US20050267481A1 - Systems, devices and apparatuses for bony fixation and disk repair and replacement and methods related thereto - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention features new methods, apparatuses and devices for fixing adjacent bone segments, segments of a bony structure and adjacent vertebrate of a spine. The methods, apparatuses and devices utilize a new apparatus for forming a channel in a surface of the bone or bony structure segments or adjacent vertebra or a channel submerged within the bone or bony structure segments or adjacent vertebra. In more particular embodiments such apparatuses and methods including forming an arcuate channel and which channel can receive therein a curved rod or implant member, which also preferably is arcuate, and avoids the associated problems with prior cage or straight rod and screw systems. Also featured are systems, apparatuses and methods for repairing, replacing or augmenting the nucleus and/or annulus of a disc.

Description

• This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/512,134 filed Oct. 17, 2003, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF INVENTION
• The present invention generally relates to methods, systems and apparatuses for bony fixation and more particularly to methods, systems and apparatuses adapted for fixing the bones of the spine. The present invention also generally relates to methods, systems and devices for augmenting, repairing or replacing the nucleus and/or annulus of an intervertebral disk of a spine, such as the spine of a mammalian body.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Fixation or fusion of vertebral columns with bone or material, rods or plates is a common, long practiced surgical method for treating a variety of conditions. Many of the existing procedures involve the use of components that protrude outwardly, which may contact and damage a body part, such as the aorta, the vena cava, the sympathetic nerves, the lungs, the esophagus, the intestine and the ureter. Also, many constructions involve components that may loosen and cause undesirable problems, often-necessitating further surgical intervention. Additionally, limiting the success of these procedures are the biomechanical features of the spine itself, whose structure must simultaneously provide support to regions of the body, protect the vertebral nervous system and permit motion in multiple planes.
• As indicated above, spinal surgery for spine fusion generally involves using implants and instrumentation to provide support to the affected area of the spine while allowing the bones thereof to fuse. The technology initially evolved using bone chips around and on top of an area of the spine that had been roughened to simulate a fracture in its consistency. The area, having encountered the bone chips, would then proceed to heal like a fracture, incorporating the bone chips. However, surgical procedures dealing with the spine present notable challenges. For example, bioengineers have been required to identify the various elements of the complex motions that the spine performs, and the components of the complex forces it bears. This complexity has made it difficult to achieve adequate stability and effective healing in surgical procedures directed to the spine.
• One surgical technique provided by Cloward, involves cutting a dowel type hole with a saw across or through the moveable intervertebral disc and replacing it with a bone graft that was harvested from the hip bone. This procedure results in a fusion of the adjacent vertebral bodies and limits motion and mobility. However, as a result of the complex motions of the spine, it is often difficult to secure the dowel from displacing. Further, it has become apparent over time, however, that this particular technique does not always yield a secure fusion.
• Other techniques have been developed that involve the placement of various hardware elements, including rods and hooks, rods and screws and plates and screws. The dowel technique also has advanced over the past five years or so, with dowels being fabricated from cadaver bone or metals such as titanium or stainless steel. These techniques, whether using hardware, dowels or some combination thereof, have a common goal to enhance stability by diminishing movement, thereby resulting in or enhancing the potential of a fusion of adjacent vertebral bones. For example, in one of these other techniques, the disc is removed and adjacent vertebrae are positioned in a stable position by placing a plate against and traversing them, which plate is secured or anchored to each by means of screws.
• In another procedure, cages in the form of two parallel circular or rectangular devices are made out of a material such as titanium or stainless steel and these devices are fenestrated. Bone is packed in the center of the devices that will heal to adjacent bone through each fenestration. In this procedure, the disc space is distracted so all ligamentous structures are taut and the bones are held in their normal maximal position of distraction. Because the cages are implanted in spongy bone, they are more likely to collapse the surrounding bone, thus resulting in loss of distraction and subsequently cage dislodgment.
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,235 reports a certain spinal fixation device and technique for stabilizing vertebrae. In this technique, a hollow screw is inserted into a hole, preferably a hole saw recess, in each adjoining vertebrae. A channel is cut into the vertebrae, which is lined up with corresponding axial slots in the screw. A rod is inserted into the channel and so as to pass through the axial slots in the screw. The rod is secured to each of the screws by means of a locking cap. The rod also is arranged so as to provide a bridge between the hollow screws in the adjoining vertebrae. Certain disadvantages have been surmised using such a device and technique. For example, it has become apparent that the trough in the vertebral bodies destabilizes some of the cortex of the vertebrae body wall, which is the strongest component.
• In addition to fixation or fusion of vertebral columns, the prior art also describes methods or other spinal repair procedures, such as discectomy wherein an artificial disc or prosthetic device is placed within the vertebrae of the spine. For such prior art methods and related devices, there have been short comings such as having difficulty in securing the prostheses within the vertebral space or resulting in significant modification or damage to the load bearing surfaces of the vertebrae in an effort to secure the prosthesis.
• Another method or other spinal repair technique involves augmentation of the nucleus of an intervertebral disk of the spine. The intervertebral disk is a flexible cartilaginous structure that is disposed between adjacent vertebrae. These disks form joints between the bodies of the vertebrae, which serve to unite adjacent vertebrae and to permit movement between them. These disks also play a role as shock absorbers when force is transmitted along the vertebral column during standing and movement.
• Each disk is formed of two parts, a central mass called the nucleus pulpsous (herein the nucleus) and a surrounding fibrous layer, the annulus fibrosus (herein the annulus). The nucleus has a semi-gelatinous consistency, which allows it to become deformed when pressure is placed upon it, enabling the disk to change shape as the vertebral column moves.
• There is described in U.S. Pat Nos. 5,047,055; 5,824,093 6,264,695; the teachings of which are incorporated herein by references, various techniques and/or prosthetics for use in replacing or augmenting a spinal disc nucleus. Given the structure of the disk and its location between adjacent vertebrae, it is not s simple task to access the nucleus for the insertion of such prosthetics or materials to augment the nucleus. One technique for accessing the nucleus contemplates using the defect in the annulus, however, in practice the defect usually needs to be enlarged to allow the insertion of the prosthetic. Another technique contemplates having the surgeon drill through one of the adjacent bodies using a lateral approach. This another technique relies heavily on the skill and dexterity of the surgeon not to damage surrounding tissues, nerves and blood vessels. Also, the holed formed by such drilling is not easily sealed because of its shape and configuration.
• Conventional techniques relating to fixation of the spine and bony structure rely in great part on the skill and dexterity of the surgeon to control the devices and instrumentalities being used to protect surrounding tissues, muscles, nerves and blood vessels from damage during the procedure. This is so because the devices and/or instrumentalities that the surgeon uses during such techniques, themselves do not provided the surgeon with a mechanism to protect the tissues, muscles, nerves and blood vessels surrounding the treatment or target area within the body from coming into contact with the device or instrumentality during the procedure. Consequently, the surgeon must use surgical techniques to relocate tissues, muscles, nerves and blood vessels from the surgical field, if that is possible, and for those which it is not possible, the surgeon must take care in the use of the device or instrumentality to prevent injury. It should be recognized that the surgeon while inserting and retracting or removing the device or instrumentality from the bony structure or spine must exercise such care to prevent injury.
• Thus, it would be desirable to provide a new apparatus, system and methods for bony fixation that enhances healing of the bone while providing structural support therefore. It would be particularly desirable to provide such an apparatus, system and method that would involve the use of open surgical or minimally invasive surgical techniques as well as a technique in which the implant burrows in the structure of the bone; more particularly a technique in which the implant burrows in the bone spine, traverses across the disk space, and ends in an adjacent or neighboring vertebrae or vertebras, providing limited or no protrusions. It also would be desirable to provide such an apparatus, system and method where the implant is retained within the bone without requiring external fixation including contour-varying external vertebral wall fixation as compared to conventional devices, as such a device would avoid many of the problems associated with conventional devices such as blood vessel injury, erosion into organs, as well as placement near nerves. It also would be desirable for such apparatuses and systems to be adaptable for use in a wide range of procedures and techniques, including but not limited to augmentation of the nucleus such as by use of prosthetics.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention features new methods, apparatuses and devices for fixing adjacent bone segments, segments of a bony structure and adjacent vertebrate of a spine. The methods, apparatuses and devices utilize a new apparatus for forming a channel in a surface of the bone or bony structure segments or adjacent vertebra or a channel submerged within the bone or bony structure segments or adjacent vertebra. In more particular embodiments such apparatuses and methods include forming an arcuate channel. Also the channel formed can receive therein a curved rod or implant member, which also preferably is arcuate, and avoids the associated problems with prior cage or straight rod and screw systems. Also featured are devices used in connection with such apparatuses and methods.
• According to an aspect of the present invention there is featured a method for forming a channel, an arcuate channel in adjacent bone segments, adjacent segments of a bony structure or adjacent vertebra of a spine, the bone segments, bony structure and spine more particularly being those of a mammalian body. Such a method includes positioning a frame assembly proximal the treatment or surgical site, securing the frame assembly to the adjacent segments of the bone or bony structure or adjacent vertebra and rotating a drill bit in fixed relation to the frame assembly to form the channel in the surface or sub-surface of the bone, bony structure or vertebra. In further embodiments, the method further includes mechanically engaging a securing mechanism to the frame assembly so that the frame is maintained in fixed relation by such mechanical engagement alone or in combination with the lateral stiffness of the securing mechanism.
• In more specific embodiments, the frame assembly includes a frame having a plurality of through apertures, each through aperture including a constricted portion and a plurality of securing members. Each of the plurality of securing members are driven through the through apertures and the constricted portion and into the bone, bony structure or vertebra at the site such that the frame is secured in fixed relation to the bone, bony segments or vertebra by the engagement of the constricted portion with the securing member and by the lateral stiffness of the securing members.
• In further embodiments, the method further includes attaching a drill assembly to the frame assembly so a drill bit of the drill assembly follows a predetermined path, more particular a predetermined circular path, in fixed relation with respect to the frame and moving the drill bit through the predetermined path while the drill bit is rotating so as to cut the channel. In more particular embodiments, the method further includes providing a pivot arm assembly having a pivot arm that rotates in fixed relation to the frame, securing a portion of the drill assembly including the drill bit to the pivot arm assembly and rotating the drill bit using the pivot arm assembly so the drill bit traverses the predetermined path, more specifically the predetermined circular path.
• Such a method further includes determining if the rotation of the drill bit in a first direction formed a complete channel or a partial channel and in the case where it is determined that a partial channel was formed, reconfiguring the drill assembly so as to be rotatable in a second rotational direction that is different from the first direction and rotating the drill bit in the second rotational direction to form the complete channel.
• Such methods further include locating and attaching an implant in the channel so formed and securing the implant therein using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art. In more particular embodiments, such a method include securing the implant to the bone, bony structure or vertebra using a plurality or more of securing devices, more specifically using a plurality of threaded members.
• Also featured is a system or apparatus embodying the frame, pivot arm assembly and drill assembly herein described. In addition there is featured devices or tools for use with such systems, apparatuses and methods to drive the securing members or the remove the securing members after the channel has been formed in the surface or sub-surface of the bone, bony structure or adjacent vertebras.
• In further aspects of the present invention, there are featured systems, apparatuses and methods for augmenting, repairing or replacing the nucleus and/or the annulus that embody the frame, pivot arm assembly and drill assembly herein described as well as other such systems and apparatuses described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,530 and U.S. Ser. No. 10/019,265 (the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference). In such systems, apparatuses and methods, the drill is rotated as described herein to form a channel or passage through one of the vertebrae that is adjacent to the disk to be repaired so that the nucleus of the disk can be accessed through the vertebral end plate. The size of the channel or passage formed can be controlled so as to provide the desired or needed amount of access for the surgeon to insert for example, the material or prosthetic into the nucleus as well as other devices or mechanisms (e.g., a patch) that can be used to form a seal or closure at the defect on the annulus. Such control is achieved for example, by adjusting the size of the drill bit to fit a given application. Such a disk repair procedure also can include sealing of the channel, passage or hole formed in the vertebrae using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art, such as for example, inserting bone or bony material into the channel.
• It should be recognized that the drilling apparatus, methods and systems of the present invention can be used anteriorally or posteriorally and so that the drill bit of such systems or apparatuses can penetrate or enter the vertebral body through the pedicles.
• Other aspects and embodiments of the invention are discussed below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
• For a fuller understanding of the nature and desired objects of the present invention, reference is made to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing figures wherein like reference character denote corresponding parts throughout the several views and wherein:
• FIG. 1 is a side view of a drilling apparatus according to an aspect of the present invention;
• FIG. 2 is one perspective view of the drilling apparatus ofFIG. 1;
• FIG. 3 is another perspective view of the drilling apparatus ofFIG. 1;
• FIGS.4A,B are various perspective views of the pivot arm assembly of the drilling apparatus ofFIG. 1;
• FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the pivot arm of the pivot arm assembly;
• FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the drill assembly of the drilling apparatus and a drive motor connected thereto;
• FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional side view of the drill assembly ofFIG. 6;
• FIG. 8 is a side view of the bit, bearing and drive cable sub-assembly of the drill assembly;
• FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of the drill assembly end including the bit, illustrating another exemplary bit;
• FIG. 10A is a side view of a nail removal tool according to one embodiment of the present invention;
• FIG. 10B is an end view of the nail removal tool;
• FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the nail removal tool mounted on the platform assembly of the drilling apparatus;
• FIG. 12 is a side view with a partial cut away of a nail drive tool according to an embodiment of the present invention;
• FIGS.13A-L are illustrations of the process for forming a recess in adjacent vertebral bodies;
• FIGS.14A-D are illustrations of the process for implanting or attaching a curved rod across the adjacent vertebrae;
• FIGS.15A-H are illustrations of the process for forming a through aperture in adjacent vertebral bodies;
• FIG. 15I is an illustrative view of adjacent vertebral bodies illustrating the fixed cutting depth aspect yielded by the drilling apparatus of the present invention;
• FIGS.16A-C are illustrations of the process for implanting or attaching a curved rod in the through aperture and across the adjacent vertebrae; and
• FIG. 17 is a side view of a drilling apparatus according to another aspect of the present invention illustrated disposed upon adjacent vertebral bodies.
• FIG. 18A is a perspective view of drilling apparatus according to yet another aspect of the present invention;
• FIG. 18B is side view of the drilling apparatus ofFIG. 18A;
• FIG. 18C is another perspective view from a different perspective of the drilling apparatus ofFIG. 18A.;
• FIG. 19A is a perspective view of a portion of a spine on which is mounted a drilling apparatus of the present invention for creating a channel, passage or hole for a disk repair procedure;
• FIG. 19B is a perspective view of the portion of the spine illustrating the channel, passage or hole through an adjacent vertebrae allowing access to the nucleus; and
• FIG. 20 is a flow diagram briefly describing a disk repair procedure according to the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
• Referring now to the various figures of the drawing wherein like reference characters refer to like parts, there is shown inFIGS. 1-3 various views of adrilling apparatus100 according to an aspect of the present invention that is generally comprised of aplatform assembly200, apivot arm assembly300 anddrill assembly400. As hereinafter described in more detail, thepivot arm assembly300 is removably secured to theplatform assembly200 and the platform assembly is removably secured to the bone or bony structure so as to maintain the pivot point of the pivot arm assembly in general fixed relation to the bone or bony structure. Thedrill assembly400 is removably secured to thepivot arm assembly300 so as to maintain the end of the drill assembly including thebit410 or drill end in fixed relation with respect to thepivot arm302 of the pivot arm assembly. Consequently, as thepivot arm302 is rotated about the pivot point, thebit410 follows a predetermined arcuate, curved or circular path in the bone or bony structure as defined by the length of the pivot arm.
• For purposes of illustrating thedrilling apparatus100 of the present invention, reference hereinafter is generally made to the structure and structural features or elements of a mammalian spine, however, this shall not be construed as limiting the use and application of the drilling apparatus of the present invention to these applications. It is contemplated and as such within the scope of the present invention to adapt the drilling apparatus of the present invention and the methods related thereto so the drilling apparatus is used so as to form grooves or arcuate passages in bones or bony structures of the mammalian body in which grooves is received a curved rod or other member as is hereinafter described thereby stabilizing and/supporting the bone or bony structure.
• Theplatform assembly200 includes aframe202, a plurality of first path guards204 and a mechanism for securing the frame to the bone or bony structure. In the illustrated embodiment, the securing mechanism comprises a plurality ofnail members206 that each pass respectively through each of theframe202 and the first path guards and so as to be disposed in the bone or bony structure as herein described. In further embodiments, and as hereinafter described, theplatform assembly200 can further include asecond path guard204b, in cases where thedrilling apparatus100 is used to form a groove or recess in an outer surface of the bone or bony structure thereby providing a protective structure between the moving androtating drill bit410 and the tissues or other structures or features of the mammalian body (e.g., nerves, blood vessels) that are proximal the bone or bony structure outer surface.
• Theframe202 is configured and arranged so as to form an essentially rigid structure and frame work to which thepivot arm assembly300 is removable attached and at least one and more particularly two throughpassages210 that communicate with a corresponding passage in the first path guards204. The throughpassages210 and the corresponding passage in the first path guards204 are each configured and arranged so as to allow theouter tube member402 of the drill assembly to pass there through as thepivot arm302 is being rotated or pivoted about the pivot point. Theframe202 is composed of any one of number of materials known to those skilled in the art that is appropriate for the intended use and the anticipated structural loads that can be imposed during use. In an exemplary embodiment, theframe202 is made from stainless steel such as a stainless steel bar stock.
• The first path guards204 are secured to theframe202 so as to extend downwardly from abottom surface210btherefrom. Each of the first path guards204 are arranged so as to include a generally centrally located through passage, through which theouter tube member402 and thedrill bit410 or burr of thedrill assembly400 are passed. In addition, each of the first path guards204 are configured and arranged so as to include a plurality of throughpassages220, one for each of thenail members206. Each of the nail member throughpassages220 also are preferably formed in the first guard member so as to present constricted holes that firmly grab the nail member within the corresponding through passage. In this way, the gripping action of the through passages and the lateral stiffness of thenail members206 provides a mechanism for supporting and fixing theframe202, and in turn the pivot point's relation with respect to the bone, bony structure or spine. In use, each of thenail members206 are passed through the throughaperture208 in theframe202 and driven through the throughpassage220 of thefirst path guard204.
• In more particular embodiments, each throughpassage220 is configured and arranged so that the passages are over sized with respect to the diameter of thenail members206 and a portion of the through passage forms a land or raised region comprising a constriction region. More particularly, the constricted region is located above or from the lower end of the through passage such that the pointed ends of eachnail member206 are not exposed when thenail members206 are initially pressed into theplatform assembly200. In this way, each of thenail members206 are confined within thefirst path guard204 prior to positioning of theplatform assembly200 in the surgical field amidst vital structures or features of the mammalian body.
• The first path guards204 are constructed from any of a number of materials known to those skilled in the art that are appropriate for the intended use and so as to provide a medium that can form a protective barrier between the drill path and the tissues including nerves and blood vessels that are proximal the site of the bone, bony structure or spine to be drilled. In exemplary embodiments, the first path guards204 are made form a plastic material such as, but not limited to, polycarbonate. In further embodiments, the end of thefirst path guard204 proximal the bone, bony structure or spine is configured and arranged so as to include a soft conformal region that contact and seal against the surface of the bone, bony structure or spine. Alternatively, a conformable material may be disposed in the space, if any, between the base or bottom surface of eachfirst path guard204 and the opposing surface of the bone, bony structure or spine (e.g., vertebral cortex).
• Thenail members206 are configured and arranged so that each extends from atop surface210aof theframe200, through the frame and thefirst path guard204 and a sufficient distance into the bone, bony structure or spine to fix and secure the frame thereto. In addition, each of thenail members206 also is configured and arranged so at least a portion thereof has a diameter that is set so that this portion of the nail member is gripped within the constricted region of the throughpassage220 of the first path guards204 as herein described.
• Each of thenail members206 includes ahead portion230 and ashaft portion232 one end of which is mechanically coupled to the head portion using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art that yields a nail member that is capable of being driven into the bone, bony structure or spine and removed therefrom. In further embodiments, thenail member206 is formed such that thehead portion230 is integral with theshaft portion232. In particular embodiments, thehead portion230 is configured and arranged so as to allow thenail member206 to be driven through and into the bone, bony structure or spine and later removed therefrom. In further embodiments, thehead portion230 is further configured so as to include a through aperture or hole extending generally laterally or radially through the head portion, the through aperture being configured to receive one or more suture lines therein for interoperative locating.
• The other end of theshaft portion232 is configured so as to form a pointed end that is appropriately configured and shaped for insertion into the bone, bony structure or spine and for securing the pointed end and a portion of the shaft member in such bone, bony structure or spine. In illustrative embodiments, the pointed end is configured to form a non-cutting pencil point end that wedges the end into the bone, bony structure or spine.
• In the illustrated embodiment, fournail members206 are driven through each of thefirst guard members204 and into the bone or bony structure or spine. This shall not be construed as a limitation as the number and placement of the nail members is not so particularly limited as each end of theframe202 can be secured to the bone or bony structure using one or more and more particularly two ormore nail members206. It also should be recognized that other mechanisms known to those skilled in the art, such as screws or threaded devices, are contemplated for use with the present invention.
• Each of thenail members206 is composed of any one of number of materials known to those skilled in the art that is appropriate for the intended use and the anticipated structural loads that can be imposed during use. In an exemplary embodiment, thenail member206 is made from a metal such as stainless steel.
• Referring now also toFIGS. 4-5, thepivot arm assembly300 includes a radial arm orpivot arm302, apivot pin bracket304 and apivot pin306. Thepivot pin bracket304 includesside plates310 andfinger pads312 that are secured to the side plates, where the pivot pin extends between the side plates. Thepivot pin306 is received within anaperture320 in the pivot arm such that the pivot arm can rotate about apivot axis321.
• Thepivot pin bracket304, more particularly theside plates310 thereof, is generally configured and arranged so as to secure thepivot arm assembly300 to theplatform assembly200 so as to prevent the disengagement of the pivot arm assembly and correspondingly thedrill assembly400 from the platform assembly when it is being rotated from the fully retracted position of the pivot arm. More particularly, the side plates thereof are configured and arranged such that the bracket can be removed from theplatform assembly200 when the pivot arm is in the fully retracted position.
• In particular embodiments, theside plates310 are configured so as to form spring members that can slide in mating grooves provided on opposing inside surfaces of theplatform assembly frame202. In addition, theside plates310 further include binding head screws that engage complimentary holes within the mating grooves to lock thepivot pin bracket304 in place. Afinger pad312 is secured to an end of each side plate so as to facilitate placement and removal of thepivot pin bracket304 in the platform assembly. In illustrative embodiments, thefinger pads312 are configured with so as to includeconcavities313 that the fingertips of the user can engage to thereby facilitate placement and removal of thepivot pin bracket304.
• Thepivot arm302 is configured and arranged so anend322 thereof includes anaperture320 so the pivot arm can be mounted upon thepivot pin306 such that it can rotate or swing about thepivot pin306. Thepivot arm302 also is configured and arranged so as to include amating portion324 that receives therein and mates with a feature of thedrill assembly400 so as to removably secured the drill assembly to the pivot arm. Themating portion324 is located distal from theend322 of thepivot arm302 that is mounted upon thepivot pin306. Also, the length of thepivot arm304, more particularly the distance between thepivot axis321 and themating portion324, establishes or controls the radius of curvature of the hole or recess being formed in the bone, bony structure or spine by the rotation of the pivot arm. It should be noted that this radius of curvature or diameter is different from the diameter of the hole or recess formed by therotating drill bit410 or bur. As such, it is contemplated thatpivot arms302 will be provided that have lengths set that are appropriate for the given geometry and physical make-up of the mammalian body.
• Theplatform assembly200 andpivot arm assembly300 of the present invention advantageously creates a mechanism that allows tissue, muscle, blood vessels (e.g., aorta) and nerves to pass under and around the platform assembly and also to localize the drilling elements of thedrill assembly400 within the structure of the platform assembly. In addition, thepivot arm assembly300 in combination with the platform assembly provides a mechanism to control the radial movement or radial motion of the drilling elements of thedrill assembly400 from their insertion into the bone or bony structure as well as the retraction from the bone or bony structure such that the drilling elements traverse a specific radius of curvature during such insertion and retraction. In this way, the drilling apparatus of the present invention also controls the maximum depth within the bone or bony structure the drilling elements can attain during use. Thus, and in contrast to conventional techniques, devices and instrumentalities, thedrilling apparatus100 of the present invention provides a mechanism that protects tissues, blood vessels and nerves from damage while the drilling elements of thedrill assembly400 are being inserted into and withdrawn from the bone or bony structure as well as assuring that the drilling elements will follow a generally fixed path such that the drilling elements do not come into contact with nor damage the tissues, blood vessels and nerves proximal to and surrounding the bone or bony structure while the hole or recess is being formed in the bone or bony structure. Consequently, thedrilling apparatus100 of the present invention minimizes the potential for damage without having to rely solely on the dexterity or skill of the surgeon, as is done with conventional techniques and devices.
• In further embodiments, at least a segment or a part of themating portion324 is configured and arranged so as to complement the shape of the drive assembly feature being received therein. For example, and as illustrated, a portion or part of the key404 of the drill assembly is configured so as to be polygonal in shape and themating portion324 is configured so as to include a polygonal shaped recess for receiving therein the hexagonal surfaces of the key. Such polygonal shapes includes but are not limited to a square, triangular, rectangular or hexagonal shapes.
• In yet further embodiments, thepivot arm302 is configured and arranged so as to include afinger grip326 at or proximal and end of the pivot arm that is opposite to theend322 mounted upon thepivot pin306. Thefinger grip326 presents a structural element or feature that is configured to allow the thumb and/or fingers of the user to grasp the finger grip so as to thereby control rotation of the pivot arm and to also control the drilling pressure (i.e., pressure being exerted by thedrill bit410 on the bone or bony structure while drilling the hole or recess therein). In illustrated embodiments, thefinger grip326 presents a small tab having bilateral concavities that allow the finger tips to grasp it or a through aperture.
• Each of thepivot arm302,pivot pin306,side plates310 andfinger pads312 is composed of any one of number of materials known to those skilled in the art that is appropriate for the intended use and the anticipated structural loads that can be imposed during use. In an exemplary embodiment, any one or more of the foregoing elements of thepivot arm assembly300 is made from a metal such as stainless steel.
• Referring now also toFIGS. 6-7 there is shown a perspective view and a cross-sectional view ofdrill assembly400 of the present invention. There also are shown inFIGS. 8-9 various views of portions or segments of such a drill assembly and/or embodiments thereof. Thedrill assembly400 generally forms a curved structure, more particularly a curved tubular structure, that is attached to thepivot arm302 as herein described and which thus swings around the pivot point or pivotaxis321. In use, thedrill bit410 rotates about its axis while this axis is held tangent to and swept along an arc of constant radius as defined by the distance between themating portion324 of thepivot arm302 and thepivot axis321. This movement results in or yields a toroidal hole.
• The drill assembly includes anouter tube member402, a key404, a flexibleinner housing406, adrive cable408, adrill bit410 or burr, abarbed fitting412, adrive adapter414. In further embodiments, the drill assembly includes a distal drive cable bearing416 and a proximaldrive cable bearing418. Any one of a number ofmotors20 or motor drive assemblies as is known in the art having sufficient power (e.g., torque) and rotational speed are coupled to thedrive adapter414 including but not limited to the Micro 100 (Linvatech/Hall Surgical 5053-009) or Blachmax (Anspach Blackmax-KT-0). Thedrive adapter414 is a swage-type of fitting that is configured and arranged so it can be swaged upon one end of thedrive cable408. Thedrive adapter414 also is configured and arranged so as to provide an input end arrangement that can be mechanically coupled to the output end of a variety of motors or motor drive assemblies or drills including those identified herein.
• Theouter tube member402 is curved to a predetermined radius of curvature so that the centerline thereof is a set distance from thepivot axis321 of thepivot arm302. The key404 and thedistal cable bearing416 are secured to the outer tube using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art that is appropriate for the materials comprising these elements or features. In exemplary embodiments, the key404 and thedistal cable bearing416 are secured to the outer tube member by brazing or soldering. In more particular embodiments, the distal drive cable bearing416 is secured to theouter tube member402 such that the outer edge of the outer race of the bearing lies in a radial plane from the pivot point, whereby the axis of thedrill bit410 or burr is arranged so as to tangent to the centerline of the arc of the outer tube member.
• The key404 is generally cylindrical in construction and serves to align and anchor theouter tube member401 to thepivot arm assembly300, more particularly thepivot arm302. As indicated herein, aportion405 of the key404 is configured so as to provide a surface feature, artifact or contour that complements at least a part of themating portion324 of the pivot arm. In the illustrated embodiment, theportion405 of the key404 forms an external polygonal feature that mates to the internal polygonal feature provided in the pivot arm mating portion. The key404 also is configured and arranged so as to be secured to the mating portion using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art. In an exemplary embodiment, a portion of the key is configured so as to include a external thread and a part of themating portion324 is configured so as to include a complementary threaded element or feature in an aperture thereof. In use, the key is articulated so as to threadably secure or lock the key404 to thepivot arm302. Other techniques for securing, such as brazing, soldering and adhesives are contemplated for use with the present invention.
• The key404 includes a through aperture that is coupled to the inner region or area of theouter tube member402. The diameter of the key through aperture and the outer tube member are set so as to at least allow the flexibleinner housing406 and thedrive cable408 to pass there through. The flexibleinner housing406 extends from thedistal end401 of theouter tube member402 to thebarbed fitting412. The flexibleinner housing406 is a generally tubular member of flexible construction, such as Teflon for example, for housing thedrive cable408. In particular embodiments, the flexibleinner housing406 is a small diameter tubular member (i.e., smaller than the inner diameter of the outer tube member) and is secured the key404 using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art, which are appropriate for the materials of use. In an exemplary embodiment, the flexible inner housing is secured to the key404 using an adhesive, such as a medical grade adhesive.
• Thebarbed fitting412 is secured to the end of the flexible inner housing that is opposite to thedrill bit410 using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art, which are appropriate for the materials of use. The end of thebarbed fitting412 being secured to the flexibleinner housing406 also is received within the flexible inner housing. In particular embodiments, thebarbed fitting412 is configured and arranged so the end being received in the flexibleinner housing406 is secured thereto by an interference fit. In further exemplary embodiments, the interference fit is augmented by use of an adhesive, such as a medical grade adhesive.
• The proximal drive cable bearing418 is disposed within thebarbed fitting412 in which is received thedrive cable408. In particular embodiments, the proximal drive cable bearing418 is retained within thebarbed fitting412 using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art. In an exemplary embodiment, the proximal drive cable bearing is secured to the barbed fitting using one of soldering, brazing or adhesives.
• The distal and proximaldrive cable bearings416,418 are any of a number of bearing assemblies known to those skilled in the art and appropriate for the intended use. In particular embodiments, the distal and proximal drive cable bearing416,418 are miniature ball bearing assemblies as is known to those skilled in the art (e.g., SR133zz MSC 35380799, 0.9375″ bore, 0.1875″ OD, 0.0937″ width, double shielded).
• In an alternative embodiment, the inner housing is a double curved inner tube of a fixed non-flexible construction. The double curved inner tube has two radii of curvature, the first radius of curvature involves all but the most distal section of the inner tube and the second radius of curvature involves a smaller portion of the inner tube. The second radius of curvature is set so as to bring the path of thedrive cable408 around so as to enter the proximal end of the distal drive cable bearing416 in the correct direction. In this way, the fixed inner tube can be configured and arranged so as to swing wide and make a turn to enter essentially parallel to the axis of an end fitting being swaged to the end of the inner tube. In this way, fatiguing of thedrive cable408 can be minimized and misalignment of the drive cable and the inner tube proximal the end of the inner tube can be minimized.
• Although specific embodiments are described herein for theouter tube member402 and the inner tube member or flexibleinner housing406 this shall not be considered as particularly limiting. The present invention contemplates adapting the present invention using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art whereby a cable is generally turned through a protected series of rigid or flexible cannulas or tubes such that a bit operably coupled to one end of the cable can turn at an end of the outer tube or cannula.
• Thedrill bit410 or burr is any of a number of cutting tools or implements known to those skilled in the art and appropriate for the intended use, speed and power developed by thedrive motor20 and the material to be drilled. In particular illustrative embodiments, thedrill bit410 or burr is a spade bit such as that shown inFIGS. 6-8, alternatively and with reference toFIG. 9, the drill bit is ahemispherical bit410a.
• Thedrive cable408 is a flexible cable that is more particularly comprised of a large number of smaller strands of an appropriate material, including but not limited to steel, stainless steel, and titanium, that are compound wound using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art so as to yield a flexible cable having the desired width, length, flexibility and strength characteristics. In a particularly illustrative embodiment, thedrive cable408 is a custom wound 1.8 mm (0.072 in.) diameter 7×19 left regular lay strand wound cable. In more particular aspects, thedrive cable408 is manufactured so as to be capable of being rotated or turned at a high rate of speed or revolution while maintaining its flexibility and such that right hand turning of the cable should not result in the unwinding or loosening of construction.
• In particular embodiments, the length (“Ldc”) of thedrive cable408 shall be controlled so as to maintain a relationship with the length of the portion of the drive cable (“Ldci”) that is disposed within the outer cannula orouter tube402 or correspondingly the arc length of the outer tube. In more particular embodiments, the relationship between the length of thedrive cable408 and the length of the portion of the drive cable within theouter tube402 satisfies the following relationship Ldc≦4×Ldci; more particularly satisfies the relationship Ldc≦3×Ldci, and more specifically satisfies the relationship Ldc≦2×Ldci. In more specific embodiments, the length of thedrive cable408 is set based on the particular application or material to be drilled. For example, the overall cable length is shortened or lengthened based on the relative hardness of the material in which the channel or opening is to be formed in the bone or bony structure. In further embodiments, the flexibleinner housing406 is configured and arranged so as to have a length that satisfies the foregoing relationships.
• Referring now toFIG. 17 there is shown a side view of adrilling apparatus1000 according to another aspect of the present invention that is illustrated being disposed upon adjacent vertebral bodies. Reference shall be made toFIGS. 1-3 and6-9 and the discussion related thereto for features and functions not provided in the following discussion. Such adrilling apparatus1000 includes aplatform assembly1200 and-adrill assembly1300.
• Theplatform assembly1200 includes aframe member1202 and a plurality ofpath guard members1204 and a mechanism for securing the frame to the bone or bony structure. As with the drilling apparatus illustrated inFIG. 1, the securing mechanism comprises a plurality ofnail members206 that each pass respectively through each of thepath guard members1204 so as to be disposed in the bone or bony structure as herein described. In further embodiments, and as hereinafter described, theplatform assembly1200 can further include a second path guard205, in cases where thedrilling apparatus1000 is used to form a groove or recess in an outer surface of the bone or bony structure thereby providing a protective structure between the moving androtating drill bit410 and the tissues or other structures or features of the mammalian body (e.g., nerves, blood vessels) that are proximal the bone or bony structure outer surface.
• Theframe member1202 and thefirst guard members1204 are configured and arranged so as to form an essentially rigid structure and frame work to which thedrill assembly1300 is removable attached and at least one and more particularly two throughpassages1205. Each of the throughpassages1205 are configured and arranged so as to allow theouter tube member402 of thedrill assembly1300 to pass there through asdrill bit410 is being is being rotated or pivoted about the pivot point. Theframe member1202 is composed of any one of number of materials known to those skilled in the art that is appropriate for the intended use and the anticipated structural loads that can be imposed during use. In an exemplary embodiment, theframe member1202 is made from stainless steel such as a stainless steel bar stock.
• The firstpath guard members1204 are secured to theframe member1202 using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art so that the throughaperture1205 extends downwardly towards a bottom surface thereof. As indicated above, the thoughpassage1205 in each of the firstpath guard members1204 are arranged so theouter tube member402 and thedrill bit410 or burr of thedrill assembly1300 are passed there through. In addition, each of the firstpath guard members1204 are configured and arranged so as to include a plurality of through passages, one for each of the nail members. Reference shall be made to the foregoing discussion for the nail member throughpassages220 ofFIG. 1 for further detail and characteristics of these nail member through apertures.
• Theframe member1202 also is configured and arranged so as to provide a mechanism for guiding thedrill assembly1300 such that thedrill bit410 thereof follows a predetermined arc or radius of rotation. In illustrative embodiments, theframe member1202 is configured so as to include aweb portion1210 that extends width wise along the circumferential length of the frame member. In further embodiments, theframe member1202 is configured and arranged so as to form a step region or a discontinuousradial region1212 at the ends of the frame member proximal thefirst guard members1204 so as to form in effect a radial stop.
• Thedrill assembly1300 generally forms a curved structure, more particularly a curved tubular structure, that is coupled to theframe member1202 as herein described and which thus swings around a pivot point or pivot axis that is defined by theframe member1202. In use, thedrill bit410 rotates about its axis while this axis is held tangent to and swept along an arc of constant radius as defined by the pivot pint. This movement results in or yields a toroidal hole in the bone or bony structure.
• The drill assembly includes anouter tube member402, a key404, a flexibleinner housing406, adrive cable408, adrill bit410 or burr, abarbed fitting412, adrive adapter414 andmoveable mount member1310. In further embodiments, the drill assembly includes a distal drive cable bearing416 and a proximaldrive cable bearing418. As indicated above reference shall be made toFIGS. 1-3 and6-9 for details and characteristics of thedrill assembly1000 not otherwise shown inFIG. 17 or described hereinafter.
• Themoveable mount member1310 includes a framemember mounting portion1312 and a drillassembly mating portion1314 that form an integral structure. The framemember mounting portion1312 is configured and arranged so as to be slidably mounted upon theframe member1202, more specifically theweb portion1210 thereof. Thus, motion of the framemember mounting portion1312 along the circumference of theframe member1202 causes thedrill bit410 to in effect rotate about a fixed point, the pivot point defined by the arcuate portion of the frame member.
• As with themating portion324 of thepivot arm302, the drill assemblymember mating portion1314 is configured and arranged so as to receive therein thedrill assembly key404. Reference shall be made to the discussion herein for the pivotarm mating portion324 and thedrill assembly key404 for further details and characteristics of the drillassembly mating portion1314.
• In further embodiments, themoveable mount member1310 is configured and arranged so as to include afinger grip1316 at or proximal an end of themount member1310 that is opposite to the end frame member1302. Thefinger grip1316 presents a structural element or feature that is configured to allow the thumb and/or fingers of the user to grasp the finger grip so as to thereby control movement of themoveable mount member1310, rotation of thedrill bit410 and to also control the drilling pressure (i.e., pressure being exerted by thedrill bit410 on the bone or bony structure while drilling the hole or recess therein. In illustrated embodiments, thefinger grip1316 presents a small tab having bilateral concavities that allow the finger tips to grasp it or a through aperture.
• In an alternative embodiment, theframe member1202 is configured and arranged so as to comprise two sub-members being spaced from each other. The two sub-members further include a slot or other feature in opposing surfaces of the sub-members, which slot or other feature extends in the circumferential direction. In this embodiment, theframe mounting portion1312 of themovable mount member1310 is configured and arranged so as to be received in and slide within the slot in each of the opposing surfaces. In this way, thedrill bit410 can be rotated about a fixed point defined by the circumferentially arranged slots in the two sub-members. The foregoing is illustrative of a couple of techniques for configuring the frame member1302 and the framemember mount portion1312 so thedrill bit410 can be rotated about a fixed point being defined by the structure of the frame member, however, the foregoing shall not be considered limiting as it is within the scope of the present invention to adapt the drilling apparatus of the present inventions so as to provide a mechanism by which the drill bit can be rotated about a fixed point and/or such that the drill bit follows a fixed path during the drilling process.
• Referring now to FIGS.18A-C there are shown various views of adrilling apparatus100aaccording to yet another aspect of the present invention that is generally comprised of aplatform assembly200, apivot arm assembly300aand adrill assembly400a. Reference shall be made toFIGS. 1-9 and the discussion related thereto for features and functions in common with the above-describeddrilling apparatus100 shown thereon and not more particularly provided in the following discussion or shown in FIGS.18A-C. Reference also shall be made toFIGS. 1-9 and the discussion related thereto for details concerning the removably attachment of thepivot arm300ato theplatform assembly200 and the removable securing of theplatform assembly200 to the bone or bony structure.
• Thepivot arm assembly302aincludes a radial arm orpivot arm302a, apivot pin bracket304 and apivot pin306. Thepivot pin bracket304 includesside plates310 andfinger pads312 that are secured to the side plates, where the pivot pin extends between the side plates. Thepivot pin306 is received within anaperture320 in thepivot arm302asuch that the pivot arm can rotate about apivot axis321. Thepivot arm302ais configure and arranged so as to include amating portion324athat is distal from theend322 of the pivot arm that is mounted upon the pivot pin. In further embodiments, the pivot arm includes afinger grip326a. Reference shall be made to the foregoing discussion forFIGS. 1-9 for further details of thepivot pin bracket304, thepivot pin306, and certain features of thepivot arm302anot described further below. Reference also shall be made to the discussion above for thepivot arm302 and thefinger grip326 for further details regarding the construction other characteristics for thepivot arm302aandfinger grip326 features not expressly described below or shown in FIGS.18A-C.
• The drill assembly includes a curved orarcuate member452, adrive cable456, adrill bit410 or burr, adrive adapter414 and a distaldrive cable bearing416. Reference shall be made to the foregoing discussion forFIGS. 1-9 for further details of thedrill bit410, thedrive adapter414 and the distal drive cable bearing416 not otherwise provided below or shown on FIGS.18A-C. Reference also shall be made to the discussion above for thedrive cable408 for further details regarding the construction, width and other features not expressly described below.
• As indicated herein any one of a number ofmotors20 or motor drive assemblies as is known in the art having sufficient power (e.g., torque) and rotational speed are coupled to thedrive adapter414 including but not limited to the Micro100 (Linvatech/Hall Surgical 5053-009) or Blachmax (Anspach Blackmax-KT-0). Thedrive adapter414 is a swage-type of fitting that is configured and arranged so it can be swaged upon one end of thedrive cable456. Thedrive adapter414 also is configured and arranged so as to provide an input end arrangement that can be mechanically coupled to the output end of a variety of motors or motor drive assemblies or drills including those identified herein.
• The pivotarm mating portion324ais secured to a portion of the drill assembly curved orarcuate member452 using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art that are appropriate for the use and materials used in the construction of these features. In a specific embodiment, thearcuate member452 is removably secured to the pivot arm-mating portion324a(e.g., mechanical fasteners, adhesives) and in other embodiment the arcuate member is secured to the pivot arm-mating portion (e.g., adhesives, soldering, brazing) so as to form an integral structure. In further embodiments, at least a segment or portion of the pivot arm-mating portion324ais configured and arranged so as to complement the shape of the portion of thearcuate member452 being received therein. For example and as illustrated in FIGS.18A-B, thearcuate member324 also has a curved or arcuate cross-section. Thus, the pivotarm mating portion324ais configured so as to receive therein a curved member having a curved or arcuate cross section. This shall not be considered limiting as thearcuate member452 can be configured and arranged so as to have any of a number of external cross-sectional shapes.
• As indicated above, thearcuate member452 forms a curved structure that is attached to thepivot arm302aas herein described and which thus swings around the pivot point or pivotaxis321. In use, thedrill bit410 rotates about its axis while this axis is held tangent to and swept along an arc of constant radius as defined by the distance between themating portion324aof thepivot arm302aand thepivot axis321. This movement results in or yields a toroidal hole.
• Thearcuate member452 is curved to a predetermined radius of curvature so that the centerline thereof is a set distance from thepivot axis321 of thepivot arm302a. In further embodiments, thearcuate member452 is a tubular like member having a portion of the tubular structure removed so thearcuate member452 includes a dished area ordepressed region453 in which is received thedrive cable456 as hereinafter described. In an illustrative embodiment, the dished area ordepressed region453 is generally curved or circular in cross-section as more clearly illustrated inFIGS. 18 A, C. This, however, shall not be limiting as other geometric shapes are within the scope of the present invention that do not unduly impair the rotational capability of thedrive cable456 when received in thedepressed region453. In further embodiments, the dished area ordepressed region453 of thearcuate member452 is sized and arranged so as to be capable of removably receiving therein thedrive cable456 and, more particularly so external surfaces of the drive cable are within an envelope or boundary defined by thedepressed region453 of the arcuate member.
• Thedistal end451 of thearcuate member452 provides a structure in which the distal distal cable bearing416 can be secured therein using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art that is appropriate for the materials comprising these elements or features. In exemplary embodiments, thedistal cable bearing416 is secured within the arcuate memberdistal end451 by brazing or soldering. Such a structure also provides a fixed point of attachment for thedrive cable456 such that that end of the drive cable and thedrill bit410 moves with the rotation of the arcuate member about thepivot axis321. In more particular embodiments, the distal drive cable bearing416 is secured within thearcuate member452 such that the outer edge of the outer race of the bearing lies in a radial plane from the pivot point, whereby the axis of thedrill bit410 or burr is arranged so as to be tangent to the centerline of the arc of the arcuate member.
• When drilling of an aperture or hole in the bone or bony structure is desired, the surgeon or medical personnel applies a force to thefinger portion326aso as to cause thearcuate member452 to rotate about thepivot axis321 and so as to cause thedistal end451 of the arcuate member to also rotate about the pivot axis. As the arcuate memberdistal end451 rotates through theplatform assembly200, thedrive cable456 also is drawn along with the distal end and also is received in thedepressed region453 of the arcuate member (e.g., as the cable passes below the platform assembly200). In this way, the rotatingdrive cable456 is caused to lie within thedepressed region453 while thedrive cable456 is disposed within the bone or bony structure as the channel or aperture is being formed in the bone or bony structure as hereinafter described.
• Thearcuate member452 according to this aspect of the present invention minimizes stress on the drive cable and reduces the amount of access required by the surgeon to perform the surgical procedure. The arrangement, however, also yields an apparatus that advantageously creates a mechanism that allows tissue, muscle, blood vessels (e.g., aorta) and nerves to pass under and around theplatform assembly200 and also to localize the drilling elements of thedrill assembly400awithin the structure of the platform assembly. In addition, thepivot arm assembly300ain combination with theplatform assembly200 provides a mechanism to control the radial movement radius or motion of the drilling elements of thedrill assembly400afrom their insertion into the bone or bony structure as well as the retraction from the bone or bony structure such that the drilling elements traverse a specific radius of curvature during such insertion and retraction. In this way, thedrilling apparatus100aaccording to this aspect of the present invention also controls the maximum depth within the bone or bony structure the drilling elements can attain during use. Thus, and in contrast to conventional techniques, devices and instrumentalities, thedrilling apparatus100aof the present invention provides a mechanism that protects tissues, blood vessels and nerves from damage while the drilling elements of thedrill assembly400aare being inserted into and withdrawn from the bone or bony structure as well as assuring that the drilling elements will follow a generally fixed path such that the drilling elements do not come into contact with nor damage the tissues, blood vessels and nerves proximal to and surrounding the bone or bony structure while the hole or recess is being formed in the bone or bony structure. Consequently, thedrilling apparatus100aof the present invention minimizes the potential for damage without having to rely solely on the dexterity or skill of the surgeon as is done with conventional techniques and devices.
• Upon completion of the procedure involving use of thedrill assembly100 of the present invention, and as described herein, thenail members206 are acted upon so as to remove each of the nail members from the bone or bony structure or spine. This removal can be accomplished using any of a number of techniques or devices known those skilled in the art. In particular embodiments of the present invention, and with reference to FIGS.10A,B, there is shown a side view and an end view respectively of a nailmember removal device500 according to the present invention. Reference also should be made toFIG. 11, which illustrates the removal technique using such a nailmember removal device500.
• The nailmember removal device500 includes ablock member502 and aknurled screw member506. Theblock member502 includes a through passage that extends lengthwise in the block member so as to form a saddle structure that can straddle and slide along side rails203 of theframe202. In further embodiments, theblock member502 includes a slottedpassage512 that extends from a bottom surface to a top surface of the block member and extends partially lengthwise to a surface of the throughaperture504 or hole that is formed in the block member. The slottedpassage512 also is generally sized so to allow the block member to slide past thehead portion230 that is sticking up above thetop surface210aof the frame, more particularly the side rails thereof.
• The threadedaperture504 or hole is positioned within theblock member502 so that it can be centered over one of thehead portions230 of thenail members206. In use, thenail members206 are typically driven into the bone or bony structure such that a bottom surface of thehead portion230 is proud of or above the frametop surface210a. As such a lower portion of theknurled screw member506 is machined so as to include aside pocket514 therein. Theside pocket514 is made in thescrew member506 so as to have sufficient depth (e.g., width) and length to accommodate the head portion coaxially therein. The bottom segment of thescrew member506 also includes a notch that extends generally radially to allow the nailmember shaft portion232 to be received therein and so as to be also coaxial with the screw member.
• In particular embodiments, when thescrew member506 is rotated in one direction (e.g., clockwise) theside pocket514 can be aligned with the slotted throughpassage512 and thus be ready to receive therein a nailmember head portion230. Theblock member502 is slide along theframe side rail203 until the head portion is contained within theside pocket514. After the head portion is disposed in the side pocket, the screw is rotated in the opposite direction (e.g., counterclockwise) thereby causing the screw to rotate in an upwardly direction drawing the notched bottom surface of the side pocket into contact with the bottom surface of the head portion. When the notched bottom surface of theside pocket514 engages the bottom surface of the head portion, continued rotation of thescrew member506 also causes the head portion to be moved upwardly. In this way, the pointed end of the shaft portion is withdrawn from the bone or bony structure.
• In more particular embodiments, theblock member502 and the slottedpassage512 therein are formed such that a portion of the block member is disposed over an end portion of the end rail of theframe203. This establishes a configuration whereby the pulling load is applied between two support points, thereby minimizing the potential for tipping of the nailmember removal device500 due to unbalanced force couples.
• As indicated herein, prior to use of the drilling capabilities of thedrilling assembly100 of the present invention, the nail members are driven into contact with the constricted regions of the first path guards204 and into engagement with the bone or bony structure or spine. This driving of the nail members can be accomplished using any of a number of techniques or devices known those skilled in the art. In particular embodiments of the present invention, and with reference toFIG. 12 there is shown a side view with a partial cut-away of a nailmember drive tool600 according to the present invention.
• Thedrive tool600 is a generally cylindrical member having ablind hole602 or aperture in one end thereof. Theblind hole602 is sized so as to receive therein ahead portion230 of anail member206. Thedrive tool600 is constructed so that an impact load, such as that imparted by a hammer, at theopposite end604 thereof drives thenail member206 disposed in theblind hole602. In further embodiments, theblind hole602 also is sized so as to generally prevent the tool from slipping off the head portion. In yet further embodiments, the depth of theblind hole602 is set so that the bottom surface of thehead portion230 remains a predetermined distance above the frametop surface210aso as to allow the head portion to be later received in the side pocket of thescrew member506 of the nailmember removal device500.
• As indicated herein thedrilling apparatus100 of the present invention is adaptable for use for forming recesses or holes in bones, bony structures or the spine of a mammalian body. The following describes the use of the drilling apparatus in connection with two different techniques (i.e., anterior approach and medial approach) for forming a recess or an aperture in adjacent vertebral bodies of a spine. Although the following discussion specifically refers to thedrilling apparatus100 shown in FIG.1 it shall be understood that the below described techniques can be used in conjunction with thedrilling apparatus1000,100ashown inFIGS. 17-18 as well as other embodiments ofsuch apparatuses100,100a,1000. Referring now to FIGS.13A-L there is shown a series of views illustrating the process for the anterior approach. Reference shall also be made toFIGS. 1-11 and17-18 and the discussion related thereto for features and functions not provided in the following discussion.
• The area of concern is exposed by a surgeon using one of a transperitoneal or retroperitoneal approach, as shown inFIG. 13A and a discetomy is performed at the level to be instrumented and immobilized. After placing a support (e.g., a femoral ring allograft) in the disc space, lateral stabilization is performed (seeFIG. 13B).
• Thedrilling apparatus frame202 is aligned such that it is vertical in an anteroposterior orientation and placed as far lateral as possible on the anterolateral aspect of the vertebrae across the operative level. Temporary placement pins700 are driven into the vertebral cortex to hold theframe202 in place while creating the channel or recess. In addition, the present invention contemplates the addition of asecond path guard204bthat extends between the first path guards204. Thesecond path guard204bis arcuate or curved having a radius that generally corresponds to the path of thedrill bit410. The second path guide204balso is configured so as to extend outwardly from the vertebral cortex so as to provide a barrier between the drill bit travel path and tissues, nerves and blood vessels proximal the site. Thesecond path guard204bis constructed of similar materials as the first path guards204. See FIGS.13D-E.
• When theframe202 is positioned in the intended fashion, thepivot arm assembly300 is located and secured within theframe202, thereby also securing thedrill assembly200 in the frame. SeeFIG. 13E. Thedrive motor20 or drive motor assembly is then secured to theadapter414. Thepivot arm302 is then positioned so the drill assembly/drill bit is in the starting position so the channel or recess can be cut. SeeFIG. 13F.
• Thedrill motor20 is started so as to cause thedrill bit410 to rotate at the desired speed and power, and thepivot arm302 is rotated about the pivot point thereby causing thedrill bit410 to rotate in a predetermined direction in a downward, circular path as dictated by the frame and the pivot arm. The resulting cut should be made immediately adjacent to the lateral vertebral surface. This cut is complete when thedrill bit410 reaches the disc space as shown inFIG. 13G.
• Once the first half of the channel is cut, and with thedrive motor20 turned off and/or disconnected from theadapter414, the pivot arm is rotated in the opposite direction to return it to the starting position, where thepivot arm assembly300 can be removed from theframe202. After removing thepivot arm assembly300 from theframe202, the pivot arm assembly is flipped to the opposites side of the frame and reconnected to the frame. In this way, a matching channel can be cut into the other vertebra adjacent to the operative level. SeeFIG. 13H. As with the first cut, thedrive motor20 is turned on and the pivot arm rotated so thedrill bit410 follows a downward, circular path. After the second half of the channel has been cut, the pivot arm is returned to the starting position and thepivot arm assembly300 is removed from theframe202. See FIGS.131-J.
• The temporary placement pins700 are removed from the vertebral bodies and theframe202 is removed from the operative site (seeFIG. 13K) and a standard osteotome chisel can be used to remove any remaining bone from the channel edges so that the channel is open to receive or accept the curved rod.
• Now with reference with FIGS.14A-D there is shown the process for placing, positioning and attaching or implanting acurved rod800, including those described in any of U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,530 and U.S. Ser. No. 10/019,265, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. Thecurved rod800 is positioned in the channel and secured to the vertebral bodies using interlockingscrews802,804 that traverse the rod and penetrate the vertebra at an angle that will avoid sensitive neurologic structures. The screws hold thecurved rod800 in place and stabilize the motion segment to facilitate healing of the bone within the disc space.
• Twolateral screws802 pass through the lateral holes of the curved rod and set on the lateral surface of the implant. The twoend screws804 are passed through the open ends of the curved rod and each is inserted until the screw head is contained within the hollow of the implant. The lateral and end screws are inserted using for example aCardan screwdriver806. As shown in FIGS.14C-D the curved rod is now securely in place in either of the recess (FIG. 14C) or a surface-mounted configuration (FIG. 14D).
• Referring now to FIGS.15A-H there is shown a series of views illustrating the process for the medial approach. Reference shall also be made toFIGS. 1-11 and17-18 and the discussion related thereto as well as forFIGS. 13-14 for features and functions not provided in the following discussion. As above, the area of concern is exposed by a surgeon using the appropriate technique and thedrilling apparatus frame202 is aligned such that it is vertical in an anteroposterior orientation and placed as far midline as possible on the anterior aspect of the vertebrae across the operative level. The pointed ends of thenail members206 are then driven through theplatform frame202 and the first path guards204 so as to be driven into the vertegral cortex to hold the frame in place while cutting the channel or through aperture. SeeFIG. 15A-B.
• Thepivot arm assembly300 is then secured to theframe202 and thereby also securing the drill assembly to the frame. Thedrive motor20 also is coupled to thedrill assembly300 via theadapter414 SeeFIGS. 15C. Thepivot arm302 is then rotated until thedrill bit410 and the pivot arm are in the start position, whereat thedrill motor20 is started. SeeFIG. 15D. The pivot arm is rotated so as to cause the drill bit to travel in a downward circular path thereby making cuts in the vertebral body. In the case where, the first cut does not cut a complete channel or through aperture, the pivot arm assembly is detached from the frame, flipped, reconnected to the frame and the cutting process described above is repeated until the rest of the channel or through aperture has been cut. See FIGS.15D-F.
• There is shown inFIG. 15I, a illustrative view of adjacent vertebral bodies with thedrilling apparatus100 of the present invention mounted thereon. As illustrated, the arrangement of thedrilling apparatus100 of the present invention is such that the drilling bit follows a fixed path established by the configuration of thedrilling apparatus100. In this way, a maximum or fixed cutting depth also is set or established by the configuration of thedrilling apparatus100.
• After the complete channel or through aperture is cut in the adjacent vertebral bodies, thepivot arm assembly300 and thedrill assembly400 are detached from theframe202 and thenail members206 are removed from the vertebral bodies and the frame orplatform assembly200 is removed from the operative site. As indicated herein, removal of thenail members206 can be accomplished using the nailmember removal device500 of the present invention. The above process yields a channel opening or through aperture in both vertebral bodies that can accept thecurved rod800. See Figs,15G-H.
• It should be recognized that it is within the scope of the present invention to cut a channel through or partially through one of the vertebral bodies. Thus, the foregoing process is adaptable for accomplishing this by limiting rotational movement such that a channel is not cut completely through one of the vertebral bodies.
• Now with reference to FIGS.16A-C there is shown the process for placing, positioning and attaching or implanting acurved rod800, including those described in any of U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,530 and U.S. Ser. No. 10/019,265, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. Thecurved rod800 is inserted into the channel and manipulated so that the curved rod is submerged along the midline of the vertebra (see FIGS.16A-B). Thecurved rod800 is now secured to the vertebral bodies using interlockingscrews804 that traverse the rod and penetrate the vertebra at an angle that will avoid sensitive neurologic structures. The screws hold thecurved rod800 in place and stabilize the motion segment to facilitate healing of the bone within the disc space.
• Two end screws804 are passed through the open ends of the curved rod and each is inserted until the screw head is contained within the hollow of the implant. The screws are inserted using for example aCardan screwdriver806.
• It should be recognized, and as taught in any of U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,530 and U.S. Ser. No. 10/019,265, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference, thecurved rods800 can be configured so as to include fenestration or surface artifacts that secure the curved rod within the channel without the retainingscrews804 are described above or in addition to such retaining screws.
• As indicated herein, the drilling apparatus of the present invention is adaptable for use in a wide range of spinal repair procedures including but not limited to a repair procedure for an intervertebral disk5 (FIG. 19A,B). Although the following discussion refers to thedrilling apparatus100 according to one aspect/embodiment of the present invention, it is contemplated that any of the drilling apparatuses herein described are adaptable for use to perform such a disk repair procedure. Also, it is contemplated that a disk repair procedure according to the present invention also can be accomplished using any of the devices, apparatuses or mechanisms described in and as taught in any of U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,530 and U.S. Ser. No. 10/019,265.
• Referring now to FIGS.19A-B, there is shown adrilling apparatus100 mounted/secured upon a spine, more specificallyadjacent vertebrae2,Step2000. Such mounting and securing is accomplished using the methods and techniques for doing so as described herein. Reference shall be made toFIGS. 1-9 and the discussion related thereto, for further details of the drilling apparatus not provided below. Reference also should be made to the process flow diagram illustrated inFIG. 20.
• In further embodiments, thedrill bit410 of thedrilling apparatus100 and related components are selected so that the channel, passage orhole3 in theadjacent vertebrae2 is sized so as to provide a desired access to the nucleus for carrying out the repair procedure. For example, thehole3 may be one size if a fluid or gel is to be injected into the nucleus, whereas it may be made larger if a prosthetic or device is to be inserted through the hole so as to reside in the area within the annulus for the disk nucleus.
• After thedrilling apparatus100 is so mounted, the surgeon would manipulate the drill bit so as to cause it to rotate and create a curved orarcuate hole3 in the adjacent vertebrae and into thedisk5,Step2002. Such a drilling operation advantageously minimizes penetration of the vertebral endplates. Also, the drill as it follows the predetermined curved or arcuate path penetrates the vertebral end plates at essentially a right angle, thereby creating a circular defect. In contrast, the straight drill used in conventional techniques would penetrate the end plate at an angle thereby causing a larger elliptical shaped defect. The near perpendicular access created by the drilling apparatus of the present invention also minimizes trauma and/or disruption to the natural nucleus material. In contrast, a straight drill would need to penetrate more deeply into the disc space to complete the access hole.
• In this regard it should be noted that while it is desirous to penetrate the nucleus of the disk, it should be recognized that it is possible that a portion of the annulus also may be drilled during the drilling procedure. Such an occurrence, however, shall not be construed as being unacceptable or outside the scope of the present invention.
• Following creating of the hole, thedrill bit410 is extracted or removed from thehole3 thereby allowing the surgeon access to the hole and thus the nucleus of the disk to be repaired. In particular embodiments, the surgeon would remove thedrilling apparatus100 so as to provide clear access to the opening formed by thehole3,Step2004. Thereafter, the surgeon would perform the particulars of the disk repair/replacing/augmentation procedure, such as but not limited to removing nucleus material (Step2006), delivery of the nucleus augmentation material, artificial disk and/or artificial nucleus (Step2008) and plugging of the channel, passage orhole3 made in the adjacent vertebrae2 (Step2010). The nucleus material can be removed using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art including but not limited to water jets, chemical agents such as Chymopapain chemonucleolysis, rongers and emulsification technology.
• Such augmentation material includes but is not limited to the devices, mechanisms and materials described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,093, U.S. Pat. No. 6,264,695 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,047,055 the teachings of which are herein incorporated by reference. Also, such delivery of the nucleus augmentation material, as well as such repair procedures, can include delivery and positioning of an annulus closure mechanism or device to seal or retain the artificial disc, nucleus and/or nucleus augmentation material or provide a closure for a defect in the annulus (such as but no limited to the devices described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,425,919 and 6,593,625, the teaching of which are incorporated herein by reference). As is known to those skilled in the art, when the annulus becomes damaged a defect is formed in the annulus that allows the nucleus for example, to cause the disk to bulge in a given direction. In addition, to delivery of nucleus or annulus repair and augmentation materials, it also is contemplated that drugs, medicaments, or other treatment materials can be delivered to thedisk5,vertebrae2 or other element of the body.
• The plugging of thehole3 is accomplished using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art, including but not limited to the use of bone/bone graft material. It also is contemplated that an arcuate rod as herein described also can be used to plug thehole3. Thus, the plugging of thehole3 becomes a relatively straightforward procedure. Also, the plugging should advantageously create a relatively smooth surface at the end plate and the load forces on the vertebral end plate will be perpendicular to the access hole. Such plugging is particularly advantageous as compared to some conventional techniques as defects in the annulus do not heal; whereas defects in the bone (e.g., the vertebral body) can be plugged with bone, metal, etc. and the bone heals around the plug.
• It should be recognized that the drilling apparatus, methods and systems of the present invention can be used anteriorally or posteriorally and so that the drill bit of such systems or apparatuses can penetrate or enter the vertebral body through the pedicles.
• Although a preferred embodiment of the invention has been described using specific terms, such description is for illustrative purposes only, and it is to be understood that changes and variations may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the following claims.
• Incorporation by Reference
• All patents, published patent applications, US patent application and other references disclosed herein are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entireties by reference.
• Equivalents
• Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents of the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

Claims (64)

1. A method for forming a channel in one or more segments of a bony structure or adjacent vertebra of a spine, said method comprising the steps of.

positioning a frame assembly proximal the treatment or surgical site,

securing the frame assembly to adjacent segments of the one or more segments of the bone or bony structure or adjacent vertebra; and

rotating a drill bit in fixed relation to the frame assembly to form the channel in the surface or sub-surface of the bone, bony structure or vertebra.

2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said securing further includes, mechanically engaging a securing mechanism to the frame assembly and to the adjacent segments of the bone or bony structure or adjacent vertebra, wherein the frame assembly is maintained in fixed relation by such mechanical engagement

3. The method ofclaim 2, wherein the frame assembly is maintained in fixed relation by such mechanical engagement and lateral stiffness of the securing mechanism.

4. The method ofclaim 2, wherein the frame assembly being provided further includes a frame having a plurality of through apertures, each through aperture including a constricted portion and a plurality of securing members and wherein said securing further includes:

driving each of the plurality of securing members through the through apertures and the constricted portion and into the bone, bony structure or vertebra at the site, whereby the frame is secured in fixed relation to the bone, bony segments or vertebra by the engagement of the constricted portion with the securing member.

5. The method ofclaim 4, wherein the frame is secured in fixed relation by the lateral stiffness of the securing members.

6. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising:

providing a drill assembly including a drill bit;

attaching the drill assembly to the frame assembly so the drill bit follows a predetermined path in fixed relation with respect to the frame assembly; and

moving the drill bit through the predetermined path while the drill bit is rotating thereby cutting the channel with the drill bit.

7. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising the steps of:

providing a pivot arm that rotates in fixed relation to the frame assembly;

operable coupling a drill bit to the pivot arm so the drill bit follows a predetermined path in fixed relation with respect to the frame assembly as the pivot arm is rotated.

8. The method ofclaim 7, further comprising the step of rotating the drill bit while rotating the pivot arm thereby cutting the channel with the drill bit.

9. The method ofclaim 7, further comprising the step of determining if the movement of the drill bit in a first direction formed one of a complete channel or a partial channel and in the case where it is determined that a partial channel was formed, detaching and re-attaching the drill assembly so as to be moveable in a second direction that is different from the first direction and moving the drill bit in the second direction.

10. The method ofclaim 8, further comprising the step of determining if the rotation of the pivot arm in a first direction formed one of a complete channel or a partial channel and in the case where it is determined that a partial channel was formed, detaching and re-attaching the pivot arm so as to be rotatable in a second direction that is different from the first direction and rotating the pivot arm in the second direction.

11. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising the steps of:

locating an implant in the channel; and

attaching the implant within the channel to the bone, bony structure or vertebras.

12. The method ofclaim 11, wherein said attaching includes securing the implant to the bone, bony structure or vertebra using a plurality or more of securing devices.

13. An apparatus for forming a channel or opening in one of adjacent segments of a bone or bony structure or adjacent vertebrae of a spine, comprising:

a base including a plurality of first through apertures;

a drill assembly including a drill bit;

a moving mechanism operably coupled to each of the base and the drill assembly for rotating the drill bit about a point of rotation and through at least one of the first through apertures;

a securing mechanism operably coupled to the base for securing the base, the securing mechanism be configured and arranged so as to mechanical engage one of the bone, bony structure or vertebra.

14. The apparatus ofclaim 13, wherein the base is configured and arranged so portions thereof proximal an exit of each of the plurality of first through apertures contact at least a portion of a surface of the one of the bone, bony structure or vertebra so as to form an enclosed pathway from a top surface of the base to the surface of the one of the bone, bony structure or vertebra.

15. The apparatus ofclaim 13, wherein the securing mechanism comprises a plurality of members one end of which is configured for mechanical engagement with the one of the bone, bony structure or vertebra.

16. The apparatus ofclaim 15, wherein the base further includes a plurality of second apertures extending between a top surface and a bottom surface thereof and wherein one of the plurality of securing mechanisms is received in a respective one of the plurality of second through apertures.

17. The apparatus ofclaim 16, wherein each of the plurality of second through apertures is configured and arranged so a portion thereof mechanically engages a portion of the one of the securing mechanism received therein.

18. The apparatus ofclaim 16, wherein each of the plurality of second through apertures is configured and arranged so the one end of the securing mechanism configured for mechanical engagement with the one of the bone, bony structure or vertebra is disposed within confines of the second through aperture before causing the one end to mechanically engage.

19. The apparatus ofclaim 13, wherein the drill assembly includes:

an outer housing being operably coupled to the moving mechanism for rotating the drill bit about the point of rotation and through that at least one of the first through apertures; and

a drive cable wherein an end of the drive cable is operably coupled to the drill bit and a portion of the drive cable is disposed within the outer housing.

20. The apparatus ofclaim 19, wherein a length of the drive cable (Ldc) and a length of the drive cable portion within the outer housing (Ldci) satisfies the relation:

Ldc≦4×Ldci

21. The apparatus ofclaim 19, wherein a length of the drive cable (Ldc) and a length of the drive cable portion within the outer housing (Ldci) satisfies the relation:

Ldc≦3×Ldci

22. The apparatus ofclaim 19, wherein a length of the drive cable (Ldc) and a length of the drive cable portion within the outer housing (Ldci) satisfies the relation:

Ldc≦2×Ldci

23. The apparatus ofclaim 19, wherein the drive assembly further includes a flexible inner housing a portion of which is disposed with the outer housing and in which is received the drive cable.

24. The apparatus ofclaim 19, wherein the drive assembly further includes a double radius inner member having two radii of curvatures, wherein one of the radii of curvatures is set so as to align the drive cable with respect to an axis of the outer housing proximal an end thereof proximal to the drill bit.

25. The apparatus ofclaim 13, wherein the moving mechanism includes:

an arm member;

wherein a first end of the arm member is rotatably secured to the base so the arm member rotates about a fixed point;

wherein a portion of the arm member distal from the first end mechanically engages a portion of the drill assembly such that rotation of the arm member about the fixed point cause the drill bit to rotate about the point of rotation.

26. The apparatus ofclaim 25, where the arm member includes a manipulating portion proximal a second end of the arm member being configured and arranged so a user can manipulate the arm member causing rotation.

27. The apparatus ofclaim 25, wherein the arm member is configured and arranged so be removably rotatably secured to the base when the drill assembly is in a retracted position and configured and arranged so as not to be removable from the base when the drill assembly is in other operable positions.

28. An apparatus for forming a channel or opening in one or more segments of a bone or bony structure or adjacent vertebrae of a spine, comprising:

a base including a plurality of first through apertures and a plurality of second through apertures, wherein the base is configured and arranged so portions thereof proximal an exit of each of the plurality of first through apertures is configured so the portions contact at least a portion of a surface of the one of the bone, bony structure or vertebra so to form an enclosed pathway from a top surface of the base to the surface of the one of the bone, bony structure or vertebra

a securing mechanism operably coupled to the base for securing the base to one of the bone, bony structure or vertebra, wherein the securing mechanism includes a plurality of members one end of which is configured for mechanical engagement with the one of the bone, bony structure or vertebra, and wherein one of the plurality of securing mechanisms is received in a respective one of the plurality of second through apertures;

a drill assembly including a drive cable and a drill bit operably coupled to an end of the drive cable;

an arm member being rotatably secured to the base and being mechanically coupled to a portion of the drill assembly so as to allow rotation of the drill bit about a point of rotation and through at least one of the first through apertures.

29. The apparatus ofclaim 28, wherein each of the plurality of second through apertures is configured and arranged so a portion thereof mechanically engages a portion of the one of the securing mechanism received therein and wherein each of the plurality of second through apertures is configured and arranged so the one end of the securing mechanism configured for mechanical engagement with the one of the bone, bony structure or vertebra is disposed within confines of the second through aperture before causing the one end to mechanically engage.

30. The apparatus ofclaim 28, wherein a length of the drive cable (Ldc) and a length of the drive cable portion within an outer housing (Ldci) of the drill assembly satisfies the relation:

Ldc≦4×Ldci

31. The apparatus ofclaim 28, wherein a length of the drive cable (Ldc) and a length of the drive cable portion within an outer housing (Ldci) of the drill assembly satisfies the relation:

Ldc≦3×Ldci

32. The apparatus ofclaim 28, wherein a length of the drive cable (Ldc) and a length of the drive cable portion within an outer housing (Ldci) of the drill assembly satisfies the relation:

Ldc≦2×Ldci

33. A system for forming a channel in one of adjacent segments of a bone, a bony structure or adjacent vertebra of a spine, comprising a drilling apparatus and a motor, wherein said drilling apparatus includes:

a base including a plurality of first through apertures;

a drill assembly including a drill bit, the drill bit being operably coupled to the motor

a moving mechanism operably coupled to each of the base and the drill assembly for rotating the drill bit about a point of rotation and through at least one of the first through apertures;

a securing mechanism operably coupled to the base for securing the base, the securing mechanism be configured and arranged so as to mechanical engage one of the bone, bony structure or vertebra.

34. The system ofclaim 33, wherein the drill assembly includes:

an outer housing being operably coupled to the moving mechanism for rotating the drill bit about the point of rotation and through that at least one of the first through apertures; and

a drive cable wherein one end of the drive cable is operably coupled to the drill bit, another end of the drive cable is operably coupled to the motor and a portion of the drive cable is disposed within the outer housing.

35. The system ofclaim 34, wherein a length of the drive cable (Ldc) and a length of the drive cable portion within the outer housing (Ldci) satisfies the relation:

Ldc≦4×Ldci

36. The system ofclaim 34, wherein a length of the drive cable (Ldc) and a length of the drive cable portion within the outer housing (Ldci) satisfies the relation:

Ldc≦3×Ldci

37. The system ofclaim 34, wherein a length of the drive cable (Ldc) and a length of the drive cable portion within the outer housing (Ldci) satisfies the relation:

Ldc≦2×Ldci

38. The system ofclaim 33, wherein the moving mechanism includes:

an arm member;

wherein a first end of the arm member is rotatably secured to the base so the arm member rotates about a fixed point;

wherein a portion of the arm member distal from the first end mechanically engages a portion of the drill assembly such that rotation of the arm member about the fixed point cause the drill bit to rotate about the point of rotation.

39. The system ofclaim 34, wherein the arm member is configured and arranged so be removably rotatably secured to the base when the drill assembly is in a retracted position and configured and arranged so as not to be removable from the base when the drill assembly is in other operable positions.

40. A system for forming a channel in one or more segments of a bone, a bony structure or adjacent vertebra of a spine, comprising a drilling apparatus and a motor, wherein said drilling apparatus includes:

a base including a plurality of first through apertures and a plurality of second through apertures, wherein the base is configured and arranged so portions thereof proximal an exit of each of the plurality of first through apertures is configured so the portions contact at least a portion of a surface of the one of the bone, bony structure or vertebra so to form an enclosed pathway from a top surface of the base to the surface of the one of the bone, bony structure or vertebra

a securing mechanism operably coupled to the base for securing the base to one of the bone, bony structure or vertebra, wherein the securing mechanism includes a plurality of members one end of which is configured for mechanical engagement with the one of the bone, bony structure or vertebra, and wherein one of the plurality of securing mechanisms is received in a respective one of the plurality of second through apertures;

a drill assembly including a drive cable and a drill bit, where one end of the drive cable is operably coupled to the drill bit and another end of the drive cable is operably coupled to the motor;

an arm member being rotatably secured to the base and mechanically coupled a portion of the drill assembly so as to allow rotation of the drill bit about a point of rotation and through at least one of the first through apertures.

41. The system ofclaim 40, wherein each of the plurality of second through apertures is configured and arranged so a portion thereof mechanically engages a portion of the one of the securing mechanism received therein and wherein each of the plurality of second through apertures is configured and arranged so the one end of the securing mechanism configured for mechanical engagement with the one of the bone, bony structure or vertebra is disposed within confines of the second through aperture before causing the one end to mechanically engage.

42. The system ofclaim 40, wherein the drill assembly includes:

an outer housing being operably coupled to the moving mechanism for rotating the drill bit about the point of rotation and through that at least one of the first through apertures, wherein a portion of the drive cable is disposed within the outer housing.

43. The system ofclaim 42, wherein a length of the drive cable (Ldc) and a length of the drive cable portion within the outer housing (Ldci) satisfies the relation:

Ldc≦4×Ldci

44. The system ofclaim 42, wherein a length of the drive cable (Ldc) and a length of the drive cable portion within the outer housing (Ldci) satisfies the relation:

Ldc≦3×Ldci

45. The system ofclaim 42, wherein a length of the drive cable (Ldc) and a length of the drive cable portion within the outer housing (Ldci) satisfies the relation:

Ldc≦2×Ldci

46. A method for gaining access to the intreverebral disc space, said method comprising the steps of.

positioning a frame assembly proximal the treatment or surgical site,

securing the frame assembly to adjacent segments of a bone or bony structure or adjacent vertebra; and

rotating a drill bit in fixed relation to the frame assembly to form a channel in the surface or sub-surface of the bone, bony structure or vertebra that communicates with the intreverebral disc space.

47. A method for augmenting the nucleus of a disk between vertebral endplates of adjacent vertebral bodies of a spine, said method comprising the steps of:

creating an arcuate preformed aperture in one of the adjacent vertebral bodies that extends through the vertebral endplate of the spine and into the nucleus of the disk;

inserting nucleus augmentation material though the preformed aperture and into the nucleus of the disk; and

filling at least a portion of the preformed aperture with a non-compressible material.

48. The nucleus augmentation method ofclaim 47, wherein said inserting nuclear augmentation material includes inserting a nucleus prosthetic through the preformed aperture and into the nucleus.

49. The nucleus augmentation method ofclaim 47, further comprising the steps of:

inserting a annular closure mechanism through the preformed aperture; and

positioning the closure mechanism proximal the annulus defect, thereby closing the defect.

50. The nucleus augmentation method ofclaim 47, wherein said creating an arcuate preformed aperture includes;

positioning a frame assembly proximal the adjacent vertebral bodies,

securing the frame assembly to the adjacent segments of the adjacent vertebral bodies; and

rotating a drill bit in fixed relation to the frame assembly to form the sub-surface channel in one of the adjacent vertebral bodies.

51. The nucleus augmentation method ofclaim 47, wherein said creating an arcuate preformed aperture includes providing an apparatus for forming a channel or opening in adjacent segments of one of the vertebral bodies, wherein the provided apparatus includes:

a base including a plurality of first through apertures;

a drill assembly including a drill bit;

a moving mechanism operably coupled to each of the base and the drill assembly for rotating the drill bit about a point of rotation and through at least one of the first through apertures;

a securing mechanism operably coupled to the base for securing the base, the securing mechanism be configured and arranged so as to mechanical engage the adjacent vertebral bodies.

52. A method for repairing the nucleus of a disk between vertebral endplates of adjacent vertebral bodies of a spine, said method comprising the steps of:

creating an arcuate preformed aperture in one of the adjacent vertebral bodies that extends through the vertebral endplate of the spine and into the nucleus of the disk;

removing at least some of the natural nucleus material;

inserting nucleus and/or annulus augmentation material though the preformed aperture and into the nucleus of the disk; and

filling at least a portion of the preformed aperture with a non-compressible material.

53. The nucleus disc repair method ofclaim 52, wherein said inserting nuclear augmentation and/or annulus material includes inserting a nucleus prosthetic through the preformed aperture and into the nucleus.

54. The nucleus disk repair method ofclaim 52, further comprising the steps of:

inserting a annular closure mechanism through the preformed aperture; and

positioning the closure mechanism proximal the annulus defect, thereby closing the defect.

55. The nucleus disk repair augmentation method ofclaim 52, wherein said creating an arcuate preformed aperture includes;

positioning a frame assembly proximal the adjacent vertebral bodies,

securing the frame assembly to the adjacent segments of the adjacent vertebral bodies; and

rotating a drill bit in fixed relation to the frame assembly to form the sub-surface channel in one of the adjacent vertebral bodies.

56. The nucleus disk repair method ofclaim 52, wherein said creating an arcuate preformed aperture includes providing an apparatus for forming a channel or opening in adjacent segments of one of the vertebral bodies, wherein the provided apparatus includes:

a base including a plurality of first through apertures;

a drill assembly including a drill bit;

a moving mechanism operably coupled to each of the base and the drill assembly for rotating the drill bit about a point of rotation and through at least one of the first through apertures;

a securing mechanism operably coupled to the base for securing the base, the securing mechanism be configured and arranged so as to mechanical engage the adjacent vertebral bodies.

57. A method for placement of a disk between vertebral endplates of adjacent vertebral bodies of a spine, said method comprising the steps of:

creating an arcuate preformed aperture in one of the adjacent vertebral bodies that extends through the vertebral endplate of the spine and into the nucleus of the disk;

removing at least some of the natural nucleus and annulus material;

inserting an artificial disk though the preformed aperture and into the intravertebral disk space; and

filling at least a portion of the preformed aperture with a non-compressible material.

58. The nucleus disk repair augmentation method ofclaim 57, wherein said creating an arcuate preformed aperture includes;

positioning a frame assembly proximal the adjacent vertebral bodies,

securing the frame assembly to the adjacent segments of the adjacent vertebral bodies; and

rotating a drill bit in fixed relation to the frame assembly to form the sub-surface channel in one of the adjacent vertebral bodies.

59. The nucleus disk repair method ofclaim 57, wherein said creating an arcuate preformed aperture includes providing an apparatus for forming a channel or opening in adjacent segments of one of the vertebral bodies, wherein the provided apparatus includes:

a base including a plurality of first through apertures;

a drill assembly including a drill bit;

a moving mechanism operably coupled to each of the base and the drill assembly for rotating the drill bit about a point of rotation and through at least one of the first through apertures;

a securing mechanism operably coupled to the base for securing the base, the securing mechanism be configured and arranged so as to mechanical engage the adjacent vertebral bodies.

60. A method for repairing the annulus of a disk between vertebral endplates of adjacent vertebral bodies of a spine, said method comprising the steps of:

creating an arcuate preformed aperture in one of the adjacent vertebral bodies that extends through the vertebral endplate of the spine and into the nucleus of the disk;

removing at least some of the natural nucleus and annulus material;

inserting an annulus repair device though the preformed aperture and into the intravertebral disk space;

inserting nucleus and/or annulus augmentation material though the preformed aperture and into the nucleus of the disk; and

filling at least a portion of the preformed aperture with a non-compressible material.

61. The nucleus disc repair method ofclaim 60, wherein said inserting nuclear augmentation and/or annulus material includes inserting a nucleus prosthetic through the preformed aperture and into the nucleus.

62. The nucleus disk repair method ofclaim 60, further comprising the steps of:

positioning the annular repair device proximal the annulus defect, thereby closing the defect.

63. The nucleus disk repair augmentation method ofclaim 60, wherein said creating an arcuate preformed aperture includes;

positioning a frame assembly proximal the adjacent vertebral bodies,

securing the frame assembly to the adjacent segments of the adjacent vertebral bodies; and

rotating a drill bit in fixed relation to the frame assembly to form the sub-surface channel in one of the adjacent vertebral bodies.

64. The nucleus disk repair method ofclaim 60, wherein said creating an arcuate preformed aperture includes providing an apparatus for forming a channel or opening in adjacent segments of one of the vertebral bodies, wherein the provided apparatus includes:

a base including a plurality of first through apertures;

a drill assembly including a drill bit;

a moving mechanism operably coupled to each of the base and the drill assembly for rotating the drill bit about a point of rotation and through at least one of the first through apertures;

a securing mechanism operably coupled to the base for securing the base, the securing mechanism be configured and arranged so as to mechanical engage the adjacent vertebral bodies.

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