US20050228334A1 - Method to deliver blood from a heart chamber to vessel - Google Patents

Abstract

A method for revascularizing a coronary vessel with a conduit through the heart wall having a diameter transition in the myocardial leg, wherein blood flow is in the direction of transition from larger to smaller diameter. A method for revascularizing a coronary vessel using an implant with a myocardial leg having a maximum cross-sectional area proximate a first end, and inserting the first end through the myocardium into a heart chamber so that the implant directs blood flow into the coronary vessel. A transmyocardial implant with a myocardial leg including point of minimum diameter and a first end with a larger diameter, and a vessel leg in fluid communication with the myocardial leg.

Description

I. CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• The present application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/326,819, filed Jun. 7, 1999, which is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 08/882,397, filed Jun. 25, 1997, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,944,019 on Aug. 31, 1999, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/689,773, filed Aug. 13, 1996, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,755,682 on May 26, 1998.
II. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• 1. Field of the Invention
• The present invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for performing a coronary artery bypass procedure. More particularly, the present invention performs a coronary artery bypass by providing a direct flow path from a heart chamber to the coronary artery. The present invention is suitable for a number of approaches including an open-chest approach (with and without cardiopulmonary bypass), a closed-chest approach under direct viewing and/or indirect thoracoscopic viewing (with and without cardiopulmonary bypass), and an internal approach through catheterization of the heart and a coronary arterial vasculature without direct or indirect viewing (with and without cardiopulmonary bypass).
• 2. Description of the Prior Art
• A. Coronary Artery Disease
• Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of premature death in industrialized societies. The mortality statistics tell only a portion of the story. Many who survive face prolonged suffering and disability.
• Arteriosclerosis is “a group of diseases characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls.” DORLAND'S ILLUSTRATED MEDICAL DICTIONARY 137 (27th ed. 1988). Arteriosclerosis “comprises three distinct forms: atherosclerosis, Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis, and arteriolosclerosis.” Id.
• Coronary artery disease has been treated by a number of means. Early in this century, the treatment for arteriosclerotic heart disease was largely limited to medical measures of symptomatic control. Evolving methods of diagnosis, coupled with improving techniques of post-operative support, now allow the precise localization of the blocked site or sites and either their surgical re-opening or bypass.
• B. Angioplasty
• The re-opening of the stenosed or occluded site can be accomplished by several techniques. Angioplasty, the expansion of areas of narrowing of a blood vessel, is most often accomplished by the intravascular introduction of a balloon-equipped catheter. Inflation of the balloon causes mechanical compression of the arteriosclerotic plaque against the vessel wall.
• Alternative intravascular procedures to relieve vessel occlusion include atherectomy, which results in the physical desolution of plaque by a catheter equipped with a removal tool (e.g., a cutting blade or high-speed rotating tip). Any of these techniques may or may not be followed by the placement of a mechanical support (i.e., a stent) which physically holds open the artery.
• Angioplasty, and the other above-described techniques (although less invasive than coronary artery bypass grafting) are fraught with a correspondingly greater failure rate due to intimal proliferation. Contemporary reports suggest re-stenosis is realized in as many as 25 to 55 percent of cases within 6 months of successful angioplasty. See Bojan Cercek et al., 68 AM. J. CARDIOL. 24C-33C (Nov. 4, 1991). It is presently believed stenting can reduce the re-stenosis rate.
• A variety of approaches to delay or prevent re-blockage have evolved. One is to stent the site at the time of balloon angioplasty. Another is pyroplasty, where the balloon itself is heated during inflation. As these alternative techniques are relatively recent innovations, it is too early to tell just how successful they will be in the long term. However, because re-blockage necessitates the performance of another procedure, there has been renewed interest in the clearly longer-lasting bypass operations.
• C. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
• • i. Outline of Procedure
• The traditional open-chest procedure for coronary artery bypass grafting requires an incision of the skin anteriorly from nearly the neck to the navel, the sawing of the sternum in half longitudinally, and the spreading of the ribcage with a mechanical device to afford prolonged exposure of the heart cavity. If the heart chamber or a vessel is opened, a heart-lung, or cardiopulmonary bypass, procedure is usually necessary.
• Depending upon the degree and number of coronary vessel occlusions, a single, double, triple, or even greater number of bypass procedures may be necessary. Often each bypass is accomplished by the surgical formation of a separate conduit from the aorta to the stenosed or obstructed coronary artery at a location distal to the diseased site.
• • ii. Limited Number of Available Grafts
• The major obstacles to coronary artery bypass grafting include both the limited number of vessels that are available to serve as conduits and the skill required to effect complicated multiple vessel repair. Potential conduits include the two saphenous veins of the lower extremities, the two internal thoracic (mammary) arteries under the sternum, and the single gastroepiploic artery in the upper abdomen.
• Newer procedures using a single vessel to bypass multiple sites have evolved. This technique has its own inherent hazards. When a single vessel is used to perform multiple bypasses, physical stress (e.g., torsion) on the conduit vessel can result. Such torsion is particularly detrimental when this vessel is an artery. Unfortunately, attempts at using artificial vessels or vessels from other species (xenografts), or other non-related humans (homografts) have been largely unsuccessful. See LUDWIG K. VON SEGESSER, ARTERIAL GRAFTING FOR MYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION: INDICATIONS, SURGICAL TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS 38-39 (1990)
• While experimental procedures transplanting alternative vessels continue to be performed, in general clinical practice, there are five vessels available to use in this procedure over the life of a particular patient. Once these vessels have been sacrificed or affected by disease, there is little or nothing that modem medicine can offer. It is unquestionable that new methods, not limited by the availability of such conduit vessels, are needed.
• • iii. Trauma of Open Chest Surgery
• In the past, the normal contractions of the heart have usually been stopped during suturing of the bypass vasculature. This can be accomplished by either electrical stimulation which induces ventricular fibrillation, or through the use of certain solutions, called cardioplegia, which chemically alter the electrolyte milieu surrounding cardiac muscles and arrest heart activity.
• Stoppage of the heart enhances visualization of the coronary vessels and eliminates movement of the heart while removing the need for blood flow through the coronary arteries during the procedure. This provides the surgeon with a “dry field” in which to operate and create a functional anastomosis.
• After the coronary artery bypass procedure is completed, cardioplegia is reversed, and the heart electrically stimulated if necessary. As the heart resumes the systemic pumping of blood, the cardiopulmonary bypass is gradually withdrawn. The separated sternal sections are then re-joined, and the overlying skin and saphenous donor site or sites (if opened) are sutured closed.
• The above-described procedure is highly traumatic. Immediate post-operative complications include infection, bleeding, renal failure, pulmonary edema and cardiac failure. The patient must remain intubated and under intensive post-operative care. Narcotic analgesia is necessary to alleviate the pain and discomfort.
• • iv. Post-Operative Complications
• Once the immediate post-surgical period has passed, the most troubling complication is bypass vessel re-occlusion. This has been a particular problem with bypass grafting of the left anterior descending coronary artery when the saphenous vein is employed.
• Grafting with the internal thoracic (internal mammary) artery results in a long-term patency rate superior to saphenous vein grafts. This is particularly the case when the left anterior descending coronary artery is bypassed. Despite this finding, some cardiothoracic surgeons continue to utilize the saphenous vein because the internal thoracic artery is smaller in diameter and more fragile to manipulation. This makes the bypass more complex, time-consuming, and technically difficult. Additionally, there are physiological characteristics of an artery (such as a tendency to constrict) which increase the risk of irreversible damage to the heart during the immediate period of post-surgical recovery.
• Once the patient leaves the hospital, it may take an additional five to ten weeks to recover completely. There is a prolonged period during which trauma to the sternum (such as that caused by an automobile accident) can be especially dangerous. The risk becomes even greater when the internal thoracic artery or arteries, which are principle suppliers of blood to the sternum, have been ligated and employed as bypass vessels.
• • v. Less Invasive Procedures
• Due to the invasive nature of the above technique, methods have been devised which employ contemporary thoracoscopic devices and specially-designed surgical tools to allow coronary artery bypass grafting by closed-chest techniques. While less invasive, all but the most recent closed-chest techniques still require cardiopulmonary bypass, and rely on direct viewing by the surgeon during vascular anastomoses.
• These methods require a very high level of surgical skill together with extensive training. In such situations, the suturing of the bypassing vessel to the coronary artery is performed through a space created in the low anterior chest wall by excising the cartilaginous portion of the left fourth rib. Also, as they continue to rely on the use of the patient's vessels as bypass conduits, the procedures remain limited as to the number of bypasses which can be performed. Because of these issues, these methods are not yet widely available.
• • vi. Objectives for Improved Bypass Procedures
• In view of the above, it is desirable to provide other methods by which adequate blood flow to the heart can be reestablished and which do not rely on the transposition of a patient's own arteries or veins. Preferably, such methods will result in minimal tissue injury.
• While the attainment of the foregoing objectives through an open chest procedure would, by themselves, be a significant advance, it is also desirable if such methods would also be susceptible to surgical procedures which do not require opening of the chest by surgical incision of the overlying skin and the division of the sternum. Such methods would not require surgical removal of cartilage associated with the left fourth rib, would not require the surgical transection of one or both internal thoracic arteries, would not require the surgical incision of the skin overlying one or both lower extremities, and would not require the surgical transection and removal of one or both saphenous veins. In both an open and closed chest approach, it is also be desirable if such methods could be performed without stoppage of the heart and without cardiopulmonary bypass. However, attainment of the foregoing objectives in a procedure requiring cardiopulmonary bypass would still be a significant advance in the art.
• • vii. References for Prior Art Techniques
• The conventional surgical procedures (such as those described above) for coronary artery bypass grafting using saphenous vein or internal thoracic artery via an open-chest approach have been described and illustrated in detail. See generally Stuart W. Jamieson,Aortocoronary Saphenous Vein Bypass Grafting,in ROB & SMITH'S OPERATIVE SURGERY: CARDIAC SURGERY, 454-470 (Stuart W. Jamieson & Norman E. Shumway eds., 4th ed. 1986); LUDWIG K. VON SEGESSER, ARTERIAL GRAFTING FOR MYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION: INDICATIONS, SURGICAL TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS 48-80 (1990). Conventional cardiopulmonary bypass techniques are outlined in Mark W. Connolly & Robert A. Guyton,Cardiopulmonary Bypass Techniques,in HURST'S THE HEART 2443-450 (Robert C. Schlant & R. Wayne Alexander eds., 8th ed. 1994). Coronary artery bypass grafting utilizing open-chest techniques but without cardiopulmonary bypass is described in Enio Buffolo et al.,Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Without Cardiopulmonary Bypass,61 ANN. THORAC. SURG. 63-66 (1996).
• Some less conventional techniques (such as those described above) are performed by only a limited number of appropriately skilled practitioners. Recently developed techniques by which to perform a coronary artery bypass graft utilizing thoracoscopy and minimally-invasive surgery, but with cardiopulmonary bypass, are described and illustrated in Sterman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,452,733 (1995). An even more recent coronary artery bypass procedure employing thoracoscopy and minimally-invasive surgery, but without cardiopulmonary bypass, is described and illustrated by Tea E. Acuff et al.,Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting,61 ANN. THORAC. SURG. 135-37 (1996).
• D. Bypass with Direct Flow from Left Ventricle
• • 1. Summary of Procedures
• Certain methods have been proposed to provide a direct blood flow path from the left ventricle directly through the heart wall to the coronary artery. These are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,429,144 dated Jul. 4, 1995; U.S. Pat. No. 5,287,861 dated Feb. 22, 1994; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,019 dated Apr. 25, 1995 (all to Wilk). All of these techniques include providing a stent in the heart wall to define a direct flow path from the left ventricle of the heart to the coronary artery.
• As taught in each of the above-referenced patents, the stent is closed during either systole or diastole to block return flow of blood from the coronary artery during the heart's cycle. For example, the '861 patent teaches a stent which collapses to a closed state in response to heart muscle contraction during systole. The '019 patent (particularly FIGS. 7A and 7B) teaches a rigid stent (i.e., open during systole) with a one-way valve which closes during diastole to block return flow of blood from the coronary artery.
• • ii. Problems
• The interruption of blood flow during either diastole or systole is undesirable since such interruption can result in areas of stagnant or turbulent blood flow. Such areas of stagnation can result in clot formation which can result in occlusion or thrombi breaking lose. Such thrombi can be carried to the coronary arteries causing one or more areas of cardiac muscle ischemia (myocardial infarction) which can be fatal. Further, the teachings of the aforementioned patents direct blood flow with a substantial velocity vector orthogonal to the axis of the coronary artery. Such flow can damage the wall of the coronary artery.
• Providing direct blood flow from the left ventricle of the coronary artery has been criticized. For example, Munro et al.,The Possibility of Myocardial Revascularization By Creation of a Left Ventriculocoronary Artery Fistula,58 Jour. Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 25-32 (1969) shows such a flow path inFIG. 1. Noting a fall in coronary artery flow and other adverse consequences, the authors concluded “that operations designed to revascularize the myocardium direct from the cavity of the left ventricle make the myocardium ischemic and are unlikely to succeed.” Id at 31.
• Notwithstanding the foregoing problems and scholarly criticism, and as will be more fully described, the present invention is directed to an apparatus and method for providing a direct blood flow path from a heart chamber to a coronary artery downstream of an obstruction. Counter to the teachings of the prior art, the present invention provides substantial net blood flow to the coronary artery.
• E. Additional Techniques
• Methods of catheterization of the coronary vasculature, techniques utilized in the performance of angioplasty and atherectomy, and the variety of stents in current clinical use have been summarized. See generally Bruce F. Waller & Cass A. Pinkerton,The Pathology of Interventional Coronary Artery Techniques and Devices,in 1 TOPOL's TEXTBOOK OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY 449-476 (Eric J. Topol ed., 2nd ed. 1994); see also David W. M. Muller & Eric J. Topol,Overview of Coronary Athrectomy,in 1 TOPOL's TEXTBOOK OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY at 678-684; see also Ulrich Sigwart,An Overview of Intravascular Stents: Old&New,in 2 TOPOL's TEXTBOOK OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY at 803-815.
• Direct laser canalization of cardiac musculature (as opposed to canalization of coronary artery feeding the cardiac musculature) is described in Peter Whittaker et al.,Transmural Channels Can Protect Ischemic Tissue: Assessment of Long-term Myocardial Response to Laser-and Needle-Made Channels,94 (1) CIRCULATION 143-152 (Jan. 1, 1996). Massimo et al.,Myocardial Revascularization By a New Method of Carrying Blood Directly From The Left Ventricular Cavity Into The Coronary Circulation,34 Jour. Thoracic Surgery 257-264 (1957) describes a T-shaped tube placed within the ventricular wall and protruding into the cavity of the left ventricle. Also, Vineberg et al.,Treatment of A cute Myocardial Infarction By Endocardial Resection,57 Surgery 832-835 (1965) teaches forming a large opening between the left ventricular lumen and the sponge-like network of vessels lying within the myocardium.
III. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to a method for revascularizing a coronary vessel with a conduit through the heart wall having a diameter transition in the myocardial leg, wherein blood flow is in the direction of transition from larger to smaller diameter. The present invention further relates to revascularizing a coronary vessel using an implant with a transmyocardial leg having a maximum cross-sectional area proximate a first end, and inserting the first end through the myocardium into a heart chamber so that the implant directs blood flow into the coronary vessel. The present invention also relates to a transmyocardial implant with a myocardial leg including point of minimum diameter and a first end with a larger diameter, and a vessel leg in fluid communication with the myocardial leg.
IV. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1A is a right, front and top perspective view of an L-shaped conduit for use in the present invention;
• FIG. 1B is a side elevation view of the apparatus ofFIG. 1A shown partially in section to reveal an optional bi-directional flow regulator located in a lumen of an anchor arm of the conduit;
• FIG. 1C is a side elevation view of a conduit similar to that ofFIG. 1A showing the addition of a capacitance pressure reservoir as an alternative embodiment;
• FIG. 2A is a right, front and top perspective view of a T-shaped conduit according to the present invention;
• FIG. 2B is a side elevation view of the conduit ofFIG. 2A shown partially in section to reveal an optional bi-directional flow regulator located in a lumen of an anchor arm of the conduit;
• FIG. 2C is a side elevation view of the conduit ofFIG. 2A shown partially in section to reveal one optional bi-directional flow regulator located in the lumen of the anchor arm of the conduit, and another optional bi-directional flow regulator located in an intracoronary arm of the conduit;
• FIG. 2D is a side elevation view of a conduit similar to that ofFIG. 2A showing the addition of a capacitance pressure reservoir as an alternative embodiment;
• FIG. 3A is a partial side elevation view of a conduit similar to that ofFIGS. 1A and 2A shown partially in section to reveal a flexible anchor arm with rigid rings ensheathed in a flexible covering as an alternative embodiment;
• FIG. 3B is a partial side elevation view of a conduit similar to that ofFIG. 3A shown in section in an extended form;
• FIG. 3C is a partial side elevation view of a conduit similar to that ofFIG. 3A shown in section in a compressed form;
• FIG. 4 is an anterior view of a human chest which is incised longitudinally to reveal a dissected pericardium and mediastinal contents;
• FIG. 5 is a magnified view of an area circled200 inFIG. 4 illustrating a longitudinally incised coronary artery;
• FIG. 6 is a partial external perspective view of a transversely sectioned coronary artery and heart wall illustrating a channel leading from a lumen of a coronary artery and into a chamber of the heart according to the method of the present invention;
• FIG. 7 is a partial external perspective view of a transversely sectioned coronary artery and heart wall illustrating the partial placement of one embodiment of the conduit of the present invention into the incised coronary artery and formed channel illustrated inFIG. 6;
• FIG. 8 is a partial external perspective view of a transversely sectioned coronary artery and heart wall illustrating the completed placement of one embodiment of the conduit of the present invention into the incised coronary artery and formed channel illustrated inFIG. 6;
• FIG. 9 is a partial external perspective view of a sutured coronary artery and phantom view of the conduit of the present invention;
• FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of the use of an endovascular catheter to catheterize the patient's coronary artery;
• FIG. 11A is a cutaway side elevation view of the coronary artery of the bypass procedure illustrating an intravascular catheter with distally-located stent prior to inflation of a catheter balloon underlying the stent;
• FIG. 11B is a cutaway side elevation view of the coronary artery of the bypass procedure illustrating the intravascular catheter with distally-located stent following inflation of the catheter balloon underlying the stent;
• FIG. 11C is a cutaway side elevation view of a coronary artery illustrating the stent seated to the walls of the coronary artery and the catheter partially withdrawn following deflation of the catheter balloon;
• FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration with the heart in partial cutaway of the use of an endovascular catheter to catheterize the patient's left ventricle.
• FIG. 13A is a cutaway view of the left ventricle and a partial cutaway view of the coronary artery with seated stent illustrating the formation of a channel into the wall of the left ventricle;
• FIG. 13B is a cutaway view of the left ventricle and a partial cutaway view of the coronary artery with seated stent illustrating a completed channel through the wall of the left ventricle and deep wall of the coronary artery at the chosen bypass site;
• FIG. 14A is a cross-sectioned view of the left ventricle and a partial cutaway view of the coronary artery with seated stent illustrating the placement of the second intraventricular catheter within the formed channel;
• FIG. 14B is a cross-sectioned view of the left ventricle and a partial cutaway view of the coronary artery with seated stent illustrating a blockage of the formed channel by the re-inflated balloon of the intracoronary catheter;
• FIG. 14C is a cross-sectioned view of the left ventricle and a partial cutaway view of the coronary artery with seated stent illustrating an inflation of the balloon located on the distal end of the intraventricular catheter and the seating of an overlying spiral-shaped device against the walls of the formed channel;
• FIG. 14D is a cross-sectioned view of the left ventricle and a partial cutaway view of the coronary artery with seated stent illustrating the device in its locked cylindrical shape seated against the channel walls and the partially withdrawn second intraventricular catheter;
• FIG. 15A is a right anterior superior perspective view of the device placed within the formed channel in its spiral shape;
• FIG. 15B is a right anterior superior perspective view of the device placed within the formed channel in its cylindrical form;
• FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of an interlocking mechanism of the device ofFIGS. 15A and 15B in its locked position;
• FIG. 17A is a cross-sectioned view of the left ventricle and a partial cutaway view of the coronary artery, with the device shown inFIGS. 15A and 15B seated within the formed channel, illustrating the introduction of a third intraventricular catheter into the formed channel;
• FIG. 17B is a cross-sectioned view of the left ventricle and a partial cutaway view of the coronary artery, with the device shown inFIGS. 15A and 15B seated within the formed channel, illustrating a tongue and groove interlocking of the bi-directional flow regulator equipped device to the device seated within the formed channel;
• FIG. 18A is a schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view of a bi-directional flow regulator shown in a full flow position.
• FIG. 18B is the view ofFIG. 18A with the bi-directional flow regulator shown in a reduced flow position;
• FIG. 18C is a transverse cross-sectional view of the bi-directional flow regulator ofFIG. 18B;
• FIG. 19A is a schematic cross-section longitudinal view of an alternative embodiment of a bi-directional flow regulator shown in a full flow position;
• FIG. 19B is the view ofFIG. 19A showing the bi-directional flow regulator in a reduced flow position;
• FIG. 19C is a transverse cross-sectional view of the bi-directional flow regulator ofFIG. 19B;
• FIG. 20 is a schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view of a channel defining conduit with an alternative embodiment tapered anchor arm;
• FIG. 21 is a schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view of the conduit ofFIG. 1A in place in a coronary artery;
• FIG. 22 is a schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view of a test conduit for animal testing of the invention; and
• FIG. 23 is a schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view of a conduit in place in a coronary artery illustrating a deflecting shield to protect the coronary artery.
V. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
• With reference now to the various drawing figures in which identical elements are numbered identically throughout, a description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention and various alternative embodiments will now be provided.
• A. Detailed Summary of the Preferred Embodiment
• The invention departs from the traditional bypass approach. Rather then providing an alternative pathway for blood to flow from an aorta to a coronary artery, the invention provides a blood flow path leading directly from a chamber of a heart to a coronary artery at a site downstream from the stenosis or occlusion. Unlike U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,429,144; 5,287,861 and 5,409,019 and contrary to the teachings of these patents, the ventricular-to-coronary artery blood flow path remains open during both diastole and systole. The surgical placement of the apparatus of the present invention establishes this alternative pathway. Also, and as will be more fully described, the invention includes means for protecting the coronary artery from direct impingement of high velocity blood flow.
• While the invention will be described in multiple embodiments and with the description of various surgical procedures for practicing the invention, it will be appreciated that the recitation of such multiple embodiments is done for the purpose of illustrating non-limiting examples of multiple forms which the present invention may take.
• The presently preferred embodiment is illustrated inFIG. 1A as an L-shapedconduit10′ with anintracoronary arm14′ to reside in the coronary artery (and opening downstream of an occlusion). Theconduit10′ has ananchor arm12′ extending through the heart wall with anopening12a′ in communication with the interior of the left ventricle.
• While various minimally invasive surgical procedures are described with respect to alternative embodiments, the presently preferred embodiment places theconduit10′ into a coronary artery through an open-chest approach to be described in greater detail with reference toFIGS. 4-9. While minimally invasive procedures are desirable, an open chest procedure is presently preferred due to the already large number of physicians trained and skilled in such procedures thus making the benefits of the present invention more rapidly available to patients who currently lack effective treatment.
• While the various embodiments (including the presently preferred embodiment ofFIG. 1A) will be described in greater detail, a preliminary description of the invention and its method of use will now be given with reference toFIG. 21 to facilitate an understanding of a detailed description of the invention and the alternate embodiments.
• FIG. 21 is a schematic cross-sectional view of aconduit10′ ofFIG. 1A placed within acoronary artery30.Coronary artery30 has alower surface40 residing against an external surface of aheart wall42 surrounding theleft ventricle44.
• Thewall36 of theartery30 defines anartery lumen48 through which blood flows in the direction of arrow A. In the view ofFIG. 21, anobstruction34 is shown within thelumen48. Theobstruction34 acts to reduce the volume of blood flow along the direction of arrow A.
• Theconduit10′ is a rigid, L-shaped tube having ananchor arm12′ with a longitudinal axis X-X and anopening12a′ at an axial end. Theconduit10′ may be any suitable device (e.g., rigid tube, lattice stent, etc.) for defining and maintaining a fluid pathway during contraction of the heart.
• Theconduit10′ has anintracoronary arm14′ with a longitudinal axis Y-Y and anopening14a′ at an axial end. Both ofarms12′,14′ are cylindrical in shape and define a continuousblood flow pathway11′ from opening12a′ to opening14a′.
• The axes X-X and Y-Y are perpendicular in a preferred embodiment. Alternatively, the axes X-X, Y-Y could define an angle greater than 90° to provide a less turbulent blood flow fromarm12′ to arm14′.
• Theconduit10′ is positioned for theanchor arm12′ to pass through a preformedopening50 in theheart wall42 and extending from thelower surface40 of thecoronary artery30 into theleft ventricle44. The opening12a′ is in blood flow communication with the interior of theleft ventricle44 so that blood may flow from theleft ventricle44 directly intopath11′. Thearm14′ is coaxially aligned with thecoronary artery30 and with the opening14a′ facing downstream (i.e., in a direction facing away from obstruction34).
• Blood flow from opening12a′ passes through thepathway11′ and is discharged through opening14a′ into thelumen48 of thecoronary artery30 downstream of theobstruction34. The outer diameter ofarm14a′ is approximate to or slightly less than the diameter of thelumen48.
• The axial length of theanchor arm12′ is preferably greater than the thickness of theheart wall42 such that a length L protrudes beyond the interior surface of theheart wall42 into theleft ventricle44. Preferably, the length L of penetration into theleft ventricle44 is about 1-3 millimeters in order to prevent tissue growth and occlusions over the opening12a′.
• In addition to directing blood flow downstream in the direction of arrow A, thearm14′ holds theconduit10′ within thecoronary artery30 to prevent theconduit10′ from otherwise migrating through the preformedopening50 and into theleft ventricle44. Additionally, anupper wall14b′ ofarm14′ defines aregion15′ against which blood flow may impinge. Stated differently, in the absence of anarm14′ orregion15′, blood flow would pass through theanchor arm12′ and impinge directly against theupper wall36 of thecoronary artery30. High velocity blood flow could damage thewall36, as will be more fully described, resulting in risk to the patient.
• Theregion15′ acts as a shield to protect thecoronary artery30 from such blood flow and to redirect the blood flow axially out of opening14a′ into thecoronary artery30. This is schematically illustrated inFIG. 23. For ease of illustration, the axis X-X of theanchor arm12′ is shown at a non-orthogonal angle with respect to the direction A of blood flow in the coronary artery30 (axis X-X may be either orthogonal or non-orthogonal to direction A). The vector B of blood flow from theanchor arm12′ has a vector component B′ parallel to blood flow A and a vector component B″ perpendicular to direction A. Theregion15′ is positioned between thewall36 andanchor arm12′ to prevent the blood flow B with high vector component B″ from impinging uponwall36. The blood flow deflected offregion15′ has a reduced vector component perpendicular to flow direction A and reduced likelihood of damage to thecoronary artery30. Theregion15′ may be a portion of anintracoronary arm14′ or thearm14′ may be eliminated with theregion15′ being an axially spaced extension fromarm12′ or a separate shield surgically positioned within the coronary artery.
• Aportion17′ of theanchor arm12′ extends from thelower surface40 of thecoronary artery30 and through thelumen48 to theupper surface36 to block the cross-section of the coronary artery upstream from opening14a′. Theregion17′ acts as a barrier to impede or prevent any dislodged portions of theobstruction34 from passing theconduit10′ and flowing downstream through thecoronary artery30.
• The present invention maintains blood flow through theconduit10′ during both diastole and systole. Therefore, while the net blood flow is in the direction of arrow A, during diastole, blood will flow in a direction opposite of that of arrow A.
• The constantlyopen pathway11′ results in a net flow in the direction of arrow A which is extraordinarily high and sufficient to reduce or avoid patient symptoms otherwise associated with anobstruction34. Specifically, certain aspects of the apparatus and method of the present invention have been preliminary tested in animal studies.FIG. 22 schematically illustrates the tests as the placement of atest conduit10* in thecoronary artery30′ of a pig. For purposes of the tests, a stainless steel T-shapedconduit10* is used having alignedopenings14a*,16a* positioned within thecoronary artery30′ and with athird opening12a* protruding 90° out of thecoronary artery30′. Theconduit10* has a uniform interior diameter of 3 millimeters to correspond in sizing with a 3 millimeter lumen ofcoronary artery30′. Thethird opening12a* is connected by a 3millimeter conduit13 to a 3 millimeter rigid Teflon (PTFE)sleeve13awhich was passed through theheart wall42′ into theleft ventricle44′. Theconduit13 andsleeve13ado not pass through thecoronary artery30′.
• In the view ofFIG. 22, the direction of net blood flow is shown by arrow A. A first closure device in the form of asuture loop300 surrounds theartery30′ adjacent theupstream opening14a* of theconduit10*. Theloop300 provides a means for closing theupstream opening14a* by selectively constricting or opening theloop300 to selectively open or block blood flow through thecoronary artery30′. Thefirst loop300 permits the test to simulate blockage of thecoronary artery30′ upstream of theconduit10*.
• Aflow meter304 to measure volumetric flow of blood downstream of theconduit10* is placed adjacentdownstream opening16a*. Asecond closure device302 functioning the same asloop300 is placed onconduit13 to selectively open or close blood flow throughconduit13.
• When thesecond device302 is closed and thefirst device300 is open, theconduit10* simulates normal blood flow through a healthycoronary artery30′ and the normal blood flow can be measured by theflow measuring device304. By openingsecond device302 and closing thefirst device300, thetest conduit10* can simulate the placement of a conduit such as that inFIG. 21 with an obstruction located on the upstream side of the conduit. Theflow meter304 can then measure flow of blood through theconduit10* during both diastole and systole.
• The results of the tests indicate there is a substantial net forward blood flow (i.e., volumetric forward flow less volumetric retro-flow) with thesecond device302 remaining open during both diastole and systole and with thefirst device300 closed to simulate an obstruction. Specifically, in the tests, net blood flows in excess of 80 percent of normal net forward blood flow were measured.
• The amount of back flow through a conduit can be controlled without the need for providing a valve within the conduit. Conveniently referred to as flow “bias”, a volumetric forward flow greater than a volumetric rearward flow can be manipulated through a variety of means including sizing of the interior diameter of the conduit, geometry of the conduit (e.g., taper, cross-sectional geometry and angle) and, as will be more fully discussed, structure to restrict rear flow relevant to forward flow.
• The sizing of the interior diameter of theflow pathway11′ can be selected to minimize back flow. As will be more further discussed, the net flow increases with a reduction in the diameter as suggested by simulation modeling of flow through a conduit. One method in which shear rate and flow bias can be controlled is by providing a tapered diameter for a narrower diameter at opening14a′ than at opening12a′. The selection of the conduit geometry (e.g., an angled anchor arm as shown inFIG. 23 or a tapered geometry as will be discussed with reference toFIG. 20) can be selected to modify the degree to which the conduit is biased to net forward flow (i.e., the conduit offers less resistance to forward flow than to retro-flow) without stopping or blocking retro-flow.
• The substantial net blood flow measured in animal testing through the invention is extraordinarily high when compared to minimum acceptable levels of net blood flow following traditional bypass techniques (i.e., about 25 percent of normal net blood flow). Further, the results are counter-intuitive and contradictory to the prior teachings of the art of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,429,144; 5,287,861 and 5,409,919 and the afore-mentioned Munro et al. article. In addition, the present invention provides a conduit with a shielding area to prevent damaging impingement of blood flow directly onto the coronary artery wall as well as providing a blocking area to prevent the migration of debris from an obstruction to a location downstream of the conduit.
• Having provided a summarized version of the present invention with reference to the schematic drawings ofFIGS. 21 and 22, a more detailed description of the present invention as well as a detailed description of alternative embodiments and alternative surgical procedures will now be provided.
• B. Embodiments with an Open Chest Approach
• • 1. The Apparatus of the Present Invention for Use in the Open Chest Approach
• As will be more fully described, the present invention places an apparatus for defining a blood flow conduit directly from a chamber of a heart to a coronary artery downstream of an occluded site. Before describing the surgical methods for placing such an apparatus, an apparatus of the present invention will be described. The apparatus of the present invention can be a variety of shapes or sizes, and is not meant to be limited as to size, shape, construction, material, or in any other way by the following examples in which a preferred embodiment is illustrated.
• • a. T-Shaped Device
• With initial reference toFIGS. 2A, 2B,2C,2D and2E, related embodiments of an apparatus according to the present invention are shown as a rigid T-shaped conduit10 (a preferred L-shapedconduit10′ having already been summarized and to be later described in detail). Theconduit10 is hollow and includes two axially-alignedintracoronary arms14,16 terminating at open ends14a,16a.An anchor arm12 (having anopen end12a) extends perpendicularly toarms14,16. Theentire conduit10 is hollow to define ablood flow conduit11 providing blood flow communication between open ends12a,14aand16a.
• As will be more fully discussed,arms14 and16 are adapted to be placed and retained within a lumen of a coronary artery on a downstream side of an occlusion withopen ends14a,16ain blood flow communication with the lumen. Theanchor arm12 is adapted to extend through and be retained in a heart wall (e.g., a wall of the left ventricle) with theopen end12ain blood flow communication with blood within the chamber. When so placed, theconduit10 defines a surgically-placed conduit establishing direct blood flow from the heart chamber to the artery. By “direct” it is meant that the blood flow does not pass through the aorta as occurs in traditional bypass procedures. Theconduit10 is sufficiently rigid such that it defines an open blood flow path during both diastole and systole.
• • b. Optional Forward Flow Bias
• While unobstructed back flow is preferred, partially restricted back flow can be provided. As will be more fully described, back flow can be controlled by the geometry of the conduit. The following describes a presently less preferred alternative embodiment for controlling back flow.
• FIG. 2B illustrates use of an optionalbi-directional flow regulator22 within theconduit10 and positioned inanchor arm12. Thebi-directional flow regulator22 permits unimpeded flow in the direction of arrow A (i.e., fromopen end12ato open ends14a,16a) while permitting a reduced (but not blocked) reverse flow.
• FIG. 2C illustrates the use of a firstbi-directional flow regulator22 as well as a secondbi-directional flow regulator26 inarm16 near theopen end16aof the apparatus. The secondbi-directional flow regulator26 permits unimpeded blood flow in the direction of arrow B. The secondbi-directional flow regulator26 is used to permit a reduced (but not zero) back flow of blood in an upstream direction within the coronary artery. For example, the coronary artery may not be completely obstructed and may have a reduced flow past an obstruction. The use of the T-conduit10 with axially alignedarms14,16 takes advantage of such reduced flow and supplements such flow with blood throughanchor arm12. As will be described, theconduit10 is placed with thearms14,16 in the lumen of the artery with opening16apositioned on the upstream side (i.e., nearest to, but still downstream of, the obstruction).
• As indicated above, theflow regulator22 is a bi-directional flow regulator. By this it is meant that theflow regulator22 does not block flow of blood in any direction. Instead, theflow regulator22 permits a first or maximum flow rate in one direction and a second or reduced flow rate in a second direction. The flow regulator is schematically illustrated inFIGS. 18A through 19C. In each of these embodiments, the arrow A indicates the direction of blood flow from the left ventricle to the coronary artery.
• FIGS. 18A through 18C illustrate one embodiment of abi-directional flow regulator22.FIGS. 19A through 19C illustrate an alternative embodiment of abi-directional flow regulator22. Theregulator22 ofFIGS. 18A through 18C shows abutterfly valve222 mounted in theanchor arm12 of arigid conduit10.Valve222 may be pivoted (in response to blood flow in the direction of arrow A) between a position with theplate222 generally parallel to thewalls12 of theconduit10 as illustrated inFIG. 18A. Theplate222 can be rotated (in response to blood flow reverse to arrow A) to a position angled relative to thewalls12 of theconduit10 as illustrated inFIG. 18B.FIG. 18A may be conveniently referred to as a full flow position.FIG. 18B may be conveniently referred to as a reduced flow position.FIG. 18C is a cross-section of theconduit10 when theplate222 is in the reduced flow position.
• Theplate222 is sized relative to theconduit10 such that the cross-sectional area of theconduit10 which remains open is sufficient to permit about 20% of the blood flow (measured volumetrically) to flow back through theconduit10 in a direction opposite to that of arrow A during diastole. As a result, during systole, blood flow from the heart to the coronary artery urges theplate222 to the full flow position ofFIG. 18A such blood may flow unobstructed through the device to the coronary artery. During systole, the blood (due to pressure differentials between the coronary artery and the left ventricle) will flow in a direction opposite of that of arrow A causing theplate222 to rotate to the position ofFIGS. 18B and 18C. However, even in the reduced flow position, theplate222 is prevented from moving to a full closed position such that flow through the device is never blocked and instead may proceed with a back flow of about 20% (volumetrically measured) of the normal flow in the direction of A.
• FIGS. 19A through 19C show an alternative design of theconduit10 with theflow regulator22ain the form of threeleafs222a,222b,222cwhich, in response to blood flow from the left ventricle to the coronary artery, open to a full open position shown inFIG. 19B and move to a restricted flow position inFIGS. 19A and 19C in response to back flow. Theleaves222a,222b,222care provided withopenings223 to permit flow through theleaves222a,222b,222cat all times.
• It is believed that providing a back flow of about 20% (20% being a non-limiting example of a presently anticipated desired back flow rate) of the volumetric anterograde flow is necessary. This is essential because it allows the channel of theconduit10 and the mechanical elements of theflow regulator22 to be washed by the retrograde flow. This ensures that no areas of stagnant flow occur. Areas of stagnation, if allowed, could result in clot formation which could result in thrombi occluding the conduit or breaking loose. Thrombi could be carried downstream into the coronary arteries to cause one or more areas of cardiac muscle ischemia (i.e., a myocardial infarction) which could be fatal. Back flow necessary to wash the components can be achieved through either aconduit10 which has a constant opening through both systole and diastole (i.e.,conduit10 ofFIG. 2A without the use of a bi-directional flow regulator22) or with a device coupled with a bi-directional flow regulator22 (FIGS. 2B-2C) which permits a 20% flow rate back flow during diastole.
• • c. L-Shaped Device
• Preferably, an L-shapedconduit10′ (FIGS. 1A, 1B,1C) is used to completely bypass the coronary obstruction. An L-shapedconduit10′ has ananchor arm12′ with anopen end12a′. Unlikeconduit10,conduit10′ has only oneintracoronary arm14′ perpendicular toarm12′.Arm14′ has anopen end14a′ andconduit10′ is hollow to define acontinuous fluid pathway11′ fromend12a′ to end14a′. In application,arm14′ is placed within the lumen of an artery.End14a′ faces downstream from an obstruction.Arm12′ is placed through the heart wall withend12a′ in fluid communication with blood within the heart chamber. As illustrated inFIG. 1B, theanchor arm12′ can include abi-directional flow regulator22′ similar tobi-directional flow regulator22 ofconduit10.
• • d. Optional Flexible Anchor Arm
• Conduit10,10′ may be rigid, or have varying flexibilities. Regardless of such flexibility, theconduit10,10′ should be sufficiently rigid forpathway11,11′ to remain open during both diastole and systole.FIGS. 3A, 3B and3C demonstrate one embodiment where the anchor arm (i.e.,elements12,12′ ofFIGS. 1A and 2A) is comprised of a number ofrings17 surrounded by amembrane18. InFIGS. 3A-3C, only anchorarm12 is shown. It will be appreciated thatanchor arm12′ may be identically constructed.
• In the embodiment ofFIGS. 3A-3C, therings17 can be constructed of Teflon, and the surroundingmembrane18 can be constructed of a double-walled Dacron sheath into which the rigid supporting rings17 are sewn. In this embodiment, therings17 provide structural strength. The structural strength maintains an open lumen orconduit11 leading into the coronary artery by preventing theconduit11 from collapsing by reason of contraction of the heart muscle surrounding theanchor arm12. The series ofrings17 provide a degree of flexibility which allows a channel formed through the heart chamber muscular wall (receiving anchor arm12) to be angled or curved. In addition, the flexibility of the surroundingsheath18 in concert with therigid rings17 will allow theanchor arm12 to expand,FIG. 3B, and contract,FIG. 3C, with the contractions and relaxations of the surrounding cardiac musculature.
• It should be noted that, because of the semi-rigid nature of theanchor arm12 constructed in this manner, a method of attaching that end of the anchor arm in contact with the inner surface of a chamber of a heart can be useful. In the example illustrated, this attachingmechanism19 is arigid flange12a.It will be appreciated that other mechanisms of attachment, such as suturing, biologically gluing, etc. are alternative options.
• • e. Optional Blood Reservoir
• The apparatus of the present invention (as thus described) provides apath11 through which blood flows from a chamber of a heart and into a coronary artery. Additionally, such a device can store blood under pressure for a period of time prior to its introduction into a coronary artery. As depicted in the embodiments ofFIGS. 1C and 2D, this aspect of theconduit10,10′ of the present invention is referred to as a capacitance pressure reservoir (CPR)24,24′.
• Blood flow through the normal coronary artery is cyclical. Blood flow is increased during diastole (when the heart muscle is in a relaxing state), and decreases or reverses during systole (when the heart muscle is in a contracting state). See, e.g., F. Kajiya et al.,Velocity Profiles and Phasic Flow Patterns in the Non-Stenotic Human Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery during Cardiac Surgery,27 CARDIOVASCULAR RES. 845-50 (1993).
• The pressure gradient across thelumens12a,12a′,14a′,16aof theapparatus10,10′ of the present invention will vary over the cardiac cycle. For example, during systole, the contraction of the heart muscles will generate high relative pressures within the left ventricle.
• The pressures within the coronary arterioles and capillaries distal to the bypass site can also be high during this time, due to the external compression of the contracting cardiac musculature surrounding these vessels. This is particularly true for the vessels of the microcirculation deep within the heart which serve the endocardium.
• Theoptional CPR24,24′ stores the pressurized blood during systole for delivery to the heart muscles via the coronary circulation during diastole when pressures are reduced. In essence, theCPR24,24′ serves a function similar to the elastic connective tissue of the thick-walled aorta. The necessary function of theCPR24,24′ is to store blood under higher pressure, and to later provide that stored blood to the microcirculation when the external pressures on that microcirculation are reduced.
• As depicted inFIGS. 1C and 2D thebi-directional flow regulators22,22′ provide full blood flow in the direction of A, which is from a chamber of a heart into theconduit10,10′ via thelumen11,11′. The pressure on the blood within the chamber of a heart will be greatest when the surrounding cardiac musculature is in the contracting phase of the cardiac cycle. Because it is during this phase of the cardiac cycle that the external pressure on the coronary artery microcirculation is also highest, blood flow through thelumen11,11′ of theconduit10,10′ could be limited. To counteract this tendency, theconduit10,10′ is equipped with areservoir24,24′ which stores this pressurized blood flowing from a chamber of the heart during the cardiac contraction.
• The reservoir, orCPR24,24′ is schematically illustrated inFIGS. 1C, 2D. It can be appreciated that theconduit10,10′ is provided with afluid passage28,28′ in communication withpathway11,11′. Thepassage28,28′ communicates with an expandable volume (or storage chamber)27,27′ defined by amovable wall31,31′ contained within a fixedhousing33,33′.Springs29,29′ betweenwall31,31′ andhousing33,33′ urge thewall31,31′ to move to reduce the size ofvolume27,27′. Thesprings29,29′ are pre-loaded to exert a force onwall31,31′ less than a force exerted by blood withinvolume27,27′ during the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle, but greater than the force exerted by blood withinvolume27,27′ during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle.
• Theconduit10,10′ is constructed in a manner which allows blood to flow into thestorage chamber27,27′ of theconduit10,10′ through thelumen11,11′ ofarm28,28′ of the conduit when the cardiac musculature is contracting. When blood is flowing into thestorage chamber27,27′, the kinetic energy of the flowing blood is converted to potential energy, and stored in29,29′. During the relaxation phase of the cardiac musculature, the potential energy stored in29,29′ of theCPR24,24′ is then re-converted to kinetic energy in the form of blood flow out of thestorage chamber27,27′ of theconduit10,10′ via thelumen11,11′ ofarm28,28′ of the conduit.
• While theCPR24,24′ is illustrated with amovable wall31,31′ and springs29,29′ to define a variable volume, other designs can be used. For example, theCPR24,24′ can be a balloon-like structure. As it fills with blood, the pressure on that blood increases through the stretching of an elastic component of a balloon. In another embodiment, the CPR,24,24′, can be a hollow bag, made of a material which is elastic, but impermeable to liquids, and pliable similar to a plastic bag. When the heart contracts, blood is forced throughlumen11,11′ ofarm28,28′ of theapparatus10,10′ of the invention into the collection bag.
• The incorporation ofbi-directional flow regulators22,22′ within the anchoringarm12,12′ of theconduit10,10′ provide most (about 80%) of the flow of blood out of the device during diastole to the coronary artery via thelumen11′11′ ofarms14a,14a′,16aof the device, of theconduit10,10′. Similarly, the incorporation of thebi-directional flow regulator26 within theintracoronary arm16 of the T-shapedconduit10, when employed with thebi-directional flow regulator22 within the anchor arm20 of theconduit10, would provide most of the flow of blood out of the device during diastole to the portion of the coronary artery distal to the bypass site via thedownstream lumen11 ofarm14a.
• • f. Sizing of the Conduit
• The inner and outer cross-sectional diameters of a coronary artery decreases with the distance from the arterial origin. Eventually, the artery branches into a number of arterioles, which feed the capillary bed of the coronary arterial microcirculation.
• The typical diameter of a lumen of a coronary artery is, in general, species specific; increasing with heart size. In humans, this lumen diameter is dependent upon which artery is being evaluated, but usually ranges from 1.0 to 4 mm in diameter, and decreases with distance from the aortic origin. In the preferred embodiment, the cross-sectional outer diameter of theintracoronary arms14,14′,16 of the device of the present invention should effectively approximate the diameter of the lumen of the coronary artery being bypassed, at the bypass site. This allows the complete re-approximation of the previously opened superficial wall of the coronary artery during surgical closure, without high suture or staple tension resulting. In the most preferred embodiment, the outer diameter of theintracoronary arms14,14′,16 of theconduit10,10′ of the present invention is equal to the diameter of the lumen of the coronary artery which is being bypassed, at the bypass location. When a CPR is placed, the artery wall may need to be expanded by the addition of a patch, such as Dacron, well known in the art.
• Also, due to smooth muscle relaxation and secondary vascular dilation, the cross-sectional diameter of a lumen of a coronary artery will increase with the oxygen demand of cardiac muscle during times of stress. The cross-sectional inner diameter of theintracoronary arms14,14′,16 of theconduit10,10′ of the present invention should effectively approximate that diameter necessary to provide adequate blood flow through the downstream lumen of the conduit to effectively oxygenate the cardiac musculature normally supplied by the microcirculation of the coronary artery. In the preferred embodiment, the cross-sectional inner diameter of theintracoronary arms14,14′,16 of theconduit10,10′ of the present invention should effectively approximate that diameter necessary to provide adequate blood flow through the lumen of the device to effectively oxygenate the cardiac musculature normally supplied by the microcirculation of the coronary artery during both times of cardiovascular resting and stress.
• If necessary, an initial approximation of the required cross-sectional outer diameter of theintracoronary arms14,14′,16 of theconduit10,10′ of the present invention can be gained by standard radiographic techniques. Also, in the alternative embodiment apparatus when abi-directional flow regulator22,22′ is desired, the operating pressure of thebi-directional flow regulator22,22′ (i.e., the pressure at which the flow regulator moves from a reduced back-flow to a full forward flow position) can be determined by the dynamic measurements of coronary artery pressure, blood flow, and heart chamber pressures through selective catheterization with standard techniques. See Minoru Hongo et al., 127 (3) AM. HEART J. 545-51 (March 1994).
• During the coronary artery bypass procedure, the most appropriate sizing of theintracoronary arms14,14′,16 of theconduit10,10′ of the present invention can be re-assessed. This can be accomplished by probing the distal and ,if needed, the proximal aspects of the coronary artery at the chosen bypass site with blunt instruments of known outer diameters. Such sizing by probes is well-known in the literature. To facilitate the effective matching of the external diameter of theintracoronary arms14,14′,16 of theconduit10,10′ of the present invention to thelumen34 of the coronary artery to be bypassed, an assortment of conduits of the present invention of various diameters can be available for the surgeon to select from.
• Theanchor arm12,12′ is sized to maximize net blood flow from the left ventricle to the coronary artery. Through simulation testing, a counter-intuitive indication is that maximizing the diameter ofanchor arm12,12′ is not desirable. For example, such simulation assuming diameters of 3.00 mm, 2.25 mm and 1.50 mm for an unrestricted fistula (i.e., without a flow regulator22) suggests that the smaller diameter of 1.50 mm most closely approximates normal coronary blood flow and minimizes back flow thus maximizing net forward flow.
• It is desirable that theanchor arm12,12′ protrudes into the heart chamber such that end12ais spaced from the heart wall. This prevents tissue growth overend12a.
• Finally, it will be noted that theanchor arm12 defines a longitudinal axis (e.g., axis X-X inFIG. 18A). Theregion15 ofarms14,14 intersects axis X-X. Theregion15 acts as a deflection surface to prevent high velocity blood flow fromarm12 impinging directly upon the coronary artery wall. Instead, the high velocity blood flow impinges uponregion15 and is directed axially into the coronary artery. As a result, the coronary artery wall covered byregion15 is protected from damage which would otherwise be caused by the high velocity blood flow and the blood components are transitioned to axial flow with a minimum of cell damaging shear.
• FIG. 20 shows a stillfurther embodiment10″ where theanchor arm12″ has a longitudinal axis X′-X′ at a non-orthogonal angle relative to the axis Y′-Y′ of thecoronary arms14″,16″. Further, theanchor arm12″ has a taper. In other words, thearm12″ is widest at opening12a″. The taper and angle act to reduce blood flow velocity and to restrict back flow (arrows B) while facilitating forward flow (arrow A′). Also, the blood in the forward flow A′ impacts against thedeflection region15″ at an angle to reduce impact of blood cells.
• • 2. The Method of the Present Invention Using the Open Chest Approach
    • a. General
• The method of the present invention is suitable for performing a variety of surgical cardiac procedures. The procedures may be performed utilizing an open-chest approach, or through minimally invasive approaches by the creation of access means into the chest, or through percutaneous access utilizing intracoronary and intraventricular catheterization. Dependent on the invasiveness of the approach utilized, the heart can be allowed to pulse normally, be slowed by varying amounts, or stopped completely. A significant period of complete heart stoppage can necessitate the use of supportive cardiopulmonary bypass.
• The method of the present invention for performing a coronary artery bypass procedure will now be described in detail. The patient who is to undergo the procedure can be prepared in a conventional manner for cardiac bypass surgery. The patient preparation, anesthesia utilized, and access route to the coronary circulation, will vary depending upon the invasiveness of the specific procedure chosen.
• • • b. Preparation for the Procedure
      • i. General Preparations
• Standard techniques of general preparation for open-chest surgery in which cardiopulmonary bypass is utilized have been widely reported. See, e.g. LUDWIG K. VON SEGESSER, ARTERIAL GRAFTING FOR MYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION (1990). In one embodiment of the methods of the invention where an open-chest procedure and cardiopulmonary bypass is utilized, the patient can be prepared for surgery as outlined by Von Segesser.
• General preparations for open-chest surgery in which cardiopulmonary bypass is not utilized have been published by Buffolo et al., 61 ANN. THORAC. SURG. 63-66 (1996). In one embodiment of the methods of the invention where an open-chest procedure without cardiopulmonary bypass is utilized, the patient can be prepared for surgery as outlined by Buffolo.
• General preparations for closed-chest surgery, to be performed using thoracoscopy and where cardiopulmonary bypass is utilized, have been outlined by Sterman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,452,733 (1995). In one embodiment of the methods of the invention where a closed-chest procedure and cardiopulmonary bypass is utilized, the patient can be prepared for surgery as outlined by Sterman.
• General preparations for closed-chest surgery to be performed using thoracoscopy, but where cardiopulmonary bypass is not utilized, have been published by Acuff et al., 61 ANN. THORAC. SURG. 135-37 (1996). In one embodiment of the methods of the invention where a closed-chest procedure without cardiopulmonary bypass is utilized, the patient can be prepared for surgery as outlined by Acuff.
• General preparations for percutaneous coronary artery bypass grafting utilizing intracoronary and intraventricular catheterization and without cardiopulmonary bypass have been described by Wilk in his afore-mentioned U.S. patents. Preparations can include the sterile scrubbing and draping of at least one groin to permit access to a femoral artery for catheterization of the coronary vasculature and the sterile scrubbing and draping of the right superior anterior chest wall to permit access to the innominate artery for catheterization of the left ventricle. Further suggested preparations can include those outlined by Sterman and Acuff for thoracoscopic surgery with and without cardiopulmonary bypass, respectively.
• • • • ii. Anesthesia Prior to and During the Procedure
• Most often, the patient will be placed under general anesthesia prior to the procedure. In one embodiment, standard cardiac operative anesthetic techniques, such as premedication with diazepam, induction with propofol and sufentanil, and maintenance with desflurane can be employed. On occasion, less than general anesthesia can be utilized. Less than general anesthesia is well known in the literature. When the invasiveness of the procedure is minimal, such as when the procedure is to be carried out via intracoronary and intraventricular catheterization, or when the risks of general anesthesia to the individual patient outweighs the risks of less than general anesthesia with regard to the particular procedure planned, less than general anesthesia can be induced. Selective ventilation of the lungs can be achieved through the placement of a double-lumen endobronchial tube which independently provides for the intubation of the left and right main stem bronchi. An intraesophageal probe can be placed to facilitate cardiac monitoring and the synchronization of power to the laser, when deemed useful.
• • • • iii. Access to the Heart and Coronary Vasculature for the Procedure
• Following preparation, access to the patient's coronary arterial vasculature can be attained through a variety of techniques, dependent upon the route of access chosen.
• Von Segesser has reported a method of access to the coronary arterial vasculature when utilizing an open-chest approach and cardiopulmonary bypass. In one embodiment, utilizing an open-chest approach with cardiopulmonary bypass, access to the coronary vasculature can be obtained as reported by Von Segesser.
• Buffolo et al. has reported an open-chest approach to the coronary arterial vasculature when performed without cardiopulmonary bypass. See Buffolo et al., 61 ANN. THORAC. SURG. 63-66 (1996). In one embodiment utilizing an open-chest approach without cardiopulmonary bypass, access to the coronary vasculature can be obtained as reported by Buffolo.
• Sterman et al. has reported a method of access to the coronary arterial vasculature when a closed-chest approach with cardiopulmonary bypass is utilized. See Sterman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,452,733 (1995). Sterman positions a plurality of access trocar sheaths along the patient's left and right anterolateral chest wall. These trocar sheaths provide access to the coronary vasculature, and allow the temporary repositioning of the heart to facilitate the performance of the procedure. The repositioning is accomplished utilizing grasping tools introduced through the appropriate trocar sheaths. Visualization during this procedure can be either indirectly via thoracoscopy, or directly via a ‘window’ placed in the left middle anterior chest wall by the surgical removal of the fourth rib. Access to the bypass site can therefore be obtained by following the techniques outlined by Sterman. The instruments to be used in the procedure can also be similar to those described by Sterman.
• Acuff et al. has described a method of access to the coronary arterial vasculature when a closed-chest approach without cardiopulmonary bypass is utilized. See Acuff et al., 61 ANN. THORAC. SURG. 135-37 (1996). Similar to the techniques of Sterman, Acuff positions a plurality of access trocar sheaths along the patient's left and right anterolateral chest wall. Also similar to Sterman, Acuff surgically establishes an access space, or window in the left anterior chest wall through the removal of the left fourth rib cartilage. The trocar sheaths, in concert with this window, allow the temporary repositioning of the heart, and access to the coronary arterial vasculature. Visualization during this procedure can be either indirectly via thoracoscopy, or directly via the window. Access to the bypass site can therefore be obtained by following the techniques outlined by Acuff. The instruments to be used in the procedure can also be similar to those described by Acuff.
• Access to a chamber of a heart and a coronary artery when the bypass is performed through the percutaneous approach of intracoronary and intraventricular catheterization can be obtained as follows. Access to a coronary artery can be obtained by the introduction of a catheter into the left or right femoral artery through an arterial cut down procedure. The catheter can then be fed retrograde past the descending aorta, through the ascending aorta, and into the coronary artery by standard catheterization techniques. In a preferred embodiment, access to a chamber of the left side of a heart can be obtained by the introduction of a catheter into the innominate artery, also through an arterial cut down procedure. In the most preferred embodiment, access to the left ventricle is obtained by the introduction of a catheter into the innominate artery and the advancement of this catheter into the left ventricle. In this embodiment, the catheter is advanced through the ascending aorta, past the aortic valve. and into the left ventricle. Techniques by which the left ventricle is catheterized are well known in the literature.
• • 3. Open Chest Approach
• In the coronary artery bypass graft procedures of the present invention, a chamber of a heart provides blood to a coronary artery. The method of the present invention can accomplish this by establishing one or more channels through the wall of a chamber of a heart which lead directly from a chamber of a heart into a coronary artery at a site distal to the narrowing or blockage. The methods of the invention in various embodiments can achieve the establishment of such a channel or channels through a variety of techniques.
• Referring now toFIGS. 4, 5,6,7,8, and9, an exemplary open-chest procedure, which may or may not include cardiopulmonary bypass, by which a coronary artery bypass procedure may be accomplished will be described. The open-chest approach affords maximal access to, and visualization of, the coronary vasculature; although at the expense of injury to normal tissue.
• Through the methods of the present invention, theconduit10,10′ of the present invention, which provides blood from a chamber of aheart43 directly into acoronary artery30, is placed. To illustrate the invention, only placement ofconduit10′ is discussed. It will be appreciated thatconduit10 can be similarly placed. In addition, examples will be limited to the embodiment of the conduit of the invention as illustrated inFIG. 1A.
• Preparation for the procedure, and anesthesia prior to and during the procedure, is outlined above.
• First, the chest cavity is entered, andpericardium52 incised anteriorly, to expose a coronary artery30 (having an obstruction34) to be bypassed. This is illustrated inFIG. 4.
• Second, cardiopulmonary bypass may be initiated by a variety of standard techniques as outlined by George Silvay et al.,Cardiopulmonary Bypass for Adult patients: A Survey of Equipment and Techniques,9 (4) J. CARDIOTHORAC. VASC. ANESTH. 420-24 (August 1995).
• Third, if bypassed, the heart is slowed and/or stopped by a variety of standard techniques. One standard technique is to electrically induce ventricular fibrillation. Another standard technique is warm or cold blood cardioplegia, delivered antegrade or retrograde, and intermittent or continuous, as outlined by Gerald D. Buckberg,Update on Current Techniques of Myocardial Protection,60 ANN. THORAC. SURG. 805-14 (1995).
• Fourth, the heart is inspected and coronary arteries identified. The narrowed or occludedcoronary artery30 can be visually identified, and an appropriate site distal or downstream from theocclusion34 chosen.
• Fifth, blood flow through the targetcoronary artery30 is halted by standard techniques. For example, standard techniques include clamping the aorta above the coronary ostia with an arterial clamp. Alternatively, in the beating heart procedure, the flow of blood within thecoronary artery30 can be halted by forming a loop around theartery30 with suture either proximally, or both proximally and distally, and applying appropriate tension on the suture or sutures, or tying the suture or sutures.
• Sixth, depending on the degree of exposure deemed necessary, the epicardium overlying the coronary artery at the selected bypass site is incised. This exposure can facilitate locating the lumen of thecoronary artery30 via palpation.
• Seventh, as shown inFIG. 5, thesuperficial wall36 of thecoronary artery30 is longitudinally incised by standard techniques, such as incision with a scalpel, electrosurgical cutting device, or similar tool; taking care not to damage the deep wall of the artery. This initial incision can be lengthened, if necessary, to accommodate theintracoronary arms14′ using standard tools such as fine angled scissors.
• Eighth, achannel50 is initiated into the deep coronaryarterial wall40 and through themusculature42 of a chamber of a heart. In the preferred embodiment, the chamber of a heart is the left ventricular chamber of the heart. Thechannel50 can be initiated by standard techniques such as awl punching, incising, use of a laser, or the like. Thechannel50 is then extended into the chamber of a heart, in this case theleft ventricle44, by standard techniques (such as punching with atrocar46, incising with a scalpel blade, electrosurgical cutting with an electrosurgical cutting tool, laser or radio frequency ablation, blunt dissection, etc.).
• Ninth, once a channel extending through the entire thickness of awall42 of a chamber of a heart is formed, it can be systematically sized by the passage of standard probes.
• Tenth, through palpation, inspection, and probing of the distal and proximalcoronary artery lumen48, aconduit10′ of appropriate dimensions is selected, as outlined above.
• Eleventh, as illustrated inFIGS. 7 and 8, theanchor arm12′ is inserted into the formedchannel50. Theintracoronary arm14′ is then seated within thelumen48 of thecoronary artery30.
• Twelfth, as shown inFIG. 9, thelongitudinal incision38 previously incised in theanterior wall36 of thecoronary artery30 is surgically re-approximated. The re-approximation can be performed by a number of conventional techniques, includingsuturing52, laser welding, microstapling, and the like.
• Thirteenth, the clamps or sutures closing off blood flow to the coronary artery are released.
• Fourteenth, contractions of the heart, if previously stopped, are reinitiated by standard electrostimulation or the reversal of cardioplegia and the patient is slowly weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass by standard techniques.
• Fifteenth, the pericardium, sternum, and overlying skin of the chest is re-approximated and surgically closed by standard, conventional techniques.
• Sixteenth, anesthesia is reversed and the patient revived by standard techniques.
• D. Embodiments for a Closed Chest Approach
• • 1. The Apparatus of the Present Invention for Use in the Closed Chest Approach
• A closed chest approach according to the method of the present invention may use theconduit10,10′ as described above. Such a procedure will now be described. Following this description, a closed chest approach using alternative embodiments of the apparatus of the invention will be described.
• • 2. The Method of the Present Invention Using the Closed Chest Approach
• An exemplary closed-chest procedure, without cardiopulmonary bypass, by which a coronary artery bypass may be accomplished will now be described. The closed-chest approach is less invasive than the open-chest approach, although providing the surgeon with somewhat poorer visualization and limited direct access to both the chambers of the heart and coronary artery bypass site.
• Preparation for the procedure, and anesthesia prior to and during the procedure, is outlined above.
• First, a plurality of access trocar sheaths is positioned anterior and laterally along the left and right chest walls as outlined by Acuff et al.
• Second, a space in the left low anterior chest wall may be formed by removal of the fourth rib cartilage, as outlined by Acuff et al. In this embodiment, the heart and coronary artery can be both directly viewed via this space or window, as well as indirectly visualized via a thoracoscope.
• Third, a standard pericardiotomy is performed using a scalpel or electrosurgical cutting tool introduced through the left lateral chest trocar sheaths while viewing under thoroacoscopy. The pericardium can be excised and either spread open, or removed from the thoracic cavity as outlined by Acuff et al.
• Fourth, if necessary, the heart can be rotated within the mediastinum. Direct access and visualization through the formed chest wall space can require rotation of the heart. Rotation of the heart can be accomplished by the grasping of the heart by tools inserted through access trocar sheaths located along the left and right chest wall as described by Sterman et al. Alternatively, traction on sutures placed in the pericardium can distract the heart allowing appropriate direct visualization of the area to be bypassed as described by Acuff et al. In another alternative procedure, the heart can be accessed from the patient's back with an endoscope for implantation of the stent in the posterior vascular beds which are not currently accessible by minimally invasive techniques.
• Fifth, once the coronary artery to be bypassed is identified and well-visualized; snare sutures of 5-0 polypropylene are placed at least proximally to the target area as described by Acuff et al.
• Sixth, the heart rate can be pharmacologically slowed to approximately40 beats/minute to minimize motion within the operative field as described by Acuff et. al. Nitroglycerin and heparin can also be administered to reduce cardiac ischemia and prevent clotting respectively as outlined by Acuff et al.
• Because cardiopulmonary bypass is omitted in this embodiment, intermittent coronary artery occlusion to induce ischemic preconditioning, as well as transesophageal echocardiography to review cardiac wall motion changes, can be utilized as described by Acuff et al. The epicardium can be incised over the area selected for bypass and the anterior surface of the artery cleared under direct visualization through the space or window, or via remote instruments inserted through the trocar sheaths under thoracoscopic guidance.
• Seventh, in situations where the coronary artery can be directly viewed, thelumen48 of the coronary artery is identified by palpation. Either under direct visualization, or under thoracoscopic guidance and using instruments manipulated through the trocar sheaths, thesuperficial wall36 of the coronary artery is then longitudinally opened. As above, care is taken to leave thedeep wall40 of the artery undamaged. Theincision38 can be enlarged, as necessary, to accommodate theintracoronary arms14,14′,16 of theconduit10,10′ using fine angled scissors. This enlargement can be performed with standard surgical scissors under direct viewing through the window, or via other surgical instruments remotely manipulated following their insertion through the trocar sheaths.
• Eighth, achannel50 through the heart wall is initiated by incising or laser ablating into thedeep wall40 of the coronary artery. This also can be performed by standard surgical tools under direct viewing, or by the remote manipulation of specialized instruments introduced through the trocar sheaths and viewed thoracoscopically. Thechannel50 is then extended through the deep coronaryarterial wall40, through underlyingcardiac musculature42, and into the underlying chamber of theheart44 by incising with a scalpel or electrosurgical cutting blade, laser ablation, blunt dissection, or the like. In the preferred embodiment, a chamber of aheart44 is one of the two chambers of the left side of the heart. In the most preferred embodiment, a chamber of aheart44 is the left ventricle.
• Ninth, thechannel50 extending through the entire thickness of amuscular wall42 can be systematically sized by the passage of standard measuring probes. These standard measuring probes, with fixed and known tip diameters, can be similarly used to size and determine the proximal and distal patency of the coronary artery being bypassed.
• Tenth, through direct and/or thoracoscopic inspection of thecoronary artery lumen48, or by probing as outlined above, an appropriately dimensionedconduit10,10′ of the present invention is selected. As in the case of the open-chest approach (outlined above), an array ofconduits10,10′ of various sizes can be available for the operation.
• Eleventh, either under direct control and visualization, or by indirect manipulation and thoracoscopic viewing, the anchoringarm12,12′ of theconduit10,10′ of the invention is inserted into the formedchannel50. By similar techniques the remaining intracoronary arm orarms14,14′,16 of theconduit10,10′ are seated within thelumen48 of thecoronary artery30 being bypassed. In one embodiment where the procedure is performed under thoracoscopic viewing, theconduit10,10′ can be introduced into the cardiac cavity through the space or window previously formed within the anterior inferior aspect of the left chest wall. In this embodiment, theconduit10,10′ can be grasped, once introduced into the chest cavity, by surgical instruments inserted through the trocar sheaths and remotely manipulated into position. In this manner theanchor arm12,12′ of theconduit10,10′ is then inserted into the channel formed50 via the remote manipulation of these instruments.
• Twelfth, the incision present in thesuperficial wall38 of thecoronary artery30 is closed by conventional surgical techniques such as suturing, laser welding, microstapling, and the like. When closure is by indirect thoracoscopic versus direct viewing, suturing, laser welding, microstapling and the like can be accomplished by utilizing surgical instruments remotely manipulated following their introduction through the trocar sheaths.
• Thirteenth, upon completion of placement of theconduit10,10′ of the present invention, the heart, if rotated, can be returned to its normal orientation.
• Fourteenth, all heart manipulating devices are removed from the chest cavity.
• Fifteenth, contractions of the heart can be allowed to return to their normal resting rate by the discontinuation of intravenous esmolol and diltiazem, if utilized.
• Sixteenth, thepericardium52 is partially or completely re-approximated. An external drain can be placed inside the pericardium, as needed, as described by Acuff et al.
• Seventeenth, the trocar sheaths are removed, and all thoracic punctures surgically repaired in a conventional manner.
• Eighteenth, anesthesia is reversed and the patient revived by standard techniques.
• E. Embodiments with the Catheter-Controlled Approach
• Referring now toFIGS. 10, 11,12,13,14,15, and16, an exemplary coronary artery bypass procedure performed through catheterization will be described. This approach allows no direct visualization of the coronary vasculature, although the chamber of the heart could be indirectly visualized during the procedure by equipping the intraventricular catheter with a standard fiber-optic device, if desired. Because the procedure is performed through catheters introduced remotely, normal tissue injury is minimized.
• Preparation for the procedure, and anesthesia prior to and during the procedure, is outlined above.
• In the embodiment to be described, cardiopulmonary bypass is unnecessary. However, the procedure would be in no way limited if cardiopulmonary bypass were performed.
• First, an intracoronary catheter120 (FIG. 10) is inserted via an incision in thegroin126 and advanced within thefemoral artery124. Through continued advancement within the descendingaorta128, and the ascendingaorta122, thecoronary artery30 is entered.
• Dependent on the degree of narrowing or occlusion of the coronary artery, standard angioplasty, atherectomy, or some similar procedure can be optionally performed if passage of the catheter tip136 (FIG. 11A) is hindered. Angioplasty, arthrectomy, and the like could optionally precede the catheter-controlled bypass procedure.
• If desired, the heart may be slowed while catheterizing the coronary vasculature, during the construction of a channel orchannels50 leading from a chamber of aheart44 into a lumen of acoronary artery30 itself, or both. Such slowing can improve visualization of the catheters as facilitated by fluoroscopy or the alternative radiologic techniques by which the procedure can be performed. Standard pharmacologic methods, as described above, to slow the heart are well known in the literature.
• Second, theintracoronary catheter120 is advanced within the coronary arterial vasculature tree to the target location through standard catheter manipulation techniques. The proper location of theintracoronary catheter tip136 in relation to the targeted bypass site can be determined through standard radiographic techniques.
• Third, as shown inFIGS. 11A-11C, aballoon130 located on the distal end of theintracoronary catheter120 is inflated (FIG. 11B). Inflation of theballoon130 causes astent134 located circumferentially surrounding theballoon130 to be seated against the coronaryarterial walls36,40. Thestent134 is a hollow expandable stent having a cut-outarea135 along the cylindrical wall of thestent134, for reasons that will become apparent. Thestent134 is positioned at placement within the coronary artery in a manner that the cut-out135 is juxtaposed against thedeep wall40 of thecoronary artery30 upon inflation of theintracoronary catheter balloon130.
• Fourth, theballoon130 is deflated (FIG. 11C) and thecatheter120 withdrawn into the ascendingaorta122 leaving the expandedstent134 in place.
• Fifth, anintraventricular catheter140 is inserted into theinnominate artery144 via an incision in the anterior superiorright chest wall142 as shown inFIG. 12. Theintraventricular catheter140 is advanced in a retrograde fashion through the ascendingaorta22, and into the chambers of the left side of the heart. By continued advancement, theintraventricular catheter140 is extended past the semilunar valves148 and into theleft ventricle44. Throughout the procedure, the location of theintraventricular catheter140 within a chamber of aheart44 can be ascertained by either indirect visualization employing standard fiber-optic instrumentation inherent to the intraventricular catheter, or and/or by standard radiographic techniques.
• Sixth, achannel50 can be ablated (FIGS. 13A-13B) through both a wall of a chamber of aheart42 and the deep wall of acoronary artery40 utilizing anablating tip132. Such ablating devices are well known in the literature and can include a laser, a radio frequency device, or the like. Power to theablating tip132 can be synchronized via the intraesophageal probe such that ablation occurs at a recurring aspect of the cardiac cycle. Such synchronization of devices to physiological function is well-known in the literature. The ablation can be indirectly observed via fiber optics associated with theintraventricular catheter140. Alternatively, the location of theablating tip132 can be determined by standard radiographic techniques.
• Seventh, once achannel50 through theheart chamber wall42 is formed, theintracoronary catheter120 is re-advanced into thecoronary artery30.
• Eighth, theballoon130 on the distal end of theintracoronary catheter120 is re-inflated upon reaching the target bypass site, as illustrated inFIGS. 14A and 14B. Inflation of theintracoronary catheter balloon130 seals the formedchannel50 so that blood is prevented from flowing from thecoronary artery lumen48, through the formedchannel50, and into a chamber of theheart44. Note, though, that the inflation of theintracoronary catheter balloon130 still allows blood to perfuse the downstream portion of thecoronary artery30. This is because theintracoronary catheter120 is equipped withchannels138 which allow blood to pass internally within theintracoronary catheter120 from the upstream portion of thecoronary artery30, and to exit the catheter into the downstream portion of thecoronary artery30.
• Ninth, the ablatingcatheter140 is removed from the body completely.
• Tenth, a secondintraventricular catheter160 is inserted into theinnominate artery144 at the arterial cut-downsite142, as shown inFIG. 12. Theintraventricular catheter160 is next advanced in a retrograde fashion into the ascendingaorta22. By continued advancement, theintraventricular catheter160 is finally extended past the semilunar valves148 and into theleft ventricle44.
• This intraventricular catheter is equipped with ainflatable balloon60 on the catheter's distal end, and a stent-formingdevice61 circumferentially surrounding theballoon60 on the catheter's distal end (FIGS. 14A-14D).
• Thestent forming device61 is a spiral sheet shown separately inFIGS. 15A and 15B. Initially, thedevice61 is a sheet formed in a spiral shape as shown inFIG. 15A to present a reduced diameter smaller than the diameter of the formedchannel50. In response to expanding forces (e.g., expansion of aballoon60 within device61),device61 expands to a cylinder as shown inFIG. 15B. Interlocking tabs61aand recesses61bon opposing edges of thedevice61 define alocking mechanism62 to retain thedevice61 in a cylindrical shape. The cylindrical shape ofdevice61 after expansion of theballoon60, as shown inFIG. 15B, is larger in diameter than the spiral shape ofdevice61 prior to expansion of theballoon60, as shown inFIG. 15A. Thedevice61 as expanded is sized to be retained within the formedchannel50 upon expansion.
• Throughout this portion of the procedure, the location of this secondintraventricular catheter160 within a chamber of aheart44 can be ascertained by either indirect visualization employing standard fiber-optic instrumentation inherent to the second intraventricular catheter, or and/or by standard radiographic techniques.
• Eleventh, the tip180 (FIG. 14A) of the secondintraventricular catheter160 is introduced into and advanced within the formedchannel50.
• Twelfth, with thetip180 of the secondintraventricular catheter160 near or abutting the side of theintracoronary catheter balloon130, aballoon60 surrounding circumferentially the tip of the secondintraventricular catheter160, is inflated. As shown inFIGS. 14C and 14D, inflation of theballoon60 causes thedevice61 located circumferentially around theballoon60 located on the end of the secondintraventricular catheter160 to become seated against the walls of the formedchannel50.
• As shown inFIG. 16, thedevice61, is locked into the cylindrical position when theunderlying balloon60 is inflated by an interlockingmechanism62 constructed as part of thedevice61.
• Thirteenth, theballoon60 on the intraventricular catheter tip is deflated, and the catheter removed from the body, as shown inFIG. 14D.
• Fourteenth, a thirdintraventricular catheter70 is inserted at the innominateartery access site142. This thirdintraventricular catheter70 is then advanced in a retrograde fashion into a chamber of the left side of a heart, as outlined above.
• This thirdintraventricular catheter70 is equipped with ahollow tube71 on its distal tip which can interlock to thedevice61 previously placed within the formedchannel50, as shown inFIGS. 17A and 17B.
• Fifteenth, thehollow tube71 is forwarded within the formedchannel50, and interlocked to thedevice61. In one embodiment, thehollow tube71 can partially insert into thedevice61 previously seated within the formedchannel50.
• Thehollow tube71 can, but may not necessarily, be equipped with abi-directional flow regulator74 to provide full blood flow in the direction of arrow C with reduced (but not blocked) blood flow opposite the direction of arrow C. An array of suchhollow tubes71 of various dimensions can be available to the surgeon at the operative procedure.
• Sixteenth, theballoon130 on the end of theintracoronary catheter120 is deflated.
• Seventeenth, angiographic dye can be introduced into a chamber of the heart through a port internal to the thirdintraventricular catheter71. The introduction of angiographic dye can allow the blood flow to be visualized under fluoroscopy, digital subtraction angiography, or similar standard techniques. By such radiographic examination, blood flow directly from a chamber of a heart into a coronary artery can be ascertained. In cases where abi-directional flow regulator74 is utilized, the bi-directional flow from a chamber of a heart and into a coronary artery and the flow rates can be verified.
• Eighteenth, the thirdintraventricular catheter70 is withdrawn from the body through theinnominate incision site142.
• Nineteenth, theintracoronary catheter120 is withdrawn from the body through thefemoral incision site126.
• Twentieth, the sites of theinnominate incision142 andfemoral incision126 are surgically re-approximated through standard closure techniques.
• Twenty-first, anesthesia is reversed and the patient revived by standard techniques.
• Changes and Modifications
• Although the foregoing invention has been described in detail by way of illustration and example, for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be obvious that changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims (10)

1-17. (canceled)

18. A method for supplementing a flow of blood to a coronary vessel, the method comprising:

placing a conduit in a heart wall between a heart chamber and the coronary vessel so that a blood flow path directly between the heart chamber and a posterior of the coronary vessel remains open during both systole and diastole.

19. The method ofclaim 18, wherein the blood flow path is at a site in the coronary vessel positioned between an obstruction in the coronary vessel and tissue of the heart to be supplied with blood by the coronary vessel.

20. The method ofclaim 18, wherein the conduit includes a portion placed into the coronary vessel.

21. The method ofclaim 18, wherein the conduit extends completely through the heart wall.

22. The method ofclaim 18, wherein the conduit is valveless.

23. The method ofclaim 18, wherein blood flow path is at a site in the coronary vessel between an obstruction in the coronary vessel and tissue of the heart.

24. The method ofclaim 23, wherein the obstruction is a natural occlusion.

25. The method ofclaim 18, wherein the heart chamber is a left ventricle.

26. The method ofclaim 18, wherein the coronary vessel is a coronary artery.

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