the global S attributes of the entire frame. Note that the S attributes will be based on the calculated S₃values for each macroblock having temporal attributes and/or the S₁attributes of any I-type macroblocks within the P or B type frame. Here, the min value is 100, the mean is 2,000, the variance is 5,000, the median is 6,000 and the max value is 9,000.Flowchart220 ofFIG. 12 is similar toflowchart130 ofFIG. 9 except for the substitution of the different values associated with the global S attributes of the P encoded frame. Similarly,flowchart200 is similar toflowchart75 ofFIG. 9 with the substitution of S₃values in the place of S₁values where appropriate for the P coded frames.
• Referring now toFIG. 13,flowcharts240,250, and260 depict the determination of the ceiling and floor values associated with the P coded frame. Note thatflowchart240 and250 are similar toflowcharts100, and120 respectively ofFIG. 9 with the substitution of different values associated with the P coded frames.Flowchart260 ofFIG. 13 is an additional step for P coded frames wherein the S_ceiling value is set to be equal to the max value associated with the S₃statistics if the calculated S_ceiling value is less than the max value associated with the P coded statistics. Note too that theflowchart200 ofFIG. 13 is the identical process followed for determining PVW values for B coded frames as well as P coded frames.
• Referring now toFIG. 14, global S attributes are given to be min=50, mean=1,000, variance=4,000, median=2,000, and max=7,000. Flowchart of280 ofFIG. 14 is similar toflowchart220 ofFIG. 12 and represents the calculation of peak (p) and rate (r) values for the global S attributes of a B coded frame. Similarly,flowchart270,290 and300 are similar toflowcharts240,250, and260 (FIG. 13) respectively with the substitution of the B coded statistic values in place of the P coded statistic values.
• Referring now toFIG. 15, a process for determining final perceptual visual weight values for P and B type frames is shown inprocess190. Note thatprocess190 is similar to the process ofFIG. 7 with the addition of anadditional scaling step192 which takes as its input, the initial PVW value scaled by the visual type classification, as well as the S₄frame statistic (described below).
• A further method of analyzing a video frame includes examining a local cluster of motion vectors. This analysis provides improved picture characterization which may then be used, for example, in the compression scheme disclosed herein. In addition to the utility provided by producing a more effective compression technique, the method described below to analyze a local cluster of motion vectors is also useful in providing characterization of video frames or sequences for such purposes as, for example, indexing and quick searching. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a so-called differential motion information statistic is calculated for each macroblock as follows.
• Referring now toFIG. 16, agroup310 of nine macroblocks including their corresponding motion vectors is shown. A motion vector for each macroblock is defined to be the average displacement in x and y coordinates for a particular macroblock. That is, an x-y displacement for each pixel in the macroblock of interest is calculated as compared to its found match in a succeeding or preceding frame. The values are then averaged to produce a motion vector for the macroblock of interest. The macroblock of interest (i.e. the motion vector of the macroblock), here shown asmacroblock312, is compared to each motion vector of the neighboring macroblocks. The comparison performed is a difference calculation between the macroblock of interest and the neighboring macroblocks and is calculated as shown inequation 7.
  d=|v_{{overscore (y)}}(i)−v_{{overscore (y)}}(0)|+|v_{{overscore (x)}}(i)−v_{{overscore (x)}}(0)|  EQUATION 7:
• The resulting eight difference values for the eight neighboring macroblocks are then sorted in increasing order and according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention the third smallest value of the difference calculation is chosen to be the differential motion information for that particular macroblock it should be noted that if the number of neighboring motion vectors (macroblocks) is smaller than three either due to boundary conditions or the absence of motion vector information for I frames (and macroblocks), the largest value of the differential vector will be chosen to be the differential motion information for that particular macroblock.
• Once the differential motion information for each macroblock of a particular frame is determined, this information is used in the process as shown inFIG. 12 to calculate the perceptual visual weight for P-type and B-type frames. Note that the process ofFIG. 12 is similar to the process shown inFIG. 7 and thus it should be understood that the process for determining visual type classification, as shown inblock194, is the same as that used for visual type classification ofFIG. 6 (i.e., block62). Thus, it can be seen that the differential motion information (statistic S₄) is used to scale the initial PVW value in order to determine the actual PVW for a particular macroblock.
• The differential motion information for a video frame provides an indication as to the type of motion occurring in the frame. For example, frames with large differential motion values near the outer perimeter of the frame may indicate a zooming in or out sequence. Similarly frames with large differential motion information at the opposite edges may indicate a panning sequence. Thus, it can be seen that in addition to the utility in scaling the PVW value for particular macroblocks, the differential motion information may be used to classify the frames in a video sequence. As mentioned earlier, this information may be useful in indexing a video sequence for quick scanning and indexing.
• Once the PVW values for each macroblock have been determined as described above, according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a distribution of the resources (bits) available for the entire frame may be allocated to each macroblock according toequation 8 below.
• Here S is the amount of resources allocated to the frame, s(k)$\mathrm{EQUATION}8\text{:}$$s\left(k\right)=\frac{{\mathrm{PVW}\left(K\right)}^{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="\alpha \; \Sigma "\; filenames="US20050276329A1-20051215-D00002.png,US20050276329A1-20051215-D00005.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\alpha </figure-callout>}}}{{\Sigma }_{}}s$
  represents the resources for the k^thregion of the frame, and PVW(k) represents the perceptual visual weight of the k^thregion of the frame (as described above) where a is chosen to be 1. Thus it can be seen by determining which parts of a frame are more important to the human visual system a more intelligent allocation of resources can be applied to each picture frame. The results of the intelligent allocation of resources become apparent during the decompression of the compressed images. That is, the resulting images are of a much higher visual quality even though the same amount of resources have been used to compress the images.
• The quality improvement is achieved by specifying the resources per segment of the video sequence or image rather than for the entire frame. The high level characteristics, S₁and S₃, represent the spatial complexity of a particular macroblock whereas statistic S₄indicates the temporal complexity of a picture if both spatial and temporal complexity is at the high end as is in scenes with high motion activity, the coding resources (i.e. allocation of bits) will not necessarily have to increase to match. This is true since temporal masking effects of the human visual system are likely to render the coding artifacts imperceptible. If only spatial complexity reaches the high end of the spectrum, it may be necessary to temporarily increase the bit allocation over a short span to maintain constant visual quality throughout the sequence.
• Once the bit allocation for each macroblock has been determined, that information may be used as a basis for establishing a quantization value to be used during the compression of the individual frames. According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the quantization selection process is based on a non-parametric model built during a training phase. The training phase includes performing the same functions on sampled video data as would be performed during real time compression of video data. That is, temporal and spatial redundancies are removed from video frames and the discrete cosine transform is performed as would be done during a real time compression (described elsewhere herein).
• Referring now toFIG. 17, the derivation ofnon-parametric model358 is shown as being the result of amodel training phase356 which takes as its input the number of bits needed to code a particular macroblock using a certain quantization level. Also input to the model training, as shown byblock360, is the characterization of the macroblock under consideration as described previously. This characterization according to the preferred embodiment corresponds to the S₁and S₃values discussed above with respect to providing the perceptual visual weighting values.
• In order to provide a complete model of the coding system, each macroblock of the sample image will undergo a spatial transformation and quantization a repeated number of times varying the MQUANT (quantization level), in order to provide a relationship between the AC energy components (S₁or S₃values), the particular MQUANT variable, and the resultant number of bits needed to code the particular macroblock. As an example, consider Table 1 below where four samples have each been exposed to process350 while varying the quantization value from 1 to 4.

  	TABLE I
  	MQUANT

  	1	2	3	4

  	Sample #1	650	500	250	200
  	Sample #2	600	450	400	300
  	Sample #3	500	350	300	200
  	Sample #4	400	300	150	100
  	Average	537.5	400	275	200

• Sample resource determinations for AC=1000
• It should be noted that the MQUANT values of 1 to 4 are chosen here for simplicity of illustration and should not be seen as a limitation of the present invention. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the actual number of quantization levels available range from 1 to 31. In examining Table I, it can be seen that when sample one (i.e. macroblock one) is subjected to process350 with a quantization value of one, the amount of actual resource bits necessary to code (compress) the particular macroblock is650. Similarly, sample one exposed to process350 ofFIG. 17 using quantization level of two results in a bit consumption of 500. Other values are shown forquantization levels 3 and 4 and for samples 2-4 with the average values for each of the required bit consumptions, to code the particular macroblocks, is given as the last value in each column. Note that Table I are values for particular samples where the macroblock data characterization, has for example, an AC characterization of the value 1,000.
• Using the data from Table I, a non-parametric model as given by Table II may be constructed. Table I shows only a single entry for illustration purposes for the AC value equal to 1,000. Table II includes values for the MQUANT variable or the quantization level from 1-3 with associated resource boundaries given per quantization level.

  	TABLE II
  	MQUANT

  	1	2	3

  	Resource Boundary	468.75	337.5	237.5

• Non-parametric Model (1-entry, AC=1000) Note that the values given for each resource boundary represent the midpoint between the average values for the given quantization levels. That is, for example, the value 468.75 is midway between the average values of 537.5 and 400. Likewise the value given for the quantization level two of 337.5 is midway between thevalue 400 and 275 of Table I. Once the table, such as Table II, has been constructed for a wide variety of sampled images, this model may be used during the compression process as will be discussed below.
• Referring now toFIG. 18, the quantization level determination, during a real time compression of video data, as shown byprocess400, is provided as an output from thenon-parametric model415. The non-parametric model takes as its input, the region characterizations of the macroblock being considered, the target bit allocation420 (which, as described above, is calculated for each macroblock depending on the macroblock statistics) and the perceptual visual weight accorded to that particular macroblock. As an example, consider the case when the region characterization of thepixel region405 has resulted in a value for the AC characteristics of 1,000. Also consider that forpixel region405 the target bit allocation has been calculated to be380. In order to determine the proper quantization level to properly compress and encode this macroblock, the non-parametric model as shown in Table II is used as follows. An entry in Table II is found corresponding to the AC value as calculated forpixel region405 which is, in the example, the value 1,000. Reading across Table II at the entry of 1,000 the value of380 is compared against the values associated with the quantization levels for that particular AC value. Here the value of 380 is greater than 468.75 and less than 337.5 which falls between the values ofMQUANT 1 andMQUANT 2 resulting in a choice for the quantization level for this particular macroblock of MQUANT equal to 2.
• According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention and as shown inFIG. 16, the non-parametric model may adapt to real time compression by calculating a scaling value depending upon how the actual resource consumption compares to the total allocated resource for a particular macroblock or frame. That is, the chosen MQUANT value via the non-parametric model may result in an actual resource consumption (after compression) which is less than the target bit allocation. As a result, additional bits may be available for the compassion of future frames or macroblocks.
• To ensure full usage of the allocated resources, future resource allocation may be scaled to use all of the bits of the target bit allocation such that a higher fidelity is achieved during the decompression phase. Here the scaling factor is given by an adaption ratio which is calculated to be the allocated resource minus the actual resource consumption divided by the allocated resource. Thus, for example, if a previous frame has been given a total allocated resource of 100,000 bits and the actual resource consumption given by the non-parametric model calculates to be 80,000 bits, there will be 20,000 additional bits resulting in an adaption ratio of 0.2. Then in a subsequent picture of the same type having a total target allocated resource of 150,000 bits may be scaled by multiplying the value of 150,000 by 1.0 plus the adaption ratio or 1.2 resulting in an actual allocated resource of 180,000 bits. It should be noted that scaling may be done on a per frame or per macroblock or per several macroblock basis.
• Thus it can be seen that although no explicit mathematical relationship may be determined in order to set the quantization level for efficient compression, the non-parametric model, according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, provides a vehicle for effectively assigning quantization levels depending on resources and frame characterization, such that the most efficient allocation of bit resources to particular frames is achieved.
• Referring again briefly toFIG. 3, after the CPU has completed the above scene characterization process, it constructs macroblock templates in memory for each frame, where each template describes the quantization of each macroblock and how each macroblock is to be encoded. The encoding decision is stored in the Code Block Pattern (CBP) field of each macroblock template. The encodings for the decode selection are shown below in Table III:

  TABLE III
  CPB	Encodetype
  000	skip macroblock
  001	“ ”
  010	intra-code macroblock
  011	“ ”
  100	differential code-forward only
  101	differential code-backward only
  110	differentially code -bi directionally
  111	“ ”

• Although every macroblock in an I frame is intra-coded, not every macroblock in a P or B frame is differentially coded. A macroblock in a P frame or a B frame may be Intra-coded if the best motion match indicates a large energy difference between the present frame and the matched frame. The implication given by the large energy change is that there is a large change in the image which is being portrayed. Thus, it is in the interest of accuracy to capture this change through intra-coding the macroblock, rather than using differentially coding techniques.
• The encoding/decoding decisions and the quantization values are loaded into macroblock templates in system memory14 (FIG. 2) when the CPU has completed its analysis of the frame. The CPU notifies the VCDU that the encoding data is present, and copies the macroblock templates using a DMA write over the PCI bus to VCDU memory35 (FIG. 2).
• Note that, at this point, although complex computational tasks have been performed on the input video data, only two DMA transactions have occurred over the PCI bus. The complex hardware motion vector generation was performed in hardware in the VCDU. A subset of the data, merely the energy coefficients and the motion vectors, were forwarded to the CPU for its analysis. The CPU determined, via an analysis in software, the optimum encodings and quantization levels for the macroblocks; i.e. which tactic should be taken for compressing the block. The tactics dictated by the CPU are then executed, in hardware, by the VCDU. By allowing the policy making decisions to be implemented in software, an opportunity exists for fine-tuning the selection criteria without affecting the VCDU hardware. When the decision process was completed, only a small portion of data, the encoding selection and the quantization value for each macroblock, need to be transferred over the PCI bus to the VCDU. Thus, a large portion of the video compassion process has been completed with only a minimal impact on the PCI bus.
• When the CPU completes thescene characterization process46 by writing data toVCDU memory35, the motion compensation/quantization unit48 can begin its function.
IV.) Motion Compensation
• It is in the motion compensation/quantization unit48 that each of the macroblocks is compressed and encoded. There are two methods that can be used to compress the macroblock; either spatial compression of temporal compression.
• A. Spatial Compression
• Spatial compassion is performed with reference only to the pixels in the macroblock itself, rather than with reference to the macroblock in preceding or succeeding frames.
• Referring now toFIGS. 19A and 19B, a flow diagram of the spatial compression process will be described with reference to permutations of an example 4×4pixel block430. At step440 (FIG. 19B) the input luminance and chrominance data is retrieved from VCDU memory and apportioned into 6 blocks of 8×8 pixels, such as shown in block431. Atstep442, a Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is applied to the block of pixels to provide image enhancement, restoration, and facilitate encoding of the image.
• The general purpose for performing the forward and inverse Discrete Cosine Transform is to compress or decompress the video image by transforming 8×8 pixel blocks from a time domain into a frequency domain for compassion, or visa versa for decompression. Application of the DCT removes spatial redundancies in the 8×8 block. Spatial redundancies refer to the correlation among neighboring pixels. The redundancy manifests itself as data, in other words, there are 64 pixels that must be included as data if no compression were employed. If all the pixel values were equal, using a transform, only 1 coefficient would be required to represent the block. There is no average number of coefficients required, but in order to please the eye, usually only a few coefficients are used rather than the original64.
• The DCT is a two-dimensional transform. The algorithms used to perform the forward and inverse transforms are provided below in equations 9A and 9B respectively:$\mathrm{EQUATION}9A\text{:}$$F\left(u,v\right)=1/4C\left(u\right)C\left(v\right)\sum _{x=0}^7\sum _{y=0}^{7}f\left(x,y\right)x\cos \left[\frac{2\left(x+1\right)u\Pi }{16}\right]\cos \left[\frac{2\left(y+1\right)v\Pi }{16}\right]$$\mathrm{EQUATION}9B\text{:}$$f\left(x,y\right)=1/4C\left(u\right)C\left(v\right)\sum _{u=0}^7\sum _{v=0}^{7}C\left(u\right)C\left(v\right)F\left(u,v\right)x\cos \left[\frac{2\left(x+1\right)u\Pi }{16}\right]\cos \left[\frac{2\left(v+1\right)v\Pi }{16}\right]$
• Procedures available for the application of a DCT to the pixel block are well known to those of skill in the art. The preferred embodiment of the invention implements DCT using hardware capable of performing both DCT and IDCT (Inverse DCT) in substantially the same amount of time. This high speed approach to performing either the forward or inverse transform employs the same minimum hardware for both operations. This is a major improvement over prior art techniques which are only optimum in one direction. The exact implementation will be discussed in further detail below.
• Referring again toFIGS. 19A and 19B, the results of applying the DCT of Equation 9A onblock430 are shown inblock432. Theblock432 comprises the remaining DC values of the pixels, after the transform. Atstep444, quantization is performed on the block. Quantization applies an element-wise division to each DCT resultant coefficient to filter high energy coefficients to those which the Human Visual System (HVS) can distinguish.
• As shown inFIG. 19A, each element of the DCT block is divided by a fixed value in a corresponding location ofQuantization Matrix434. The element is also divided by the MQUANT value, provided for that block during the scene characterization process in the CPU. The results of this operation are shown in theQuantized Coefficient Matrix436. The coefficients in the quantized coefficient matrix are then translated, atstep446 into Run/Level (RLE) Tokens, which are used to define the block for entropy coding.
• The RLE tokens are determined by traversing the macroblock in a zig-zag pattern (shown via dashed lines inmacroblock436 ofFIG. 19A). The token is determined by: (the distance to the next macroblock entry/the value of the next macroblock entry). Example RLE tokens437 frommacroblock432 are shown inFIG. 19A. After the RLE tokens have been generated atstep448 they are stored inVCDU memory35 for later encoding by theCPU12.
• For quantization purposes, in the example ofFIG. 5A, the MQUANT value used is a ‘1’. However, the MQUANT value may range from 1 to 31. It can readily be seen that, by varying the MQUANT value, the range of values in theQuantized Coefficient Matrix436 may be either increased, or decreased. Consequently, varying the MQUANT value controls the number of RLE tokens that are used to define each block. Thus, it can be seen that selecting the appropriate MQUANT value directly controls the allocation of bits to a block, and consequently a frame. The present invention, by assigning MQUANT values via software, retains the flexibility to dynamically update the bit allocation method during operation of the CPU.
• While spatial compression techniques provide the most accurate representation of the frame at a given time, they typically require more storage of bits than inter-coding techniques. Using inter-coding techniques, changes between subsequent frames are encoded, rather than encoding the frames themselves, at a reduced bit rate. An inter-coding technique known as temporal compression is used to encode the relative differences between the frames, as will be described below.
• B. Temporal Compression
• Temporal compression compresses uses differential coding to compress a frame by identifying the frame relative to a past or previous frame. The VCDU motion compensation and quantization unit48 (FIG. 3) performs temporal compression by locating a reference macroblock from another picture, and encoding the difference between the current and reference macroblocks, instead of encoding the macroblock from scratch using intra-coding techniques.
• For example, referring now toFIG. 20, a series of 3 frames is shown, 1frame450,B frame452 andP frame454. (Note that, while it is understood that generally there are two B frames between reference frames, only one has been shown here for purposes of ease of explanation).
• To differentially code a macroblock, the values of the macroblock are compared against the ‘matched’ previous or future frame. The matching is accomplished via motion compensation; i.e. the motion vector is used to obtain the values each of the pixels in the corresponding location of the matched macroblock, and the current value of the pixel is subtracted from the pixel value of the matched macroblock. For a bi-directional compensation, the average of the selected forward and backward pixels is determined, and the value of the current pixel is subtracted from the average. An example of the process used to calculate backward error coefficients is shown inFIG. 20, withmacroblock456bmatching theprevious macroblock456a, resulting in thedifferential error macroblock458.
• Thedifferential error macroblock458 is then transformed into a frequency domain using the DCT techniques described with reference toFIGS. 19A and 19B. The result is then quantized using the assigned MQUANT value provided by the CPU. The quantized coefficient matrix is then used to generate RLE tokens, which are stored in VCDU memory35 (FIG. 2).
• Referring now toFIG. 21, a flow diagram is provided to illustrate the processes undertaken by the motion compensation/quantization unit48 ofFIG. 3 to perform either spatial and temporal compression.
• As described above, when the CPU has completed its policy making decisions of determining the encoding type of each macroblock and the MQUANT for each macroblock, it forwards this tactical data in the form of macroblock templates via a DMA operation over to VCDU memory. When the VCDU has received the macroblock templates, atstep460, the CBP field is evaluated to determine whether the macroblock should be skipped, inter-coded or intra-coded. If, atstep460 it is determined that the macroblock should be skipped, then the codings for the reference frame for this macroblock are fetched and used as the codings for the macroblock. If it is determined that the macroblock is to be intra-coded, the process proceeds to step468, where the macroblock is transformed, quantized and encoded as described above with regard toFIG. 19B.
• If it is determined that the macroblock is to be inter-coded, atstep462 the matched, reference macroblock(s) are fetched fromVCDU memory35 using the motion vectors provided during the ME process.
• At step463 a temporal filter is optionally applied to the reference macroblock(s) to remove noise components that could interfere with the accuracy of the video compression process. A loop filter such as that provided inEquation 10 is applied to the raw pixels comprising the reference macroblock.
  {overscore (P)}(x,y,t)=a{overscore (P)}(x+m_—x,y+m_—y,t−1)+(1−a)p(x,y,t)   EQUATION 10:
• Where p(x,y,t) indicates the corresponding original or raw pixel data frommacroblock456a(FIG. 20), and P(x+m_x,y+m_y,t) indicates the pixel data frommacroblock456b(FIG. 20), filtered by filter P, a linear filter with the constant ‘a’ representing the pole of the linear filter, and having a value of less than 1. Also, at time t−1 refers to the consecutively earlier frame and time t refers to the sample time of the current frame.
• Whereas the linear filter ofEquation 10 has typically been implemented using a pixel-based motion vector calculation, which is very time and computation intensive, the method of the preferred embodiment allows it to be directly implemented using the macroblock-based approximation. This method is much faster because it operates on 16 pixel by 16 pixel blocks, or rather 256 pixels at a time. The macroblock method has the added time savings of not having to calculate the difference between each pixel's value nor having to compare it to a threshold value, as is done in prior art implementations.
• The filter described in the above equation is only one embodiment of a filter which can be used with the present invention. The above mentioned filter is provided by way of example and therefore a person of ordinary skill in the art could implement filter equations other than the one shown in the preferred embodiment.
• There are a number of other alternative methods available for reducing the number of times that the filter is applied to the current frame. These methods have the advantage of increased performance, yet may result in visual impairment of the frame data. One such method is where filtering is performed only on the to-be-motion-compensated pixels. For the majority of teleconferencing applications, the image is of head and shoulders. Therefore, the typical motion compensated macroblocks to be filtered comprise only approximately 30 to 50 percent of the total blocks. In this embodiment, macroblocks which have not changed position, i.e. where the motion vector is (0,0) are not filtered. Accordingly, this method saves considerable compute operations. This feature is especially useful for software only encoders because of the reduced memory consumption needs.
• A second method for reducing the number of applications of the filter, is by filtering only those macroblocks wherein the sum total difference of pixel values of the macroblock of interest and the matching macroblock are greater than a specified threshold value. This method has all of the benefits discussed with respect to the preferred method except that it is slightly more time consuming due to the threshold comparison calculation.
• A third method for reducing the number of applications of the filer is by filtering only those macroblocks wherein the cumulative difference of pixel values of the macroblock of interest and the matching macroblock are less than a specified threshold value.
• It should be noted that, when using the temporal filtering method, the filtered reference block may be averaged with the current macroblock to provide a new, “pseudo-reference” for use in motion compensation difference calculation. By weighting the reference block with values from the current block, the difference values will be minimized, thereby reducing the number of bits required for encoding the frame.
• The above described methods of pseudo-temporal filtering present many advantages over the prior art solutions. First, because motion compensation is performed on the macroblock before the filter is applied, the number of artifacts introduced is greatly reduced as compared with those introduced by the non-linear Ideal Filter method. Also, each pixel comprising a macroblock is filtered, unlike the prior art where pixels are filtered only if they differ from the prior frame's pixels by a set threshold. Further, since there is no need to check pixel differences against a threshold, the method of the preferred embodiment may be included in the motion compensation phase of video compression. Lastly, since motion compensation is performed on a macroblock level rather than a pixel level, no extensive pixel based optical flow computation is needed.
• After the optional temporal filtering step, atstep464 it is determined whether the CBP bits indicated that the macroblock was to be encoded using bi-direction prediction methods. If so, atstep465 the average coefficients for each pixel in the macroblock is generated by using adding the forward coefficient to the backward coefficient at the corresponding pixel location, and then dividing the sum by 2.
• If atstep464 it was determined that the encoding method was not bi-directional, or after the average has been calculated atstep465, the process then progresses to step466, where the difference between the reference macroblock and the selected macroblock at each coefficient are calculated for each coefficient of the macroblock.
• The progress advances to step468, where the macroblock is transformed using the DCT method described above with regard toFIG. 19B. In addition, atstep468, the DCT resultant coefficients are quantized. Atstep470, the resulting quantized coefficient matrix is translated into a sequence of RLE tokens, which are stored, atstep472 inVCDU memory35.
V). Encoding Frames
• Referring again toFIG. 3, after the RLE tokens are stored in VCDU memory, they are ready to be encoded into bit stream data. This function is performed by the Encode andbuffer controller50. After the RLE tokens have been stored in VCDU memory, the VCDU indicates to the CPU, via an interrupt, that the tokens are ready for encoding. The RLE tokens are sent, via DMA, over the PCI bus and stored inmemory14. The encode and buffer controller is a software routine which executes on CPU12 (FIG. 1), fetching the RLE data from memory as required.
• The RLE tokens are encoded using a compact code such as that provided using Huffman enclosing techniques. A compact code is one with an average word length that is less than or equal to the average length of all other uniquely decodable codes for the same set of input probabilities; that is, it is a minimum length code. A Huffman code can be constructed by first ordering the input pixel types according to their frequencies. Code words are generated by assigning unique sequences of bits to each token type, where the shortest sequence of bits is assigned to the token type with the highest frequency, and the longest unique sequence of bits is assigned to the token type of lowest frequency. In addition, a short code is never prepended to a large code to allow for matches to be detected as they are input.
• An example of a good Huffman code sequence is provided below in Table IV, where Token Type refers to types of tokens in order of decreasing frequency.

  	TABLE IV
  	TokenType	Huffman Code

  	1	011
  	2	00101
  	3	00011
  	4	0000101

• The Huffman encoding technique is the preferred encoding method of this invention, because it provides a minimum number of bits/RLE token ratio, thus allowing for maximum compression. However, it should be understood that other encoding techniques could similarly be used in the present invention, since the present invention does not rely on a particular type of coding technique to achieve its result. For example, other types of encoding techniques that could he used, and that are well known to those of skill in the art include B-codes, where the coder for the information bits is simply an up-counter, and shift codes.
• A number of advantages are obtained by providing the encoding process via software. One main advantage is that it allows the CPU to keep track of bit usage in the overall image. Because all of the compressed image must be stored in memory, and because there is typically a fixed memory size on any computer, there is similarly a fixed number of bits available to encode a sequence of video images. If the CPU keeps track of the number of bits that have already been used for the video sequence (i.e. the ‘fullness’ of the memory), it can use this information to tailor the use of bits in subsequent sequences of video images to ensure that the appropriate frames are allocated a higher number of bits; i.e. frames which have large energy components and hence indicate a large change in the video image. As explained above, the bit stream allocation is controlled via the MQUANT variable value. Thus, the memory fullness information can be fed directly to thescene characterization unit46, which controls the MQUANT variable for each macroblock.
• At this point note that only those frames that were originally stored in the VCDU memory have been encoded. That is, no provisions have been made for those dropped frames. At this point in the compression process, the bit stream must be adjusted to compensate for the dropped frames.
VI.) Insertion of Synthetic Frames into MPEG Bitstream
• Once the frames have been encoded and the actual MPEG bitstream has been generated, the indices of the frames appearing in the final bitstream are examined by the system. When the indices indicate that a frame was dropped, a synthetic frame is inserted into the bitstream to compensate for the dropped frame. In the preferred embodiment, examination of the indices and insertion of the synthetic frame are performed by the CPU.
• Referring now toFIGS. 22A-22C, insertion of a synthetic B frame is depicted in three different cases; where the dropped frame temporally occurs prior to a reference frame, where the dropped frame temporally occurs subsequent to a reference frame, and where the dropped frame temporally occurs between two B frames. InFIGS. 22A-22C, the inserted synthetic B frame is designated as b. Also included in each of these figures are a frame designator A-J as well as the frame index value assigned to each of the frames by the memory controller134 (FIG. 4).
• Referring now toFIG. 22A, a GOP pattern diagram300 is shown to include a droppedframe GOP pattern301awhich results when a frame is dropped from the input video stream and an insertedframe GOP pattern301bwhich results when a synthetic frame is inserted into the resulting MPEG bitstream to compensate for the missing frame. Here the droppedGOP pattern301aresults where the dropped frame E would have been encoded as an I frame. Because the E frame was dropped, frame F was encoded as an I frame instead.
• After the frames have been encoded, it is determined by the system that a frame corresponding to anindex5 is missing from the MPEG bitstream. This may be determined by discovering a discontinuity in the frame indices of the remaining frames. Accordingly, a synthetic frame is inserted into the bitstream resulting in the insertedframe GOP pattern301b. To avoid temporal artifacts, the location in the bitstream at which the synthetic frame is inserted is carefully determined. Reference will be made toFIG. 5A in concert withFIGS. 22a-22cto demonstrate how the location is determined.
• Referring back toFIG. 5A, as described above, each frame in the series offrames54 includes aframe image element56. The motion of theframe image element56 will be utilized to illustrate difficulties encountered in determining the appropriate location for the synthetic frame within the MPEG bitstream.
• For illustrative purposes therefore, frame A55aofFIG. 5A corresponds to frame A,frame index1, ofFIG. 22A and is therefore encoded as a B frame.Frame B55bcorresponds to frame B,frame index2, and here is encoded as a P frame.Frame C55ccorresponds to frame C,frame index3, and is encoded as a B frame.Frame D55d, corresponding to frame D,frame index4, is encoded as an B frame whileframe E55ewas dropped and therefore not encoded.Frame F55f, corresponding to frame F,frame index6, is encoded as an I frame. Frames G-J (not depicted inFIG. 5A) corresponding to frame indices7-10, are also depicted inFIG. 22A and are shown as being encoded as a B, B, P and B frame respectively.
• As may be seen inFIG. 5A,frame image element56 is moving in a negative direction down the y axis. To provide an MPEG video stream without any temporal artifacts therefore, theframe image element56 should appear to be falling during the video.
• As described above, a synthetic B frame is identical to its nearest reference frame. Therefore, to replaceframe E55ewhich was dropped, the nearest reference frame to where the dropped frame would have been located in the video stream isframe F55fwhich is an I frame. Here, the synthetic B frame can be placed in the MPEG video stream prior to the reference frame, at the location whereframe E55ewould have appeared had it not been dropped resulting in the insertedframe GOP pattern301b.
• Because the synthetic B frame is identical to frameF55f, theframe image element56, betweenframe indices5 and6 will appear not to move while the movement of the frame image element betweenframe indices4 and5 will appear faster because the location of theframe image element56 in frame E56ehas been lost. This is acceptable however, because although the speed of the object corresponding to frameimage element56 will temporarily change the direction of the motion will not.
• Referring now toFIG. 22B, a GOP pattern diagram302 is shown to include a droppedframe GOP pattern303awhich results when a frame is dropped from the input video stream and an insertedframe GOP pattern303bwhich results when a synthetic frame is inserted into the resulting MPEG bitstream to compensate for the missing frame. Here, droppedframe GOP pattern303aresults where the dropped frame, had it not been dropped, would have been encoded as a B frame directly following a reference frame. As a result, frame F is encoded as a B frame rather than frame E. Here, the reference frame closest in proximity to the dropped frame is frame D. The synthetic B frame is inserted into the MPEG bitstream immediately following frame D, which is the location the dropped frame would have occupied had it not been dropped, resulting in the insertedGOP pattern303b.
• Referring back toFIG. 5A, the motion of theframe image element56 will again be utilized to illustrate determining the appropriate location to insert the synthetic frame within the MPEG bitstream.
• Here,frame A55aofFIG. 5A corresponds to frame A,frame index1, ofFIG. 22B and is encoded as a P frame.Frame B55bcorresponds to frame B,frame index2 and is encoded as a B frame.Frame C55ccorresponds to frame C,frame index3 and was encoded as a B frame.Frame D55d, corresponding to frame D,frame index4, is encoded as an I frame. Frame E was dropped whileframe F55f, corresponding to frame F,frame index6, is encoded as a B frame. Frames G-J corresponding to indices7-10 are encoded as a B, P, B and B frame respectively.
• As may be seen inFIG. 5A,frame image element56 is moving in a negative direction down the y axis. To provide an MPEG video stream without any temporal artifacts therefore, theframe image element56 should appear to be falling during the video.
• As described above, a synthetic B frame is identical to its nearest reference frame. Therefore, to replaceframe E55ewhich was dropped, the nearest reference frame to where the dropped frame would have been located in the video stream isframe D55dwhich is an I frame. Here, the synthetic B frame can be placed in the MPEG video stream after the reference frame, at the location whereframe E55ewould have appeared had it not been dropped resulting in the insertedGOP pattern303b.
• Because the synthetic B frame is identical to frameD55d, theframe image element56, betweenframe indices4 and5 will appear not to move while theframe image element56 will appear to drop more quickly betweenframe indices5 and6. As described above, this acceptable however, because the direction of the movement of theframe image element56 will not change.
• Referring now toFIG. 22C, a GOP pattern diagram304 is shown to include a droppedframe GOP pattern305awhich results when a frame is dropped from the input video stream and an insertedframe GOP pattern305bwhich results when a synthetic frame is inserted into the resulting MPEG bitstream to compensate for the missing frame. Droppedframe GOP pattern305aresults when the dropped frame would have been encoded as a B frame immediately following a B frame.
• Here, frame F is encoded as a B frame rather than the dropped Frame E. The closest reference frame is either frame C or frame G. When it is determined that the frame corresponding to frameindex5 is missing from the MPEG bitstream, insertedframe GOP pattern305bresults when a synthetic frame is made identical to frame G and inserted directly before it. Because in this case the dropped frame occurs between two B frames the synthetic frame could not be inserted into the MPEG bitstream in the same location the dropped frame would have occurred as this would result in “motion stutter”. Motion stutter occurs when an object momentarily appears to be moving backward.
• To describe the concept of motion stutter, the frame index values for the frames will be used. If the dropped frame is made identical to frame G,frame index7, the frame index pattern corresponding to the resulting GOP pattern would be 123476789. Accordingly, theframe image element56 would appear to move backward during the 4767 portion of the pattern. To avoid this motion stutter, the synthetic frame is inserted prior to frame G resulting in the frame index pattern 123467789.
• Motion stutter will be described more fully by referring back toFIG. 5A. Again, the motion of theframe image element56 will be utilized to illustrate determining the appropriate location for the synthetic frame within the MPEG bitstream.
• Here,frame A55aofFIG. 5A, is encoded as a B frame corresponding to frame A,frame index1 ofFIG. 22C.Frame B55bcorresponds to frame B,frame index2 and is encoded as a B frame.Frame C55ccorresponds to frame C,frame index3 and is encoded as an I frame.Frame D55dis encoded as a B frame whileframe E55ewas dropped and therefore has not been encoded.Frames F55f, is encoded as a B frame while frames G-J, indices7-10, are encoded as a P, B, B and P frame respectively.
• As may be seen inFIG. 5A,frame image element56 is moving in a negative direction down the y axis. To provide an MPEG video stream without any temporal artifacts therefore, theframe image element56 should appear to be falling during the video.
• As described above, a synthetic B frame is identical to its nearest reference frame. Therefore, to replaceframe E55ewhich was dropped, the nearest reference frame to where the dropped frame would have been located in the video stream is frame G,frame index7, which is a P frame.
• Here, unlike the prior examples, the synthetic B frame cannot be placed in the MPEG video stream at the location whereframe E55ewould have appeared had it not been dropped as this would cause “motion stutter”. Since the synthetic B frame is identical to frame G, it would appear to a viewer thatframe image element56 dropped quickly, from the y-axis value of y3 to the y-axis value of y6, momentarily bounced up again to a y-axis value of y5, and then back down again to a y-axis value of y7 if theframe image element56 is inserted between theframe D55dand frameF55f. Accordingly, the synthetic frame is placed adjacent to the reference frame it copies, resulting in the insertedGOP pattern305b. In this way, no “motion stutter” appears to a viewer.
• In each of the above examples, insertion of the B frame resulted in a GOP pattern which includes three successive B frames. There may be a situation in which it is undesirable to increase the number of B frames occurring in succession within the GOP. In cases such as this, the synthetic frame can be coded as a P frame and placed directly after the frame it references.
• Referring now toFIGS. 23A-23C, insertion of a synthetic P frame is depicted in three different cases; where the dropped frame temporally occurs prior to a reference frame, where the dropped frame temporally occurs subsequent to a reference frame, and where the dropped frame temporally occurs between two B frames. InFIGS. 23A-23C, the inserted synthetic P frame is designated as p.
• Referring now toFIG. 23A, a GOP pattern diagram310 is shown to include a droppedframe GOP pattern311awhich results when a frame is dropped from the input video stream and an insertedframe GOP pattern311bwhich results when a synthetic frame is inserted into the resulting MPEG bitstream to compensate for the missing frame. Here, the droppedframe GOP pattern311aresults where the dropped frame E would have been encoded as an I frame. Because the E frame was dropped, frame F was encoded as an I frame instead.
• After the frames have been encoded, it is determined by the system that a frame corresponding to aframe index5 is missing from the MPEG bitstream. Accordingly, a synthetic frame is inserted into the bitstream resulting in the insertedframe GOP pattern311b.The location in the bitstream at which the synthetic frame is inserted is determined carefully.
• Referring back toFIG. 5A, as described above, each frame in the series offrames54 includes aframe image element56. The motion of theframe image element56 will be utilized to illustrate difficulties encountered in determining the appropriate location for the synthetic frame within the MPEG bitstream.
• For illustrative purposes therefore, frame A55aofFIG. 5A corresponds to frame A,frame index1, ofFIG. 23A and is therefore encoded as a B frame.Frame B55bcorresponds to frame B,frame index2, and here is encoded as a P frame.Frame C55ccorresponds to frame C,frame index3, and is encoded as a B frame.Frame D55d, corresponding to frame D,frame index4, is encoded as an B frame whileframe E55ewas dropped and therefore not encoded.Frame F55f, corresponding to frame F,frame index6, was encoded as an I frame. Frames G-J (not depicted inFIG. 5A), frame indices7-10, are also depicted inFIG. 22A and are shown as being encoded as B, B, P and B respectively.
• As may be seen inFIG. 5A,frame image element56 is moving in a negative direction down the y axis. To provide an MPEG video stream without any temporal artifacts therefore, theframe image element56 should appear to be falling during the video.
• As described above, a synthetic P frame is identical to the reference frame which precedes it and is placed in the bitstream immediately following the reference frame. Therefore, to replaceframe E55ewhich was dropped, the nearest reference frame to where the dropped frame would have been located in the video stream isframe F55fwhich is an I frame. Here, the synthetic P frame can be placed in the MPEG video stream immediately after the reference frame resulting in the droppedframe GOP pattern311b.Here the synthetic P frame cannot be inserted at the location whereframe E55ewould have appeared had it not been dropped because as a predictively coded frame it has a single reference frame which would occur prior to it in the bitstream.
• Because the synthetic P frame is identical to frameF55f, theframe image element56, betweenframe indices5 and6 will appear not to move while the movement of the frame image element betweenframe indices4 and5 will appear faster because the location of the frame image element inframe E55ehas been lost. This is acceptable however, because although the speed of the object corresponding to frameimage element56 will temporarily change, the direction of the motion of the object will not.
• Referring now toFIG. 23B, a GOP pattern diagram312 is shown to include a droppedframe GOP pattern313awhich results when a frame is dropped and an insertedframe GOP pattern313bwhich results when a synthetic frame is inserted into the MPEG bitstream to compensate for the missing frame. Here, droppedframe GOP pattern313aresults where the dropped frame, had it not been dropped, would have been encoded as a B frame directly following a reference frame. As a result, frame F is encoded as a B frame rather than frame E. Here, the reference frame closest in proximity to the dropped frame is frame D. The synthetic P frame is inserted into the MPEG bitstream immediately following frame D, which here, is the location the dropped frame would have occupied had it not been dropped, resulting in the insertedGOP pattern313b.
• Referring back toFIG. 5A, the motion of theframe image element56 will again be utilized to illustrate determining the appropriate location to insert the synthetic frame within the MPEG bitstream.
• Here,frame A55aofFIG. 5A corresponds to frame A,frame index1, ofFIG. 23B and is encoded as a P frame.Frame B55bcorresponds to frame B,frame index2 and is encoded as a B frame.Frame C55ccorresponds to frame C,frame index3 and was encoded as a B frame.Frame D55d, corresponding to frame D,frame index4, is encoded as an I frame. Frame E was dropped whileframe F55f, corresponding to Frame F,frame index6, is encoded as a B frame. Frames G-J corresponding to indices7-10 are encoded as a B, P, B and B frame respectively.
• As may be seen inFIG. 5A,frame image element56 is moving in a negative direction down the y axis. To provide an MPEG video stream without any temporal artifacts therefore, theframe image element56 should appear to be falling during the video.
• To replaceframe E55ewith a synthetic P frame, the nearest reference frame to where the dropped frame would have been located in the video stream isframe D55dwhich is an I frame. Here, the synthetic P frame is placed in the MPEG video stream immediately after the reference frame, at the location whereframe E55ewould have appeared had it not been dropped, resulting in the insertedGOP pattern313b.
• Because the synthetic P frame is identical to frameD55d, theframe image element56, betweenframe indices4 and5 will appear not to move while theframe image element56 will appear to drop more quickly betweenframe indices5 and6. As described above, this is acceptable however, because the direction of the movement of theframe image element56 will not change.
• Referring now toFIG. 23C, a GOP pattern diagram314 is shown to include a droppedframe GOP pattern315awhich results when a frame is dropped and an insertedframe GOP pattern315bwhich results when a synthetic frame is inserted into the MPEG bitstream to compensate for the missing frame. Droppedframe GOP pattern315aresults when the dropped frame would have been encoded as a B frame immediately following a B frame. Frame F is encoded as a B frame rather than the dropped Frame E.
• When it is determined that the frame corresponding to frameindex5 is missing from the MPEG bitstream, a synthetic P frame is inserted to compensate for the missing frame. Here, the closest reference frame is either frame C or frame G. Insertedframe GOP pattern315bresults when a synthetic frame is made identical to frame G and inserted directly after it in the bitstream. Here, because the dropped frame occurs between two B frames, the synthetic frame can not be inserted into the MPEG bitstream in the same location the dropped frame would have occurred as this would result in “motion stutter”. Motion stutter occurs when an object momentarily appears to be moving backward.
• To describe the concept of motion stutter, the frame index values for the frames will be used. If the dropped frame is made identical to frame C,frame index3, and the synthetic frame is placed after the reference frame in the location the frame would have appeared had it not been dropped, the frame index pattern corresponding to the resulting GOP pattern would be 123436789. Accordingly, thframe image element56 would appear to move backward during the 3436 portion of the pattern. To avoid this motion stutter, the synthetic frame is inserted subsequent to frame G resulting in the frame index pattern 123467789.
• Motion stutter will be described more fully by referring back toFIG. 5A. The motion of theframe image element56 will again be utilized to illustrate determining the appropriate location to insert the synthetic frame within the MPEG bitstream.
• Here,frame A55aofFIG. 5A, is encoded as a B frame corresponding to frame A,frame index1 ofFIG. 23C.Frame B55bcorresponds to frame B,frame index2 and is encoded as a B frame.Frame C55ccorresponds to frame C,frame index3 and is encoded as an I frame.Frame D55dis encoded as a B frame whileframe E55ewas dropped and therefore has not been encoded.Frame F55f,is encoded as a B frame while frames G-J corresponding to indices7-10, are encoded as a P, B, B and P frame respectively.
• As may be seen inFIG. 5A,frame image element56 is moving in a negative direction down the7y axis. To provide an MPEG video stream without any temporal artifacts therefore, theframe image element56 should appear to be falling during the video.
• To replaceframe E55ewhich was dropped, the nearest reference frame to where the dropped frame would have been located in the video stream is eitherframe C55cor G,frame index7. Unlike the prior examples however, the synthetic P frame cannot be placed in the MPEG video stream at the location whereframe E55ewould have appeared had it not been dropped, as this would cause “motion stutter”. Motion stutter appears where an object appears, for a moment, to be traveling backward or more specifically for this example, to be traveling upward.
• If the synthetic P frame was inserted into the MPEG video stream in the location where the dropped frame should have appeared, betweenframe D55dand frameF55f, and it was made identical to frame C, the y-location offrame image element56 would travel from a location of y4 forframe D55d, up to y3 for the synthetic P frame and back down to y6 forframe F55f. Betweenframe D55dand the synthetic frame therefore, it would appear thatframe image element56 was temporarily moving upward. Accordingly, the synthetic P frame is placed immediately after the reference frame it copies. Here, the synthetic P frame is made identical to frame G and is inserted immediately after frame G, resulting in the insertedGOP pattern315b, thus preserving the temporal order of the frames. Conversely, the synthetic P frame can also be made identical to frame C and placed directly after frame C in the MPEG video stream. In either case, the dropped frame would be compensated for and no “motion stutter” would appear to a viewer, thus making it possible to synchronize the decompressed video with the corresponding audio.
• As described above, there is often a fixed number of bits available to encode a sequence of video images. Because the synthetic frames, whether a B or a P frame, are extremely small in terms of a number of bits, a greater number of bits are available to encode nearby frames in a video sequence. Accordingly, these nearby frames may be encoded with greater quality.
• An alternative embodiment for insertion of synthetic frames in place of dropped frames includes examining the indices of the frames within the MPEG bitstream and copying the frame which immediately preceded the dropped frame. In a co-processor architecture, the examination and insertion would be performed by the CPU. This embodiment would be especially effective in the case where the MPEG stream was composed only of I frames.
VII. Reconstruction of Frames
• One object of the video compression art is to minimize the amount of storage required for the video image. Thus, the only time during which the entire, compressed video image is stored in thememory14 is following the encoding process.
• However, in performing the backward and bi-directional matching techniques during motion estimation, the reconstructed pixel data must be available to determine the best match in phase II of ME. The backward matching may look back 3 or 4 frames in time to locate the matched macroblock.
• Referring again toFIG. 3, it can be seen that the present invention uses the results of the inverse quantization step of theDCT unit52 to provide a reconstructed reference frame for the purposes of motion estimation. Note that the time required to perform the inverse DCT is matched to that required to perform the DCT described inFIG. 21. The results of the IDCT are multiplied by MQUANT and the Quantization matrix434 (FIG. 19A). The results are used for the purposes of constructing motion vectors by themotion estimation unit44. The entire reconstruction of the frames is implemented in hardware in the VCDU.
• Therefore it can be seen that partitioning compression/decompression between hardware and software has many advantages. Because the algorithms used to generate encoding decisions are executed in software by the CPU, refining, improving or modifying these algorithms may be easily performed without changing hardware. In addition, because the encoding of the tokens is performed in software, the CPU has the ability of tracking the overall bit usage and tailoring encoding and quantization decisions based on the fullness of the memory.
• In addition, because the main data manipulation phase of the compression process is handled in hardware in the VCDU, all high bandwidth data, with the exception of the final output image, is kept local to thevideo compassion unit24. This arrangement minimizes bus traffic on the PCI bus, and therefore does not impede the overall performance of the computer system.
• Finally, allowing the CPU to perform the above tasks allows the VCDU hardware to be a highly parallel, pipelined set of datapaths which are highly utilized and can be implemented on a single chip.
VIII. Pipeline
• Thus, it can be seen from the description above that the present invention uses a two-pass approach when encoding frames. The entire frame is motion estimated prior to actually encoding it. The advantage of this method is that each macroblock encoding directive can be generated in view of the requirements of the overall picture. The result is high-quality compression which distributes encoded bits across a frame in proportion to the complexity of the local areas.
• To implement this approach, frame processing is pipelined into a motion estimation stage (ME) and a motion compensation stage (MC). Accordingly two frames of data are actually processed simultaneously across these two stages. The MC stage will always process the frame that was completed in the previous ME stage.
• One problem that is encountered when processing MPEG frames arises because bi-directionally encoded frames (B-frames) can only be encoded after the corresponding past and future reference frames have been processed. However, P and I frames can be encoded as soon as the frame is received. Providing real-time two-pass compression, therefore was a daunting task requiring either expensive, accelerated hardware or performance reducing decelerated cycle time, neither of which was a desirable alternative.
• The method according to the present invention overcomes this problem by allowing B-frame calculations to be interspersed among reference P-frame or I-frame calculations during the earliest available slot in the pipeline. Such a method ensures that reference frames are always compressed as they are received, while bi-directional frames may be buffered and processed as soon as both the data and a slot in the pipeline become available.
• Note that for purposes of explaining the timing diagram, logical function blocks will be designated using those reference numbers provided in the block diagram ofFIG. 3.
• Referring now toFIG. 24, the advantages of the present invention can be seen by analyzing the utilization the ME and MC stages using a pipeline diagram. It can be seen that, after startup, each stage of the ME/MC pipe is in use at every cycle of time period Tn. Because no cycles are wasted, incoming frames can be processed using a two-pass method in real time.
• At time T0, frame I-1 is input and stored in VCDU memory. At time T1, frame B2 is input and stored in VCDU memory. Also, the I-1 frame is fed to theME unit44 of the compression process for generating motion vectors and energy characteristics for each macroblock. At time T2, frame B-3 is input and stored temporarily in VCDU memory. Also, frame I-1 is fed to theMC unit48, where each macroblock is intra-coded, DCT'd, quantized, and translated into RLE tokens. Frame B-2 can not be forwarded to the ME unit at Time T2, because it requires data from frame P4. Accordingly, frame B-2 remains stored temporarily in VCDU memory35 (FIG. 2).
• At time T3, frame P-4 is input and stored temporarily in VCDU memory. Neither B-2 or B-3 may be processed until P-4 is processed, so they remain stored in memory. At time T4, frame B-5 is input and temporarily stored in memory, while frame P-4 is fed to theME unit44. At time T5, the P-4 frame is input to theMC unit48, and the B-6 frame is input and stored.
• At time T6, the P-4 compression data is available, so both frames B-2 and B-3 can be processed where there is an available cycle. Therefore, at time T6, frame B-2 is fed to MEunit44, while the P-7 frame is input and stored.
• At time T7, frame P-7 frame is fed to theME unit44. During T7, frame B-2 is fed to the MC unit, while frame B-8 is input and stored. At time T8, frame B-3 is forwarded to the ME unit for processing, while frame P-7 is processed by the MC unit and frame B-9 is input.
• The pipeline continues to input frames, processing the reference frames (I and P) as soon as they are received, and the B frames in order when there is an available cycle. In steady state operation, the pipeline remains full and performs both ME and MC operation during each interval.
• The above pipelining of operations can be achieved provided sufficient frame buffering exists to capture frames and store them until they are used. As shown inFIG. 24, the pipeline illustrates an M=3 frame construction; i.e. a reference frame placed every 3 frames. Because the ME phase I operation requires raw data, theME phase2 and MC operations require reconstructed data, and because B frames may not be processed until the future reference frame is processed, various reference frames reconstructed frames, and raw B frames must be buffered until needed.
• As shown inFIG. 24, the raw I-1 frame is needed for processing the first stage of the motion estimation process for both frames B-2 and B-3, and thus it must be stored until time T-8. Similarly, frame B-2 cannot begin processing unit frame P-4 has completed processing, and therefore must be stored until time T-6.
• Timing diagram620aillustrates shows that eight raw input frames should be buffered in order to keep up with real time execution to provide the required first pass motion estimation data for the reference and bi-directional frames. Five of these frames are B frame data, while 3 of the frames are reference frames.
• Timing diagram620bis used to illustrate which frames require storage after they have been encoded and reconstructed. Note that these frames are required for phase II of the ME process and for the motion compensation process, and consist of reference frames only. Thus the II frame reconstructed data is required for computing the motion compensation stage of the B-3 frame at time T9 and accordingly, must be stored until time T9. Thus, at time T8 a total of three reconstructed reference frames will be required to be stored in order to allow the VCDU to operate in real time.
• The present invention is capable of processing the data (either ME or MC), faster than the 33 msec frame interval dictated by MPEG. However, because the specific implementation of the pipeline design involves transactions with the CPU via the PCI bus interface, a small uncertainty is introduced into when the ME and MC operations can occur relative to the real-time frame input rate. Thus, although only 8 frames (5 B frames and 3 reference frames) are required for buffering, to allow for pipeline smoothing, a circular FIFO of six raw B frames and a circular FIFO of four raw reference frames is provided in theVCDU memory35. In addition, a FIFO of3 reconstructed frames is stored inVCDU memory35. These FIFO structures enable input frames to be captured in real-time even if the ME and MC units fall behind temporarily due to CPU interface delays.
• It should be noted that the different analog video standards each have different transmission rates that will effect the ability of the pipeline to accommodate real-time input. In addition, it should also be noted that it may be desirable to increase the number of B frames between reference frames to provide increased compression of the video image. As a result, there may be a need for increased buffering of frames.
• For example, the above construction of10 buffered reference/B frames, and 3 buffered reconstructed frames is able to accommodate M=3 series frames in the NTSC SIF Standard. According to the NTSC SIF standard, 352 pixels by 240 lines are input non-interlaced at a rate of 29.97 frames/second. To store these frames to accommodate real time compression, two megabytes of the local DRAM are required. Coincidentally, the VCDU of the present invention is comprises 2 MBytes of memory.
• However, as noted previously, the PAL SIF frames are input at a rate of 352 pixels by 288 scan lines at 25 frames per second. To provide real-time compression of these frames, just over two megabytes of local memory is required.
• Because memory is typically sold inlog2 increments, to require slightly more than 2 megabytes of memory requires 4 megabytes of memory to be purchased. As a result, because memory is expensive, the above described system would have to be expanded to include 4 megabytes of memory on the VCDU board to support the PAL standard. Therefore, in order to accommodate both European standards and increase compression, one embodiment of the invention uses system memory to provide ‘overflow’ storage space to allow input frames of any standard to be compressed in real-time without increasing the expense of the VCDU board and by using existing data paths.
• One feature that is typically offered by a video system is the ability to allow the CPU to monitor the frames as they are input as an analog video signal. In order to do so, as the frames are input a sampling of the frames are forwarding over the I/O interface from the VCDU board to the CPU for monitoring.
• The present invention uses this existing data path to store input frames in a system memory of the CPU. Data is retrieved from system memory as it is required rather than storing input frames temporarily in the VCDU memory until they are needed. As a result, by utilizing the existing system memory, the present invention enables high performance, maximum compression of a variety of transmission standards while minimizing the cost of the VCDU hardware.
• It should be noted that data is transferred using conventional transfer techniques dictated by the protocol of the bus to which the VCDU is connected. For example since here the bus is operated according to the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI®) protocol, one of skill in the art would readily be able to construct an interface according to the dictates of the standard. However, the performance of the transactions may be improved through the use of several techniques described in application Ser. No. 08/668,200 entitled “An Optimized Mechanism for High Bandwidth DMA in a PCI Environment” and incorporated herein by reference, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,884,050 on Mar. 16, 1999.
• As shown described in conjunction withFIG. 24, a VCDU size of two megabytes can accommodate ten raw SIF frames and three reconstructed SIF frames for the NTSC standard. However, to provide support for the PAL SIF standard of 352 pixels 288 lines in real time, only eight raw PAL SIF frames and three reconstructed frames are capable of being stored in two megabytes of memory. This leaves no leeway for extraneous events that may cause the VCDU system to lag behind the real time input. Accordingly, a method must be provided that allows the VCDU to maintain real time operation without an increase in the size of memory.
• Referring now toFIG. 25, a series of timing diagrams621,621aand621bare shown to describe how the number of frame buffers may be increased to accommodate PAL SIF input.
• In this embodiment VCDU memory comprises 7 buffers for storing 7 frames of data. One of the buffers is designated as a DMA read buffer here shown asBuf7. During operation, as frames are input to the VCDU, some of the B frames are forwarded directly to system memory using direct memory access over the I/O bus. In addition, reference frames are also forwarded to the system memory for monitoring purposes. Since two frame DMAs occur every three frames in steady state, the frame monitoring channel should operate at a reduced display rate to avoid running out of reference frames.
• In this embodiment of the invention, the forwarding of the B frames over the I/O to system memory has a higher priority than the forwarding of the reference frames for the monitoring operation. Accordingly, it can be seen in timing diagram621, that the P frame P-4 is sent out for monitoring purposes in the first available cycle of either T4, T5, or T6.
• As mentioned above, there are seven frames of raw data stored in the VCDU, one of which is stored in a DMA read buffer. The DMA read buffer,Buf7, is used for storing data that is read from system memory following a DMA read operation. The other raw frame buffer contents include data that was received as a direct input to the VCDU, and not forwarded from memory.
• Referring to timing diagram621 a the timing of the transfer of frames to system memory is shown. At time T0 the I-1 frame is buffered. It remains buffered until time T8, as described previously so that it may be used for the processing of other frames, in particular B frames, that require the reference data. Similarly, B-2, P-4, B-5, and P-7, along with B-8 are stored until they may be used or processed. However, at time T2 the B-3 frame is input, yet it may not be processed because the future reference frame P-4 has not been input. Accordingly, at some time between time T2 and T3, when the next available DMA slot is available for transfer on the I/O bus, the B-3 frame is forwarded over to system memory.
• In the cycle prior to when the B-3 frame may enter the first stage of ME processing (T8), a DMA read is performed and the B-3 frame is retrieved from system memory and stored in the DMA read buffer. Frame B-3 remains inBuf7 until the completion of MC operation at time T9. When that processing is complete, at time T10 the B-6 data is retrieved from memory and stored inBuf7.
• Timing diagram621bagain illustrates the contents and timing requirements for the reconstructed frame buffers as described inFIG. 24.
• Accordingly, by using existing system memory resources and data paths, the VCDU may easily be modified to support real-time compression of PAL SIF input frames.
• As mentioned above, in addition, the use of system memory resources may be further extended to support maximum compression; i.e. when there are greater than two B frames that are stored between each reference frame. As described previously, the raw B frame data is typically large, and thus increasing the B frame stream directly impacts the storage requirements and accordingly the expense of the compression system.
• Referring now toFIGS. 26 and 27, a set of timing diagrams are provided to illustrate other embodiments of the invention that are capable of accommodating a large number of B frames interspersed between reference frames for supporting either the NTSC SIF or PAL SIF standard.
• The embodiment described with reference toFIG. 26 supports the NTSC SIF standard for M=4 compression. Note that in this embodiment, the I-1 frame must be buffered until time T10 so that it may be used as a reference for the B-4 frame. In total, 3 raw reference frames and 6 raw B frames must be buffered to accommodated this compression level. As before, three reconstructed reference must also be buffered to provide the necessary data for second phase ME and MC processing.
• As mentioned previously, there are room for ten raw frames and three reconstructed frames of NTSC SIF format data. Thus, since only nine frames need to be buffered to provide the support for the stream sequence of IBBBP, the above described video compression decompression unit is capable of providing the support without having to buffer a B frame externally in system memory.
• However, in order to support PAL SIF the system memory resources must be utilized. Referring now toFIG. 27, an embodiment capable of supporting M=4 compression of PAL SIF frames is shown with reference to a series of timing diagrams623,623aand623b. To compress PAL SIF frames at a compression level of M=4, seven buffers of raw frame data must be maintained in VCDU memory, while the other two pending frames are stored in system memory. As shown in timing diagram623a, the first buffer initially stores the I-4 frame data. As described previously, this I-1 frame data must be maintained until time T10, where it is used during the first phase of ME processing for frame B-4.
• As the B-2 data is input at time T1, it is stored in DMA write buffer,Buf7. Note that theBuf7 is used in the present embodiment as a temporary write buffer for sending data to memory, in contrast to a temporary read buffer in the embodiment described in conjunction withFIG. 25, though either alternative could be used in either embodiment subject to proper control logic implementation.
• The B-2 data in timing diagram623ais shown to be written to system memory somewhere between cycle T1 and cycle T2. This dashed line spanning the two cycles indicates the B2 reference frame will be sent over for storage in system memory in either cycle T1 or T2, or when the I/O bus becomes available for the transfer.
• At time period T7, it is determined that the B-2 reference data will be needed at time T8 and thus the B-2 reference frame is read out of system memory, transferred over the I/O bus via DMA and stored in one of the raw frame buffers, here shown as stored inBuf5. The B-2 data will remain held in this buffer for the period of T8 and T9, where it is used for ME and MC processing respectively. Similarly, as the B-4 frame was input at time T3, it was shipped off, as soon as possible, to system memory via DMA over the I/O bus. Later, when the B-4 frame may be processed, it is retrieved from system memory at time T9 via a DMA read operation and stored in available frame buffer slot.
• Since only7 raw frame buffers are required to implement this embodiment, there is one extra frame buffer space remaining for smoothing out operation if the video compression decompression unit should fall behind real video input rate. Accordingly, such an arrangement allows for real time processing of data in any format of any number of reference frames to be provided.
• It can be envisioned that many other alternatives are available for implementing the basic inventive concept of storing, temporarily in an external memory; i.e. a memory external to the device, certain ones of the frames that will later be used by the reference by the compression unit and then thereafter retrieving the frames as required. Such an arrangement provides a distinct advantage because it minimizes the amount of memory that is required to be provided with the video compression and decompression unit and therefore it reduces the cost of the compression unit.
IX. Hardware Embodiment of the VCDU
• Referring now toFIG. 28, a block diagram of one embodiment of theVCDU24 is shown. As mentioned with regard toFIG. 2, theVCDU24 has three input ports;video port32 which is a 16 bit port coupling amulti-standard color decoder33 to the VCDU;memory port34 which is a 64 bit port for coupling the VCDU to 1-4 Mbytes of dynamic RAM; and anaudio port30, which is a bit port for coupling an Audiodigital signal processor31 to the VCDU.
• The VCDU includes avideo port controller632 which is coupled to thevideo port32 for receiving pixels in real time. Thevideo port controller632 is coupled to amemory controller634. The memory controller is coupled toexternal VCDU memory35 for controlling transmission of data to and from various units in the VCDU.
• The VCDU further includes a 16-Pixel Engine638 comprising a Filter and Motion Unit (FMU)640 for performing motion estimation processing. TheFMU638 is coupled to adata flow engine642. The data flow engine includes aquantization unit644, adouble buffer646 and a DiscreteCosine Transform Unit648.
• Coupled betweenmemory controller634 and theFMU640 is aslot machine636. The slot machine controls the basic data flow within the VCDU as will be described below.
• The VCDU is controlled by a host based software driver. This driver initializes the VCDU and loads appropriate microstores at startup. The driver is also responsible for initiating the processing of a frame whether it is encode or decode. The VCDU uses a SLOT template to control the Filter and Motion Unit (FMU)640 and thememory controller634. TheFMU640 in turn controls the starting and synchronization of thedataflow engine642. The starting and synchronization of the SLOT machine is the responsibility of the driver.
• Encode requires a complete frame of video data to be available inVCDU memory35 before starting motion estimation. Therefore, the SLOT machine is synchronized to the video input. The SLOT machine must also be notified how the next frame is to be encoded. This is accomplished by the driver writing to a SLOT-start register. This is the address of the starting microword in the SLOT store. The SLOT Machine will finish the previous frame then check to see if the video data is ready and if there is a valid SLOT starting address. If so, the SLOT machine will begin dispatching to theFMU640 and thememory controller634.
• At the start of the motion estimation, the data is forwarded fromVCDU memory35 to the Filter and Motion Unit (FMU)640. TheFMU640 performs motion estimation to provide motion vectors and energy characteristics, and stores the results inVCDU memory35. The FMU also performs motion compensation by fetching encode decisions from the VCDU memory35 (after they are generated by the CPU) and either intra-coding or inter-coding the macroblocks as described above.
• The VCDU will issue an interrupt to the CPU after completing a “granularity's worth” of work. The granularity is programmable, though the target is slice based communication. Thus, the VCDU will produce a slice of Motion Estimation Statistics then will DMA it to the CPU. After the DMA is complete, the VCDU will issue an interrupt to the CPU. This interrupt serves two purposes; the first is to let the CPU know that a slice of ME data has been transferred, the second is to signal the CPU that the SLOT machine has consumed the slot starting address and is ready for a new one. In addition, the VCDU has a number of “shadow” registers (not shown) which must be updated every frame. These registers include video frame buffer pointers, and ME buffer pointers as well as REFerence_frame and CURrent_frame pointers.
• Upon completion of ME and MC processing, the results are transmitted from theFMU640 todouble buffer646. Thedouble buffer646 is a RAM storage device for buffering results and input data suppled to both the DiscreteCosine Transform Unit648 and theQuantization unit644. The double buffer includes twobuffers672 and676 (not shown) to facility a fill/drain operation. The configuration and storage space of thedouble buffer646 permit the decoupling of operations among theDCT648,QNT644 andFMU640 units, allowing them to function semi-autonomously and simultaneously without stalls.
• The DiscreteCosine Transform Unit648 compresses either spatial or temporal redundancies in the pixel data depending upon the classification of the frames as described above. The frequency coefficients produced byDCT unit648 are quantized by a divide and rounding operation in theQuantization unit644 as discussed previously with reference toFIGS. 5A and 5B. TheQuantization unit644 encodes the results as RLE tokens. Resulting RLE tokens are transferred toVCDU memory35 and later transmitted to the host CPU for final encoding.
• As stated above with regard toFIG. 24, both motion estimation and motion compensation may be performed during the same cycle on different frames. Both tasks are performed by theFMU640 unit, which is advantageously designed to use a minimal amount of hardware.
• Referring now toFIG. 29, one implementation of anFMU unit640 for use in the present invention is shown to include areference store650, for storing reference frame data, and acurrent store660, for storing current frame data. All pixels required for either an ME search or an MC routine are pre-loaded by the memory controller634 (FIG. 28).
• To keep theFMU640 operating, instead of stalled waiting for data, data path rams that store pixels for ME/MC processing are physically split into separate banks. TheReference store650 is apportioned into three separately addressable banks, two that hold the search region used in ME, and a third that which stores the block regions of previous frames used in the MC. Thecurrent store660 is apportioned into only two banks, one that stores the macroblock used in ME, and the second holds the block used in MC. By splitting the reference store and current store into banks, the MC banks can be loaded by thememory controller646 while the FMU is performing motion compensation. Also, when executing search mode on a B frame macroblock, where the search region is small enough, the two ME banks of the reference store allow thememory controller646 to load one bank for a backward search while the FMU is in forward mode, and visa-versa.
• TheFMU640 also includes anarithmetic logic block661 which includesdifferential unit662 coupled to ashift unit664. The output of theshift unit664 is forwarded to anormalization unit667, and the result is stored inregister bank668. The arithmetic logic block includes adifferential unit662 coupled to ashift unit664 whose output is forwarded to anormalization unit667, vialogic666, for storage inregister bank668. In the preferred embodiment thearithmetic logic661 contains a series of adder circuits for calculating the cumulative difference between each pixel comprising the macroblock of interest in the current frame and a corresponding pixel within each macroblock of a reference frame. The macroblock in the reference frame which is the best match to the macroblock in the current frame is the one which has the smallest sum total of pixel differences. This is determined by minimizing the absolute value of the error as described previously with reference toEquation1. The results stored inregister bank668 are forwarded to VCDU bymemory controller634.
• As discussed previously, when the MC phase of compression is completed, the resulting macroblocks are forwarded to theDCT unit648.
• The definitions for the forward and inverse transforms have been provided above in Equations 9A and 9B. The nature of the two-dimensional DCT permits it to be decomposed into 2 sets of one-dimensional transforms. Referring briefly toFIGS. 30A-30D, the preferred method of the invention uses a spider diagram670 (FIG. 30A) for implementing a 1-D 8 point forward transform. The 8×8 2-D DCT is performed by evaluating the eight 1-D row transforms, then evaluating these results through 8 column transforms. The spider diagram may be read left to right and by interpreting constants above a horizontal scaling line (k1-k10) as scaling factors, and where two lines meet at a vertex a summation occurs. The ‘−1’ below a line indicates subtraction.
• The order of operations is very important to developing an optimal solution. The key is to schedule the various operations so as to keep all functional units as busy as possible while minimizing the storage requirements of intermediate results, and performing the function as fast as possible. The schedule ofoperations672 is provided inFIG. 30B.
• The same techniques are employed for analysis and optimization of the Inverse DCT. The spider diagram673 for the inverse DCT is provided inFIG. 30C. Similarly, the order of operations is important to developing the optimal solution and minimizing the control logic by allowing IDCT and DCT to be executed in parallel. One effective order of operations for theIDCT674 is provided in attachedFIG. 30D.
• Referring now toFIG. 31A, the above described approach to DCT and IDCT computing can be provided via the DCT unit648 (FIG. 28)data path implementation674, which is shown to include 4 functional units. The first is the doublebuffer operand store646. The second and third functional units areadders676 and677. Each adder has four associated scratchpad registers675. These registers are 2 write/2 read port registers. Each adder is capable of performing 2's complement addition or subtraction. The fourth unit is amultiplier unit678. It has8 associated scratchpad registers679.
• The data path is 24 bits wide. Prior to writing the row or column results into thedouble buffer646, each result must be rounded via anincrementer681, which is a non-biased two's complement rounding unit.
• Control for all four units is via two18 word fully decodedcontrol stores682 and asequencer686. The addressing of the double buffer is through a separate RAM based addressingsequencer687, which is controlled by one field in the control store.
• Three important features of this method of performing DCT/IDCT include a distributed register file structure that allows fewer intermediary storage units, careful optimization of register allocation and functional unit scheduling to allow high speed computation using minimal hardware, and low input and output bandwidth for block storage.
• The hardware or circuit used to perform the DCT transform must be made as fast and as simple as possible. It is highly desirable to use the same physical logic gate for as many parts of the transform as possible, since to do so results in the fewest number of transistors needed to perform the operation. The fewer the number of transistors used, the faster and more economical the circuit will be. The VCDU uses the same circuit algorithm and same circuit hardware for all eight partitions of the DCT and the IDCT transformations, thereby minimizing logic gate usage, memory space consumption, and thus reducing the size of the circuit.
• Here, a single ported RAM structure is used to deliver the pairs of operands to the DCT circuit. That is, a single ported RAM structure is used to deliver two simultaneous pieces of data by providing a unique decomposition of the storage and retrieval locations of the 64 bits of data held in each block. Using single ported RAM instead of the dual ported RAM structures that would have been required in the prior art DCT circuit results in fewer transistors, greater speed of operation, lower cost and the ability to use off-the-shelf components in the design of the circuit.
• Also, the need for a transpose buffer in addition to the initial operand storage buffer is eliminated as a result of a unique storage and retrieval technique described here below, which allows the intermediate results of the row transformations to be stored in the same location that the original operand came from. Thus, the same exact memory buffer holds the original operands and the results of the DCT row transformation in the same memory location.
• Here, the single ported RAM, in combination with the unique storage and retrieval technique, is used as double buffer6446 which can be used by both the DCT circuit and the quantization circuit since the transfer of immediate data to the separate transpose buffer has been eliminated. Thus the memory reads to the DCT and to the quantization elements can be in parallel as opposed to serially, as would be the case where a single buffer was used.
• According to the preferred embodiment, the VCDU uses a circuit area conserving four element wide memory circuit in the design, since the industry standard four RAM per data path bit pitch memory design results in the best available circuit density and simplicity of design. The memory design is also more area conserving than the standard four bit pitch single ported RAM memory design since the last multiplex element (i.e., MUX) in the memory chain may be deleted. This is possible since the unique memory storage and retrieval method of the keeps the two members of the operands pairs required by the DCT circuit on opposite sides of the memory, thereby eliminating the possibility of data ‘collisions’ and removing the need for the MUX, and also because it is always a pair of memory elements that is retrieved.
• It should be noted that the present invention provides the ability to have a single ported RAM structure used where a dual or a multi-ported RAM would normally be required. Once of skill in the art will recognize that the utility of the invention is not limited to the video compression art, but has widespread application; i.e., wherever multi-port RAM structures are used. Thus the description of the preferred embodiment in the context of a video codec should not be seen as a limitation of the present invention.
• Referring now toFIG. 31B, the details of thedouble buffer646 are shown. It should be noted that the present invention could be implemented with single buffers. Thedouble buffer646 is comprised of across bar switch646 which routes signals to and from theDCT circuit648 andquantizer circuit644 to the appropriate halves of the double buffer itself, buffers645 and647. The transform coefficients may be divided into left and right halves and separately stored in either half of the double buffer. The coefficient's halves may then be transposed separately. This procedure leads to increased memory utilization and increased speed of operation if the scheduling of the operations is performed appropriately. Thedouble buffer646 is also connected to the filter andmotion module640 via thecross bar switch649.
• Referring now toFIG. 32, a specific example of the separation of the column transform and the row transform into left and right operands or parts is shown. The figure shows a single block (i.e., an eight by eight pixel region of the whole image) of image data with the numbers in the array representing the identification number of the specific pixel location for future reference and calculation of the image value contained at that pixel location. (Note that each of the numbered pixel locations is used as the number of an operand in the DCT transformation circuit order of operations.) As will be described below the organization of the data structure into which these pixel locations are stored in the double buffer memory is a key consideration. By structuring the storage of the coefficients in a certain fashion, the DCT circuit may access the operand (i.e., the numbers 0-63) pairs using single ported RAM, storing the results of the row transform back into the same memory location the operand come from (rather than using a separate buffer), and perform the column transform without having to rotate the data from row format into column format (thus eliminating the need for a transpose buffer).
• Referring now toFIG. 33, the specific order and location of the DCT operands (i.e., the number 0-63) in the single ported memory (known as RAM) used in double buffer646 (FIG. 28) is shown. Proper organization of the DCT data by ensuring that there would be no collisions during a fetch of the operands allows the preferred embodiment of the present invention to use a single buffer memory employing a compact single port RAM structure. Here, the coefficients are stored using the specific ordering and location instructure651 to support transformation of the 8×8 pixel array ofFIG. 32. Other arrangements may be possible as long as the method for fetching the operands coupled with the arrangement of the operands ensures that there are no collisions during a fetch of two operands simultaneously. This is one example of paired fetch order problem. However, this invention is not limited to this type of problem and can be applied to any ‘dual read’ type of problem. Another example of a paired fetch order problem will be shown with regard to the IDCT calculation. The scope of this invention should not be limited to DCT and IDCT problems, but can also be applied to other transformations such as the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), wavelet problems and other common transformations.
• The DCT calculation requires two operands per cycle, as can be seen by the operand fetch order diagram,654. The first calculation cycles usesoperands2 and5. Referring back toFIG. 32, these two operands can be seen to be the third and sixth elements in the first row. These two operands (i.e.,2 and5) are stored in accordance with the specific storage and retrieval technique used in the present invention in the four word wide RAM memory cell in the address word line numbered2, as can be seen by the DCT data store organization diagram,651. Since theoperand number2 is on the left half of the RAM location, and theoperand number5 is on the right half of the RAM, both operands can be output to the DCT calculation circuit even though the RAM memory used is a single port memory. Thus a single port RAM can be used to do the job of a dual ported RAM structure.
• The use of the single ported RAM structure decreases the size of the circuit and increase the ease of manufacture, thus resulting in decreased cost and increased speed of transformation operation. This ability to use single ported RAM is based partially upon the fact that the storage locations chosen for the DCT operand pairs are always on opposite sides of the four bit wide RAM memory. As a further demonstration of the separation of the operand pairs into the left and right halves of the four bit wide memory structure, observe the second pair of DCT operands from diagram654. Operands0 and7 are found stored onaddress line0 in diagram651, withoperand0 on the left half andoperand7 on the right half, the same order as was found foroperands2 and5. Thus, the same RAM bit line control logic (see diagram653) can be used to output both the first and the second pairs of DCT operands. Further inspection of diagrams654 and651 shows that in fact the first four pairs of DCT operand all have the same bit line control (i.e., the entire first row transformation), only the word line shifts as is shown in the DCT double buffer addressing diagram652. Further inspection of Diagram653 shows that the bit line address algorithm used for the first row transform is used on all of the first four row transform as well (i.e. those numbered0-3) usingbit lines2 for the left operand and3 for the right operand. The word line address algorithm is detailed in diagram652, called “Row 0:3”, and shows that for the first four row transformations the same order of word line addressing is used. Thus, the order of the calling of operands from the DCT data store, diagram651, is shown in the DCT double buffer addressing diagram652, where it shows that for the first four row transforms (i.e., 0-3) the word line order is 2, then 0, then 1 and then 3. Taking thenumber 2 word line from diagram651 does indeed show that usingbit lines2 and3 as required by diagram653, produces the DCT operand pair of 2 and 5, as required by diagram654. Usingword line0 then producesoperands1 and6, and so on.
• After the first four operand pairs are read out, the procedure repeats itself for the rest of the operands numbered8-63 inFIG. 32. the same DCT fetch order is done for the second row (i.e., operands numbered8-15) as was done for the first row transform as discussed above. Diagram654 shows thatoperands2 and5 are to be fetched first. Examination ofFIG. 32 shows that operand10 in the second row transform is the third operand in that row just asoperand2 was the third operand in the first row, andoperand13 replaces5. Looking at diagram651 shows that operands10 and13 are in the third row of the second group of four memory locations, and can thus be read out using exactly the same ordered sets of bit line and word line addresses as was used for the first row transform. As noted above the same structure works for all of the first four row transforms (i.e., operands numbered0-31 ofFIG. 32).
• The situation changes slightly for row transforms4-7 (i.e., operands32-63). As can be seen from diagram653, the bit line controls are still separated into left and right parts, as is required to use single ported RAM and still be enabled to read two operands per cycle, but now the two enabled bit liness are the first and fourth lines. Diagram652 shows that the word line addressing used is the same as that used for the first four row transforms, but with the number order shifted by exactly12. Shifting by twelve requires only a double shift and exclusive OR operation. Thus the row transforms numbered4-7 are performed using the same arrangement as the first four row transforms. This completes the row transforms for the 8×8 pixel block of video image data. Now the column transforms must be performed on the results of the row transforms.
• The column transforms can be done using the same control logic as was used for the row transforms because of the efficiency of the unique data storage and retrieval method used in the present invention. This results in greatly reduced numbers of logic elements and memory locations dedicated to storing the specific order of operations. The operand fetch order is the same as used for the eight row transforms, but the bit line selection is now changed tolines2 and4. Note that the two operands per cycle are still divided by the present method into a left half and a right half data element, again a result of the unique data storage and retrieval method used in present invention. The word line addressing is shown in diagram652 wherein it shows that the same word line order is used as was used for the first four row transforms, but now simply multiplied by 4. Multiplying by 4 is requires only a double shift of the first address number. This can be seen by noting in diagram652 that the numbers in rows0-3 are all exactly four times greater than the numbers in rows0-3. In other words, in order to accessword line8, then0,4 and12, as is necessary to do the first four column transforms, use the same logic elements that were used to define theorder2,0,1 and3 (i.e., the first four row transform order), but multiply the address values by four through the simple expedient of a double upward shift. Thus, the amount of logic necessary to perform the DCT operation is greatly reduced, since the same logic elements can be used repeatedly with the addition of very simple shift and OR operations.
• It should be noted that the column transpose operations discussed above are performed using the results of the eight row transforms which are located in the same memory locations in which the original operands were stored. This means that the data has not been transposed from row format into column format as was required by prior art DCT circuits. Thus the initial operand buffer may be used to store the row transform data for the column transform operation, thereby eliminating the need for a separate and unique transpose buffer.
• Referring now toFIG. 34, the same information shown inFIG. 33 is shown, but now with reference to the IDCT preferred order of operation order and location. A key feature can be seen by comparingFIG. 34 withFIG. 33, the DCT control structure. Notice that there is a great deal of symmetry between the control of the bit lines and of the word lines. The IDCT bit line control is the same as shown inFIG. 33 diagram653, and the IDCT word line control is the same as used in the DCT row transform, with the two column sections using the same simple double shift addressing scheme used in the DCT for columns0-3, inFIG. 33, diagram652.
• It should be noted that the transform process (i.e., the data organization technique) is extensible to much larger matrices. Thus the description with respect to an 8×8 matrix of image data should only be seen as an illustration of the present technique and not a limitation of the present invention.
• Referring now toFIG. 35, a block diagram of the Quantization Unit644 (FIG. 28) is shown coupled to thedouble buffer646. As described above, there are two levels of quantization in MPEG/JPEG and H.621; the first uses the quantization table (such asQuantization matrix434 inFIG. 19A), and the second is the macroblock scaling factor MQUANT. In the preferred embodiment there are two quantization tables; one table is used when operating on intra-coded macroblocks, the other table is used on non-intra-coded macroblocks.
• As shown inFIG. 35, the quantization tables are stored in Q table rams690. The CPU is responsible for loading all Q table entries. During encode and decode the CPU loads the tables as required. Thus, the CPU is responsible for updating Q tables on video stream context switches.
• The MQUANT value is stored inMQUANT register692. As described above, the MQUANT value is determined during the ME of the macroblock, and stored with the macroblock data structure. The MQUANT value is multiplied by the values in the quantization tables690 via scalingmultiplier694. The resulting quantization matrix is forwarded to thequantization divider696. The quantization divider also receives pixel data as input from the DCT portion ofdouble buffer646. In addition, the scaling multiplier values are forwarded to aninverse quantization multiplier697, which is used during decompression. Adata pump controller699 controls the movement of data between thequantizer unit644 and the DCT unit.
• The quantization divider divides the pixel data by a value in the corresponding position of the quantization matrix. The result is forwarded to the RLE/IRLE counters698. The RLE/IRLE counters count the number of zeroes between non-zero coefficients after the coefficients have been quantized, as discussed above. The results are forwarded to VCDU memory via the memory controller634 (FIG. 28).
• The quantization step should be designed to facilitate high bandwidth data transfer. In the preferred embodiment, the performance of the quantization unit is improved through the use of a high speed divider circuit as described below.
X. Quantization Divider
• As previously described in conjunction with step441 ofFIG. 19B, the DCT result is quantized. Quantization is a processing step performed as in spatial compression processing in which frequency components of a transformed image are removed or reduced in the quantization step effectively compressing the image. Also, as previously discussed, the quantization step includes performing element-wise division which has a high bandwidth requirement. An implementation of the divider used to perform division, as instep444 ofFIG. 19B, will now be described.
• In one implementation, the input divisor has a data width of 13 bits and the input dividend has a data width of 12 bits. The input dividend represents the 12-bit quantity input from thedouble buffer646 ofFIG. 28 produced by the DCT unit. The 13-bit input divisor is the product of a value stored in Q table690 multiple by a value stored in MQUANT register692 (FIG. 35). It should be noted that the size of the input divisor and the input dividend vary with implementation and are not required to be 13 bits and 12 bits respectively, in size.
• Thequantization divider696 employs a pseudo pipelined technique to perform the division required to produce a quotient. The quantization divider is a multi-stage pseudo pipelined divider which has a minor clock cycle which iterates 3 times for each major clock cycle. In other words, in addition to the system or minor clock there is a second or major clock which is derived from the minor clock. The minor or system clock ticks 3 times for every one major cycle or pipeline stage unit of time.
• In this particular implementation, an input dividend, which is an 8×8 matrix comprising 64 coefficients, is produced by the DCT unit every 280 minor cycles. If thequantization divider696 is not to stall the data flow pipeline or require buffering of data, then the divider and the quantization unit should have a throughput which keeps up with a production of data by the DCT unit.
• Referring now toFIG. 36, aquantization divider696 is shown as including sevenpipeline stages710,712,714,716,718,720 and722 used to produce afinal quotient704. As shown inFIG. 36, the pipeline stages includecontrol logic711afor controlling thedata flow pipeline711bwithin the quantization divider. Each pipe stage corresponds to a major cycle or three minor clock cycles. InFIG. 36 a pipe stage or major cycle is represented as one ofelements710,712,714,716,718,720 and722 depicting the data flow within thequantization divider696.Divider696 includes afirst pipe stage710 which is coupled to signalpaths700 and702 carrying, respectively, an input divisor and input dividend. Thefirst pipe stage710 produces a normalized divisor alongsignal path724 and a corrected dividend alongsignal path726. Additionally, the input divisor is propagated through to thenext stage712.Stage1 also produces shift values alongsignal path762 and a data type and sign bit signal onpath780. Shift values are generated as a result of normalizing the divisor and propagated to a later stage for use. The data type and sign bit represent a combined signal of, respectively, data type information and sign information about the input dividend propagated to subsequent stages for later processing.
• Stages2,3 and4, respectively,elements712,714, and716 are generally identical stages. This will become more apparent in the following paragraphs and figures.
• Thesecond stage712 provides a partial remainder (Partial Rem) alongsignal path728, which updates the contents of data latch registers A-REG804band S-REG804a,respectively, alongsignal paths730 and732, and produces a shifted normalized divisor alongpath734. Additionally, the input divisor onpath700 is propagated to thethird stage714, as are the data type and sign bit onsignal path780 and shift values onsignal path762. Included in the second, third and fourth stages (respectivelyelements712,714 and716) are data latch registers S-REG804aand A-REG804bused for recording the division operation results. S-REG records when a subtraction is performed and A-REG records when an addition is performed. The use of A-REG and S-REG in the division technique is described in detail in the following paragraphs. In thesecond stage712, the values contained in A-REG and S-REG are passed, respectively, onsignal paths730 and732, to thethird stage714. The partial remainder fromstate712 is passed to stage714 onsignal path728 and also recirculated as an input to stage712 alongpath800a.
• Similarly, as produced by thesecond stage712, thethird stage714 outputs a partial remainder onsignal path728′ and updates the contents of A-REG with a new value alongsignal path730′, and S-REG with a new value onsignal path732′. Thethird stage714 also recirculates a partial remainder as input to itself alongpath800b. The third stage propagates the input divisor onsignal path700 to thefourth stage716 and once again shifts the normalized divisor producing an updated normalized divisor onsignal path734′. The third stage propagates shift values onsignal path762 and data type and sign bit alongpath780 to the fourth stage. Thefourth stage716 propagates the input divisor onpath700, shift values onsignal path762, and input dividend data type and sign bit information alongpath780 to thefifth stage718. A-REG is updated with a new value onsignal path730′ and S-REG is updated with a new value onsignal path732″. The sign bit of the partial remainder is passed, viasignal path736, to thefifth stage718 as opposed to the partial remainder being propagated to the next stage, as was done in the second and third stages. The partial remainder alongpath800cis recirculated as an input to stage716 similar to the recirculated partial remainders alongpaths800aand800bas previously described, respectively, forstages712 and714.
• Stage718, the fifth stage, propagates the input divisor alongpath700, the data type and sign bit information alongpath780, and shift values alongpath762 to thesixth stage720. Additionally, the fifth stage passes a quotient value onsignal path738 to the sixth stage. The sixth stage once again propagates the input divisor onsignal path700, and the data type and sign bit information alongpath780 to the seventh andfinal stage722. An updated quotient is passed to theseventh stage722 alongsignal path740. The seventh stage produces the final quotient onsignal path704 and propagates the values for the input divisor onpath700, and the data type and sign information of the input dividend alongpath780 to a subsequent component included in the system following theQ unit696.
• The functions performed by each of the foregoing seven stages will be described in more detail in the following text.
• Thefirst stage710 normalizes the input divisor onsignal path700 producing a normalized divisor onsignal path724. This is done by shifting the divisor left as needed so that the first non-zero bit will be in the most significant bit position. Values corresponding to the number of bit positions shifted are passed onto subsequent stages alongsignal path762. The first stage also corrects input divided input to stage1 onsignal path702 producing corrected dividend onsignal path726. The input dividend onsignal path702 is modified in accordance with a compression standard used in a particular implementation. Thus, the actual corrected dividend will vary with the standard used and will depend on characteristics of the data such as whether the data is inter or intra coded, and is a DC or AC coefficient. Characteristics of the dividend and its sign bit are propagated to subsequent stages along a combinedsignal path780 for use in later processing stages.
• Stages2,3 and4,elements712,714, and716 ofFIG. 36 here implement a division algorithm generally known as the SRT non-restoring division algorithm, as described by Kai Hwang in “Computer Arithmetic. Principles, Architecture, and Design”. Each ofstages712,714 and716 comprise two 1-bit non-restoring divide stages such that two bits of the dividend are retired every minor cycle and 6 bits of the dividend are retired every major cycle. Therefore, 18 bits of the dividend can be retired in 3 major cycles. The use of each of the data inputs and outputs of the stages will be more apparent when described in detail in following paragraphs.
• Stage5,element718, generates an initial quotient onsignal path738 using results recorded in prior stages2-4 and the sign of the dividend onsignal path780. This quotient is updated or corrected instage6. In particular,stage6 “undoes” the normalization shifting which was done in the first stage, using the shift values onsignal path762, to produce the normalized divisor onsignal path734.Stage7 is the final stage of the divider,element722, and performs rounding and clipping of the updated quotient onsignal path740 producing final quotient onsignal path704. Specifically how the rounding is performed is dependent upon the compression standard using the data type value of the dividend onsignal path780. Clipping limits the quotient to a particular integer range. In the instant case, the clipping function performed instage7 is within the inclusive range 255 to −255 depending on the updatedquotient value740.
• As previously described, stages2,3 and4, (respectively,712,714 and716) each retire two bits of the dividend every minor cycle and six bits every major cycle such that 18 bits of the dividend can be retired acrossstages712,714 and716. Generally, the SRT method for performing division, as here implemented, involves using a normalized divisor and successful partial dividends which are also normalized. Withinstages712,714 and716, two bits of the dividend are retired by using two 1-bit non-restoring divide substages in which the first substage cascades into the second substage. In each substage the divisor can be added to the dividend or partial remainder, subtracted from the dividend or partial remainder, or 0 may be added to the dividend or partial remainder. With the first iteration of the first substage of the first stage, the partial remainder is the dividend. On subsequent iterations and in subsequent stages and substages, the divisor is added to an updated dividend or partial remainder.
• In summary, stages712,714 and716 are the 3 divider stages performing the actual dividing of the dividend by the divisor using the SRT non-restoring division algorithm. Each of these stages iterates for 3 minor clock cycles recirculating an output partial remainder as an input to the same stage on each minor cycle. On each major cycle, the output partial remainder of one stage serves as an input to the next subsequent division stage. This process is repeated until 18 bits of the dividend are retired. The overall design of these 3 stages can be termed a pseudo pipelined design for performing division. There are 3 stages used in 9 minor clock cycles with each stage iterating 3 times or 3 minor clock cycles before proceeding to next pipelined stage. This differs from the traditional fully pipelined divider which would have 9 hardware stages rather than the threestages712,714, and716 as described. The full pipelined divider typically would not iterate for 3 minor cycles, but would rather propagate values from one stage to the next subsequent stage for each minor cycle.
• Using the foregoing approach, the amount of required hardware is reduced and thus the area of the integrated circuit is minimized while meeting high bandwidth requirements for processing video data. This becomes apparent using the prior equations when comparing the cycle time for the Q unit to process an 8×8 block of video data with the output rate of an 8×8 block of video data by the DCT unit.
• In the foregoing description, values of the input divisor, input dividend and intermediate values as well as the final quotient had specific data widths. Note that these data widths are particular to this implementation. Data widths of the input divisor, input dividend, intermediate data values and final quotient vary depending on the standard and the size of the particular inputs and the specified data width in the foregoing example should not be construed as being limited to those values. Similarly, other implementations may vary the approach implemented instages2,3 and4 corresponding toelements712,714 and716, respectively. The general approach taken is to provide the quantization divider with a throughput in accordance with other components of the system, such as the DCT unit, to avoid causing a bottleneck or holdup in the data flow of the system between components. In another implementation, the component prior to the quantization unit need not be a DCT unit. However, the general technique can be applied using other system configurations. Other variations of the overall approach in stages712-716 can appear in an implementation depending upon the processing requirements and speed of a particular system and application. For example, an implementation may require the same bandwidth as previously discussed such as processing one block or other unit of data every 280 cycles. However, the size of the input dividend may be smaller. If the input dividend were a maximum of 9 bits in data width rather than 12 or 18, each ofstages712,714 and716 could retire 1 bit per minor cycle rather than 2. Thus, the same iterative approach would exist in that each of the stages would iterate for 3 minor cycles. However only a single 1 bit non-restoring divide stage rather than two 1 bit non-restoring divide stages would exist within each of the stages712-716. This could easily be implemented by one skilled in the art. Similarly, stages712,714 and716 can be expanded to include more than two sub-stages in which each sub-stage comprises a 1 bit non-restoring divide retiring a single bit of the dividend per minor cycle. Other variations on the technique previously described include increasing or decreasing the number of stage, and have a corresponding minor cycle time, depending on the required throughput of the system. These alternate implementations can be performed by modifying the foregoing description, for example, to include larger or smaller data widths and increase or decrease the amount of hardware needed for the number of sub-stages and stages as well.
• Using the foregoing technique, a pseudo pipelined division technique is performed which, when given a particular bandwidth requirement, minimizes hardware and conserves integrated circuit area. Additionally, this technique provides a flexible approach which can be adapted for particular bandwidth requirements and constraints of the overall pipeline. The foregoing technique for performing division produces a fully completed quotient for high quality video quantization without stalling the data flow pipe of the entire system. Additionally, sincestages712,714, and716 are similar in that hardware portions are replicated throughout each stage, design costs, problem determination and correction costs are greatly decreased.
XI. Video Decompression
• Referring now toFIG. 37, although thus far the discussion has been directed to the compression of a video image, it can be easily understood how the present invention can also accommodate image decode. Atstep754, the encoded bit stream is translated into RLE tokens. This translation may be performed in either hardware or software, as each method has its advantages. The use of a software method reduces the logic required on the VCDU chip, yet uses valuable compute cycles to perform the operation, thus affecting performance. Implementing translation in hardware saves compute cycles, yet tradeoffs must be made to ensure adequate speed while minimizing the size of the logic circuit. A hardware device for providing fast, efficient translation of an encoded bit stream to RLE tokens will be described in further detail later herein.
• After translation, the RLE tokens are forwarded, via DMA to VCDU memory for temporary storage. Atstep756, the Quantization unit48 (FIG. 3) first constructs macroblocks using the RLE tokens (via the IRLE counters698 inFIG. 35). The constructed macroblock is then inverse quantized by multiplying non-zero coefficients by the value of the element in the corresponding location of the quantization table, then scaling the result by the MQUANT value. Atstep758, the results are forwarded to the DCT unit648 (using the double buffer646), where the Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform is evaluated using techniques described inFIGS. 30C and 30D.
• The resulting macroblock will be either an intra-coded macroblock or an inter-code macroblock which is determined atstep759. The CBP for each macroblock will dictate whether it was intra-coded or inter-coded, and if it was inter-coded, which are the appropriate frames to use during reconstruction. If it is intra-coded, the frame may be translated atstep762 to its YUV components.
• If it is inter-coded, the macroblock contains differential data. Atstep760 the differential data is added to the appropriate reference macroblock to provide the correct integer pixel values. Then, atstep762 the macroblock may be translated into its YUV components.
XII. Hardware Decoder for Translating Encoded Bit Stream to RLE Tokens
• Referring now toFIG. 38, avariable length decoder804 is shown to include a random accessible memory (RAM) table812 which is situated inVCDU memory35. The memory table812 could be implemented with read-only memory (ROM). Table812 is pre-loaded and stores all thepossible matching codeword812a, along with a movingmask bit812b, and decodeddata812c. See alsoFIGS. 39 and 39a-39d.Also shown is ashift register814, acomparator816, and a compare mask with incrementedmask818.
• Theshift register814 receives as input data, encoded run-level token (RLE) coefficients or any variable length encoded data,814a. The encoded RLEtoken coefficients814amay represent either a macroblock or block of pixel data. These encoded run-level tokens814aare in a bitstream of “1s” and “0s”. The function of thedecoder804 will be to translate the encodedbitstream814ato run-level (RLE) tokens.
• In the preferred embodiment, each of thepossible matching codeword812acomprise 16 bits or 2 words. The corresponding decodeddata812creside at the same address as the matchingcodewords812ain the RAM table812 and at each of the addresses, the decodeddata812ccomprises 16 bits, or 2 words. The movingmask bit812balso resides at the same address as thecodewords812ain theRAM812, but at each address, the movingmask bit812bis just one bit long.
• The movingmask bit812bis utilized as a control,input bit_inc812b′, to the compare mask with incrementedmask818. Specifically, the movingmask bit812bdictates how many bits should be compared using thecomparator816. The compare mask with incrementedmask818 acts as an incrementing shifter. The comparemask818 is a group of flip-flops in a shift register with a “1” entering in the left most bit position and “0s” in all remaining positions. In the preferred embodiment, there are 15 flip-flops and not 16 flip-flops assuming there will not be a codeword detected with less than two bits including a sign bit, as will be discussed below in conjunction withFIGS. 39a-39d.This implementation is design-specific and an OR gate could be utilized in the design, though not described in the present invention, to discriminate between sign-bit and non-sign bit usage. The movingmask bit812bline is tied to the enable of each of the flip-flops and hence, when the movingmask bit812bis a “1” it pushes in a “1” into the comparemask818 and a “1” in the left most bit position of the comparemask818 shifts to the right by one bit. In this way, a contiguous number of “1s” are right-shifted through the comparemask818 via the movingmask bit812b, creating a mask for the number of bits in thebitstream814aintended to be compared. When a match occurs at the output, match_i, of thecomparator816, the flip-flops in the comparemask818 are reset to their initial condition with a “0” in every bit position and the input to the left most bit position being a “1”, indicating that anew codeword812 is being decoded.
• Basically, the stream of encodeddata814aheld inshift register814 will be inputted to thecomparator816 and will be compared with thecodeword data812awhich is inputted to thecomparator816 at word_in812a′. Thecomparator816 compares the bits fromregister814 and thecodeword data812ato determine if there is a match, or if they are equivalent. If there is match, the corresponding decodeddata812clocated at the same address in the RAM table812 is found. The comparison process is repeated until theentire bitstream814ahas been decoded.
• Thedecoder804 function of the preferred embodiment is best explained by using the table data shown inFIGS. 39 and 39a-39d,where an example of a RAM table812 is shown to include movingmask bit812bdata,codeword data812a, and decodeddata812c.Codewords812aare stored in the table812 in monotonically increasing bit length order. That is, in the preferred embodiment, there may only be a single bit increase in match length from one codeword line to the next.
• The incoming bitstream of encoded run-level token (RLE)coefficients814ais “10 01010 001111 0001011 000001 00010100000101 10” as shown inFIG. 39 and will be inputted to shiftregister814. Referring now toFIG. 39a-39d,a codeword table812 is shown to include movingmask bits812b,variable length codewords812a, and decodeddata812cin terms of run and level tokens. Initially, thedecoder804 looks at the second codeword address in the codeword table812 assuming that the bitstream data has not reached the end of block as indicated in decodeddata812cat the first address with corresponding codeword, “10”. There is an exclusive-or (XOR) operation on the wordline logic controlling the first two addresses of table812 to handle initial “begin” and “end of block” anomalies, since only one (ie. beginning a block decode) or the other (ie. end of a block decode), can occur, but not both. Thus, only after the first codeword lookup of the second codeword at the second address is completed, is the first codeword “10” at the first address compared with the bitstream data. In other words the sequence of the codeword as they will be stepped through will be to look at the second codeword first, then the first codeword and then at the third look up to skip over the second codeword to the third codeword. It should be noted that one skilled in the art may or may not wish to implement an exclusive-OR operation to initially skip the first “end of block” codeword table entry. The present implementation is highly dependent on the table812 shown inFIGS. 39a-39d,and hence, other designs are possible which are highly dependent on other specified applications.
• At the second address, thesecond codeword812a, which is a “1s” as shown in the table inFIG. 39 will be compared viacomparator816 with the first two bits of the encodedbitstream814a(which is, starting with the left most bit, “10”. The “s” at the end of each codeword in table812 denotes the sign of the level, “0” for positive and “1” for negative. For purposes of simplification in explanation of the decoding method, these “s” sign bits will be ignored or assumed as “don't cares”. Thus, they will be assumed as “don't cares” when matching. In this example, we have a match in that “10”=“1s”, as the “1s” can be assumed to be a “10”. Therefore, the corresponding decodeddata812cis denoted as the RLE token “0/1” or “0plus 1” since the “s” bit was positive, as indicated in the table inFIG. 39awhere the run is a “0” and the level is a “1”. Thus, the first two bits of the encodedbitstream814ahave been decoded to “0/1”.
• Because two bits were decoded or “digested”, theshift register814 will shift out these two bits, having two less bits to decode. In order to decode the rest of the bitstream when a match occurs, as above, theshift register814 having advanced or shifted to the next bits in thebitstream814aawaits the comparison process to start over. That is, the search is reset to the first codeword in the table812 inFIG. 39a, which is a “10”. In this example, the next bits inshift register814, left to right, are “01”. The first movingmask bit812bis a “0” indicating no increase in the bits compared, and hence, a compare operation bycomparator816 of two two-bit lengths, the bits “01” from thebitstream814aand thefirst codeword812a, which is a “10”. The result of this comparison is that there is no match, since “10”≠“00”. Thus, the two bits of the encodedbitstream814ahave not been decoded and thus the search must continue until a match is found.
• In order to continue to decode thebitstream814awhen a match does not occur, the table812 address advances, in this implementation, to the third wordline pointing to thethird codeword812a, which in this example inFIG. 39a“11s”. The corresponding movingmask bit812bfor thiscodeword812ais a “1” which indicates that the mask length for the comparison should be incremented by one, such that the compare is a three bit operation. Hence, the three bits ofbitstream814awhich are compared are “01” from the previous compare operation, and the “0” in the next bit position, ie. “010”. Thus, the three bits of bitstream “010” held inshift register814 are compared with the three bits (two bits plus the sign bit) of thecodeword812a“11s”. There is no match, since “010”≠11s”. Thus, the three bits of the encodedbitstream814ahave not been decoded and thus the search must continue to thenext codeword812ain table812 until a match is found.
• The table address advances one wordline to point to thenext codeword812a, which in this example inFIG. 39ais thefourth codeword812aor “011s”. The corresponding movingmask bit812bfor this codeword is a “1” which indicates that the mask length for the comparison should be incremented. This signifies that the compare will occur using the four bits of bitstream data, i.e., “0101”. The comparator compares the four bits of bitstream “0101” with the two bits of thecodeword812a“011s” and once again there is no match.
• Since there was no match, the table address advances one wordline to point to thenext codeword812a, which in this example inFIG. 39ais the fifth codeword or “0100s”. The corresponding movingmask bit812bfor this codeword is a “1” which indicates that the mask length for the comparison should be incremented by one, such that the compare is now a five bit operation. Hence, the five bits of bitstream which are compared are “0101” from the previous compare operation, and the “0” in the next bit position of the bitstream, ie. “01010”. Thus, the compare of the five bits of bitstream “01010” are compared with the bits of thecodeword812a“0100s” and once again, there is no match.
• Since there was no match, the table address advances one wordline to point thenext codeword812a, which in this example inFIG. 39ais the sixth codeword or “0101s”. The corresponding movingmask bit812bfor this codeword is a “0” which indicates that the mask length for the comparison should not be incremented by one, such that the compare is still a five bit operation. The five bits of bitstream data “01010” are compared with the sixth codeword, “0101s”. There is a match since, assuming the “s” bit is a “don't care” for matching purposes. Therefore, the corresponding decodeddata812cis denoted as the RLE token “2/1” or “2plus 1” since the “s” bit was positive, as indicated in the table inFIG. 39awhere the run is a “0” and the level is a “1”Thus, the next five bits of the encodedbitstream814ahave been decoded to “2/1”.
• Theshift register814 will shift out the decoded or “digested” five bits, bits2-6 in thebitstream814a. In order to decode the rest of the bitstream when a match occurs, the search is reset to the first codeword in the table812 inFIG. 39awhich is a “10”. In this example, the next two bits inshift register814, left to right, are “00”. There is no match between the first codeword “10” and the two bits “00”.
• Since there is no match, the table address advances one wordline to point to thenext codeword812a, which in this example inFIG. 39ais the third codeword or “11s”. The corresponding movingmask bit812bfor this codeword is a “1” which indicates that the mask length for the comparison should be incremented by one, such that the compare is now a three bit operation. The three bits of bitstream data will be “001” and are compared with the third codeword, “11s” and once again there is no match.
• Since there was no match, the table address advances one wordline to point to thenext codeword812a, which in this example inFIG. 39ais thefourth codeword812a, which in this example inFIG. 39ais the fourth codeword or “011s”. The corresponding movingmask bit812bfor this codeword is a “1” which indicates that the mask length for the comparison should be incremented by one, such that the compare is now a four bit operation. The four bits of bitstream data are now “0011” and are compared with the fourth codeword, “011s”. Once again, there is no match.
• Since there was no match, the table address advances one wordline to point to thenext codeword812a, which in this example inFIG. 39ais the fifth codeword or “0100s”. The corresponding movingmask bit812bfor this codeword is a “1” which indicates that the mask length for the comparison should be incremented by one, such that the compare is now a five bit operation. The five bits of bitstream data are now “00111” and are compared with the sixth codeword, “0100s”. Once again, there is no match.
• This process of advancing through the table and incrementing the compare mask length based on the moving mask bit value continues until finally there is a match at the eighth codeword, or “00111s”. The corresponding decodeddata812cat the eighth word address as indicated in the table inFIG. 39ais a run of three, and a level of 1, “3/1” or “3minus 1” since the “s” sign bit is negative.
• Thus, the seventh through the twelfth bits of the encodedbitstream814ahave been decoded. Theshift register814 therefore shifts right six bits to begin decoding of the rest of thebitstream814a. Similarly,bits13 through19 of thebitstream data814awill be decoded at the twelfth word address as a run of six, and a level of 1, “6/1”, or “6minus 1” since the “s” sign bit is negative.
• The compare and search functions above are repeated for the remaining bits of the bitstream data until codeword matches are found for the entire encoded bitstream.
• According toFIG. 39a, if the fourteenth codeword “000001” is reached in the codeword table812, the decode is indicated as ESCAPE. The ESCAPE sequence, though not common, signifies that thedecoder20 will extract the run and level tokens directly and exactly from thebitstream814a, where “run” is a 6 bit-field and where “level” is an 8 bit-field. In this example,bits20 through25 are “0000 01” and thus would match with the 14^thcodeword according to the comparison process described above. This sequence is decoded as an ESCAPE which indicates that the next 6 units in thebitstream data814a,bits26 through31, represent “run” data, and the subsequent eight bits,bits32 through39, represent “level” data. In this case, a run of “000101” translates to a decimal “5’, and a level of “0000 0101” translates to a decimal “9”, thus decodeddata812cfor this ESCAPE sequence would be a “5/9”.
• Theshift register814 will shift out the decoded or “digested” bits, all ofbits20 through39 in thebitstream data814ato reset to the first codeword in the table812 inFIG. 39a, which is a “10”.Bits40 and41 ofbitstream data814aare “10” and hence there is a match with the first codeword in the table812. The corresponding decodeddata812cis “END OF BLOCK” which, as mentioned earlier, indicates that the end of thebitstream data814ain the shift register has been reached.
• Thus, in this example the resulting decodeddata812cfor the bitstream “10 01010 001111 0001011 000001 00010100000101 10”, would be 0/1, 2/1, 3/1, 6/1, (ESCAPE) 5/9, “END OF BLOCK”.
• If all thecodewords812ain table812 inFIG. 39a-39dhave been searched and no match resulted, an illegal bitstream has been encountered and is invalid.
• A detailed logic diagram of thecomparator816 inFIG. 38 is shown inFIG. 38adepicting logic elements utilized in a present implementation for a bit-wise comparison. As shown inFIG. 38a, the inverses of bit a_i, and bit b_i, coming from thecodeword812aofFIG. 38, are AND'ed with the mask_isignal832a, coming from the comparemask register818, via ANDgate831a. Similarly, via ANDgate831b, bit a_iand b_i, coming from thecodeword812aofFIG. 38, are AND'ed with the mask_isignal832a, coming from the comparemask register818. Both AND gate results are then OR'ed to produce the resultingmatch_i834asignal. Anend result match_i834avalue of “1” indicates there has been a match of bits a_iand b_iandthe bit comparison is enabled. The bitwise comparison is logically repeated 16 times for all 16 bits of thebitstream data814a. All 16 outputs will be OR'ed viaOR gate836aand a real_match_h837aoutput is obtained when there has been a match of the enabled bits of thebitstream814awith thecorresponding codeword data812a.
• An alternate comparator design is depicted inFIG. 38b. As shown inFIG. 38b, bit a_i, coming from thebitstream814aofFIG. 38, and bit b_i, coming from thecodeword812aofFIG. 38, are exclusive-NOR'ed producing asignal abmatch_h830b. Thislatter signal830bwill be a “1” if the two bits, a_iand b_iare the same value. As shown in thefigure abmatch_h830bis then NAND'ed with the mask_isignal832b, coming from the comparemask register818. Anend result match_i834bvalue of “1” indicates there has been a match of bits a_iand b_iand the bit comparison is enabled. This bitwise comparison is logically repeated 16 times for all 16 bits of thebitstream data814a. All 16 outputs will be NOR'ed via NORgate836band areal_match_h837boutput is obtained when there has been a match of the enabled bits of thebitstream814awith thecorresponding codeword data812a.
• Though several other possible logic designs providing methods of comparing can be implemented, the bitwise comparator ofFIG. 38ais the preferred implementation of the present invention providing fewer logic levels and less costly logic components.
• For the majority of the decoder operations, the bulk of table searches occur in the first fifteen to twenty addresses.
• It is important to note that the search is non-deterministic in terms of completion time, but a worst case search time would be every search requiring a complete table search. The table search is dependent on the number of codeword stored in the table. However, in the preferred embodiment, the Huffman code property of storing the shortest, most common codes at the top of the table as shown inFIGS. 39a-39dis taken advantage of with this design. That is, the search rate is dependent upon the information content across all codeword or the entropy of the codeword, roughly according toequation 11.$\mathrm{entropy}=h=\sum _{x_i=1}^{112}P\left(x_i\right){\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="log"\; filenames="US20050276329A1-20051215-D00000.png,US20050276329A1-20051215-D00001.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">log</figure-callout>}}_2\left(x_i\right)$
  where P(x_i) represents the probability of codeword x_iand where log₂(x_i) represents the length of the codeword.
• The probability of codeword x_ioccurring, P (x_i) is inversely dependent on the amount of information in the bitstream. The log₂(x_i) function roughly represents how deep into the codeword table the search has to go in order to find a match and how many bits there are in the codeword. For instance, if the codeword table had three entries in it, and a one codeword deep search (ie. the first entry) occurred 50% of the time, and a two or three codeword search (ie. the second and third entries) occurred 25% of the time, respectively, the average search rate would be determined according to theequation 11 above. The table below shows the values that will be inserted intoequation 11.

  	P(xi)	log2(xi)
  	½	1
  	¼	2
  	¼	3

  
  Thus, the average search rate will be:
  h=1/2(1)+¼(2)+¼(3)=1¾.
  This Huffman coding design takes advantage of the fact that the more often occurring codewords will be decoded first because of their order as loaded into the table.
• An alternate embodiment of the present invention, shown inFIG. 40, further refines the invention shown inFIG. 38 to include twoindependent cooperators840 and842 searching two parallel tables844 and846, each roughly half the depth of the single table812 ofFIG. 38 andFIG. 39a-39d, while still having only one moving mask bitfield. The movingmask bitfield844band846bof table844 and table846, respectively, are identical. There is only one comparemask848 which controls the masking for thebitstream data buffer841 when used for comparing with both tables844 and846. Thecooperators840 and842 control the advance of thebitstream data buffer841 in a similar fashion as that described in detail with respect toFIG. 38, in that when a match occurs, the decoded matched bits can be shifted out of thebitstream data buffer841 for the next codeword look-up. The codeword tables844aand846aare not identical and must be “padded” in order to advance at exactly the same rate relative to the moving mask bits. This “padding” duplicates certain codewords in844aand846awhen the moving mask bit is about to be asserted. When there is a match, or a “hit” occurs, as indicated at the output of the OR gate shown, a reset is forced.Reset logic849 includes logic where a state machine is used to step through thecodewords844aand846auntil a match occurs or where an escape code is implemented. The output decoded from the encoded bitstream is sent to afunction unit847drequiring variable length decoded data, but first it must be determined which of decodeddata1 or2 from tables846 or844 contains the data corresponding to a codeword match. Amultiplexer847 provides this selection function based on two select inputs. The first select input, real_match_—1_h847ais tied to the signal at the output ofcomparator1,840. The second select input is the output provided via ANDgate847bwhich represents the AND product of the signal match_occurred_h,847cfound at the output ofOR gate849aand an escape signal decoded from either of codeword tables844 or846. Thus,multiplexer847 provides for a selection of either of the decoded data from whichever of the codeword tables844 or846 is selected.Multiplexer847 also profiles for a selection of the encoded bitstream where an ESCAPE sequence is decoded, as discussed above in conjunction withFIG. 39a.
• Referring now toFIG. 40a, an example of the structure of aportion843 of an original codeword table812 ofFIG. 38 is shown with the decomposed twonew portions844′ and846′ of codeword tables844 and846 ofFIG. 40 having identical moving mask bits. In order to split the originalcodeword table portion843 into two parts, there must be an even number of codeword entries of a certain bit length n. A closer inspection of examplecodeword table portion843 indicates that for the first codeword “01” of bit length n=2, there is only one entry, one being an odd number. Further, for the codewords incodeword table portion843 of length n=3, “101”, “100”, and “110”, there are three entries, three being an odd number as well. Thus, one of these entries will be repeated or duplicated in one of the new tables846′ and844′ such that an even decode can occur and the movingmask bits844b′ and846b′ can be identical. For instance, in order for the first moving mask bit to be identical, both codeword tables844′ and846′ must have as a first entry the codeword “01”. Two different codewords, “100” and “101” at the second addresses of the respective tables,844′ and846′, decrease the search time, asymptotically approaching the factor of two (2). Similarly, two different codewords, “100” and “110” at the third addresses of the respective tables,844′ and846′, decrease the search table time. By decomposing in this fashion, an “even” table844′ and an “odd” table846′ can be viewed as having been formed.
• This one-mask embodiment inFIG. 40 would roughly double the speed in terms of search depth since the parallel tables844 and846 are each only roughly half as deep as table812 inFIG. 38, as well as matching the more often occurring codewords in tables844aand846atwice as fast. Furthermore, this design provides a simple, regular, low-cost (ie. the cost of one additional comparator) design.
• Another alternate embodiment of the present invention, shown inFIG. 41 and is very similar toFIG. 40, except that it includes two comparemask registers857 and858. Thus, this two-mask design can handle more densely packed, or less “padded” codeword tables854 and856, since, with two masks there is no need to advance at exactly the same rate through the codeword tables854 and856. This design allows either more codewords in the same table area due to the elimination of “padding” or reduces the size of the codeword table, but may be a bit more complex than that ofFIG. 40 as the reset logic will likely be more complicated. Furthermore, this design does not require much redesigning ofFIG. 38 as it is essentially two one-mask designs duplicated.
XIII. Interleaving and D-Interleaving Data Transferred Over the PCI Bus
• Referring now toFIG. 42, an expanded diagram of thePCI interface630 of the VCDU is shown to includedouble buffer1000. Thedouble buffer1000 includes a first buffer, buffer11004 and a second buffer,buffer21005. Data may be fed to thedouble buffer1000 from either VCDU memory35 (which receives frame input data from color decoder33), or from thePCI bus20. As such, the double buffer receives input control signals frommemory controller634 andPCI controller1190.
• As described previously,color decoder33 decodes incoming video data into YUV data. The YUV data is fed to the decimate and filter unit42 (FIG. 3) as described previously, and stored in VCDU memory for compression purposes. The YUV data may also be forwarded from VCDU memory to hostmemory14, for transfer to thegraphics controller26 for display on the CRT28 (FIG. 2) or other multimedia device.
• Note also thatFIG. 42 includes avideo capture unit1007. The video capture unit may be a USB video capture unit, for capturing digital data from USB digital camera. It is also envisioned that thedouble buffer logic1000 and associated control logic could reside in thevideo capture unit1007 for providing an optimized interface toPCI bus20. In fact, the advantages of the present invention may be utilized in any peripheral device coupled to an internal, host bus, as will be described.
• The dashed line inFIG. 42 indicates the demarcation between the timing domain of the VCDU and that of the PCI/host computer system. As mentioned previously, since both the VCDU and the PCI bus operate according to different timing requirements, synchronization of data transfers between the two domains must be provided in order to ensure coherent data transfer.
• As described above, video data is received in interleaved 4:2:2 format, and translated into 4:2:0 format by the decimate and filter unit for use by the VCDU. Interleaved 4:2:2 format includes 4 bytes of luminance information for every 2 pairs of chrominance (Cr and Cb) color information. The data is stored in planar format; i.e. blocks of Y, Cr and Cb data, in VCDU memory for use by the VCDU.
• The planar data may need to be transferred to other multi-media devices coupled to the PCI. If so, the other devices expect to receive the data in interleaved format. As such, the data must be translated from planar format to interleaved format for transfer over the PCI bus.
• Referring now toFIG. 43A, one block of planarformat input data1010 is shown. The block of data includes 64 bits of Y data, 32 bits of Cr data, and 32 bits of Cb data. Each byte of the input data is designated as <Bn>, with ‘n’ indicating the byte number of data input at that input bus byte position. This data block must be converted into the universal standard for PCI multimedia transfer of 4:2:2 interleaved format, in order to be compliant with multimedia devices coupled to the PCI bus. As shown inFIG. 43B interleaved, 4:2:2 format provides that two pixels of luminance ‘Y’ data are interleaved with one pixel each of chrominance ‘Cr’ and ‘Cb’ data within a longword. Interleaved 4:2:2 format may be required in littleendian form1012a, or in GIBendian form1012b, depending upon the requirements of the coupled peripheral multimedia device.
• As mentioned previously, the data that is fed to the VCDU by the decimation and filter unit is interleaved 4:2:0 format, shown inFIG. 43C, in which four pixels of luminance data share one byte each of Cr and Cb data.
• Therefore the input data, in block YUV format, must be translated into interleaved 4:2:2 format (either little endian or GIB endian) for transfer to multimedia devices coupled to the PCI bus. The present invention provides a method and apparatus for providing data conversion from block format to interleaved format while eliminating the prior art performance disadvantages incurred during synchronization by providing a double buffer design, where each of the buffers includes byte rotate logic on the input and output ports for providing the appropriate output conversion format.
XIV.) Format Conversion: Interleaving Block Format Input Data
• According to one aspect of the invention, performance is enhanced by performing data conversion ‘on the fly’ as the data is written into the buffers. This conversion process is accomplished via the input byte rotate logic1006 (FIG. 44) and the output byte rotate logic1003 (FIG. 44). By appropriately ‘rotating’ the bytes as they are input, the Y, Cr and Cb data may be placed in the appropriate buffer location such that, when they are read out, they may be read out in 4:2:2 interleaved little endian or GIB endian format. The output byte rotate logic facilitates the selection of either the little endian or GIB endian format.
• For example, referring now toFIG. 44, a conceptual view of one of the buffers,buffer11004 is shown. It should be understood that buffer2 is substantially identical to buffer1 and will therefore not be described in detail herein. Each buffer includes a 256×8RAM storage array1005. Eacharray1005 comprises 4 rows of a quadword of data. Each row comprises 3 wordlines; one each for accessing Y, Cr and Cb data. The buffer is a 2 write port, one read port memory device. The buffer memory is apportioned into an even bank (Bank0) and an odd bank (Bank1). The buffer additionally includes an input rotatestage1006 and output byte rotatelogic1003. Each rotate stage allows for receive bytes to be placed in appropriate locations of the bus to enable bytes to be written to or read fromarray1005 in a desired format. Thearray1005 and input and output rotatestage1003 receive control inp9ut from clock synch andcontrol unit1001.
• The buffer arrangement provides a number of advantages. Because the memory is double banked, and because there are two write ports, 4 bytes of data can be written during each buffer write transaction. Thus, the assertion of the appropriate row address and column addresses will cause the bytes to be written to the desired location. As a result, each longword of the block format data may be written to the buffer as it is received, without any added delay or buffering.
• For example, as shown inFIG. 43A, duringcycle1, the first longword of input data, Y<31:0> is received at the PCI interface of the VCDU. The results of the write duringcycle1 are shown bolded inFIG. 44. By asserting the ‘Y’ wordline forrow0 and thecolumn0 address, bytes Y<B0> and Y<B2> can each be written to the first byte position (Byte0) of each bank. Similarly, by asserting the ‘Y’ wordline forrow0 and thecolumn2 address, bytes Y<B1> and Y<B3> will be written to the third byte position (byte2) of each bank. The same arrangement applies to the Cr and Cb longwords. As they are received, the appropriate wordline for the row, and the column addresses are asserted to write the bytes to the desired locations. For example, the destination of thecycle8 write of Cb data is also shown bolded inFIG. 44.
• Accordingly,FIG. 44 illustrates the destination storage locations for each of the bytes of block data input to the buffer. Note that the format of stored data alternates from row to row. Inrow0, the data is stored in little endian format, while inrow1 the data is stored in GIB endian format. Such an arrangement allows for quick retrieval of video data in either format using only a minimal amount of logic.
• For purposes of explanation, the output byte rotatelogic1003 is shown to conceptually include a bank ofmuxes1013, with a pair of muxes for each pair of columns. The select for each multiplexer is driven by an exclusive OR1014 of the least significant bit of the byte address of the row and a FORMAT bit (which indicates that the data is to be fed out in GIB endian format), to provide a signal GIB_FORMAT. When the GIB_FORMAT bit is set, and the row address bit is a 0, the effect will be to swap the byte values in the column pair to provide GIB endian format data. However, if the row address bit is a 1, then the data is already in GIB format, and no swapping need be performed. Similarly, if the GIB_FORMAT bit is not set, then ‘even’ numbered rows will flow through without swapping, while ‘odd’ numbered row outputs will be swapped to provide little endian format data.
• Referring now toFIG. 45, a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment ofbuffer1004 is provided. Thus, in accordance withFIG. 44, writes to Y<B0> and Y<B1> will be asserted when there are writes to ‘odd’ banks, and writes to Y<B2> and Y<B3> will occur for writes to ‘even’ banks.
• The input byte rotatelogic1006 is shown in more detail to include a group of multiplexers1020a-1020h,for selecting the appropriate byte from the input data longword to be selected for writing to the desired cell of aRAM storage buffer1004. As mentioned above, the RAM storage array comprises 256×8 memory storage locations, apportioned into 4 rows of 4 cells of data, where each cell is double banked. The configurations of the three types of double banked cells are shown as double-bankedcell Y1040, double-bankedcell Cr1041, and double-bankedcell Cb1042.
• Coupled to theRAM storage buffer1004 is output byte rotatelogic1003, which controls the presentation of the output data as either little endian, GIB endian. Output byte rotate logic includes, for each byte of the output data, a GIB rotator1022a-1022d,respectively, coupled via a pair of series coupled transistors to the associated pair of output bytes (either C or Y, depending upon the format). It should be noted that the invention also allows for the data to be stored and retrieved in input block format by simply selecting the flow through path of the rotatelogic blocks1003 and1006.
• The control of the input rotate logic, the output rotate logic and the RAM array is performed by clock synchronization andcontrol unit1001. The clock synchronization unit receives as input a Burst Write Request from the VCDU (or other controlling peripheral device). It also generates a ‘Burst Read Request’ when read data is being returned from main memory to the VCDU.
• During operation, input rotatelogic1003 performs byte rotation of the input longword. Each input to each column of the buffer is fed via one of the 3:1 multiplexers1020a-1020h.The select for the 3:1 multiplexer is driven by a signal Swizzle Control <2.0>, provided by aclock synchronization unit1001. The select will vary depending upon what type of pixel data is being driven (Y or U/V) and an indication of whether conversion is to be performed. For example, if luminance ‘Y’ data is being driven incycle0, then the swizzle value will be a ‘0’, causingbyte0 to be selected for the Y<0> byte,byte1 to be selected for the Y<1>, etc.
• Once the data is stored, when it is ready to be forwarded over the PCI interface, the clock synchronization logic asserts the Burst Read request. Depending upon whether an even or an odd bank is being accessed, either ‘Odd_word_rd_en’ or ‘Even_word_rd_en’ will be asserted, causing the associated transistors to be enabled to forward the cell contents to the output rotatelogic1003. Depending upon the format of the data required by the PCI multimedia environment and upon the row being addressed, a signal GIB_FORMAT will be asserted. The signal Gib Format reflects the value of a register (not shown) in the PCI interface logic that is written with the expected format of the data by the multimedia device.
• Thus the conversion of data from input, block format to YUV 4:2:2 format is implemented using a minimum of hardware complexity. Because the CPU is not required to perform real-time format conversion on a per-pixel basis, CPU performance is improved. This allows for more efficient scheduling of the processor's compute resources. In addition, a higher bandwidth can be achieved because the overall data bandwidth of a software solution can easily be limited by the processing capability of the CPU. Performing this function in hardware eliminates the relatively slow CPU bottleneck.
• The above method can further be augmented to provide conversion and synchronization between two devices operating in different clocking by using two buffers having the above described design.
XV.) Double Buffer Operation
• Referring back briefly toFIG. 42, according to a second aspect of the invention,double buffer1000 provides the solution to the synchronization problem by allowing each of the buffers to be independently controlled by either logic in the PCI domain or logic in the VCDU domain as required. When video data is being fed into the VCDU, one of the buffers, buffer1 for example, may be used to store the incoming data. When buffer1 is full, control logic signals the PCI buffer that the data buffer1 is available, and the PCI logic is able to read buffer1 contents. At the same time that the PCI logic is reading the buffer1 contents, the VCDU may be writing incoming data to buffer2. When buffer2 is full, the PCI unit may retrieve data from buffer2. By alternating the control of the buffers as they are filled, and as they are exhausted, maximum data throughput may be achieved with a minimum of hardware.
• Referring now toFIG. 46, a more detailed block diagram of the inter-relationship between the double buffers and the PCI and VCDU logic is provided as described above each of these buffers,1004 and1005, stores eight longwords of data sent fromVCDU memory35 via memory controller634 (FIG. 28) for transfer over the PCI™ bus using DMA. The buffers are further capable of buffering data received from thePCI™ bus20 to be passed tomemory controller634. The double buffer configuration enables continuous transfer of data between thePCI™ bus20 VCDU memory, and hence increases the amount of data that the PCI™ controller can transfer during a given DMA data transfer.
• Referring now toFIG. 46, a block diagram is shown depicting the configuration of thedouble buffer unit1000.Ownership logic1180 is also shown receiving inputs from PCI™ Control logic1190 and theMemory Controller634 that are used to determine the ownership of each buffer,1004 and1005.
• A first aspect of thedouble buffer unit1000 is that afirst buffer1004 is written to while asecond buffer1005 is being read from, thereby eliminating the latency caused by having only a single buffer. In the case of DMA reads frommemory system14, thememory controller634 reads data out of afirst buffer1004 while thePCI™ controller1190 writes data into thesecond buffer1005. It should be noted thatbuffers1004 and1005 are interchangeable and therefore either buffer could be owned by thePCI™ bus20 or thememory controller646.
• In the DMA write case where VCDU is writing data to the PCI bus,ownership logic1180 determines thatmemory controller634 should acquire ownership of afirst data buffer1004 for data writes at the same time that thePCI™ controller1190 acquires ownership of asecond buffer1005 for reads. When either the memory controller is finished writing to thefirst data buffer1004, or when the PCI™ controller is finished transferring the contents of thesecond buffer1005 to the PCI™ bus,ownership logic1180 specifies that ownership of that buffer is to be exchanged. When ownership of both buffers has been exchanged, the PCI™ controller thereafter transfers data out of thefirst buffer1004 and the memory controller writes data into thesecond buffer1005.
• It should be noted that because buffer ownership may not always be synchronously exchanged, it is possible for both buffers to be owned by eithermemory controller634 or byPCI™ controller1190. For example the ownership of both buffers is given toPCI™ bus20 at the beginning of a DMA read operation since that is where all the write data originates for purposes of the data transfer tomemory controller634. When one buffer is filled with read data, ownership of that buffer is exchanged andmemory controller634 can empty it while the other buffer is being filled. Likewise, at the beginning of a DMA write operation, ownership of both buffers is given tomemory controller634 since that is where all the write data originates, for purposes of the data transfer toPCI™ bus20.
• Referring now toFIG. 47, one embodiment of a circuit for controlling ownership of one double buffer is shown and will be described with reference to timing diagram48. A second circuit (not shown) which is functionally similar to the circuit ofFIG. 47 is used to control ownership of the second buffer. It should be noted that for illustration purposes, the schematic diagram references each double buffer individually as buffer A and buffer B.
• The depicted DMA write operation begins at time T0 with signals PCI_OWNS_A and MEM_OWNS_B asserted, and signals MEM_OWNS_A and PCI_OWNS_B (not shown) de-asserted. At time T2,memory controller634 is finished loading buffer B with data to be transferred to system memory andcontroller1190 is finished emptying buffer A to the PCI™ bus. Therefore the device driver subsequently asserts signal PCI_BUF_RETIRED which causes the outputs ofgates1200 and1210 to assert. The assertion of the output ofgate1210 causes the output ofgate1220, referred to as signal A_XFER_TO_MEM, to assert at time T4.
• The assertion of A_XFER_TO_MEM resets the output of SR-flop1230 which in turn de-asserts signal PCI_OWNS_A at time T6. The output of SR-flop1230 is inverted byinverter1240 and input tosynchronizer1250 which synchronizes it to the PCI™ clock. The synchronized output of1250, passes through one-shot device1260 andgate1270. The output ofgate1270 asserts the output offlop1280 which, after passing throughbuffer1282, becomes signal MEM_OWNS_A at time T8. Thus, at Time T8 the memory controller has acquired ownership of buffer A.
• The transfer of ownership of buffer A back to thePCI™ controller1190 occurs whenmemory controller634 completely fills buffer A. Signal XFER_TO_PCI_A is asserted by two data paths. The first data path, referred to as signal START_DMA_READ asserts when a DMA read operation is beginning. The effect of this assertion is to transfer ownership of both buffers to the PCI™ controller because during a read operation, at least one buffer needs to be filled before the memory controller can operate on it. The second data path is comprised of a plurality of signals, beginning with signal A_BUF_EN. Signal A_BUF_EN is one of three inputs to ANDgate1302 which is asserted when the memory controller is actively using buffer A. Signals C_OUT_CB_H and INCR_MEM_ADDR are asserted when the address counter indicates that a full buffer was operated on. When all three signals are asserted, signal XFER_TO_PCI_A is asserted. Therefore at this point in the cycle , buffer A is owned byPCI™ controller1190 and buffer B is owned bymemory controller634. The cycle will repeat when PCI™ controller empties buffer A.
• It should be noted that signal RETIRE_BOTH_BUFFERS only de-asserts when the circuit is in a reset state or when the entire DMA transaction has completed. Upon de-assertion, ownership of both double buffers is passed to the memory controller anticipating that the next data transaction will be a DMA write. This is beneficial because at the beginning of a DMA write operation, thememory controller634 has to fill at least one buffer before the PCI controller can begin a DMA transfer of data.
• The double buffering of data between the PCI controller andmemory controller634 has the advantage of sustaining a continuous flow of data from VCDU to thePCI™ bus20, as well as from thePCI™ bus20 to the attachedVCDU memory35.
• In terms of the design of thedouble buffer1000, the duration of time formemory controller634 to access data and write it into a buffer is designed to be comparable to the time that it takes thePCI™ controller1190 to load the same data onto the PCI™ bus. This access time is complicated by independent operations of the PCI™ bus, such as operations which occur during retry cycles, which significantly extends the duration of the data transfer.
• Accordingly, the double buffer apparatus can be used in conjunction with the format conversion logic to provide fast format conversion across clock boundaries with a minimum of logic overhead.
XVI.) Data De-Interleaving
• As mentioned above, data is forwarded to the PCI bus for some purposes in interleaved format. This data may be either forwarded to another multimedia device for immediate display, or stored in a file for later processing. In addition, interleaved data may be input from other sources, besides cameras or video devices such ascolor decoder33, such as over a network in the form of a file of interleaved data. At some point the data may need to be processed by the VCDU, which, as described previously, handles data in a planarized, ‘block’ format. As such, the data must be ‘de-interleaved’, for handling by the FMU and other devices.
• Referring now toFIG. 49, a block diagram of ade-interleaving buffer1350 is shown to include 4 rows of data. Each row stores 256 bits of data, although for illustration purposes only the first 32 of each row are shown here. Each row of data stores the pixel data in groups of pixel components in 4:2:2 format. Each 4 bit pixel group of Y0 Cr Y1 Cb values is hereinafter referred to as a ‘4-tuple’. The input data is received over the PCI bus in the format of a vector of 4-tuples Y0[O:N], Cr[0:N]Y1[0:N]Cb[0:N], where, using a 32 bit PCI bus, N=7.
• The de-interleaving buffer is controlled by control signals from the PCI interface logic and from the VCDU functional units as will be described later herein.
• When a write is performed to the de-interleaving buffer, all four elements of the 4-tuple are written to one of the four entries in a RAM row sequentially (although it should be noted that the logic may easily be modified by one of skill in the art to allow for virtually simultaneous updates to each of the 4 entries). A distinguishing characteristic of the RAM cell design is that there are multiple RAM cells in one bit pitch. In this embodiment, each RAM cell comprises 4 wordlines, only one of which may be asserted at any given time, and each of which is triggered off of the row address. In addition, each cell includes multiple bit lines, two each (a high and low asserted version) for each of the Y0, Y1, Cr and Cb input signals. A bit-line will only be asserted if that appropriate type of data is to be written during the write operation. Thus data is updated in the RAM cell as a function of not only the address of the bit in the array, but also the type of the data which is being addressed that cycle.
• By controlling reads and writes to the memory array as a function of the type of the data, that the overall control of the circuit is simplified and is suited ideally for the video compression application. In addition, the size of the memory cell is comparable to standard RAM cell designs. In addition, the number of read operations that must be performed to retrieve the desired data is reduced.
• For example, referring now toFIG. 50, and example embodiment of aRAM array1350 that uses the data type as the address to retrieve data is provided.
• Array1350 is shown to includewrite logic1352,storage logic1354, and readlogic1356. The input data path, here described as received from a PCI bus, provides 32 bits of information for a write operation, comprising 8 bits of Y0, 8 bits of Y1, 8 bits of Cr and 8 bits of Cb data. The input data is received as a series of bit vectors in the form Y0[0:N]Cr[0:N]Y1[0:N]Cb[0:N]. Thewrite control logic1352 operates to store the data in the form Y0[0]<0>Y1[0]<0>Cr[0]<0>Cb[0]<0<. With such an arrangement, data may easily be retrieved for those applications that desire 4:2:2 format.
• However, the above arrangement of write data also allows data to be retrieved in planar format for later processing by other elements in the VCDU. The desired output would be avector 64 bits of luminance data or 64 bits of chrominance data. Retrieving the data in large blocks rather than in the 4:2:0 format allows for the processing unit to separately process the different types of color information as desired.
• Storage logic1354 is further apportioned into 8sub-arrays1354a-1354h,where each row of eachsub-array stores 8 4-tuples of pixel data information. Associated with each sub-array is a write-mux unit such asunit1352aand aread mux unit1356a. The operation and layout of each of the units and the sub-array will now be described with reference to a typical read and write operation.
• During a write operation, as mentioned above the input data is received as a series of bit vectors in the form Y0[0:7] Cr[0:7] Y1 [0:7] Cb [0:7]. As shown inwrite_mux block1352a, the Y0 and Y1 bit values are forwarded on respective bit lines through thewrite_mux unit1352. The propagation of these values through the mux is controlled by the Y0_WRT_EN and Y1_WRT_EN signals respectively. These signals are sourced by thebuffer controller1344 in response to write signals received from the PCI bus in accordance with the PCI protocol. In addition, these signals are controlled in response to the type of data that is being updated during this transaction. During normal operation, as described above, a vector of Y0, Y1, Cr and Cb data is received for each PCI cycle. However, there may occur instances when data is fed to the buffer in planar format. As such, some of the write enable signals would not be asserted during that transaction.
• The Cr and Cb signals are similarly forwarded through thewrite_mux1352a, and passed in response to signals CR_WRT_EN and CB_WRT_EN respectively. Note that, if the enable signals for any of the signals are not asserted, the bit lines output from the mux will similarly not be able to be asserted. These output signals from thewrite_mux1352 are then forwarded to theirrespective arrays1354.
• An example of one bit of one of the sub-arrays1354ais shown in exploded view to include aprecharge stage1360 for sourcing current to bit lines1363. Before a read operation, thebit lines1363H and1363L are charged to a ‘1’ value by theprecharge stage1360. Four wordlines are shown, with one wordline for each row of data. During a read operation, a wordline is asserted. This allows thestorage nodes1362H and1362L to drain charge from theappropriate bitline1363H or1363L and thus produce a copy of the stored value on the bitlines. Before a write operation, thebit lines1363H and1363L are charged to a ‘1’ value by theprecharge stage1360. To perform a write, the data to be stored is driven on to the bit lines via thewrite control circuit1352a. When the word line is asserted, the storage node is forced to assume the value on the bitlines in the following manner:
• Ifstorage node1362H is a ‘1’bitline1363H is driven by1352ato a ‘0’, current will be drawn through the pass device onto the bitline and shunted to ground by the write control circuit. This will cause thestorage node1362H to assume a value of ‘0’. It'scomplementary node1362L will then he driven to a ‘1’ by the cross-coupled inverters in the storage cell. If thestorage node1362H is a ‘0’ andbitline1363H is driven by1352ato a ‘1’, then no change will occur in either1362H or1362L. The behavior ofnode1362L is similarly controlled. It should be noted that the operation shown with regard toarray1360 is a typical storage circuit known to those of skill in the art, and thus should not be taken to limit the invention as other variations thereof may be equally operable.
• When the data is to be read out of thearrays1360, the appropriate addresses is asserted, and the corresponding wordline also becomes asserted to drive the value of the storage node onto the output bit lines to theread_mux logic1356. An exploded view of one of theread_muxes1356ais shown to include simple pass inverters, with gates tied to the appropriate data type that is being written during the given operation. As such, the read may be conditioned merely by an address and data type desired.
• The above arrangement is therefore able to provide de-interleaving of video data at a decreased cost. Read operations are saved because desired large blocks of the desired data type may be retrieved in a given transaction without the need of extra multiplexing, thereby reducing the circuit area and decreasing overall compute cycles.
• It should be noted that the above arrangement should not be limited to addressing memory devices as a function of videotype, yet may be broadened to provide a method and apparatus for retrieving desired data based on any characteristics of the data itself.
• Thus an architecture has been provided that is capable of providing real-time two pass video compression. The architecture divides portions of the compression process between hardware and software in a manner that minimizes the amount of data transfer over the PCI bus while maximizing the strengths of each of the computational methods. For example, software is used to make encoding decisions and generate the quantization factor. In addition, software is used to translate tokens into bit stream values. By performing both the encoding and the quantization factor generation in the CPU, software is able to monitor the bits usage, and tailor the quantization factor to the requirements of the image. To provide these tasks in hardware would require complex arbitration protocols which would unnecessarily utilize semi-conductor area while removing the flexibility of the CPU to alter the encoding criteria based on performance needs.
• In contrast, hardware is used to perform the computational complex tasks of computing energy coefficients and performing block matching for motion estimation, and to encode each macroblock based on the encoding directives provided by the CPU. Encoding involves transforming the macroblock into the frequency domain, quantizing the results and transforming them into run level tokens. Although such a process could be performed in software, implementing the process in hardware saves valuable compute cycles, thereby increasing the overall performance of the system.
• The allocation of tasks also serves the important interest of minimizing traffic on the I/O bus. By minimizing traffic, the performance of other external devices, such as the display, is largely unaffected by the addition of a VCDU to the overall system.
• In addition, moving a portion of the compression process to software control allows for the motion estimation and motion compensation portions of the compression process to be pipelined such that two frames are always being processed at any given time. By pipelining the motion estimation and motion compensation portions high quality two pass compression can be provided. In particular, by providing a buffer scheme that allows B frames to be delayed, and executed whenever there is a free slot in the pipeline, two pass compression can be provided in real-time.
• Having described a preferred embodiment of the invention, it will now become apparent to one of skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating its concepts may be used. It is felt, therefore, that this invention should not be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but rather limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

Claims (20)

1. A method for performing motion compensation on video data comprising the steps of:

segmenting a first portion of video data into a first plurality of macroblocks, each macroblock comprising a plurality of pixels;

segmenting a second portion of video data into a second plurality of macroblocks, each macroblock comprising a like plurality of pixels;

comparing one of said plurality of macroblocks of said first portion of video data to each of said plurality of macroblocks of said second portion of video data; and

determining a macroblock of said second portion of video data which most closely matches said macroblock of interest in said first portion of video data.

2. The method ofclaim 1 which further comprises the step of calculating a motion vector, for each one of said first plurality of macroblocks, each of said motion vectors representing a change in position of said associated macroblock relative to said determined matching macroblock.

3. The method ofclaim 2 wherein the motion vector is calculated by:

calculating a first difference between the horizontal coordinate of a chosen pixel of said macroblock of interest in said first portion of video data and the horizontal coordinate of a corresponding pixel of said matching macroblock in said second portion of video data; and

calculating a second difference between the vertical coordinate of a chosen pixel of said macroblock of interest in said first portion of video data and the vertical coordinate of a corresponding pixel of said matching macroblock in said second portion of video data.

4. The method ofclaim 3 wherein the motion vector is further calculated by:

generating a plurality of motion compensated pixels of said matching macroblock by adding a vector comprising said first difference as its horizontal value and said second difference as its vertical value, to each pixel coordinate in said matching macroblock.

5. The method ofclaim 4 which further comprises filtering said pixels of said macroblock of interest with corresponding plurality of motion compensated pixels of said matching macroblock.

6. The method ofclaim 5, wherein said filtering is performed only if said macroblock of interest has a horizontal and vertical location different than a horizontal and vertical location of said matching macroblock.

7. The method ofclaim 5, wherein said filtering is performed if a cumulative difference of pixel values which comprise said macroblock of interest is different than a cumulative difference of pixel values which comprise said matching macroblock.

8. An integrated circuit performing motion compensation on video data comprising:

means for storing a plurality of frames of video data;

means for partitioning each of said plurality of frames of video data into equivalent sized macroblocks;

means for calculating a cumulative difference between pixel values of a first macroblock from a first frame and corresponding pixel values of a second macroblock from a second frame;

means for storing said cumulative difference; and

means for identifying a closely matching macroblock in said second frame of video data by determining the smallest value of said cumulative difference.

9. The integrated circuit ofclaim 8 further comprising:

means for calculating a position difference representing the difference between the position of any pixel of said closely matching macroblock and the position of a corresponding pixel of said first macroblock.

10. The integrated circuit ofclaim 9 further comprising:

means for adding said position difference to each pixel in said closely matching macroblock.

11. The integrated circuit ofclaim 10 wherein said means for adding generates a plurality of motion compensated pixels; and

further comprising filter means for filtering said pixels of said first macroblock with corresponding plurality of motion compensated pixels of said closely matching macroblock.

12. The integrated circuit ofclaim 9 wherein the means for calculating a position difference:

(a) calculates a first difference between a horizontal coordinate of a chosen pixel of said first macroblock and the horizontal coordinate of a corresponding pixel of said closely matching macroblock; and

(b) calculates a second difference between the vertical coordinate of a chosen pixel of said first macroblock and the vertical coordinate of a corresponding pixel of said closely matching macroblock.

13. Computer apparatus for performing motion compensation on video data comprising:

a segmenter segmenting a first portion of video data into a first plurality of macroblocks, each macroblock comprising a plurality of pixels;

the segmenter segmenting a second portion of video data into a second plurality of macroblocks, each macroblock comprising a like plurality of pixels; and

a processor unit responsive to the segmenter for comparing one of said plurality of macroblocks of said first portion of video data to each of said plurality of macroblocks of said second portion of video data; and

determining a macroblock of said second portion of video data which most closely matches said macroblock of interest in said first portion of video data.

14. Apparatus as claimed inclaim 13 wherein the processor unit further calculates a motion vector, for each one of said first plurality of macroblocks, each of said motion vectors representing a change in position of said associated macroblock relative to said determined matching macroblock.

15. Apparatus as claimed inclaim 14 wherein the motion vector is calculated by:

calculating a first difference between the horizontal coordinate of a chosen pixel of said macroblock of interest in said first portion of video data and the horizontal coordinate of a corresponding pixel of said matching macroblock in said second portion of video data; and

calculating a second difference between the vertical coordinate of a chosen pixel of said macroblock of interest in said first portion of video data and the vertical coordinate of a corresponding pixel of said matching macroblock in said second portion of video data.

16. Apparatus as claimed inclaim 15 wherein the motion vector is further calculated by:

generating a plurality of motion compensated pixels of said matching macroblock by adding a vector comprising said first difference as its horizontal value and said second difference as its vertical value, to each pixel coordinate in said matching macroblock.

17. Apparatus as claimed inclaim 16 wherein the processor unit further filters said pixels of said macroblock of interest with corresponding plurality of motion compensated pixels of said matching macroblock.

18. Apparatus as claimed inclaim 17 wherein said filtering is performed only if said macroblock of interest has a horizontal and vertical location different than a horizontal and vertical location of said matching macroblock.

19. Apparatus as claimed inclaim 17 wherein said filtering is performed if a cumulative difference of pixel values which comprise said macroblock of interest is different than a cumulative difference of pixel values which comprise said matching macroblock.

20. Apparatus as claimed inclaim 13 wherein the processor unit is part of a video compression decompression unit.

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