US20050251056A1 - Method and apparatus for processing respiration data and assessing autonomic function - Google Patents

Abstract

Embodiments of the invention concern methods and apparatuses for deriving respiratory data from both single lead and multi-lead ECG data recordings. Other embodiments of the invention address the assessment of respiration rate from respiratory data such as respiratory data derived from ECG data. Still other embodiments of the invention address methods and apparatuses for the assessment of autonomic function. These last embodiments involve the derivation of respiratory data from ECG data, comparing the respiration rate to key threshold values, and the final derivation of one or more HRV parameters from the ECG data. The embodiments of the invention have implementations applicable to data previously recorded data as well as data recorded and processed in a real-time manner.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation-in-part of the U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 10/842,294, entitled “Method and apparatus for measurement of autonomic nervous system function”, filed on May 10, 2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
• 1. Technical Field
• The present invention relates to methods and apparatuses for deriving respiratory data and respiratory rates from both single lead and multi-lead ECG recordings, as well as related methods and apparatuses for the assessment of autonomic function.
• 2. Description of the Related Art
• The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is primarily responsible for the fine-tuned regulation of many human organs and systems. An individual whose autonomic nervous system correctly regulates such organs and systems is said to have good autonomic function. Improper autonomic function may be referred to as autonomic dysfunction, which can be the result of autonomic neuropathy (AN). AN can result in improper regulation of organs and systems, which in turn may lead to the malfunction of those organs and systems. AN is often associated with a number of disorders such as diabetes and coronary artery disease. In fact, the last two decades have witnessed the recognition of a significant relationship between AN and cardiovascular mortality, including sudden cardiac death. Thus, testing for AN may be a useful health monitoring tool.
• One way to test for AN is by evaluating how well the ANS regulates the heart through a “heart rate variability” (HRV) study. In such a study, a patient performs certain breathing tests, which, in a person with a properly functioning ANS, will cause fluctuations in the patient's heart rate (HR). As AN increases, HRV decreases. HRV is a measurement of the fluctuation of R-R intervals in a patient's electrocardiogram (ECG). The R-R interval is the distance between R peaks in a QRS complex. Detection of R-R intervals may be achieved by various methods such as a simple threshold technique or statistical method, both of which are known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• HRV testing is useful for more than determining whether a patient has AN. For example, HRV testing may be used to monitor disease progression as a function of changes in autonomic function. HRV testing may also be used to evaluate a patient's response to a prescribed treatment for an autonomic disorder. Other applications for HRV testing include: general health screening, diabetic neuropathy assessment, pre-condition cardiac health screening, post-myocardial infarction risk assessment and evaluation, drug studies including the relationship between certain drug dosages and AN function, and stress measurement of, for example, ADHD children.
• Several clinical tests, known to those of ordinary skill in the art, help physicians or clinicians measure HRV. Examples of such tests are the Slow Metronomic Breathing test, Valsalva test and Orthostatic test. Each test measures certain HRV parameters, subsets of which may indicate whether a patient is predisposed for, or afflicted with, AN and one or more of its related maladies such as diabetes. These three tests will now be addressed.
• 1. Slow Metronomic Breathing Test
• The Slow Metronomic Breathing test is designed to assess the parasympathetic branch of the ANS. As those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, during the test the patient breathes deeply and evenly, in a supine position, at six breaths per minute while ECG recordings are made. Any events that could alter spontaneous breathing, such as speech or coughing, should be limited. To foster patient compliance with the prescribed breathing regimen, the patient should breathe for one minute following pacer movements, similar to a metronome, which may be displayed on a computer screen.
• The breathing regimen described above helps assess ANS function because parasympathetic regulation of the heart rhythm relies on different types of receptors located in the lungs. These receptors are taxed by the deep breathing performed during the Metronomic test. More specifically, chemoreceptors detect concentrations of CO₂and H+ ions in the arterial blood, which change as one breathes. Chemoreceptors send signals to the brain that are representative of the concentration of these elements. The brain may then regulate the heart, by adjusting the heart rate, to achieve these reported concentration levels. Mechanoreceptors, unlike chemoreceptors, react to changes of air pressure within a patient's airways. Breathing, and especially heavy breathing, creates changes in intrathoracic pressure which are then sensed by mechanoreceptors. This results in a change in blood pressure. The baroreflex mechanism then causes changes in heart rate. These changes in pressure produce signals that are sent along afferent fibers from the mechanoreceptors to the brain stem. In summary, changes in breathing can affect both chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors, both located in the lungs, which in turn communicate with the brain to potentially illicit a change in HR for a person with “good HRV.”
• The HRV parameters or measurements derived from the Metronomic test may include one or more of the measurements found inFIG. 16B. The parameters are calculated on “normal-to-normal” inter-beat intervals (NN intervals), which are R-R intervals calculated on beats caused by normal heart contractions paced by sinus node depolarization.
• 2. The Orthostatic Test
• Like the Metronomic test, the Orthostatic test is used to evaluate the effect of parasympathetic regulation on HR. Therefore, the test provides a good indication of autonomic function and HRV. More specifically, the Orthostatic test evaluates how a change in body position affects heart rate. The patient is instructed to lie down in an idle, relaxed, supine position. After a minute of recording ECG signals, the patient stands up while avoiding any rapid movements. The patient remains standing for another minute. The patient's heart rhythm is monitored continuously while the patient lies down and stands up. HR monitoring should continue until a stationary state in HR is detected.
• The Orthostatic test helps evaluate autonomic function because it taxes a set of regulatory mechanisms that support parasympathetic regulation of the heart rhythm. More specifically, blood mass redistribution takes place when a patient changes from a supine position to a standing position. The baroreceptors situated in the aortic arch and carotid nodes perceive this change in blood distribution and communicate the change to the brain via afferent fibers. These communications cause an increase in the activation of sympathetic efferent fibers and a decrease in activation of parasympathetic efferent fibers. These efferent fibers then transmit regulatory instructions from the brain down the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves pathways. The tonus of the arteries in the carotid sinus is consequently decreased causing activation of the adrenergic receptors of blood vessel walls and perivascular tissues. Thus, the body shift causes a sympathetic positive chronotropic effect. Concurrently, when the patient changes positions, an increase of muscular activity takes place thereby causing an increase in blood delivery from the extremities. The sympathetic effects are increased and sustained during the post-stimuli period to support the vertical posture. So, blood pressure gradually increases due to activation of the sympathetic NS. The increase in blood pressure causes stimulation of the parasympathetic NS. This stimulation occurs via the baroreflex mechanism and is followed by a decrease in HR. In summary, changing positions taxes the ANS, which should result in a change in heart rate for those patients with good HRV.
• The HRV parameters or measurements derived from the Metronomic test may include one or more of the measurements found inFIG. 16A. The parameters are calculated on “normal-to-normal” inter-beat intervals (NN intervals), which are R-R intervals calculated on beats caused by normal heart contractions paced by sinus node depolarization.
• 3. The Valsalva Test
• The Valsalva test also helps assess autonomic function. The Valsalva test commences with the patient in the supine position with his head slightly elevated. The patient then strains by blowing into a mouthpiece until a 40 mm Hg pressure is obtained for 15 seconds. Following cessation of the Valsalva strain, the patient relaxes and breathes at a normal rate. The ECG is monitored during the strain and at 30-45 seconds afterwards. Maximum and minimum heart rates are obtained respectively at about one second after cessation of strain and then 15-20 seconds later. This process is repeated three times and the largest heart rate ratio is considered the best reflection of autonomic function. The end result of the test is the derivation of a measurement called the Valsalva ratio. The Valsalva ratio (“VR”), which constitutes a HRV parameter, is the ratio of the longest R-R interval to the shortest R-R interval at one second and 15-20 seconds after the Valsalva maneuver is completed. Again, the methods for performing the Metronomic, Orthostatic and Valsalva tests are known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• While the methods for performing the Metronomic, Orthostatic and Valsalva tests produce valuable information regarding autonomic function, prior art methods and equipment fail to take full advantage of the available information. For instance, in the prior art, normative databases for HRV values are not created and maintained. As an illustration, the prior art does not attempt to determine normal VARmax values for patients according to such diverse factors as race, age, smoking history and gender. Consequently, the VARmax value of a black, 30-year old, non-smoking man is often compared with that of a 30-year old, white woman who has smoked for 10 years. Doing so may lead to an inaccurate assessment of the male patient's autonomic function. Furthermore, the prior art does not attempt to link certain factors such as race, age and VARmax value with a risk factor for contracting, for example, hypertension. An additional limitation in the prior art is the inability to provide normative databases that expand, and whose accuracy is refined as HRV studies continue to be performed. Finally, the prior art requires expensive, complicated and burdensome HRV testing equipment that many non-specialists are unlikely to use. As a result, AN associated maladies, such as heart disease and diabetes, are not assessed as well as possible because the vast majority of clinicians do not possess these complex tools.
• Therefore, a method and apparatus for measuring autonomic nervous system function is needed that can help patients gain early notice when they are at risk for developing an illness forecasted or indicated by poor autonomic function. In addition, a need exists for specific normative databases that provide targeted HRV information that focuses on both demographic and health factors. Such a normative database should help discern HRV patterns to allow clinicians to better assess potential health issues for patients. The normative database should continue to expand and provide more valuable forecasting and assessment tools as HRV studies are conducted over time. Finally, a need exists for HRV testing which is available through an Application Service Provider model so practitioners need not invest heavily in sophisticated equipment that must be updated regularly. Such testing capabilities would become a powerful tool in the clinician's hands for early detection of various medical problems before those maladies show any clinical manifestation. Furthermore, such capabilities would better allow health care providers to assess progress or deterioration in a patient's previously assessed autonomic dysfunction.
• The prior art methods for HRV assessment are also limited because they normally require active monitoring of respiration. For example, a test such as the Slow Metronomic Breathing test requires a patient to breath at, for example, six breathes per minute. To ensure the patient did, in fact, breath at the desired rate, respiration must be monitored. Typically, respiration is monitored with a spirometer in the manner described above and as more fully set out in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/833,361, entitled “Mouthpiece for Use in a Spirometer “, filed Apr. 28, 2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference. However, a drawback exists because some HRV studies, such as the Slow Metronomic Breathing test and the Orthostatic test, require a patient to breath into the spirometer mouthpiece for an extended period of time. Doing so can be uncomfortable for the patient. Other HRV studies, such as the Short-Term Resting HRV study, may not necessarily require a spirometer but they do require respiration monitoring to ensure the patient breathes at a certain rate. Consequently, the ability to generate respiration data, without having to use a spirometer or the equivalent thereof, is desirable.
• Fortunately, respiration data can be derived from sources other than a spirometer or, for example, a nasal thermocouple. Respiration can be monitored indirectly by measuring body volume changes, transthoracic inductance and impedance plethysmographs, strain gauge measurement of thoracic circumference, pneumatic respiration transducers and whole-body plethysmographs. A technique called ECG-derived respiratory signal (“EDR”) is also an option.
• In EDR, a respiration signal can be derived from an ECG signal. This is possible because ECG signals, which are recorded using electrodes placed on the chest, are influenced by the motion of the electrodes as they rise and fall due to chest's motion during inhalation and exhalation. In addition, as the chest expands and contracts and the lungs fill with air and then empty themselves, the electrical impedance in the thoracic cavity changes. These physical influences of respiration affect ECG signals due to their effect on the mean cardiac electrical axis. This respiratory effect on ECG signals is what allows respiratory signals to be derived from ECG signals.
• The mean cardiac electrical axis is derived from changes in the cardiac vector. The cardiac vector is a method used to illustrate electrical activity within the heart. The vector is graphically depicted by an arrow that points in the direction of electrical current flow within the heart. For example, as electrical excitation proceeds across the heart in a typical cardiac cycle, the summed vector of current flow extends through the center of the ventricles because electrical activation begins in the atria and proceeds towards the ventricles. The mean cardiac vector is derived from the mean vector taken from the many vectors that occur as electrical stimulus proceeds across and around the heart. The mean cardiac vector, or mean electrical axis, in a typical heart is approximately 59 degrees below the horizontal plane and 31 degrees to the right of the vertical plane.
• As the chest, lungs, thoracic impedence and heart change position during a cardiac cycle, the cardiac vector, as sensed by ECG electrodes, changes. The change in cardiac vector results in a change in the ECG thereby allowing respiration to manifest itself in ECG recordings. In fact, the normal range of respiration-induced axis shift is between 2 and 12 degrees, with the change in axis resulting in a change in the corresponding amplitudes in an ECG. The amplitude of the EDR signal from any given set of electrodes is roughly proportional to respiratory tidal volume. This respiration/EDR relationship has been confirmed by comparing EDR signals to traditionally derived respiratory signals such as those obtained using strain gauge devices placed across the chest.
• In greater detail, the EDR signal can be derived from ECG in several ways. First, if two ECG leads are orthogonal to one another, such as the case with leads I and HI, the arctangent of the ratio of the areas under the curves of the ECGs from these two leads gives the cardiac vector angle. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, interpolation of the resultant data, using cubic spline methods, produces a continuous EDR signal. Single lead ECG recordings are options as well and work best if the lead is located orthogonal to the mean cardiac axis.
• Unfortunately, the derivation of EDR from ECG is not without limitations such as susceptibility to noise and other false signals. Therefore, a need exists for obtaining an EDR signal that has high signal fidelity so that a more accurate representation of respiration can be derived from ECG signals. In addition, a need exists for a reliable way to calculate respiration rate from respiratory data. If these needs are met, HRV testing methods could profit from the use of EDR by decreasing reliance on spirometers. In addition, EDR could be derived from past ECG recordings that were not taken in an attempt to assess HRV. The EDR could then be used to verify that certain respiration requirements for HRV studies were met, even though no respiration signal was acquired at the time of the test. Then, HRV analysis could be properly conducted on the ECG data.
SUMMARY DESCRIPTION
• In one embodiment of the invention, background data from a population of patients is obtained. The population of patients may be comprised of patients with both normal and abnormal autonomic function. Then, the invention may receive ECG data from the same population of patients. HRV parameters such as NNmin SB and SD may be measured from the ECG data. Afterwards, discriminant analysis may be performed on the HRV parameters and background data to determine discriminant equations, wherein each discriminant equation discriminates between patients with normal and abnormal autonomic function. For instance, patterns may be identified whereby certain HRV parameter measurements, when combined with certain background information, such as race and gender, may distinguish between individuals with early signs of diabetes and those without such signs. After these equations are developed, new patients may be tested. Each new patient provides background data and HRV data. Then, the invention may select, from among the discriminant equations it has previously developed from the data from the population of patients, only those equations that pertain to the particular patient being tested. Consequently, data from a 20 year old black woman may be compared to other 20 year old black women, each afflicted with a different malady. The new patient's HRV data could then be input into the selected equations to provide autonomic rankings that are indicative of the new patient's autonomic function. In one embodiment of the invention, the background and HRV data from each new patient may be added to the same information that exists for the population of patients thereby creating increasingly larger normative data sets from which future patients' autonomic function can be more accurately assessed.
• In an alternative embodiment of the invention, a method for assessing autonomic performance concerns an application for storing a population data set in a fixed location such as on a server computer. The population data set may be comprised of physiologic data and background data received from a population of patients wherein the population of patients is comprised of patients with abnormal autonomic function and patients with normal autonomic function. The application may be operated on the server by an application service provider (“ASP”). The application determines a first discriminant equation that discriminates between the patients with abnormal autonomic function and the patients with normal autonomic function. A user may access the application with a browser over a communications network such as the Internet. The application may receive background data from a new patient and select one or more appropriate discriminant equations. The application may send the selected discriminant equations to the user's client terminal. The client terminal may then enter physiologic data from the new patient into the selected discriminant equations to produce autonomic rankings. The autonomic rankings are indicative of the new patient's autonomic function. The client terminal may then send the autonomic ranking and the physiologic data to the application. The application may use this information to determine additional discriminant equations.
• Yet another embodiment of the invention entails a method of identifying an R-wave of an ECG signal. The method comprises receiving an ECG signal from a patient and sampling the ECG signal at a predetermined sampling rate to obtain a first sample, a second sample, a third sample and a fourth sample. The samples are then filtered and the slopes between the different samples are calculated. The different slopes are then compared until a maximum slope is located that exceeds a minimum threshold value and is less than a maximum threshold value.
• In still another embodiment of the invention, a method for assessing autonomic function is concerned whereby a first set of ECG data is received from a patient. The first set of ECG data may be recorded or derived while the patient is in a substantially reclined position. The first set of ECG data is then used to obtain or derive a first set of HRV parameters comprised of one or more of the following HRV parameters: RMS-SD, TP, LFnorm, HFnorm, LF/HF, NN, SDNN, VLF, LF and HF. A second set of ECG data is received from the patient wherein the second set of ECG data is recorded or derived pursuant to one or more of the following HRV tests: Orthostatic test, Metronomic test and Valsalva test. The second set of ECG data is then used to obtain a second set of HRV parameters that are related to or derived from the Orthostatic test, Metronomic test and/or Valsalva test. Finally, the embodiment evaluates or utilizes the first set of HRV parameters in conjunction with the second set of HRV parameters to evaluate the patient's autonomic function.
• In another embodiment of the invention, methods and apparatuses concerning the derivation of respiratory data from both single lead and multi-lead ECG recordings are addressed. Once ECG data is obtained, the data may be sampled and processed to find fiduciary points such as J and PQ points. Amplitudes for samples between the two fiduciary points are then obtained and summed together. The summed amplitudes are then processed in an equation thereby producing a respiratory signal from the ECG data
• Other embodiments of the invention address the assessment of respiration rate from respiratory data such as respiratory data derived from ECG data Once respiration data is obtained, several minimum and maximum amplitude points are ascertained. Time and amplitude ranges existing between these points are derived and compared to threshold values to ensure the validity of the maximum and minimum points. A respiration rate is then determined from the verified range values.
• Finally, still other embodiments of the invention address methods and apparatuses for the assessment of autonomic function. These embodiments involve the derivation of respiratory data from ECG data, comparing the respiration rate to key threshold values, and the final derivation of one or more HRV parameters from the ECG data. The HRV parameters may be derived from ECG data previously recorded, even if corresponding respiratory data was not recorded.
• The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter, which form the subject of the claims of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
• FIG. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for measurement of autonomic nervous system function in one embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 2 is an example of a questionnaire concerning background information from a patient.
• FIG. 3 is an example of a questionnaire concerning patient health information.
• FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a computer network for performing the processes of an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplar data acquisition device in an embodiment of the invention.
• FIGS. 6A-8 are examples of a normative database in an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 9 is an example of a graphic display in an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 10 is a block diagram that illustrates the modules of an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating the sequence of operations that may be performed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention that uses an ASP model.
• FIG. 12 is a data processing system that may be used for implementing various embodiments of the present invention.
• FIGS. 13A-13B are flow diagrams illustrating the sequence of operations that may be performed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention that concerns ECG analysis.
• FIGS.14A-C are examples of a normative database in an embodiment of the invention.
• FIGS.15A-B comprise a flow diagram, and accompanying table, illustrating a sequence of operations concerning ECG analysis that may be performed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIGS.16A-D are tables illustrating examples of HRV parameters in one embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 17 is an example of an ECG recording.
• FIG. 18 is an example of respiration data derived from ECG data in an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 19 is another example of respiration data derived from ECG data in an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 20 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for deriving respiration data from a single lead ECG recording in an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 21 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for deriving respiration data from a duel lead ECG recording in an embodiment of the invention.
• FIGS.22A-B are flow diagrams illustrating a method for deriving respiration rate from respiratory data in an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 23 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for assessing autonomic function, using respiration data derived from an ECG recording, in an embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• 1. Acquire Background Data from Patient
• FIG. 1 illustrates a method for measurement of autonomic nervous system function. The method begins instep100. Instep105, background data is obtained from a patient. Such data may include, for example, age, height, weight, gender, race, smoker status and health status.FIG. 2 illustrates exemplar questions regarding the patient's background information.FIG. 3 illustrates exemplar questions regarding the patient's health history.FIGS. 2 and 3 are merely exemplar questionnaires and those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that more or less detailed questions or other questions can be asked. For example, the patient may be asked whether he has cancer, and if so, specifically what type of cancer. If any “medical conditions” are indicated, such as cancer, then the patient may be deemed, in a general sense, “unhealthy.” If no “medical condition” is noted, the patient may be generally deemed “healthy.” In addition, the clinician may make clinical observations regarding the patient and include those observations along with the data supplied by the patient. For example, the clinician may note whether the patient presents with clinical symptoms of abnormal autonomic function such as tingling sensations in the patients arms or legs. If such symptoms are present, the clinician may note the patient has abnormal autonomic function.
• 2. Conduct HRV Tests
• Returning toFIG. 1,step110 entails autonomic testing of the patient to obtain or derive ECG data. Such testing may occur after background information has been received from the patient instep105. The patient may undergo provocative HRV tests or studies such as the Metronomic Breathing test, Valsalva test and the Orthostatic test which were described in detail above. These tests are called provocative tests because a patient must provoke his nervous system, by standing up or breathing in a certain way, to produce results indicative of his HRV.
• In addition to the provocative tests, a Short-Term Resting HRV test may also be used to derive ECG data and HRV parameters. The test is conducted over a five minute period while ECG data is derived or recorded from a patient resting in a substantially reclined position. For example, the patient may be resting in a lying or sitting position. The patient breathes normally and in a non-provoked manner. For example, he does not time his breathing as is the case in the Metronomic test. Furthermore, he does not exhale forcefully in an effort to reach a certain air pressure as is the case in the Valsalva test. Nor does the patient recline and then stand up in order to test his ANS as is the case with the Orthostatic test. Therefore, specialized spirometric equipment is not needed. Also, patients who cannot tolerate stressful provocative measures, for health reasons, can still undergo this HRV test.
• The Short-Term Resting HRV test assesses the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS. These aspects of the nervous system have an effect on autonomic function. Historically, this test was used in limited capacities in assessing autonomic function and HRV. The limited use was due, at least in part, to the complexity associated with deriving HRV parameters from the data produced by the test. Consequently, the Metronomic, Valsalva and Orthostatic tests were favored over using the Short-Term Resting HRV test. Furthermore, the prior art often taught that just a few parameters from the provocative tests were sufficient to assess autonomic function.
• In one embodiment of the invention, the Short-Term Resting HRV test is used in a novel way to assess autonomic function. The Short-Term Resting HRV test results are combined with results from one or more of the provocative tests to assess autonomic function. By so combining the results from Short-Term Resting HRV test and one or more provocative tests, autonomic function may be assessed in a more accurate way than is possible with the cursory prior art methods of testing autonomic function.
• At least ten HRV parameters, existing in both the time and frequency domains, can be monitored in the Short-Term Resting HRV test. All of parameters are calculated on “normal-to-normal” inter-beat intervals (NN intervals), which are R-R intervals calculated on beats caused by normal heart contractions paced by sinus node depolarization. All time-domain HRV parameters are derived directly from NN intervals recorded during the test. The frequency-domain HRV parameters are derived from the power spectral density (PSD) calculated by means of a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
• As seen inFIG. 16C, the following is a list of definitions for the time-domain HRV parameters or measurements. First, Mean NN interval (“NN”) is a mean inter-beat interval value averaged over the entire ECG recording and is measured in milliseconds. Second, SDNN (“SDNN”) is a standard deviation of the NN intervals that is calculated from the square root of the variance of those intervals. Variance is the mathematical equivalent to the total power of the spectral analysis. Consequently, variance reflects all cyclic components of variability in a recorded series of NN intervals. The actual values of SDNN depend on the length of recording whereby the longer the recording is, the higher the SDNN values are. Thus, one should not compare SDNN values derived from ECG recordings of different lengths. SDNN is measured in milliseconds. Third, “RMS-SD” is the root mean square of the differences in successive NN intervals. This measure is an estimate of high-frequency variations of heart rate, derived from short term NN recordings, that reflects an estimate of parasympathetic regulation of the heart. RMS-SD is measured in milliseconds.
• As seen inFIG. 16D, the following is a list of definitions for the frequency-domain HRV parameters or measurements. First, Total Power (“TP”) is a short-term estimate of the total power of the power spectral density in the range of frequencies between 0 and 0.4 Hz. This measure reflects overall autonomic activity where sympathetic activity is a primary contributor. Total Power is calculated in milliseconds squared (ms²) or (ms²/HZ). Second, Very Low Frequency (“VLF”) is a band of power spectrum range between 0.0033 and 0.04 Hz. This measure is not well defined in terms of physiologic mechanisms that cause the VLF component of the power spectrum. Generally, this parameter indicates overall activity of various slow mechanisms of sympathetic function. VLF is calculated in milliseconds squared (ms²). Third, Low Frequency (“LF”) is a band of the power spectrum range between 0.04 and 0.15 Hz. This measure reflects both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. Generally, the parameter is a strong indicator of sympathetic activity in long-term recordings. Parasympathetic influence is represented by LF when the respiration rate is lower than nine breaths per minute or while taking a deep breath. Thus, when the patient is in a state of relaxation with slow and even breathing, the LF values can be very high, indicating increased parasympathetic activity rather than an increase of sympathetic regulation. LF is calculated in milliseconds squared (ms²). Fourth, High Frequency (“HF”) is a band of the power spectrum range between 0.15 and 0.4 Hz. This measurement reflects parasympathetic (vagal) activity. HF is also known as a “respiratory” band because it corresponds to the NN variations caused by respiration. This phenomenon is known as respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Heart rate increases during inhalation and drops during exhalation. Slow, even breathing causes an increase in the amplitude of the HF peak on the power spectrum. High Frequency is calculated in milliseconds squared (ms²). Fifth, LF/HF Ratio (“LF/HF”) is the ratio between the power of Low Frequency and High Frequency bands. This measure indicates overall balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Higher values reflect domination of the sympathetic system while lower ones reflect domination of the parasympathetic system. When deep and even breathing occurs, however, the elevation of this parameter reflects an increase of parasympathetic regulation due to the effect of RSA. LF/HF Ratio is calculated in normalized units. Sixth, Normalized Low Frequency (“LFnorm”) is the ratio between the absolute value of the Low Frequency and the difference between Total Power and Very Low Frequency. This measure minimizes any effect of changes in Very Low Frequency power and emphasizes changes in sympathetic regulation. Normalized LF is calculated in percentile units. Seventh, Normalized High Frequency (“HFnorm”) is the ratio between the absolute value of the High Frequency and the difference between Total Power and Very Low Frequency. This measure minimizes any effect of changes in Very Low Frequency power and emphasizes changes in parasympathetic regulation. Normalized HF is calculated in percentile units.
• Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there are a number of alternative embodiments available which allow for patients to undergo HRV testing using other methodologies and parameters not specifically mentioned above, and that such embodiments are within the scope of the present invention.
• 3. Recording Equipment
• FIG. 4 illustrates equipment that may be used in one embodiment of the invention. The exemplar embodiment of the invention may comprise one ormore testing units405, doctor'sworkstations410 and an internet-basedserver415. Thetesting unit405 is used for conducting autonomic assessment tests. As illustrated inFIG. 5, the testing unit501 may consist of a PDA545 (personal digital assistant or handheld computer), utilizing Windows Mobile 2003 OS, or a Tablet PC, using, for example, Windows XP or Windows CE, and an ECG/Pressure acquisition device (EPAD)550. TheEPAD550 provides, for example, functionality to measure a single-channel ECG and airflow pressure. TheEPAD550 may have three input connectors to attach standardECG lead wires510, in an isolated fashion, with disposable pre-gelled snap electrodes. The three ECG electrodes are typically applied approximately one inch below the middle of both collarbones and mid anterior on the medial line at ribs six and eight. TheEPAD550 may utilize individual, replaceable, 0.060 Pin connector, AHA color-coded patient lead wires. TheEPAD550 may incorporate 10 bit resolution, or more, and a frequency response of 0.05 to at least 45 Hz. The ECG signal fromECG lead wires510 is amplified byamplifier525 and digitized via the analog-to-digital (A/D)converter520 using, for example, a sample rate of 300 samples/second using methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Hypoallergenic hydrogel electrodes combined with Ag/AgCl sensors provide reliable tracings. An exemplar electrode is the Easytrode™, available from sEMG, 202 Providence Mine Rd., Ste. 202, Nevada City, Calif. 95959.
• TheEPAD550 also has an input tip to connect to aspirometric mouthpiece505, via flexible plastic tubing, for measuring airflow and pressure when breathing through the mouthpiece. The pressure signal frommouthpiece505 is converted into electronic form via thepressure transducer515 and is then digitized via the A/D converter520 using methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The spirometric circuitry may provide for a flow range of ±14 liters/second with a volume between 0 and 8 liters expressed in body temperature and pressure saturated with water vapor conditions (BTPS). The flow specifications may allow for the greater of ±5% or 200 ml/sec forFEF 25%-75% (forced expiratory flow) and the greater of ±10% or 400 ml/sec for PEF (peak expiratory flow). The same circuitry may, in one embodiment of the invention, provide volume specifications that allow for the greater of ±3% or 50 ml for forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEVI). Elevation correction should allow for elevations of 0 to 15,000 feet. Accuracy and BTPS conditions may comply with Am. Thoracic Society Standards from 1994.
• The digitized ECG and pressure signals are coupled to theprocessor530.Processor530 may execute programming instructions by which a patient's heart rate variability is analyzed in response to the measured physiological data and may take various forms, such as conventional microprocessors of a standard personal computer, workstation or other microprocessor-driven device. In one embodiment of the invention, theprocessor530 is an INTEL-compatible microprocessor of IBM-compatible personal computers. TheEPAD550 may be implemented using a standard personal computer chassis with certain components (e.g.,amplifier525 and analog-to-digital (A/D) converter520) provided in the form of circuit modules adapted for insertion into I/O ports of the computer. Thememory535 is coupled to theprocessor530 and may include a Random Access Memory (RAM) for temporary data storage and/or a device with read/write access for permanent data storage, such as a hard drive. Thememory535 may be available to store physiological data until the data is transmitted to thePDA545. This transmission may occur in numerous ways including wireless means observing the Bluetooth protocol. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the techniques of the present invention may be implemented with various apparatuses, including both hardware and software. For example, thePDA545 may receive previously recorded data from holter recordings. Doing so may allow HRV studies, such as the Short Term Resting HRV test, to be performed on previously recorded data. Consequently, ECG studies, taken for reasons completely unrelated to HRV studies, may still be analyzed for HRV purposes. ThePDA545 may also receive data from implantable devices such as pacemakers or AICD's. The devices may communicate with thePDA545 in real time or may deliver ECG data upon interrogation by thePDA545. Other examples of alternative HRV testing equipment include the Qmed Monitor nDx™, from Qmed Inc., and the ANScore System™, from Boston Medical Technologies, Inc.
• The data may be transmitted from theEPAD550 to thePDA545, or directly to the doctor'sworkstation410. The doctor'sworkstation410, as shown inFIG. 4, utilizes software executing on, in one example, the Windows Me/2000/XP operating system. The software may be installed on any desktop or laptop computer that has, for example, USB connection capability and access to the Internet. The doctor'sworkstation410 software can be programmed to automatically acquire test data from thePDA545 every time thePDA545 is placed on its cradle, which is connected to the PC via the USB port. Theworkstation410 allows for management of test data by facilitating the following: obtaining test data from thePDA545, viewing and verifying test data, sending test data and/or patient data to theserver415, accessing normative databases and discriminant equations for HRV assessment from theserver415, as will be discussed below, viewing and printing pre-formatted test reports, deleting test data and exporting test data to other locations. In one embodiment of the invention, theworkstation410 has at least a Pentium-II 350 MHz processor, 32 MB of RAM, video card with at least 800×600 High-Color resolution, 50 MB of free hard disk space and CD ROM drive. In other embodiments, theworkstation410 may be omitted whereby, for example, thetesting unit405 may communicate directly with theserver415. In still other embodiments, thetesting unit405 may be combined with the doctor'sworkstation410 into one portable unit, such as a tablet PC. The tablet PC may communicate with theserver415.
• Thetest evaluation server415 may be an internet server that provides multi-user connection capability. The normative databases and discriminant functions, to be addressed more thoroughly below, may be stored on theserver415 or alternatively on the doctor'sworkstation410. Many users may simultaneously connect to theserver415. The server software can provide for highly secure communication between any user and the server itself. For example, the software can have a digital certificate that encrypts data using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology. The SSL security protocol provides data encryption, server authentication, message integrity, and optional client authentication for a TCP/IP connection. SSL technology is available in 128-bit encryption key strength.
• Any of the four aforementioned HRV tests may be conducted using standard HRV testing equipment and methods known in the art (e.g., using the Task Force Report for Heart Rate Variability: Standards of Measurement, Physiologic Interpretation, and Clinical Use, Circulation Vol. 93. No 5, 1996, which is incorporated herein by reference).
• 4. Detecting R-Waves
• The above equipment should be able to record ECG signals because, as previously noted, HRV studies concern changes in heart rate over time. Examining the change in R-R cycle length monitors these changes. The R-R cycle length is determined by measuring the amount of time in between the R waves of two consecutive QRS complexes.FIGS. 13A-13B illustrate one embodiment of a method, which may be implemented by the above equipment, for identifying the R-wave of an ECG signal. After beginning the process instep1300,step1305 commences whereby an ECG signal is received and sampled. X[i] represents an exemplar sample data point. The sampling rate may be, for example, 256 samples/second, although other sampling rates may suffice. Instep1310, sample X[i] is processed by a band pass filter (BPF). The band pass filter may have, for example, a pass band of 5-40 Hz, thereby removing DC, baseline drift, high frequency noise, artifact and muscle activity, which normally occupies, approximately, the 100 Hz frequency range. The band pass filter may be elliptical in nature to promote better signal quality and diminish distortion.
• Instep1315, the previously filtered data is filtered once more in a moving average filter (MAF). In one embodiment of the invention, the MAF is a sixth order filter, although other orders may suffice. The MAF output is represented by the following equation:
  Y[i−n/2=1/n*(X1[i−n]+X1[i−n+1]+. . . +X1[i]).
• Using a MAF helps ameliorate the effects of noise by examining multiple samples at once. Doing so helps diminish the effect of outlier points that may be present due to noise. In one embodiment of the invention, the MAF may average seven samples at a time, but fewer or more samples may be filtered. This moving window smoothes out the effects of noise yet avoids becoming a burden on processing bandwidth. Thus, the calculations may be done in real time. The MAF plays an important role because noise is a constant problem in many HRV testing situations, especially since clinical settings may-have other noise-emitting equipment in the room. In addition, the HRV equipment is often used by individuals not accustomed to proper skin preparation and electrode placement which are important for high quality ECG recordings. While the MAF is described in one embodiment of the invention, various filtering and signal averaging techniques may be used in various embodiments of the invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art will realize the aforementioned filtering techniques may be carried out in hardware or software.
• Instep1320 ofFIG. 13A, the amplitude difference in consecutive samples is calculated to obtain slope. Such a calculation is represented by the following equation: D[i]=Y[i−n/2−Y[i−n/2−1], wherein D[i] represents slope. To magnify the slope, D[i] may be squared or raised to an exponential power, such as 4, although other powers may suffice. Choosing an even power converts negative amplitude readings into positive values, thereby accounting for negative R waves or positive R waves that read as negative R waves due to improper electrode placement. Again, electrode placement may be improper due to administration of HRV tests by individuals that lack specialized, cardiac-related experience. For example, this may occur if a patient at home uses the present invention.
• Instep1325, D[i] slope is compared to the preceding (D[i−1]) and succeeding (D[i+1]) slopes. If D[i] is not greater than the other slopes, the process returns to start1300 and D[i] is not deemed to be an R wave. If D[i is greater than the other slopes, the process continues with D[i] serving as a prospective R wave.
• A peak slope is sought because R waves typically possess a frequency of approximately 20 Hz, a frequency higher than other waves found in the ECG. Therefore, finding the peak slope in an ECG complex leads to locating the R wave. The prior art typically searches for peak amplitude, instead of peak slope, in an effort to identify an R wave. Doing so leads to high amplitude artifacts and noise being incorrectly labeled as an R wave. Because an embodiment of the present invention focuses on slope in pursuit of the 20 Hz R wave, noise with high amplitude and high frequency can be filtered out as discussed above. A maximum amplitude, which may be indicative of noise, may not be so filtered. Also, setting a maximum amplitude threshold might accidentally remove valuable R waves with high amplitudes. In addition, HRV studies are often of major benefit to older patients in predicting various maladies, and such patients often have low amplitude R waves brought on by diminished cardiac strength. The frequency of their R waves changes, however, less drastically and is therefore preferable to amplitude. In summary, the present invention's focus on maximum frequency or slope is preferable to maximum amplitude.
• The peak slope, representative of what might prove to be a R wave, may next be validated to ensure it truly represents the maximum slope of a R wave. To do so requires a pool of R waves that can be compared to the prospective R wave. Instep1330, after the prospective R wave associated with D[i] has been determined, the number of previously determined R waves is questioned. Instep1335, if less than a predetermined number of such R waves have been found,step1340 is engaged. An example of such a predetermined number of R waves is ten, although other values may be used to provide a proper pool of waves. Instep1340, D[i is compared against a threshold slope value. The minimum threshold (minTHR) may be indicative of a minimum slope commonly attributed by those of ordinary skill in the art to R waves. If D[i] is less than the threshold slope, D[i] is determined to not be representative of a R wave and the entire ECG detection sequence begins anew atSTART1300. If D[i] does exceed the threshold, further validation of the prospective R wave continues. In addition, the slope threshold is set to D[i], instep1345, for future comparisons. At the beginning of the ECG detection sequence, the threshold may be set to zero.
• Instep1355, an R-R interval is calculated using the prospective R wave, which is associated with a time at which D[i] occurs, and the immediately preceding, previously confirmed R wave. If no previous R wave exists, the newly confirmed R wave is stored and the ECG detection process begins anew.
• Instep1360, a confirmation period begins by verifying that the R-R interval, calculated instep1355, which is associated with D[i], is greater than a minimum cycle length (minCP) and shorter than a maximum cycle length (maxCP). At the beginning of the ECG detection sequence, minCP may be set to 333 ms and maxCP may be set to 2000 ms. A typical R-R cycle length fits within these bounds. Those cycle lengths that are not within these bounds are more commonly associated with noise or other non-sinus cardiac rhythms. For example, signal artifacts, which are normally filtered out from genuine ECG data using previously described methodologies, often contain many high frequency signals, with short cycle lengths, in rapid succession. The lower bound (min CP) would help ensure these values are not labeled as R waves. The minCP and maxCP values identified above are examples only, and those of ordinary skill in the art may use other values. If the cycle length meets the requirements ofstep1360, the prospective R wave is confirmed as an R wave and is no longer considered to be a prospective R wave. The R-R interval may now be used in the evaluation of many HRV parameters as previously described.
• Instep1365, the number of previously determined R waves is questioned again in light of the newly determined R wave. Instep1365, if less than a predetermined number of such R waves have been found,step1375 is engaged. An example of such a predetermined number of R waves is 10, although other values may be used to provide a proper pool of waves. Instep1375, if no such number of waves exists, the minimum threshold is set to, for example, zero. This value is set instep1345. The ECG detection sequence then begins again instep1300.
• If there is such a predetermined amount of R waves, as illustrated instep1380, a median value of a certain number of immediately preceding, previously detected peak slopes, each associated with a previously determined R wave, may be calculated. The selected peak slopes do not have to immediately precede the most recently confirmed R wave. There may be maximum number of preceding R waves that may be entered into the median calculation. The maximum number is thirty in one embodiment of the invention. The median peak slope value is calculated and then multiplied by a first predetermined value to obtain a new minimum threshold (minTHR). The median may also be multiplied by a second predetermined value to obtain a new maximum threshold (maxTHR). In one embodiment of the invention, the first predetermined value is 0.0625 and the second predetermined value is 1.6. Both values were arrived at empirically and are only exemplar values. Other values may be used. In addition, mean, average or mode values, or similar methods related thereto, may be substituted for median values.
• Instep1385, the minCP and maxCP are reevaluated in light of the newly confirmed R wave. These values may be obtained by finding the minimum R-R cycle length (minRR) and maximum R-R cycle length (maxRR) from a certain number of immediately preceding, previously detected peak slopes, each associated with a previously determined R wave. The selected peak slopes do not have to immediately precede the most recently confirmed R wave. There may be maximum number of preceding R waves that may be analyzed. The maximum number is thirty in one embodiment of the invention. Once minRR and maxRR have been found, maxCP and minCP are calculated as follows:
  maxCP=maxRR+maxRR/2
  minCP=minRR−minRR/2
• These formulae simply set CP thresholds equal to maximum and minimum R-R intervals, found within a set of R waves, with 50% tolerance. The level of tolerance is an empirical value and may be adjusted in other embodiments of the invention. If maxCP>2000, the newly calculated maxCP is reset to 2000. If minCP<333, the newly calculated minCP is reset to 333. These values, as previously described, are known to those of ordinary skill in the art as reasonable bounds for R-R intervals. Instep1390, the ECG detection process ends or loops back tostep1300.
• In subsequent iterations of the ECG detection scheme, the predetermined number of previously determined R waves, as set out instep1330, will eventually be met. Then,step1350 may be performed. A newly determined slope may then be compared to the new minimum and maximum thresholds determined instep1380. These values help to verify if a prospective R wave bears a resemblance to the median value of previously determined R waves. If the prospective R wave is random noise or an artifact, it would likely not pass this test. In addition, waves with smaller slopes, such as the P wave, would not exceed the minimum threshold. Because the median values may be calculated on the thirty most recently determined R waves, for example, the threshold values are adaptive to true changes in heart rate which may have been brought on by any number of factors, including provocative measures undertaken in HRV testing. Afterstep1350, confirmation of the prospective R wave continues as previously described and as indicated inFIG. 13A. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there are a number of alternative embodiments available which allow for R wave detection and that such embodiments are within the scope of the present invention.
• The ECG detection sequence, in its many embodiments, has several advantages over the prior art. The sequence helps combat noise and thereby identifies R waves more accurately. The method also provides flexibility in contrast to the rigid systems represented by the prior art. Such flexibility exists in, for example, the method's ability to adjust boundaries (e.g., minTHR) according to patient data that is received by the system. In addition, the resultant ability to accurately measure R-R cycle lengths, in real time, helps a clinician terminate a lengthy study, such as the 5 Minute Resting HRV study, if poor signals are being generated. Then, for example, electrode patches can be re-applied and the test can begin again.
• 5. Further Verifying R Waves
• FIG. 15A illustrates an embodiment of a method for further verifying that the above process has accurately detected R waves. The method helps distinguish abnormal waves from normal R waves. The abnormal waves may be, for example, artifact signals produced by sources other than the heart. Such artifact may be due to a clinician contacting a loose electrode. Other examples of abnormal waves are ectopic heart beats that produce R waves. These R waves represent heart activity other than normal waves originating from sinus node activity.
• An embodiment of the verification method begins at1500. In1505, a sample array of “N” RR intervals is collected. DC bias is removed from the intervals in1510. The mean (“M”) and standard deviation (“a”) of the intervals is calculated in1515. In1520, the interval (“i”) to be examined is set to “0”. Using statistical methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art, in1525 a “T” value is calculated as follows: T =absolute value of (RR[i]−M)/σ. In addition, a “t” value is ascertained using the degree of freedom table illustrated inFIG. 15B. For example, for an array of 15 RR intervals, the “N−1” degree of freedom value is 14 and the corresponding t value is 2.24. In1530, T is compared to t. If T is not larger than t, RR[i] is likely not an abnormal beat. Consequently, in1545 the next interval, RR[i+1], is set to be examined. If1550 indicates RR[i] was not the last interval in the array, the process begins anew as1555 returns to1525 to begin analysis of RR[i+1]. If RR[i] is the last interval in the array,1555 returns the process to1500 to begin analysis of a new array of RR intervals.
• In1530, if T is larger than t, RR[i] may be an abnormal beat and must be analyzed further. In1535, if RR[i] is less than 70% of RR[i−1] or more than 130% of RR[i−1], RR[i] is deemed an abnormal beat which may be indicative of artifact or, for example, an ectopic beat. In1540, RR[i] may be set to a point that is interpolated between preceding and proceeding valid RR intervals. The interpolated point may be defined as follows: RR[i]=(RR[i−1]+RR[i+1])/2. Consequently, the abnormal wave, in its original form, is removed from further analysis. More specifically, time domain analysis of the array will not consider those RR intervals preceding and proceeding the abnormal signal. However, in frequency domain analysis, the artifact is adjusted so that the R wave is still analyzed but only at its interpolated position and not its original position. In1545, the next interval, RR[i+1], is set to be examined. One result from this verification process is that abnormal waves that were previously identified as R waves are no longer so identified. The method is known to those of ordinary skill in the art and is further described in the following article: D. Sepetliev,Statistical methods in medical scientific research(Medicine, Moscow, 1968), which is hereby incorporated within.
• The clinician may still wish to further verify that the R waves were accurately detected. In one embodiment of the invention, the clinician may view a display that illustrates a 5 second window of ECG data. Within the window, each normal and abnormal R wave is identified with, for example, a marker that may be in the form of a cross-hair.FIGS. 13A-13B addresses detection of normal R waves. So that the clinician has a general idea of where the 5 second window is taken from, a graph that tracks HR throughout the ECG recording is displayed. The section of the HR graph that pertains to the selected 5 second ECG window is highlighted. If the clinician locates a normal R wave not identified by the invention, he may mark the missed wave, through use of a graphical user interface (GUI), so that the system will now recognize the missed wave as a normal R wave. If there are waves, such as artifacts, that have been incorrectly identified by the invention as an R wave, the clinician may remove the marker using the GUI. If an ectopic beat has been marked as a normal R wave, the clinician may use the GUI to toggle the identification to one representing an abnormal R wave. The clinician may repeat this process, by moving from one-5 second window to another 5-second window, until the entire ECG recording has been analyzed.
• 6. Generate HRV Parameters
• Again referring toFIG. 1, once the autonomic tests have been administered instep110, the resultant physiologic data, such as ECG data that was derived from the tests, is measured and other physiologic data, such as HRV parameters may be obtained or derived instep115. The exact HRV parameters generated are a function of which autonomic tests are administered. For example, the HRV parameters measured or derived in the Metronomic test may include one or more of the following parameters listed inFIG. 16B. The HRV parameters measured or derived in the Orthostatic test may include one or more of the parameters listed inFIG. 16A. The Valsalva ratio is measured or derived from the Valsalva test. Finally, for the Short-Term Resting HRV test, one of more of the HRV parameters listed in FIGS.16C-D may be derived. While the Metronomic Breathing test, Valsalva test, Orthostatic test and Short-Term Resting HRV test may result in the twenty-two exemplar parameters just listed, other HRV parameters may be derived. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various forms of physiologic tests may be used in conjunction with the various embodiments of the invention. These physiologic tests entail the tests specifically listed above, as well as variations and combinations of those tests, and other tests no specifically addressed herein. Various forms of physiologic data may be derived from these tests. The derived physiologic data may constitute a raw form of data or may be a processed form of data The processed data may be derived directly or indirectly from the original form of the data. For example, the data may constitute raw ECG data, artifact free ECG data or HRV parameters derived from the ECG. The physiologic data need not be limited to ECG data. For example, in one embodiment of the invention the physiologic data may relate, for example, to blood pressure. These physiological tests and various forms of physiological data, as well as related embodiments, are within the scope of the present invention.
• 7. Determine Whether Normative Database Exists
• Initially, no database of test results may exist from which normative values may be derived. Consequently, instep110, a statistically significant number or population of individuals must be tested in order to generate data that can be gathered and compiled into a database. Such a population may be tested according to any number of HRV tests including the Slow Metronomic Breathing test, Valsalva test, Orthostatic test or Short-Term Resting HRV test. Assuming, instep120, that no such database exists initially, step125 calls for the addition of the patient data obtained insteps105 and110 to be added to the database, which may reside on theserver415. Patient data should continue to be collected at least until a statistically significant data set from a population of patients is achieved. What may constitute such a statistically significant data set will be discussed in more detail in conjunction withstep135.
• 8. Perform Discriminant Analysis
• As test results and patient information are entered into the database, discriminant analysis of the data may begin instep130. The data set can be classified according to any number of variables such as, for example, type of test administered (e.g., Metronomic and/or Orthostatic), parameters monitored (e.g., E/I ratio and/or SDNN), age, gender, race, smoking history and health condition (e.g., whether a patient has pancreatic cancer or simply whether a patient is healthy or ill). Healthy individuals may be included in addition to those with conditions such as diabetes or heart disease. Subsets of these variables may indicate the severity of AN related to maladies such as diabetes. On a more general note, the patients in the data set may be given a preliminary classification that helps measure the severity of various health conditions. For example, each patient in the data set may have a health classification such as “no autonomic dysfunction”, “borderline dysfunction” or “clinically evident autonomic dysfunction.”
• In the following example of a data set, a group of128 patients took the 5-min resting HRV test, Slow Metronomic Breathing test and Orthostatic test. All patients were 30-35 year old white, non-smoking men. The group consisted of two subgroups: 64 “healthy” patients and 64 patients with clinically evident diabetic autonomic dysfunction. The data set, comprised of background data and HRV parameters from the population of patients, was then subjected to statistical discriminatory analysis. Statistical discriminatory analysis is used to determine one or more discriminant equations wherein each such equation discriminates between, for example, patients with abnormal autonomic function and patients with normal autonomic function. Doing so indicates whether a pattern indicative of autonomic dysfunction could be found for similarly situated individuals.
• Discriminant function analysis is a statistical tool used to determine which variables discriminate between two or more naturally occurring groups. For example, the analysis can be used to investigate which patient information and autonomic test parameters discriminate between individuals with autonomic dysfunction, individuals without autonomic dysfunction and borderline individuals that lie between these classifications. Discriminant analysis can then be used to determine which variable(s) are the best predictors of autonomic dysfunction. In a stepwise discriminant function analysis, such as the one used in the present example, a model of discrimination is built step-by-step. Specifically, at each step, variables are reviewed and evaluated to determine which one will contribute most to the discrimination between groups of patients. If such a contribution is made, that variable will then be included in the later analysis and the process starts again until all variables have been examined. The statistical methods incorporated in this example are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In addition, the particular statistical analysis employed in the invention need not be the exact analysis described herein. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily realize that other statistical methodologies may be employed to identify patterns within the data set.
• Keeping with the present example, twenty-one HRV parameters, derived from three HRV tests, were gathered for all 128 patients. This data is provided in FIGS.6A-I. These test results were processed with a standard forward stepwise linear discriminant analysis. The Statistica™ 5.0 software package was used to provide this analysis, with the following parameters set for the method: Tolerance=0.010, F to enter=1.00, F to remove=0.00 and Number of steps=21 (i.e., the number of parameters to be analyzed). F is essentially computed as the ratio of the between-groups variance in the data over the pooled (average) within-group variance. If the between-group variance is significantly larger, then there must be significant differences between means. The stepwise procedure is guided by the respective “F to enter” and “F to remove” values. The F value for a variable indicates its statistical significance in the discrimination between groups. In other words, it is a measure of the extent to which a variable makes a unique contribution to the prediction of group membership. Statistica™ software is available from StatSoft, Inc., 2300 East 14th Street, Tulsa, Okla. 74104. The above-identified values are provided as examples only and may be modified by those of ordinary skill in the art in accordance with their statistical analysis design choices.
• The discriminant analysis derived (i) a discriminant equation that (ii) determined 8 of the 21 parameters were statistically significant. The data for these 8 parameters, a subset of data presented in FIGS.6A-I, is presented in FIGS.14A-C. A focus on 8 of the 21 parameters demonstrated a pattern that significantly separated patients with autonomic dysfunction from those without autonomic dysfunction. The discriminant analysis indicated the other 13 parameters were not statistically relevant in discriminating between patients afflicted with autonomic neuropathy due to diabetes and those patients with normal autonomic function. The significant parameters for the 5-min Resting HRV test were RMS-SD and TP. The significant parameters for the Slow Metronomic Breathing test were E/I Ratio, SD and NNmin SB. Finally, the significant parameters for the Orthostatic test were 30:15 Ratio, NNmin Standing and NNmax Standing. A description of these parameters was set out above.
• The newly derived discriminant equation is as follows:
  Y=(21.7134*E/IRatio)+(0.0936*SD)−(0.0628*RMS-SD)+(0.0008*TP)+(3.7881*30:15Ratio)−(0.0020*NNminSB)−(0.0100*NNmin Standing)+(0.0056*NNmax Standing)−39.6343.
  Essentially, this equation was derived so that, when the 8 relevant factors are input into the equation, any resultant Y value that is positive will be indicative of a patient with normal autonomic function. Any resultant Y value that is negative will be indicative of a patient with autonomic neuropathy due to diabetes. Those variables with the largest coefficients are the ones that contribute most to the prediction of autonomic dysfunction. Thus, in this example, the E/I ratio contributes most to the prediction because its coefficient is larger than the other coefficients.
• While one discriminant equation has been identified in this example, an embodiment of the invention concerns finding one or more such equations. For example, a second equation could be derived from the same data representative of the 21 HRV parameters recorded for the above example. The first discriminant equation discriminated between patients of a population that had a first autonomic state, such as diabetes and autonomic neuropathy, and other patients in the same population that had a second autonomic state, such as no autonomic neuropathy. A second discriminant equation might distinguish between patients with a first autonomic state, such as hypertension and autonomic neuropathy, and other patients with a second autonomic state, such as normal autonomic function and no hypertension.
• Those additional equations may continue to be derived as the normative databases receive more background information and test results. Using the new data, the invention could determine an equation for discriminating between those with both coronary artery disease (CAD) and diabetes and those that have neither condition. In addition, the invention could determine another equation for discriminating between those individuals with CAD, and associated autonomic dysfunction, and those without autonomic dysfunction. Also, the invention could determine an equation for discriminating between individuals with CAD, who would have a first state of autonomic function indicative of CAD, and those with diabetes, who would have second state of autonomic function indicative of diabetes. The multiple equations, possibly derived from multiple HRV parameters taken from multiple HRV tests, provide for more accurate autonomic assessment of patients than was ever possible with prior art methods that failed to consider such discriminant equations. In short, the multiple equations allow for like individuals, such as white, 30-year old males, to have their HRV test results compared against other white, 30-year old males. Multiple equations may allow that same white, 30-year old male to have his results, using one equation, compared against 30-year old, white males with hypertension and, using a second equation, against 30-year old, white males with diabetes. In doing so, the patient's autonomic function is assessed in a more accurate and precise manner than would be the case with prior art methodologies.
• Returning to the example with 128 patients, after a discriminant equation was derived, the 128 patients' test data were entered into the equation to calculate the outcome, or root, of the discriminant function. The outcome values are presented inFIG. 7A-7D. These outcomes may be identified as an autonomic ranking or autonomic dysfunction rank (ADR).
• In one embodiment of the invention, when the ADR is greater than 0, the patient is considered healthy. When ADR is equal to, for example, 0, the patient is still healthy but could be considered “borderline” for autonomic dysfunction. As an ADR grows negative, a more severe autonomic dysfunction is indicated. Autonomic pathophysiology indicates there is a gradual transition, through a “borderline” phase, from a healthy condition to a pathological one. Taking this approach, a “borderline zone” may be defined, for example, as plus/minus 5% of the variance of the discriminant function derived from the entire set of 128 patients. Therefore, if ADRmin=−12.1825 and ADRmax=11.3844, then R=23.5669 and the borderline zone will range from −1.1784 to +1.1784.
• 9. Store Discriminant Equation
• The newly derived equation should be added to a database,step135, along with any previously derived and still valid equations, for use with future patients. In one embodiment of the invention, the process is continued until a statistically significant number of patients have been examined and one or more discriminant equations have been derived. As an example of achieving a statistically significant data set, analyzing patterns among patient gender, fourteen different categories of age, five categories of race, and two categories of health (e.g., those with and without clinically evident autonomic dysfunction) may require 12,500 patients assuming each unique combination of variables should have about 44 data points recorded.
• 12,500 patients were pursued in the present example for at least the following reasons. In discriminant analysis, the number of observations for a group that will be studied should be higher than the total number of parameters that will be tested for that group. Therefore, using all four previously described HRV tests will produce 22 HRV parameters. Consequently, more than 22 observations should be made for each group that will be studied. To be conservative, 44 data points were gathered, which doubles the required minimum number of observations (22). Regarding the number of groups to be studied, two patient genders, fourteen different categories of age, five categories of race, and two categories of health result in 280 different groups or types of patients that were to be studied. 280 groups multiplied by 44 data points per group equates to 12,500 tests that should be considered. While a specific example of what constitutes a statistically relevant population has been addressed herein, a determination of when a statistically valid amount of data has been collected is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and may vary from that described above.
• 10. Choose Applicable Discriminant Equation for New Patient
• Moving back to step120 inFIG. 1, once a normative data set has been created from a statistically significant population of patients, new patients may be evaluated in relation to the norms found within the population data set. In one embodiment of the invention, the new patient is subjected to the Metronomic Breathing test, Valsalva test, Orthostatic test and Short-Term Resting HRV to produce ECG data instep110, after first having background data taken instep105. The ECG data is then measured to obtain HRV parameters instep115. One may choose to use multiple tests because an autonomic abnormality may manifest itself in, for example, the Valsalva test but not the Orthostatic test. Patients with specific severe cardiac conditions, however, may only be capable of Short-Term Resting HRV testing due to the patient's elevated risk for abnormal cardiac events.
• Instep145, a new patient that is, for example, a 35 year old, white, non-smoking man with clinically evident signs of autonomic dysfunction caused by diabetes (Patient 1) is evaluated against the discriminant equation derived earlier. In addition, a 31 year old, white, non-smoking man who is apparently healthy (Patient 2) is also evaluated against the above discriminant equation. However, the above discriminant equation may not be selected for a 30 year old, Hispanic, smoking woman with clinically evident signs of autonomic dysfunction caused by CAD because the above equation is based on data from 30-35 year old white, non-smoking men. Still, an investigator may choose to evaluate the exemplar Hispanic woman against all known discriminant equations, including the one that is the subject of the present example, associated with individuals aged 30 to 35 years. In contrast, the investigator may choose to compare the exemplar Hispanic woman only with other smoking, 30-year old Hispanic women. Therefore, in one embodiment of the invention, one or more discriminant equations are selected in response to the background data from the new patient. This selection may be performed automatically by the invention or manually by the clinician.
• 11. Generate Autonomic Ranking
• UsingPatients 1 and 2 as examples, the patients may be subjected to, for example, the 5-min resting HRV test, Slow Metronomic breathing test and Orthostatic test, producing HRV data as shown inFIG. 8. These results should contain all eight parameters values called for by the previously derived exemplar discriminant equation. Instep150, the eight HRV parameters are input into the selected discriminant equation and processed to produce autonomic rankings, as seen instep155, that are indicative of the patient's autonomic function, as follows:
• Patient 1:
  (21.7134*1.1075)+(0.0936*31.48)−(0.0628*27.51)+(0.0008*63.64)+(3.7881*1.083)−(0.0020*572)-(0.010*372)+(0.0056*592)−39.6343=−11.828 (ADR)
• Patient 2:
  (21.7134*1.3966)+(0.0936*110.76)−(0.0628*52.63)+(0.0008*1020.37)+(3.7881*1.349) (−0.0020*748)−(0.0100*620)+(0.0056*936)−39.6343=1.1659 (ADR)
• 12. Present Autonomic Rankings to Clinician
• Although the discriminant function produces a positive autonomic ranking of 1.1659 forPatient 2, the value falls into the borderline zone, instead of normal or abnormal zones, as illustrated instep160 and byPoint910 inFIG. 9. Even though there is no clinical manifestation of autonomic dysfunction, the patient will be considered “borderline.” Thus, whilePatient 2 showed no clinically evident signs of autonomic dysfunction, he is clearly at risk for developing such dysfunction. The autonomic ranking may be classified as being indicative of a propensity forPatient 2 to develop a specific illness such as diabetes. Considering many individuals have autonomic dysfunction that does not manifest itself clinically, the results forPatient 2 are critical.Patient 2 can now work with his clinician to manage his lifestyle towards autonomic improvement. Furthermore, the effects of any prescribed regimen can be evaluated when subsequent test results are compared to the first autonomic ranking. Concerning the exact display illustrated inFIG. 9, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the autonomic ranking may be presented to the clinician or patient in many different ways and that the various display embodiments are within the scope of the present invention. For example, an exemplar display may be three dimensional with clouds or sectors that identify different scores that are indicative of different maladies. The patient's ADR could then be plotted in view of these clouds or sectors. The patient may then readily realize his proximity to different maladies. The clinician may then order specific tests for maladies that the patient is at risk for contracting. The clinician may also make referrals to, for example, an oncologist for a patient who is borderline for pancreatic cancer. In one embodiment of the invention, the referral to other doctors or necessity for other tests may be performed automatically by the invention.
• Returning the above example, in contrast toPatient 2,Patient 1 has a very negative autonomic ranking of 11.828. This ranking confirms the clinical assessment of autonomic dysfunction. Now thatPatient 1 has an objective ranking to corroborate his clinical assessment, he may more easily monitor the effectiveness of therapy or a change a lifestyle upon his autonomic function by comparing his future autonomic rakings with the present ranking. Along these same lines, pharmaceutical companies may easily track the efficacy of certain drugs by using these HRV results.
• 13. Amend Normative Database
• Afterstep155 and, for example,step160, some or all ofPatient 2's background information, HRV data and ECG data may be added to the normative database where discriminant analysis may again be performed. This step allows for the database to consider additional data that is of critical import for HRV analysis, especially considering the possible lack of normative values addressing, for example, the relationship between HRV and CAD or the relationship between race, smoking status, pancreatic cancer and HRV.
• In one embodiment of the invention, a patient's autonomic ranking forcondition 1, obtained inyear 1, may later be compared with the patient's autonomic ranking forcondition 1, obtained inyear 2. The normative values may be archived on thetest evaluation server415 as the normative database grows to ensure a patient's autonomic test results inyear 2 can be compared against normative values fromyear 1. Similarly, a patient's test results fromyear 1 can be archived so they can later be compared with normative values fromyear 2, thereby allowing a health care provider to more fully take advantage of updated normative values as they develop. In this way, the invention could periodically test prior test results against updated normative values to determine if a patient's autonomic ranking should be revised in light of improved normative values and/or newly derived discriminant equations.
• Thus, an alternative embodiment of the invention entails ongoing health care for the patient. As HRV testing becomes more popular with clinicians, normative databases will be more populated with data. As these normative databases grow, new discriminant equations will be derived or determined and previously determined discriminant equations may be modified.
• Returning to the aboveexample concerning Patient 1, a clinician may continue to monitorPatient 1 over time. For example, the clinician may inputPatient 1's HRV test parameters fromPatient 1's initial HRV test into a newly determined discriminant function, derived from background data and physiologic data from a second population of patients, to produce an alternative, or new, autonomic ranking. The alternative ranking may indicate thatPatient 1's initial HRV parameters, which produced a “borderline” ranking, may now indicate an “abnormal” ranking based on updated normative values. The invention could then alert the clinician to contactPatient 1 to reassess any prescribed therapy or to conduct further testing, such as a test for diabetes inPatient 1's case. In one embodiment of the invention, the patient's various autonomic rankings are displayed in proximity to one another so the patient can readily appreciate how his autonomic function has changed over time.
• In yet another alternative embodiment, the clinician may collect new physiologic data, such as ECG readings and/or the resultant HRV parameters, fromPatient 1. The clinician may then input the additional physiologic data fromPatient 1 into the initially derived discriminant function to produce a second autonomic ranking, wherein the second autonomic ranking is indicative ofPatient 1's alternative autonomic function. The two autonomic rankings could then be compared with one another to determine howPatient 1's autonomic function is progressing. The embodiment of the invention could indicate to the clinician that there has been a change between the two autonomic rankings that exceeds a predetermined amount. If the change was for the worse, the clinician could then order needed tests, such as a test for diabetes inPatient 1's case. As an additional embodiment,Patient 1's new physiologic data could be input into newly derived discriminant equations to provide up to date autonomic function results. The two autonomic rankings could be displayed in proximity to one another thus facilitating comparisons between the two rankings.
• As a normative database grows, the discriminant equations will become more discriminating and be able to connect autonomic rankings to indicators of whether a patient suffers from, or is at a heightened risk for contracting, a specified illness, such as, for example, diabetes, coronary artery disease, anxiety, depression, sudden cardiac death, myocardial infarction and hypertension. Other HRV-related maladies are described further in the Task Force Report for Heart Rate Variability: Standards of Measurement, Physiologic Interpretation, and Clinical Use, Circulation Vol. 93. No 5, 1996, which is incorporated herein by reference. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that the methods and apparatuses described herein may be used to identify other maladies not specifically mentioned or described and that identification of such maladies is included within the scope of the invention.
• The end result ofsteps100 through160 is that a patient with certain characteristics can be compared with like individuals in a very specific and accurate fashion. Thus, the normative database, discriminatory equations, autonomic test parameters and background patient data will allow a forty year old, white man with pancreatic cancer and a history of heavy smoking to have his autonomic data compared with like individuals to determine his predisposition for maladies found within those like individuals.
• One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there are a number of other alternative embodiments available which allow for the identification of autonomic dysfunction patterns and for the application of the identified patterns to new patient data, and that such embodiments are within the scope of the present invention. In addition, the various embodiments of the invention are not directed solely towards traditional HRV testing. For example, certain embodiments of the invention may be used for HRV and spirometric testing of non-human animals, such as horses, cattle, dogs and cats, are within the scope of the invention. The invention may be used in other non-traditional settings. For example, embodiments of the invention may be used for battlefield or civilian assessment of biological warfare efforts. HRV testing may evaluate whether an individual has been exposed to a toxin or a chemical or biological agent. The effects of such agents may have immediate or delayed expression in the afflicted individual. This expression may manifest itself by a decrease in autonomic function. The various embodiments of the invention may be used to detect such a decrease in autonomic function. Embodiments of the invention may then monitor improvements in the autonomic function as well. In short, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that application of the invention is not limited to traditional HRV testing and that non-traditional uses of the invention are encompassed with in the scope of the invention.
• 14. Application Service Provider Model and Other Alternative Embodiments
• An alternative embodiment of the invention concerns an Application Service Provider (“ASP”) model. Generally, in an ASP model, a business offers software application capabilities, from centralized data centers via wide area networks, including the Internet, to remote users. For users, an ASP is a kind of outsourcer wherein users are not required to buy and own software applications accessed from the ASP. For example, Microsoft may provide to users access to the most current versions of applications such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel over the Internet from a web server running such applications. Microsoft may then charge the users on a per use basis. Generally, in the long run such programs will be more up to date than the off the shelf versions available for purchase by users. Another advantage of the ASP model is that users can run available applications with a thin client, also known as NetPCs or NetStations. The ASP will provide such thin clients with access to applications such as word processing and spreadsheet applications, will store a user's personal files, and provide all necessary processing power for running such applications.
• Referring toFIG. 10, there is illustrated a block diagram of an ASP system configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. A user at their client machine with abrowser1002 loaded thereon has access to theInternet1003. Please note that the present invention should not be limited to the Internet, but is also applicable to any local area network, wide area network, or global communications network. The user will type in a URL into theirbrowser1002 to access theweb server1001 of the ASP they desire to contact. Once the user has accessed the ASP, the user will then be able to select anapplication1004 being run on the ASP'sweb server1001. Such anapplication1004 could be a spreadsheet program, such as Microsoft Excel or an application for measuring autonomic function. In such a process, instead of the user having to purchase the software for the application and load it onto their client machine, the user may use theirbrowser1002 to access all of the features of theapplication1004 over theInternet1003 through theweb server1001 of the ASP. Typically, GUIs (graphical user interface) of the application will be sent to the user for viewing on theirbrowser1002, and the user will insert data, for example a letter or memo they wish to create in a word processing application, which data will be uploaded from thebrowser1002 to theapplication1004 running on theweb server1001 of the ASP. The process for performing this function is well known in the art.
• For example, inFIG. 11, once a clinician (MD) has a candidate (patient) (step1100) for HRV testing, instep1105, he may use abrowser1002, located on hisworkstation410 ortesting unit405, to access the web server1001 (i.e., test evaluation server415) andapplication1004. Instep1110, if the clinician has an account with the ASP, he may log in to theapplication1004. Instep1120, if no such account exists, he may contact the ASP to open an account. Once theapplication1004 confirms the clinician has a viable account instep1115, theapplication1004 may display a list of available tests instep1125. These tests may be packaged in any number of ways. The display may, using a pull down menu, as an example, offer the clinician the option of selecting one Valsalva test and one Metronomic test. The display may offer, however, tests in packages, where purchasing one test package amounts to purchasing one Metronomic test, one Valsalva test, one resting HRV test and one Orthostatic test.
• Each test may have a unique identifier assigned to it. This unique identifier may be used for billing purposes by theapplication1004. For example, the unique identifier may be associated with receivables such as spirometric mouthpieces. When the clinician purchases a Metronomic test, the ASP may also bill the clinician for the mouthpiece that is required for use with the test. The mouthpieces may have been shipped, in bulk, to the clinician at an earlier time. This may further aid in other billing concepts. For example, a clinician could be billed for10 spirometric mouthpieces after10 HRV tests have been purchased. A unique identifier may also be assigned to the patient. This will facilitate tracking the patient's medical records because the identifier would be stored or coupled to theserver1001. For example, while a patient may discontinue seeing a particular clinician, the patient would not have to transfer his files to the office of another clinician. The second clinician could access the patient's medical files using the patient's unique identifier, abrowser1002, theinternet1003, theapplication1004 and theserver1001. The unique identifier of the patient may be linked to the unique identifier associated with the test. The patient information could be protected in any number of ways, including using the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology SSL described earlier.
• Instep1130 ofFIG. 11, the clinician chooses a test. Theapplication1004, in step1135, then may prompt, using a dialog box for example, the user to enter background data from a patient as well as physiologic data from a patient into the application. This step may be implemented in an automatic fashion whereby, upon docking thetesting unit405 to the doctor'sworkstation410, the background and physiologic data may be automatically uploaded to the doctor'sworkstation410. Theapplication1004 may then interrogate the doctor'sworkstation405 after the clinician replies affirmatively to the application's prompt in step1135. Of course the doctor'sworkstation410 may be omitted and thetesting unit405 may interact directly with theapplication1004.
• After the background and physiologic data has been uploaded to theapplication1004, the application may choose, instep1140, one or more discriminant equations that are applicable to the transferred data. For example, theapplication1004 may have previously derived two discriminatory equations from a population of data. One equation may identify a pattern that discriminates between a population of individuals with normal autonomic function and individuals with abnormal autonomic function. Another equation may discriminate between 30 year black men with hypertension and 30-year-old black men without hypertension. If the clinician sends data to theapplication1004 concerning a 30-year-old black man, theapplication1004 may choose both equations forapplication1004 to the new patient data. If the clinician transmits data from a 50-year-old white woman, the application may only select the equation that discriminates broadly between individuals with normal autonomic function and those without normal autonomic function.
• Instep1145, theapplication1004 applies the new patient data to the selected equations and generates one or more ADRs or autonomic rankings. Instep1150, theapplication1004 may incorporate the autonomic ranking into a report that may be saved on theserver1001, instep1155, and/or be sent over theinternet1003 to the doctor'sworkstation410 ortesting unit405 instep1160. Then, considering the test is complete and a report has been sent to the clinician, instep1165, theapplication1004 may decrease the number of available credits for studies the clinician has purchased by one. The application may then prompt the clinician to order additional tests if less than a predetermined number of tests are then available to the clinician. The process may then end instep1170.
• The physiologic data that may be sent in step1135 may be, for example, raw ECG data or processed ECG data. Thus, the ECG data from a patient's HRV study may be sent in the form it was collected as to theapplication1004. The ECG data may be, however, sent to theapplication1004 only after artifact and abnormal heartbeats have been removed using the processes described above. Yet again, the ECG data may be analyzed locally thus deriving physiologic data such as HRV parameters like SDNN or RMS-SD. These HRV parameters may be sent alone to theapplication1004 or may be derived by theapplication1004 from ECG data previously sent to theapplication1004. In order to create more comprehensive and increasingly accurate normative databases, newly acquired raw ECG data and/or processed ECG data and/or physiologic parameters or values may all be sent to theserver1001 for further analysis at, for example, a later time.
• Theapplication1004 is not limited to the HRV sector. For example, theapplication1004 may be used with other medical testing, such as in general spirometry testing. A clinician may choose a test from theapplication1004. Upon transferring physiological data to theapplication1004, theapplication1004 may analyze the data and return results to the clinician or provide other services that allow the clinician to analyze the data. Upon purchasing a test from theapplication1004, theapplication1004 may bill the clinician for a spirometric mouthtube if such a device is needed to perform the test. Various blood tests could be used with the model as well. Upon purchasing a test from theapplication1004, the clinician could be billed for a testing kit that might include a syringe, blood tube, bandages and other related equipment.
• In addition, ECG analysis services are within the scope of the invention. Rather than providing expensive ECG analysis technologies within a clinician's office, physiological data (e.g., ECG data) could be transmitted to theapplication1004 whereby the ECG data is analyzed and test results are returned to the clinician. The process could be repeated for that patient at later dates. Then, theapplication1004 could display the various ECG tests to the clinician, using abrowser1002, to quickly illustrate differences in the patient's ECG recordings over time. This aspect of the invention would be of paramount importance by an emergency room clinician that must quickly access a patient's medical records without waiting for files to be forwarded to the emergency room. The clinician could use the internet to access ECG files located on theserver1001. Using a unique identifier associated with each ECG test, theapplication1004 could bill the clinician for, as an example, ECG patches and the like.
• While various examples have been described above for using the ASP model, one of ordinary skill in the art will realize that any number of medical services may be provided with the ASP model and that those services are encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
• In addition to the prior embodiments of the invention heretofore set out,FIG. 20 depicts an additional embodiment of the invention wherein a method for deriving respiration data from ECG data is illustrated. One embodiment of the invention involves deriving respiration data from ECG data, wherein the ECG data was recorded using a single lead, such as lead I. Lead I utilizes a right arm electrode and a left arm electrode. Other leads, such as II or III, can also be used as the single lead for recording ECG data in accordance with the invention. After starting the process instep2000, ECG data is received. Next, instep2010, an R peak is detected within the ECG data. A person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate there are many methods for locating R waves or peaks such as, for example, simple threshold techniques, statistical methods or using the method or apparatus described within U.S. application Ser. No. 10/861,566, entitled “Method for Detecting Physiological Signals”, filed Jun. 4, 2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• Instep2020, various components, or fiduciary points, of the cardiac complex are identified. As illustrated inFIGS. 17 and 20,Q peak1720 andP peak1700 are located. Then, the point whereby the ECG signal, traversing from apositive P wave1700 towards anegative Q wave1720, crosses from a positive amplitude to a negative amplitude is identified as aPQ point1710. Instep2030, still other components, or fiduciary points, of the cardiac complex are identified. As shown inFIGS. 17 and 20, the S peak, or S wave,1740 and theT wave1760 are located. Moving from the negative S wave towards the positive T wave, the location where the ECG crosses from negative to positive amplitude is identified as theJ point1750.
• Instep2040, the amplitude for each sample or intermediate point between the PQ and J points is ascertained. The PQ-J region is targeted because, as those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, that portion of the cardiac complex reflects the most pronounced relationship to the respiration cycle. In one embodiment of the invention, the ECG data is recorded in digital form, thus providing a plurality of samples. However, in other embodiments of the invention, an analog recording may be used whereby the analog recording is later converted into a digital form complete with samples.
• Each amplitude for the samples or intermediate points between thePQ1710 andJ1750 points may be squared or raised to some other power or multiplied by some value. This amplification is done so that the amplitude of the samples are magnified in some way, thus helping distinguish small differences in amplitudes. After amplifying the amplitudes, the amplified values may be summed together in a total value designated as “X”. As seen instep2050, A[k] represents the sum of amplified amplitudes for the [k] cardiac complex. T[k] represents the time at which the R wave has been detected. “k” is simply an index value that corresponds with different cardiac complexes. For example, k=1 may correspond with the first cardiac complex, while k=2 corresponds with a second cardiac complex. If a maximum slope method is used to locate R waves, T[k] will correspond to the time when the maximum slope sample of the R wave in question occurred.
• Instep2060, the amplitude of a respiration signal is derived. The following equation requires thatsteps2010 through2050 be repeated for a plurality of cardiac complexes. Consequently, a plurality of sums that correspond to a plurality of cardiac complexes are ascertained. For example, a first sum of amplitudes (A[ 1]) can be associated with a first cardiac complex (k=1), while a second sum of amplitudes (A[2]) can be associated with a second cardiac complex (k=2). In the specific example provided herein, four complexes are used. The amplitude of the respiration signal is derived as follows:$Y\left(t_n\right)=\sum _{i=0}^3\left(A\left[k-i\right]*\prod _{j=0,j\ne \mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="i"\; filenames="US20050251056A1-20051110-D00002.png,US20050251056A1-20051110-D00015.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">i</figure-callout>}}^3\left(t_n-T\left[k-j\right]\right)/\prod _{j=0,j\ne \mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="i"\; filenames="US20050251056A1-20051110-D00002.png,US20050251056A1-20051110-D00015.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">i</figure-callout>}}^3\left(T\left[k-i\right]-T\left[k-j\right]\right)\right)$
  wherein:
• • Y(t_n)=amplitude of the respiratory signal at time (t_n)
  • t_n=n*0.2 sec
  • A[k]=sum of amplitudes for the k (e.g., first) cardiac complex
  • T[k]=time at the k (e.g., first) R wave
  • n=is an index value for the n (e.g., first) sample in a data set.
• The t_nvalue can be chosen, as an example, so that a 5 Hz sampling rate is achieved. A person of ordinary skill in the art will realize that such a sampling rate will provide resolution that should be adequate to capture important data within a respiratory signal. Also, thevalue 3 is used to facilitate cublic spline interpolation of the respiratory wave. While a specific equation for derivation of the respiratory signal has been provided as an example for how to derive a respiratory signal from ECG data, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a respiratory signal can be derived from ECG data using any number of methods or equations within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
• The process ends instep2070. The method may be used in a retroactive or real-time manner. In other words, ECG recordings originally recorded in the past, e.g., years ago, may presently be analyzed to generate a respiratory signal. In contrast, ECG recordings can be recorded and translated into respiratory signals in a substantially real-time manner.
• FIG. 21 depicts another method for deriving respiration data from ECG data. In this embodiment of the invention respiration data can be derived from ECG data wherein the ECG data was recorded using a dual lead approach, such as leads I and II. Other dual lead combinations, such as leads I and HI or II and III, are also suitable for use with the invention.Steps2110 through2140 are analogous tosteps2010 through2040. However,steps2110 through2140 concern two ECG recordings or data sets instead of one. Instep2140, the squared amplitude for each sample between the PQ and J points, for each lead, is ascertained. The sum for the first lead is designated “X1” while the sum for the second lead is designated “X2.”
• As seen instep2150, A[k] is equal to the arctangent of (X1/X2). Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that taking the arctangent of two substantially orthogonal leads, such as leads I and II, helps ascertain the cardiac vector of the signal. As previously discussed, changes in cardiac vector are associated with changes in a respiratory signal. A[k] instep2150 still relates to a sum of amplitudes just as the A[k] ofstep2050 relates to a sum of amplitudes.
• Step2160 is analogous to step2060. Instep2160, the amplitude of a respiration signal is derived. The exemplar equation requires thatsteps2110 through2150 be repeated for a plurality of cardiac complexes. Consequently, for each lead, a plurality of sums that correspond to a plurality of cardiac complexes are ascertained. The equation ofstep2060 may be used in the dual lead embodiment of the invention. The process ends instep2170. Again, the method may be used in a retroactive or real-time manner. In other words, ECG recordings originally recorded years ago may presently be analyzed to generate a respiratory signal. In contrast, ECG recordings may be recorded and translated into respiratory signals in a substantially real-time manner.
• FIGS. 22A through B depict a method for deriving a respiration rate from respiration data. Instep2200, the method begins. Respiration data is then received. The respiration data can be obtained in a traditional sense using, for example, a strain gauge displaced across the chest wall. However, the respiration data can also be derived from ECG data in a manner such as the methods discussed forFIGS. 20 and 21. Such data can be obtained in a retroactive or real-time manner. The data, no matter how it was originally determined, may be imported and then processed as follows. Referring toFIG. 22A,step2205, a sample X[i] is obtained where “i” is an index.Step2210 involves various signal processing techniques. A predetermined number of samples, such as60, may be processed using a moving average filter (MAF). Use of a MAF helps diminish the effect of anomalous samples on the end respiration rate calculation. A “window” of 60 samples allows analysis of a low frequency signal, such as respiration signal, while still removing very low frequency events such as drift. Still, other numbers of samples may be processed as one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate. The respiration data may also be subjected to a second MAF with a moving “window” of 10 samples. Such a filter will facilitate removal of high frequency noise. The outputs of the first MAF may then be subtracted from the output of the second MAF to produce processed respiration data with diminished drift and high frequency noise components. A person of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that other signal processing techniques may be used to promote true signal fidelity.
• Instep2215, a peak sample, or maximum amplitude point, is derived by comparing the amplitude of sample Y[k] with preceding (Y[k−1]) and proceeding (Y[k+1]) samples. This embodiment uses peak amplitude as a fiduciary point for potentially identifying a respiration wave. However, other fiduciary points, such as maximum slope, can also be used. Instep2220, the prospective peak is subjected to a validation process using a confirmation period (“CP”). The prospective peak is checked to ensure it does not follow a previously determined maximum peak by less than three seconds (CP=three seconds). A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the body is only capable of emitting so many breaths per unit of time. With humans, normally two respiration cycles do not occur within three seconds of one another. Thus, CP may equal three seconds. Still, other values can be used to achieve the same or similar validation goals. In addition, the invention is not limited to human beings. For example, veterinary science is within the scope of the patent. The CP may vary according to the species of the patient.
• If the prospective peak passes the CP, the prospective peak is set to MAX[j] with its amplitude characterized as Y[MAX[j]]. If the prospective peak does not satisfy the CP test, a new prospective peak should be pursued.Step2215 further assures the validity of the signal selected in addition to the measures taken instep2210.
• Instep2225, a minimum sample, or minimum amplitude point, is derived by comparing the amplitude of sample Y[k] with preceding (Y[k−1]) and proceeding (Y[k+1]) samples. In a manner similar to step2220, the minimum sample may be compared against a CP if so desired. The minimum sample is then set to MIN[j] where “j” is an index and its amplitude is set to Y[MIN[j]]. In one embodiment of the invention, the minimum point is sought between previously determined maximum peak values. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this sequence may be modified by, for example, seeking a minimum point that follows the most recently determined maximum point.
• Instep2230, various amplitude differentials, or amplitude ranges, are derived as follows: A1=Y[MAX[j−1]]−YMIN[j−1] and A2=Y[MAX[j−1]−Y[MIN[j]]. As seen inFIG. 18, A1 isreference numeral1830, Y[MAX[j−1]] isreference numeral1840, YMIN[j−1]] isreference numeral1831, A2 isreference numeral1850 and Y[MIN[j]] isreference numeral1851. Instep2235, various periods of time are derived as follows: P1=MAX[j−1]−MIN[j−1] and P2=MIN[j]−MAX[−1]. As seen inFIG. 18, P1 isreference numeral1870 and P2 isreference numeral1880.
• Step2240 leads tosteps2245 and2250 inFIG. 22B. Instep2250, an array of the previously determined A1 values is processed. The array may be sorted from smallest A1 value to largest A1 value. In one embodiment of the invention, the following equation is used whereby an amplitude range is compared to a known value: A1<M[N/2]/5. So, for an array (M) of, for example, 100 A1 values (N=100), the 50th A1 is divided by five. This value serves as a minimum threshold for which all newly acquired A1 values may be compared. If a prospective A1 value is less than this threshold, the MAX[j−1] value is discarded. If A1 is greater than or equal to the threshold,step2255 commences.
• Instep2255, P1/(P1+P2) is calculated. The resultant value is then compared to a predetermined value or range of values. In one embodiment of the invention, P1/(P1+P2) must not be less than 0.1 or more than 0.9. If that is not the case, the MAX[j−1] value is discarded. Otherwise,step2260 commences. The predetermined values are based on empirical observations. The values presented herein have been found to embody the smooth rise in amplitude associated with inhalation and the more course and prolonged descent associated with exhalation. Still, as one of ordinary skill in the art will realize, other values can be used to achieve the same validation goal.
• Instep2260, A1 is compared to A2 as follows: is A1<A2 and A1prev>A2prev ?, wherein A1prev isreference numeral1800 and A2prev is reference numeral1820 inFIG. 18. The import ofsteps2250 through2260 is made more apparent inFIG. 19 wherein the exemplar respiratory wave exhibits a second maximum which is a false maximum induced by changes in the cardiac axis. This effect is more pronounced in respiratory signals derived from single lead ECG recordings, such as the method discussed in conjunction withFIG. 20. InFIG. 19, if Y[MAX[j−1] is improperly set atreference numeral1940, a corresponding A1 value atreference numeral1930 may be too small to pass the threshold set out instep2250. Furthermore, instep2260, A2, necessarily set atreference numeral1950, would be greater than A1 previously set atreference numeral1930. In addition, A1prev, set atreference numeral1900, would be greater than A2prev set atreference numeral1920. A corresponding P1 value set atreference numeral1980 may also be too small to meet the requirements ofstep2255. Therefore, these illustrations demonstrate how false peaks may be handled in one embodiment of the invention.
• Instep2265, an additional validation step is taken wherein all A1 values are discarded if no valid peak is found within a twenty second period. Such a failure may indicate a significant change in the amplitude of respiratory excursions of various genesis. Consequently, the clinician may be alerted to, for example, treat the patient or adjust the equipment so as to enhance signal quality and promote a proper respiration rate calculation.
• Instep2270, a respiration rate is derived in response to any or all of the earlier validation steps. The rate is calculated as follows: 60/(MAX[j−1]−MAX[j−1])*0.2. The value 0.2 is indicative of a 5 Hz sampling rate (i.e., 0.2 seconds/sample). Such a rate is conducive for proper resolution of a human respiration signal. The value of 60 was chosen to produce a respiration rate in units of breaths/minute. While a specific equation has been provided as an example for how to derive a respiratory rate from a respiratory signal, steps2200 through2265 provide data that may be used to derive a respiratory rate from respiratory data using any number of methods or equations, as those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate.
• Instep2275, a warning, or indication, is made if the respiration rate is less than a predetermined value. For example, in a non-provocative, Short-term Resting HRV study, a patient must breath at a rate of nine breaths per minute or higher in order to obtain valid heart rate variability (HRV) data. In that case, warning a clinician that the respiration rate is too low could signal to the clinician to instruct the patient to breath more quickly. The indication may take any number of forms, such as a simple notation placed in the data files or may entail an auditory or visual alarm.
• The process ends instep2280. The method may be used in a retroactive or real-time manner. In other words, respiratory data originally recorded years ago may presently be analyzed to generate a respiratory rate. In contrast, respiratory recordings may be obtained and translated into a respiratory rate in a substantially real-time manner.
• FIG. 23 concerns a method for assessing autonomic function. After beginning instep2300, the process advances to step2310 wherein ECG data is received. Instep2320, respiration data is derived from the ECG data. This derivation may occur using the techniques discussed above such as, for example, those discussed in connection with FIGS.20 and21. Once the respiration data has been derived, a respiratory rate is derived from the respiratory data instep2330. This derivation may occur using the techniques discussed above such as, for example, those discussed in connection withFIGS. 22A through 22B. Instep2340, the respiration rate is compared to a predetermined value. As set out above, in the non-provocative, Short-term Resting HRV study, a patient must breath at a rate of nine breaths per minute or higher in order to obtain heart rate variability (HRV) data. Consequently, in order for the ECG data to be conducive to the proper assessment of autonomic function being tested in a Short-term Resting HRV study, the respiration rate must be confirmed to have been greater than or equal to nine breaths per minute. Once such a comparison has been made, instep2350 one or more HRV parameters may be derived from the ECG data in response tostep2340. For example, if the respiratory rate is deemed too low instep2340, the process may end. However, if the respiratory rate is deemed to be sufficient instep2340, HRV parameters may be derived because the ECG data is likely conducive to proper assessment of autonomic function. The HRV parameters will be indicative of the patient's autonomic function.
• Potential HRV parameters are as follows: 30:15 Ratio, NNmin Standing, NNmax Standing, Tmax, Trec, E/I Ratio, SD, NNmin SB, NNmax SB, VARmax, VARmean, RMS-SD, NN, SDNN, TP, LFnorm, HFnorm, LF/HF, VLF, LF, HF and VR. For the Short-term Resting HRV study, TP, LFnorm, HFnorm, LF/HF, VLF, LF, HF are likely candidates for derivation.
• The ECG data obtained instep2310 may be directly recorded from a patient or, in contrast, may be imported from a previously recorded ECG series. The ECG data may come from single or multiple lead configurations. In the case where the ECG data is directly recorded from the patient, the steps of recording the ECG data and calculating the respiratory rate may occur in a substantially real-time manner. The derivation of one or more HRV parameters from the ECG data may also occur in a substantially real-time manner.
• When the steps of recording the ECG data and calculating the respiratory rate may occur in a substantially real-time manner, the patient need not breath into a tube or utilize other cumbersome and uncomfortable devices during HRV studies or respiratory studies. For example, in several HRV studies the patient must breath into a spirometric mouthpiece so that a respiration can be obtained. However, if respiration rate is derived from ECG data in a real time manner, the need for the mouthpiece is removed.
• In the instance where the ECG data is imported from a previously recorded ECG series, the ECG data may have been originally recorded in analog form. This data may be digitized or sampled before processing. Regardless, with data that was originally recorded in either a digital or an analog format, the ability to retroactively evaluate ordinary ECG data for HRV consideration, wherein the HRV data requires respiratory data to be considered, is a distinct advantage of the invention. The invention allows ECG data originally obtained for standard cardiology protocols to be evaluated, retroactively, for HRV purposes such as assessing autonomic function.
• Referring toFIG. 12, an example is shown of adata processing system1200, which may be used for implementing any of the aforementioned embodiments of the invention, including one or more of theclient machines1002 and theweb server1001. The system has a central processing unit (CPU)1210, which is coupled to various other components bysystem bus1212. Read only memory (“ROM”)1216 is coupled to thesystem bus1212 and includes a basic input/output system (“BIOS”) that controls certain basic functions of thedata processing system1200. Random access memory (“RAM”)1214, I/O adapter1218, andcommunications adapter1234 are also coupled to thesystem bus1212. I/O adapter1218 may be a small computer system interface (“SCSI”) adapter that communicates with adisk storage device1220.Communications adapter1234interconnects bus1212 with an outside network enabling the data processing system to communicate with other such systems. Input/Output devices are also connected tosystem bus1212 viauser interface adapter1222 anddisplay adapter1236.Keyboard1224 andmouse1226 are interconnected tobus1212 viauser interface adapter1222.Display adapter1236 connectsdisplay monitor1238 tosystem bus1212. In this manner, a user is capable of inputting to the system throughout thekeyboard1224 ormouse1226 and receiving output from the system viadisplay1238.
• Embodiments of the invention may be implemented as a computer system programmed to execute the method or methods described herein, and as a computer program product. According to the computer system implementation, sets of instructions for executing the method or methods are resident in therandom access memory1214 of one or more computer systems configured generally as described above. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the computer program product or software program instructions are capable of being distributed as one or more program products, in a variety of forms.Processor1210, from either aclient machine1002 and/orserver computer1001, may execute one or more of the computer program products stored inmemory1214.Client computer1002 andserver computer1001 may be individually programmed to collectively execute the process or processes of the invention described herein. Until required by the computer system, the set of instructions may be stored as a computer program product in another computer memory, for example, in disk drive1220 (which may include a removable memory such as an optical disk or floppy disk for eventual use in the disk drive1220). Further, the computer program product can also be stored at another computer and transmitted when desired to the user's workstation by a network or by an external network such as the Internet. One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the physical storage of the sets of instructions physically changes the medium upon which it is stored so that the medium carries computer readable information. The change may be electrical, magnetic, chemical, biological, or some other physical change. While it is convenient to describe the invention in terms of instructions, symbols, characters, or the like, the reader should remember that all of these and similar terms should be associated with the appropriate physical elements.
• As yet another embodiment of the invention, an embodiment of the invention entails a networked data processing environment. The data processing environment is an arrangement, as previously described, of one ormore client computers1002 and server computers1001 (generally “hosts“) connected to each other by anetwork1003, for example, the Internet. Users access information and interface withnetwork1003 andserver computer1001 through aclient computer1002.
• Note that the invention may describe terms such as comparing, validating, selecting, identifying, or other terms that could be associated with a human operator. However, for at least a number of the operations described herein, which form part of at least one of the embodiments, no action by a human operator is required. The operations described are, in large part, machine operations processing electrical signals to generate other electrical signals.
• Additionally, the foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the present invention via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that each block diagram component, flowchart step, and operations and/or components illustrated by the use of examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. The present invention may be implemented as those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, in whole or in part, in standard Integrated Circuits, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), as a computer program running on a general-purpose machine having appropriate hardware, such as one or more computers, as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software or firmware would be well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art, in view of this disclosure. It will also be understood that certain of the above-described structures, functions and operations of the above-described embodiments are not necessary to practice the present invention and are included in the description simply for completeness of an example embodiment or embodiments. In addition, it will be understood that specific structures, functions and operations set forth in the above-referenced patents and publications can be practiced in conjunction with the present invention, but they are not essential to its practice. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described without actually departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Finally, all patents, publications and standards referenced herein are hereby incorporated by reference.

Claims (42)

1. A method for deriving respiration data from ECG data comprising the steps of:

receiving ECG data, derived from a single lead ECG recording, wherein the ECG data comprises a plurality of cardiac complexes;

determining a first fiduciary point and a second fiduciary point for each of the plurality of cardiac complexes, wherein a plurality of intermediate points exist between the first fiduciary point and the second fiduciary point for each of the plurality of cardiac complexes;

determining an amplitude for each of the plurality of intermediate points between the first fiduciary point and the second fiduciary point for each of the plurality of cardiac complexes;

summing the amplitudes for the plurality of intermediate points between the first fiduciary point and the second fiduciary point for each of the plurality of cardiac complexes, thereby determining a plurality of sums that correspond to the plurality of cardiac complexes; and

deriving a respiratory signal using the plurality of sums.

2. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the step of deriving the respiratory signal utilizes the following equation:

$Y\left(t_n\right)=\sum _{i=0}^3\left(A\left[k-i\right]*\prod _{j=0,j\ne i}^3\left(t_n-T\left[k-j\right]\right)/\prod _{j=0,j\ne i}^3\left(T\left[k-i\right]-T\left[k-j\right]\right)\right)$

wherein:

Y(t_n)=an amplitude of the respiratory signal at time(t_n);

t_n=n*0.2 sec, wherein n is an index value for a sample (e.g., n=0 denotes a 1^stsample);

A[k]=a sum of amplitudes for a k cardiac complex, wherein k is an index value (e.g., k=0 denotes a 1^stcardiac complex); and

T[k]=a time associated with a R wave that is associated with the k cardiac complex.

3. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising a step of raising the amplitude for each of the plurality of intermediate points between the first fiduciary point and the second fiduciary point for each of the plurality of cardiac complexes to a power greater than one, wherein the step of raising the amplitude for each of the plurality of intermediate points between the first fiduciary point and the second fiduciary point for each of the plurality of cardiac complexes to a power greater than one is performed before the step of summing the amplitudes for the plurality of intermediate points between the first fiduciary point and the second fiduciary point for each of the plurality of cardiac complexes.

4. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the step of receiving ECG data comprises the step of recording the ECG data from a patient.

5. The method ofclaim 4 wherein the steps of recording the ECG data and deriving the respiratory signal using the plurality of sums occur in a substantially real-time manner.

6. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the first fiduciary point is a PQ point and the second fiduciary point is a J point.

7. One or more program storage media readable by a machine and containing instructions for performing the method contained inclaim 1.

8. A method for deriving respiration data from ECG data comprising the steps of:

receiving first ECG data, derived from a single lead ECG recording, wherein the first ECG data comprises a first plurality of cardiac complexes;

determining a first fiduciary point and second fiduciary point for each of the first plurality of cardiac complexes, wherein a plurality of intermediate points exist between the first fiduciary point and the second fiduciary point for each of the first plurality of cardiac complexes;

determining an amplitude for each of the plurality of intermediate points between the first fiduciary point and the second fiduciary point for each of the first plurality of cardiac complexes;

summing the amplitudes for the plurality of intermediate points between the first fiduciary point and the second fiduciary point for each of the first plurality of cardiac complexes, thereby determining a first plurality of sums that correspond to the first plurality of cardiac complexes;

receiving second ECG data, derived from a second single lead ECG recording, wherein the second ECG data comprises a second plurality of cardiac complexes that correspond with the first plurality of cardiac complexes;

determining a first fiduciary point and second fiduciary point for each of the second plurality of cardiac complexes, wherein a plurality of intermediate points exist between the first fiduciary point and the second fiduciary point for each of the second plurality of cardiac complexes;

determining an amplitude for each of the plurality of intermediate points between the first fiduciary point and the second fiduciary point for each of the second plurality of cardiac complexes;

summing the amplitudes for the plurality of intermediate points between the first fiduciary point and the second fiduciary point for each of the second plurality of cardiac complexes, thereby determining a second plurality of sums that correspond to the second plurality of cardiac complexes;

determining a plurality of arctangent values for the first plurality of sums divided by the second plurality of sums, wherein the plurality of arctangent values correspond to the first plurality of cardiac complexes and the second plurality of cardiac complexes;

deriving a respiratory signal using the plurality of arctangent values.

9. The method ofclaim 8 wherein the step of deriving the respiratory signal utilizes the following equation:

$Y\left(t_n\right)=\sum _{i=0}^3\left(A\left[k-i\right]*\prod _{j=0,j\ne i}^3\left(t_n-T\left[k-j\right]\right)/\prod _{j=0,j\ne i}^3\left(T\left[k-i\right]-T\left[k-j\right]\right)\right)$

wherein:

Y(t_n)=an amplitude of the respiratory signal at time (t_n)

t_n=n*0.2 sec, wherein n is an index value for a sample (e.g., n=0 denotes a 1^stsample);

A[k]=arctangent for k of the first plurality of sums divided by k of the second plurality of sums, wherein k is an index value (e.g., k=0 denotes a 1^stcardiac complex); and

T[k]=a time associated with a R wave that is associated with the k cardiac complex.

10. The method ofclaim 8 further comprising the step of raising the amplitudes for the plurality of intermediate points between the first fiduciary point and the second fiduciary point for each of the first plurality of cardiac complexes to a power greater than one before performing the step of summing the amplitudes for the plurality of intermediate points between the first fiduciary point and the second fiduciary point for each of the first plurality of cardiac complexes.

11. The method ofclaim 8 wherein the step of receiving first ECG data comprises the step of recording the first ECG data from a patient.

12. The method ofclaim 11 wherein the steps of recording the first ECG data and deriving the respiratory signal using the plurality of arctangent values occur in a substantially real-time manner.

13. The method ofclaim 8 wherein the first fiduciary point for each of the first plurality of cardiac complexes is a PQ point and the second fiduciary point for each of the first plurality of cardiac complexes is a J point.

14. One or more program storage media readable by a machine and containing instructions for performing the method contained inclaim 8.

15. A method for deriving a respiration rate from respiration data comprising the steps of:

receiving respiration data;

deriving, from the respiration data, a first minimum amplitude point, a first maximum amplitude point, a second minimum amplitude point and a second maximum amplitude point;

deriving a first amplitude range, wherein the first amplitude range is a difference in amplitude between the first minimum amplitude point and the first maximum amplitude point;

deriving a second amplitude range, wherein the second amplitude range is a difference in amplitude between the second minimum amplitude point and the first maximum amplitude point;

comparing the first amplitude range to a first value;

deriving a respiration rate in response to the step of comparing the first amplitude range to a first value.

16. The method ofclaim 15 wherein the respiration data is derived from a single lead ECG recording.

17. The method ofclaim 15 wherein the step of receiving respiration data comprises the step of recording physiological signals from a patient.

18. The method ofclaim 17 wherein the steps of recording the physiological signals from the patient and deriving the respiration rate in response to the step of comparing the first amplitude range to a first value occur in a substantially real-time manner.

19. The method ofclaim 15 further comprising the step of indicating if the respiration rate is less than a predetermined value.

20. The method ofclaim 15 wherein the first value is derived from an array comprised of previously derived amplitude ranges.

21. The method ofclaim 15 wherein the first value is substantially equal to the second amplitude range.

22. The method ofclaim 15 wherein the step of deriving the respiration rate in response to the step of comparing the first amplitude range to a first value is further conducted in response to the following steps:

determining a first period of time that elapses between the first minimum amplitude point and the first maximum amplitude point;

determining a second period of time that elapses between the second minimum amplitude point and the first maximum amplitude point; and

comparing a second value to a predetermined value, wherein the second value is derived by dividing the first period of time by the sum of the first and second periods of time.

23. The method ofclaim 15 wherein the step of deriving the respiration rate utilizes the following equation:

60/(the second maximum amplitude point−the first maximum amplitude point)*0.2.

24. The method ofclaim 15 wherein the step of deriving the respiration rate in response to the step of comparing the first amplitude range to a first value directly follows the step of comparing the first amplitude range to a first value.

25. One or more program storage media readable by a machine and containing instructions for performing the method contained inclaim 15.

26. A method for assessing autonomic function comprising the steps of:

receiving ECG data;

deriving respiratory data from the ECG data;

deriving a respiratory rate from the respiratory data;

comparing the respiratory rate to a first value, wherein the first value is a respiration rate conducive to proper assessment of a patient's autonomic function; and

deriving one or more HRV parameters from the ECG data in response to the step of comparing the respiratory rate to a first value, wherein the HRV parameters are indicative of the patient's autonomic function.

27. The method ofclaim 26 wherein the step of receiving the ECG data comprises the step of recording the ECG data from the patient.

28. The method ofclaim 27 wherein the steps of recording the ECG data and deriving the respiratory rate occur in a substantially real-time manner.

29. The method ofclaim 27 wherein the steps of recording the ECG data, deriving the respiratory rate and deriving one or more HRV parameters from the ECG data in response to the step of comparing the respiratory rate to a first value occur in a substantially real-time manner.

30. The method ofclaim 26 wherein the step of receiving ECG data comprises the step of digitizing analog ECG data to receive the ECG data.

31. The method ofclaim 26 wherein the ECG data is derived from a single lead ECG recording.

32. The method ofclaim 26 wherein the one- or more HRV parameters are selected from the group consisting of: 30:15 Ratio, NNmin Standing, NNmax Standing, Tmax, Trec, E/I Ratio, SD, NNmin SB, NNmax SB, VARmax, VARmean, RMS-SD, NN, SDNN, TP, LFnorm, HFnorm, LF/HF, VLF, LF, HF, VR and combinations thereof.

33. The method ofclaim 26 wherein the one or more HRV parameters are selected from the group consisting of: TP, LFnorm, HFnorm, LF/HF, VLF, LF, HF and combinations thereof.

34. One or more program storage media readable by a machine and containing instructions for performing the method contained inclaim 26.

35. A system for assessing autonomic function comprising:

a memory unit operable for storing one or more computer products for assessing autonomic performance; and

a processor coupled to the memory unit, wherein the processor executes the one or more computer products for performing the steps of:

receiving ECG data;

deriving respiratory data from the ECG data;

deriving a respiratory rate from the respiratory data;

comparing the respiratory rate to a first value, wherein the first value is a respiration rate conducive to proper assessment of a patient's autonomic function; and

deriving one or more HRV parameters from the ECG data in response to the step of comparing the respiratory rate to a first value, wherein the HRV parameters are indicative of the patient's autonomic function.

36. The system ofclaim 35, wherein the step of receiving the ECG data comprises the step of recording the ECG data from the patient.

37. The system ofclaim 36, wherein the steps of recording the ECG data and deriving the respiratory rate occur in a substantially real-time manner.

38. The system ofclaim 36, wherein the steps of recording the ECG data, deriving the respiratory rate and deriving one or more HRV parameters from the ECG data in response to the step of comparing the respiratory rate to a first value occur in a substantially real-time manner.

39. The system ofclaim 35, wherein the step of receiving ECG data comprises the step of digitizing analog ECG data to receive the ECG data.

40. The system ofclaim 35, wherein the ECG data is derived from a single lead ECG recording.

41. The system ofclaim 35, wherein the one or more HRV parameters are selected from the group consisting of: 30:15 Ratio, NNmin Standing, NNmax Standing, Tmax, Trec, E/I Ratio, SD, NNmin SB, NNmax SB, VARmax, VARmean, RMS-SD, NN, SDNN, TP, LFnorm, HFnorm, LF/HF, VLF, LF, HF, VR and combinations thereof.

42. The system ofclaim 35 wherein the one or more HRV parameters are selected from the group consisting of: TP, LFnorm, HFnorm, LF/HF, VLF, LF, HF and combinations thereof.

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