US20050208243A1 - Multilayer sheet of liner for packaging hot foods - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention discloses a multilayer sheet for packaging hot foods especially useful in the “take-out” market. The multilayer sheet has two, and optionally three, layers. The first inner layer comprises a water-wicking material, preferably a nonwoven with a moisture-vapor transmission rate (MVTR) of at least about 20,000 g/m²-day and a hydrostatic head pressure of less than about 5 cm H₂O. The second layer comprises a somewhat absorbent and highly-thermally insulating material. The multilayer sheet may be used in various packaging embodiments, e.g., as a wrap, pouch or bag, etc. The multilayer sheet maintains freshly-cooked food quality by improving heat retention and moisture control.

Description

• This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/554585, filed Mar. 19, 2004, the entire description of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• The invention relates to a multilayer sheet or liner for use in wrapping and/or packaging foods such as hot foods.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Composite or multilayer sheets or wraps have long been used for packaging foods. Such sheets aim to keep freshly-made food hot from the time it is prepared until it is consumed. Current commercial sheets or wraps include polyethylene-coated paper or tissue, hot-melt coated paper, foil/tissue laminations, tissue/aluminum foil/polyethylene film, dry wax, etc. These wrap materials are of high moisture resistance to maximize heat retention. Liquid water from condensation is often still left in contact with food, which can leave the food undesirably soggy.
• Most of the known sheets or wraps involve an absorbent layer and an impermeable layer. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,128,182; U.S. Pat. No. 5,310,587; and Japanese Patent Application 11094260. The resulting food quality of using these wraps and sheets is less than optimum. Thus, there exists a need to improve packaging for hot foods to maintain freshly-cooked characteristics, such as by improving heat retention and moisture control in the package, specially for packaging freshly-cooked foods for the “take-out” market.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The invention includes an article comprising or produced from at least two layers including a first layer, a second layer, and optionally a third layer wherein the article is a multilayer sheet or a liner; the first layer comprises or is produced from a water-wicking material; the second layer comprises or is produced from an absorbent and insulating material; and the third layer comprises or is produced from a structural material.
• The invention also includes a process for making the multilayer sheet, which can comprise (1) interposing a layer of thermoplastic adhesive scrim between the first inner layer and second layer and laminating the first inner layer to the second layer under suitable heat and pressure; or (2) coating the first inner layer with a suitable pattern-applied adhesive on one side to produce a coated side and contacting the coated side with the second layer prior to lamination.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a specific embodiment of the multilayer sheet illustrating a fiberfill batt as the insulating and absorbent material of the second layer, positioned between and adhesively bonded to a film, as the structural material of the outermost layer, and a water-wicking material, as the inner layer, via two separate adhesive layers.
• FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the multilayer sheet illustrating a fiberfill batt as the insulating and absorbent material of the second layer, again positioned between a film, as the structural material of the outermost layer, and a water-wicking material, as the inner layer, employing an adhesive layer between the fiberfill batt and inner water-wicking material.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• A multilayer sheet or liner for packaging hot foods comprises a first inner layer comprising a water-wicking material with a second layer comprising an absorbent and highly-thermally insulating material. The multilayer sheet provides improved moisture control while maintaining heat retention. Freshly-cooked food quality can be maintained (e.g., “crispness” especially in fried or baked foods) for time periods of at least about 30 minutes under ambient conditions, and the food quality is judged to be “excellent”.
• The first inner layer of the multilayer sheet or linercan comprise a water-wicking material. This layer is the innermost layer of the sheet, and is the layer in direct contact with the hot food or interior of the package containing the hot food. The water-wicking capability prevents the build-up of moisture in the package as the hot food cools, thereby avoiding undesirably soggy food.
• The first layer facilitates the passage of water and moisture vapor (i.e., wicks) from the interior of the package to the second layer of the multilayer sheet. To do so, the water-wicking material can have a non-condensable surface and preferably demonstrate a moisture-vapor transmission rate of at least about 20,000 g/m²/day, at least about 100,000 g/m²/day at least about 150,000 g/m²/day, or at least about 170,000 g/m²/day, as tested by ASTM D-6701 as well as a hydrostatic head pressure of less than about 5 cm H₂O or less than about 2 cm H₂O, as tested under AATCC Method 127-1989.
• The first layer preferably comprises a nonwoven fabric, preferably a “spunlaced” or “hydroentangled” fabric. The term “spunlaced fabric” or “hydroentangled fabric” refers to a nonwoven fabric that is produced by entangling fibers in the web to provide a strong fabric that is free of binders. Such spunlaced fabrics can be prepared by supporting a nonwoven web of fibers on a porous support such as a mesh screen and passing the supported web underneath water jets, such as in a hydraulic needling process. The fibers can be entangled in a repeating pattern.
• The nonwoven fabric can be made out of fibers such as polyester, nylon 6,6, or, preferably, a combination of wood pulp and staple poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers. Such fabrics are available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del. (DuPont) under the trade name Sontara®. The thickness of these fabrics can vary, generally a thickness in the range of about 10-50 mils (0.01 to 0.05 inches).
• In preparing such fabrics, the starting nonwoven layer comprises a thin, supple web of staple fibers, continuous filaments, plexifilamentary strands or the like. The fibers may be natural fibers, e.g., cellulosic, or may be formed from synthetic organic polymers. Preferably the fibers are not bonded to each other. Suitable starting nonwoven fibrous layers can be selected based on the desired end-use for the nonwoven fabric that is to be produced. For example the starting nonwoven fibrous layer is preferably substantially not bonded, and composed of fibers that inherently can absorb or wick liquid, e.g., polyester and wood pulp, or rayon and wood pulp.
• The first layer may also comprise paper, preferably with sufficient porosity to function as a water-wicking material as described herein.
• The second layer comprising an absorbent and insulating material. This layer may be highly thermally insulating and somewhat absorbent. The high thermal insulating capability effectively retains heat, slows condensation and thereby reduces liquid moisture formation within a given package. At the same time, any condensate that is produced is wicked through the first layer and absorbed by the second layer. These combined characteristics of high thermal insulating capability and some absorbency can be key to preventing the build-up of condensate in the package and avoiding undesirably soggy food.
• Though not bound by any particular theory, it appears that the multilayer sheet or liner may work successfully because the absorbent and insulating material in the second layer aims to keep the temperature within a given package above the dew point, preventing condensation from forming within the package. If the temperature falls just below the dew point, the water-wicking material of the first layer wicks the liquid from the package interior to the second layer. Hence, the interior of the package is warm but free of liquid moisture that can cause crisp food to turn soggy.
• The second layer preferably has a thermal resistance, as measured in units of insulation, or CLO, of at least about 0.05, or at least about 0.1, or about 0.1 to about 2.5, or 0.1 to 0.5.
• The CLO unit is defined as a unit of thermal resistance of a garment. The SI unit of thermal resistance is the square-meter kelvin per watt (m²·K/W) (See “Textile Terms and Definitions”, Tenth Edition, The Textile Institute, (1995), pp. 66, 350). Thus, the range of thermal resistance in SI units of the absorbent and insulating material of the present invention is at least about 0.0077, preferably at least about 0.0154 m²·K/W. Although CLO is defined in terms of a garment, this measurement can be used to describe the thermal resistance of any textile system, and is used herein to describe the thermal resistance of the absorbent and insulating material of the present invention. CLO values depend on the material used for the layer and its thickness.
• For the “take-out” food packaging market, the level of thermal resistance preferably is high enough to maintain the temperature within the package above the dew point for at least about 30 minutes when the package is exposed to ambient conditions. It is expected that the water-wicking material of the first layer also contributes some thermal resistance.
• The second layer also has some absorbency, though high levels may not be necessary due to the high efficiency of the insulating capability, and the resulting minimization of condensation formation. The absorbency, in terms of water pressure resistance, can be less than about 50 cm H₂O.
• The second layer may comprise an organic thermoplastic fiber-based material comprising, e.g., polyester, polyethylene or polypropylene. In a preferred embodiment, the thermal insulating layer is a fiberfill batt comprising polyester. A fiberfill batt sold as Thermolite® Active Original by DuPont is especially suitable for use. The fiberfill batt useful for the present invention generally has an areal weight in the range of 10 gm/m²to 200 gm/m², and a bulk density of less than 0.3 gm/cm³. Alternatively, the thermal insulating layer may comprise melt-blown fibers, such as melt-blown polyolefins, sold as THINSULATE®, by 3M.
• Many other variations of material for the absorbent and insulating material can be used. For instance, the absorbent and insulating material may possibly comprise an inorganic thermoplastic fiber-based material comprising glass wool, borosilicate glass or rockwool.
• Alternatively, the absorbent and insulating material may comprise a knit fabric, made, for example from a tetrachannel or scalloped oval fiber, sold under the trademark Coolmax® by DuPont. Or the absorbent and insulating material may be a woven or fleece material. The absorbent and insulating material could also comprise some sort of nonwoven, such as felt, or a highloft nonwoven or needled nonwoven fabric.
• The thickness of the second layer may vary and depend on the desired level of insulating capability, i.e., thermal resistance. As more thermal resistance is required, the thickness of the layer increases. Generally, the thickness can fall in the range of about 10 to about 500 mils, or about 10 to about 200 mils, or about 10 to about 50 mils.
• The multilayer sheet or liner may comprise an optional third, outermost layer comprising a structural material. Use of the third layer may be helpful for certain considerations in designing a practical package (e.g., impermeability, strength, flexibility), but may be entirely unnecessary in other embodiments (e.g., as a package liner as discussed below). Hence, the optional nature of the layer.
• Generally, the structural material may comprise film, foil, paper and/or fabric. A film may be made of a thermoplastic material comprising, e.g., polyester, polyethylene or polypropylene. For many uses where impermeability and flexibility are desired, films of oriented polypropylene or oriented polyester are especially preferred. Films of oriented polyester are available from DuPont Teijin Films under the trade names Mylar® and Melinex®.
• The choice of material for the optional third layer may depend on how the multilayer sheet or liner is used in the packaging, e.g., what type of package will be used and what type of food product will be packaged. For example, if the desired packaging is a bag or pouch, then paper, foil or a film may be useful. If the multilayer sheet or liner of the invention herein is used as a liner in a package, then it may be helpful to have the structural material contain an adhesive layer to adhere the multilayer sheet or liner to the inside of the package. A peelable backing can also be useful.
• One example of a film that is suitable for use as a structural material is Melinex®854, commercially available from DuPont Teijin Films of Wilmington, Del. Melinex®854 is a multilayered film, one layer being heat-sealable, allowing for heat-sealing between the second and third layers. Melinex®854 is a 120 gauge (0.0012 inch, or 0.0030 cm.) thick co-extruded biaxially oriented polyester film. The first layer of the film is made from a standard polyester homopolymer, intrinsic viscosity of about 0.590, containing 2500 ppm of inorganic slip additive particles. This layer comprises approximately 65% of the total film thickness. A co-polyester resin comprised of 18 weight % isophthalic acid, intrinsic viscosity of about 0.635, containing 2300 ppm inorganic slip additive particles, is co-extruded to form the heat-sealable layer and comprises 35% of the total film thickness (15-40% preferred). The surface of the first layer opposite the heat sealable layer is coated in-line by a gravure coater (during the film manufacturing process) with a print primer coating based on an aqueous polyester dispersion at a dry coat-weight of 0.03 g/m².
• The multilayer sheet or liner can further comprise an additive. The additive can be a desiccant such as silica, thermal and ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers, UV absorbers, antistatic agents, processing aids, fluorescent whitening agents, pigments, lubricants, etc. These additives may be present in the compositions used in this invention in quantities that are generally from 0.01 to 20, or 0.1 to 15, weight.
• This layer comprises approximately 65% of the total film thickness. A co-polyester resin comprised of 18 weight % isophthalic acid, intrinsic viscosity of about 0.635, containing 2300 ppm inorganic slip additive particles, is co-extruded to form the heat-sealable layer and comprises 35% of the total film thickness (15-40% preferred).
• The structural material may be modified on the surface facing away from the second layer to facilitate printing thereon by a corona discharge treatment. In addition, surface modification (i.e., coating or corona discharge treatment) may be used to facilitate bonding to another surface with an adhesive layer, as mentioned above. In order to bond to another surface, an adhesive primer layer is applied to the untreated surface of the structural material or to the corona discharge treated surface. This adhesive primer layer is pressure sensitive to enable application of the multilayer sheet or liner to a container to function as a package liner.
• Generally, the layers of the multilayer sheet or liner of the invention may be joined by various methods known in the art, one such method being lamination, i.e., uniting layers of material by an adhesive or other means. The adhesive can be applied in various ways, e.g., pattern-application or spray application, or through the use of an adhesive layer, e.g., a thermoplastic adhesive scrim, which is a web-like layer of adhesive. The use of pattern-application adhesive or an adhesive scrim achieves a similar effect within the multilayer sheet or liner of the invention herein, i.e., there is no complete barrier to moisture transport due to the abundance of free space or holes within the adhesive layer which allows moisture to flow through. This is especially desirable when laminating the first and second layers of the invention herein. Other means of joining the layers may include pinpoint embossing, needling and quilting, among others known to those of skill in the art. These methods may allow for the free transport of moisture between layers.
• Or the adhesive may be a heat-sealable coating on one of the layers to be joined, e.g., on the structural material as discussed above. The multilayer sheet or liner may optionally be sealed, such as with a hot knife, at its edges so that fluid cannot penetrate the edges.
• A flexible, impermeable layer may be used to prevent leakage of moisture from the food to the consumer. The multilayer sheet or liner can be used in sheet form to act as liner within a package (e.g., take-out tray, box, bag, etc.), or even on the exterior of a package (e.g., covering perforations in a take-out tray lid).
• The multilayer sheet or liner of the invention herein may be used in various ways to package hot foods. One specific embodiment is simply to use the multilayer sheet or liner in sheet form as a packaging wrap to directly wrap hot foods.
• In another embodiment, the multilayer sheet or liner may be formed into a pouch or bag for wrapping hot foods, e.g., hot sandwiches. The pouches or bags may be manufactured according to any well-known method. One skilled in the art can recognize that a “pouch” means an enclosure sealed on at least two of four sides, though generally sealed on three of four sides with the fourth side being an opening. A pouch is typically made from a flat web of film by forming a tubular film therefrom with a longitudinal seal and subsequently flattening the tubular film at a first position and transversely heat-sealing said tubular film at the flattened position. A “bag” may be a pouch, but can also include a “stand-up pouch”, similar to the commonly-known paper lunch bag, comprising four sides and a rectangular bottom opposite an opening.
• After inserting the hot food into a pouch or bag of the invention herein, the pouch or bag can be sealed or closed in various ways known to those of skill in the art. The closing means may be mechanical, such as flaps or tabs that can be folded over and/or tucked in; and/or adhesive, such as pressure sensitive adhesive, among others.
• In these various packaging embodiments, it may be helpful to use the optional third layer. For example, a flexible, impermeable layer may be chosen to prevent leakage of moisture from the food to the consumer. However, when the multilayer sheet or liner is used in sheet form to act as liner within a package (e.g., take-out tray, box, bag, etc.), or even possibly on the exterior of a package (e.g., covering perforations in a take-out tray lid), then the third optional layer would not be absolutely necessary. As demonstrated in the Examples, significant improvement in food temperature and food quality can be attained by affixing the liner to the inside, top of a package. It is possible that extending the duration of desired temperature and moisture levels within the package could also be attained by affixing the liner to other areas within a package, such as the inside, bottom, of the package.
• There is provided a method for making a multilayer sheet. The method involves the step of laminating a first inner layer to a second inner layer under suitable pressure and heat. The suitable amount of pressure and heat may depend upon the type of adhesive method chosen. Suitable adhesives may be activated by chemical reaction, or be activated by heat, i.e. heat-sealable. Depending on the materials chosen for the first and second layers, other methods known in the art for laminating the layers may also be used, e.g., pinpoint embossing, as disclosed above.
• Pressure may be useful when laminating two layers to facilitate even bonding across the layers, at least enough to ensure contact between the two layers to be joined, e.g., for adhesives that are activated by chemical reaction. The application of heat may be necessary for heat-activated adhesives, such as the thermoplastic adhesive scrim described in Examples 1 and 2.
• In one embodiment of the method of the invention, the first inner layer may be coated with a suitable pattern-applied adhesive on one side, which is the side placed in contact with the second layer prior to lamination. In another embodiment, a thermoplastic adhesive scrim is interposed between the first inner layer and second layer prior to lamination. These methods may be used to join the second layer to an optional third layer, also. As discussed above, many other lamination methods known in the art could be suitable for joining the first and second layers, as well as for joining the second layer to an optional third layer.
• The first inner layer, second layer and optional third layer are the same as those disclosed above.
• The present invention is illustrated by the following examples, which are not to limit the scope of the invention.
• Thermal Resistance—CLO Measurement
• For measurement of insulating capability, CLO was measured on a “Thermolabo II”, which is an instrument with a refrigerated bath, commercially available from Kato Tekko Co. L.T.D., of Kato Japan, and the bath is available from Allied Fisher Scientific of Pittsburgh, Penn. Lab conditions were 21° C. and 65% relative humidity. Each sample was a one-piece sample measuring 10.5 cm×10.5 cm.
• The thickness of the sample (in inches) at 6 gm/cm²was determined using a Frazier Compressometer, commercially available from Frazier Precision Instrument Company, Inc., of Gaithersburg, Md. To measure thickness at 6 g/cm², the following formula was used to set PSI (pounds per square inch) (kilograms per square centimeter) on the dial: (6.4516 cm²/in²) (6 g/cm²) /453.6 g=0.8532 lb/in².
• A reading of 0.8532 on the Frazier Compressometer Calibration Chart (1 in., or 2.54 cm. diameter presser foot) showed that by setting the top dial to 3.5 psi (0.2 kilograms per square centimeter), thickness at 6 g/cm²was measured.
• The Thermolabo II instrument was then calibrated. The temperature sensor box (BT box) was then set to 10° C. above room temperature. The BT box measured 3.3 inch ×3.3 inch (8.4 cm×8.4 cm). A heat plate measuring 2″×2″ was in the center of the box, and was surrounded by styrofoam. Room temperature water was circulated through a metal water box to maintain a constant temperature. A sample was placed on the water box, and the BT box was placed on the sample. The amount of energy (in watts) required for the BT box to maintain its temperature for one minute was recorded. The sample was tested three times, and the following calculations were performed:$\mathrm{Heat}\mathrm{Conductivity}\left(W\text{/}\mathrm{cm°}C.\right)=\frac{\left(W\right)\left(D\times 2.54\right)}{\left(A\right)\left(\Delta T\right)}$
  where W=Watts and D=Thickness of sample measured in inches at 6 g/cm². (6 g/cm²was used because the weight of the BT box is 150 g, the area of the heat plate on the BT box was 25 cm²). Multiplying the thickness by 2.54 converted it to centimeters.
• • A=Area of BT Plate (25 cm)
  • ΔT=10° C.
  • CLO=Thickness×0.00164/Heat Conductivity
• The value of 0.00164 was a combined factor including the correction of 2.54 (correcting thickness from inches to centimeters) times the correction factor of 0.0006461 to convert thermal resistance in cm²×° C./Watts. To convert heat conductivity to resistance, conductivity was put in the denominator of the equation.
EXAMPLE 1Preparation of Multilayer Sheet
• A multilayer sheet or liner for hot food packaging was made according to the process described above and as illustrated inFIG. 1 wherein the first layer,1, is a water-wicking material, second layer,2, is an absorbent and insulating material, and a third layer,3, is a structural layer. In this example, interposed between these layers are porous, thermoplastic adhesive scrims,4. These adhesive scrims,4, are constructed of polyester materials that are spunlaced. They provide a web-like layer, with an abundance of holes, through which water vapor or condensed water can easily pass through. These layers were bonded together by thermal lamination means on a tunnel laminator with a calendar roll, such as the one provided by Inta-Roto Machine Company of Richmond, Va. The adhesive layers,4, were activated at temperatures 240-350° F. (116-177 C).
• In this example the structural layer,1, was a film of the type sold by DuPont-Teijin under the tradename Mylar®. The film was 1.2 mils (0.0012 inch or 0.0030 cm) thick. The absorbent and insulating material,2, was a fiberfill batt of the type sold by DuPont under the trademark Thermolite® Active Original. The fiberfill batt,2, had an areal weight of 80 g/m²at a specified thickness of 0.25 inch (0.63 cm) or a bulk density of 0.013 g/cm³. The water-wicking material,3, was a nonwoven fabric available from DuPont under the trademark Sontara®. The Sontara® comprised hydroentangled, white fibers (45% polyester/55% wood pulp), having an areal weight of 68 grams/m²and thickness of 13 mils (0.013 in or 0.033 cm). The adhesive webs were of the type sold by Bostik Findley, Inc., and were about 8-10 mils (0.008 to 0.01 inches) thick. (The thickness varied depending on how much pressure was applied to the web during measuring.)
EXAMPLE 2Preparation of Multilayer Sheet:Bicomponent Third Layer
• A multilayer sheet or liner for hot food packaging was made according to the process described above and as illustrated inFIG. 2 wherein the first layer,1, was a water-wicking material, second layer,2, was an absorbent and insulating material, and a third layer,3, was a structural layer. In this example, the structural layer,1, was a bicomponent film of polyester and a heat-sealable layer. The heat-sealable layer acts as the adhesive required to laminate the structural layer to the absorbing and insulating layer. An adhesive scrim,4, as described in Example 1 (above) was used to adhere the absorbent and insulation layer,1, to the water-wicking nonwoven layer,2. These layers were bonded together by thermal lamination means on a tunnel laminator with a calendar roll, such as the one provided by Inta-Roto Machine Company of Richmond, Va. The adhesive layers were activated at temperatures between 240 and 350° F. (116-177 C).
• In this example the structural film layer,1, was of the type sold by DuPont Teijin Films of Wilmington, Del, under the tradename Mylar® OL and was a biaxially oriented PET film having a heat-sealable layer. In this embodiment, the film was 1.5 mils (0.0015 inch or 0.00375 cm) thick. The composition of the heat-sealable layer was an isophthalic acid-base copolyester and comprised 10-50% of the thickness of the total film thickness; 15-30% was preferred. The absorbing and insulating material,2, was a fiberfill batt of the type sold by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company under the trademark Thermolite® Active Original. The fiberfill batt had an areal weight of 80 gm/m²at a specified thickness of 0.25 inch (0.63 cm) or a bulk density of 0.013 gm/cm³. The water-wicking layer,3, was a nonwoven fabric available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company under the trademark Sontara®. The Sontara® used in this example comprised hydroentangled, white fibers (45% polyester/55% wood pulp), having an areal weight of 68 grams/m²and thickness of 13 mils (0.013 in or 0.033 cm). The adhesive webs were of the type sold by Bostik Findley, Inc., and were about 8-10 mils (0.008 to 0.01 inches) thick. (The thickness varied depending on how much pressure was applied to the web during measuring.)
EXAMPLE 3Chicken Nuggets—Insulated v. Un-insulated trays
• Using a small-scale deep fryer, two portions of chicken nuggets were produced to test the effectiveness of the multilayer sheet or liner in packaging for heat retention with moisture control. The deep fryer was filled with vegetable oil and set to 340° F. A batch consisting of 18 frozen “Banquet” brand chicken nuggets was placed into the hot oil for 4 minutes. After cooking, the hot nuggets were allowed to drain for 15 seconds. After draining, the nuggets were quickly placed into a “take out”-style, polyester (PET) tray, typically available in supermarkets or restaurants for packaging fresh, hot foods.
• The PET tray comprised a bottom tray reservoir portion and a top tray or lid, similar in size and shape to the bottom tray. The lid fitted over the bottom portion to generally seal along the perimeter (where the lid and bottom portion meet) and lock in place, typically through the use of small protruding notches on the perimeter of the lid which fit into matching cavities in the bottom portion, or vice versa, thus locking and sealing the tray container. The trays used for this test were Ivex Model #5720-9MO, Microwave Supreme, medium entrée style trays. One tray was insulated using a multilayer sheet or liner as described in the invention herein. The multilayer sheet or liner was placed on the interior on the inside lid. (Ex. 3) The multilayer sheet comprised a first layer of Sontara®, a second layer of fiberfill batt, and an outer layer of Mylar®, as constructed and described in Example 2. The other tray was not insulated. (Comparative Ex. I)
• After loading the tray with the hot food product, chicken nuggets, the lid was snapped into place and two separate digital temperature probes were inserted into the interior of the tray. One probe was used to measure the temperature of the air space in the top of the container, while the second probe was placed in the bottom of the tray among the food. The container was placed on a countertop at ambient conditions and readings taken from one to twenty minutes at various intervals as shown in Table 1.

  TABLE 1
  Chicken Nugget Deep fry Test

  	Un-insulated -
  	Comp. Ex. I		Insulated Ex. 3

  top ° F.	Bottom ° F.	top ° F.	bottom ° F.	time (min)

  157	154	164	157	1
  154		168	169	1.5
  153	157	169	178	2
  151	166	169	184	2.5
  152	165	169	188	3
  		169	189	3.5
  155	163	168	190	4
  156	161	167	190	4.5
  156	160	166	189	5
  154	155	163	186	7
  149	149	161	181	9
  147	146	160	180	10
  136	135	155	171	15
  		149	162	20

• After preparation and measuring of the chicken nugget samples, it was determined that the tray containing the multilayer sheet of the invention herein on the inside lid, Ex. 3, offered a definite advantage when compared to the un-insulated one. The nuggets from the insulated tray were both hotter and crisper.
EXAMPLE 4Chicken Breast Strips—Tray Liner and Pouch
• An experiment was conducted as described in Example 3, except that the food product used was frozen chicken breast strips, rather than chicken nuggets. Four chicken strips were placed in each package. Temperature, humidity, and dew point were recorded using a digital hygrometer. Three different packaging methods were tested; two being modifications to the PET “take-out” tray. The package for Example 4A had the multilayer sheet of the invention herein (similar to that described in Example 2) attached to the lid on the exterior of the PET tray covering holes that were punched in the lid to allow moisture to escape from inside the container. Each hole was ½ inch in diameter, and there were 36 holes in the lid, for a total area of 7 square inches. The package used in Example 4B was a pouch formed from the multilayer sheet of the invention herein (similar to that described in Example 2). The pouch was formed as described in Example 6. The package used in Example 4C was a PET “take-out” tray with a liner comprising the multilayer sheet of the invention herein attached to the inside lid. The results are shown in Table 2.

  TABLE 2
  Example 4A	Example 4B	Example 4C

  Top ° F.	Bottom ° F.	Top ° F.	Top ° F.	Bottom ° F.	Time (min)
  117	114	106	140	151	1
  121	118	108	148	151	1.5
  			151	150	2
  128.5	122	112.5	153	149	2.5
  130.2	123	115	155	147.5	3
  131.5	123.1	116	156	146.5	3.5
  132.3	123.2	115.7	156	145	4
  132.8	123.2	115.6	156.5	144	4.5
  133	123	115.2	156.3	142	5
  132	121	113.5	154	137	7
  129	119	111	151	132.9	9
  128	117	110	148.6	130	10
  123	113	105	141	123	15

  RH %	Dew point ° F.	RH %	Dew point ° F.	RH %	Dew point ° F.

  100		100	103.7	100	118	1
  100		100	108.9	100		1.5
  100		99	110	100	123.3	2
  100	112	93	110	88	122.5	2.5
  100	113.2	88	110	83.5	121.6	3
  100	113.4	86.5	110.4	80	122	3.5
  100	114	86	110.1	78	122	4
  100	115.1	82.3	109.5	77	121.2	4.5
  100	116.1	76.8	106.6	75.4	121	5
  91.6	114	75.7	103.8	74	118.5	7
  87.7	112	78.5	102.8	67	113.5	9
  87.1	110.8	78.9	101.7	67	112	10
  87.5	107	86.9	100.2	72.3	108.6	15

EXAMPLE 5Chicken Breast Strips—Tray Liner
• Testing was performed using chicken breast strips as the food product using the procedure described in Examples 3 and 4. In this example, the trays used for Examples 5A, 5B and 5C were similar to that example 4C, that is, a PET “take-out” tray with a liner comprising the multilayer sheet of the invention herein attached to the inside lid. In Examples 5D and 5E the multilayer sheet of the invention herein was attached to the exterior lid of the PET tray covering holes in the lid as described in Example 4. Comparative Example II used an uninsulated tray. Results are shown in Tables 3 and 4.

  	TABLE 3
  	Example 5A, Internally	Example 5B, Internally	Example 5C, Internally
  	insulated	insulated	insulated

  Time (min)	Top ° F.	RH (%)	DP (° F)	Top ° F.	RH (%)	DP (° F.)	Top ° F.	RH (%)	DP (° F.)

  1	125.2	100	123.7	135	100	110.5	120	100	119
  1.5	130.1	100	127.9	128.4	100	113	123.5	98.6	121.4
  2	135.7	100	129.7	125.9	100	114	124.7	92	121.2
  2.5	138.6	100	129.6	123.8	100	114.3	127.7	89	121.1
  3	139.5	100	131.2	122.9	100	114.8	128.4	84	121.5
  3.5	140.2	100	131.5	122.2	100	115.5	128.5	83	122.1
  4	141.1	100	132	121.4	99	115.5	128.5	81	122.3
  4.5	141.4	100	132.4	120.7	97.7	115.2	128.3	80.3	121.7
  5	141	100	133.8	120	98	115	127.5	79	121.1
  7	138.2	96.8	133.5	118	95.7	113	124	71	115.7
  9	135.7	86.3	125.9	116.6	96.4	110	121.2	71	115
  10	134.2	85.3	125.4	115.9	96.6	110.9	120.2	70.2	113.5
  15	129	86.7	120.1	113.2	94.4	107.1	116.1	72.1	109.5
  20	123.9	92.3	116.3	112	94.4	105.7	112.1	79.5	107.1
  25	120.9	96.5	114.2	110.5	100	104.4	108.2	88	106
  30	117.2	98.5	111.1	107.5	100	101	103.7	93.15	103.6

• 	TABLE 4
  	Example 5D, Externally	Example 5E, Externally	Comp. Ex.
  	insulated	insulated	Uninsulated

  Time (min)	Top ° F.	RH (%)	DP (° F.)	Top (° F.)	RH (%)	DP (° F.)	Top (° F.)	RH (%)	DP (° F.)

  1	117	100	112	121	100	113	110.3	100	109
  1.5	120.2	100	116	123.9	100	116.2
  2	120.8	100	118	127.7	100	117.6	117.9	100	115.9
  2.5	121.4	100	120.2	130.4	100	117.8
  3	121.5	100	120.6	131.2	100	117.9	122.7	100	117.1
  3.5	121.8	100	121	131.4	100	117.8
  4	122.4	100	121.4	131.1	100	117.6	125.4	100	117
  4.5	122.7	100	121.5	130.7	100	117
  5	122.9	100	121.4	130.1	100	116.7	126.4	100	117.3
  7	121	100	121.7	126.4	100	115.3	126	100	119.9
  9	119.4	100	121.7	124	100	113.5	124.3	97.6	117.8
  10	118.8	100	121.6	123	100	112.8	123	96.7	116.8
  15	114.9	100	115.7	118.1	100	108.6	117.5	90.8	109.2
  20	110.7	100	113	113.2	100	106	112.6	94.1	105.2
  25	105.3	100	108	108.8	100	103.5	107	97.1	102.2
  30	101.3	100	103.8	103.4	100	100	101.8	99.1	98.2

• For Example 5A, after 30 minutes the internal chicken temperature was 140° F., and the external air temperature was 117° F. Subjective testing by a food taster rated the product as “excellent”. The food quality rating was focused on the crispness of the food and the scale ran from “excellent”, “very good”, “satisfactory”, to “poor”.
• In Example 5B, the internal chicken temperature was 137° F. after 30 minutes, and the external temperature was 129° F. The product was again rated as “excellent”. Also, by way of comparison, one freshly-cooked chicken finger was left outside of the container for 30 minutes to observe how the temperature changed during cooling without any packaging to retain heat. The external temperature was 86° F. while the internal temperature was 93.5° F. after 30 minutes.
• In Example 5C, the internal chicken temperature was 137° F. and the external chicken temperature was 133° F. after 30 minutes. Product was rated as “excellent”. Again, by way of comparison, a freshly-cooked chicken finger was left outside the test package for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, the internal temperature was 103° F. while the external temperature was 94° F.
• In Example 5D, after 30 minutes the internal chicken temperature was 138° F. and the external temperature was 133° F. The food product was rated as “very good”.
• In Example 5E, the internal chicken temperature was 126° F., and the external temperature was 122° F. after 30 minutes. The food product was rated as “very good”.
• In Comparative Example II, the internal chicken temperature was 127° F., and the external temperature was 119° F. after 30 minutes. The food product was rated as “poor to satisfactory”.
• In these examples, the hot, freshly-cooked chicken strips that were packaged in take-out trays, with a multilayer sheet of the invention herein attached to the inside lid, better retained heat and food quality (i.e., were judged to taste better, generally hotter and crisper, more like freshly-cooked) as compared to chicken packaged in take-out trays with the multilayer sheet on the exterior of the tray.
EXAMPLE 6Chicken Tenders and Steak Fries—Pouches
• An experiment was conducted as described in Example 3, except the food product used was chicken tenders (Barber brand “Italian style”) and the packaging tested was a pouch made from a multilayer sheet as constructed and described in Example 1 (Ex. 6A). Two pieces of the multilayer sheet, each the same size (approximately 12 in.×12 in.) were used to form a pouch by aligning the two sheets and sealing on three sides with masking tape.

  TABLE 5
  Ex. 6A - Chicken Tenders in Pouch

  	Time (min)	Temp (° F.)	RH	DP (° F.)

  	1	106	100	103.7
  	1.5	108	99	108.9
  	2			110
  	2.5	112.5	93	110
  	3	115	88	110
  	3.5	116	86.5	110.4
  	4	115.7	86	110.1
  	4.5	115.6	82.3	109.5
  	5	115.2	76.8	106.6
  	7	113.5	75.7	103.8
  	9	111	78.5	102.8
  	10	110	78.9	101.7
  	15	105	86.9	100.2

• After 15 minutes, the internal temperature of the chicken tenders was 150° F. and the food was rated as “satisfactory”.
• Steak fries were tested in a similar manner. (Ex. 6B) A sample of approximately 370 grams of frozen steak-style french fries (Ore-Ida brand) d at 375° F. for four minutes, drained of cooking oil for 15 seconds, and then added to the pouch. Temperature, relative humidity and dew point were recorded for 15 minutes. Results are shown in Table 6.

  TABLE 6
  Ex. 6B - Steak Fries in Pouch

  	Time (min)	temp (° F.)	RH	DP (° F.)

  	1	107	100	104.6
  	1.5	113.9	100	112.7
  	2	116.6	100	117.5
  	2.5	118.8	100	117.5
  	3	120.7	100	120
  	3.5	122.5	100	123.2
  	4	124	100	124.4
  	4.5	125	100	125.3
  	5	125.6	100	125.8
  	7	126.5	100	126.5
  	9	125.5	100	125.7
  	10	124.7	100	124.6
  	15	118	100	117.8

• The internal temperature of the fries was 153° F. after 15 minutes.
• By way of comparison, freshly-cooked chicken tenders (Barber brand “Itialian style” chicken tenders) and steak fries (Ore-Ida brand) were also placed in un-insulated pouches made from Mylar® film. The pouches were formed as discussed above. This constituted Comparative Examples III and IV. Temperature, relative humidity and dew point were recorded for 15 minutes. Results are shown in Tables 7 and 8.

  TABLE 7
  Comp. Ex. III - Chicken tenders, un-insulated pouch

  	Time (min)	Temp (° F.)	RH	DP (° F.)

  	1	87.8	100	89.7
  	2	97.8	100	95
  	3	98.5	100	98.3
  	5	96.5	100	98.7
  	7	95.2	100	98.9
  	9	91.9	100	94.9
  	10	91.3	100	89.8
  	15	92.1	100	86

• Condensation was observed in the pouch after 2 minutes. Crispness was rated as “poor to satisfactory”. Internal temperature of product was 144° F. after 15 minutes.

  TABLE 8
  Comp. Ex. IV - Steak fries, un-insulated pouch

  	Time (min)	Temp (° F.)	RH	DP (° F.)

  	1	87.7	100	109.9
  	2	102.8	100	112.6
  	3	107.5	100	112.8
  	5	108.7	100	110.9
  	7	103.9	100	106
  	9	101.3	100	101.6
  	10	100.5	100	99.9
  	15	99.7	100	100

• There was a large amount of condensation evident in the pouch after 4 minutes. The internal temperature of the food was 138° F. after 15 minutes. Steak fries were rated as “poor”.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE VPouch with Melt-Blown Polvolefin Nonwoven First Layer
• This example was conducted in a manner similar to that in Example 6. The pouches were made from a multilayer sheet similar to that described in Example 1 with the exception that the first inner layer was a polyolefin nonwoven, available under the trade name Tyvek® from DuPont. The pouch was formed from two pieces of the multilayer sheet, each the same size, here approximately 10 in.×10 in., sealed on three sides with masking tape.
• Four pieces of chicken tenders (approximately 240 g) were cooked at 340° F. for four minutes, drained of cooking oil for 15 seconds, and then placed in the pouch. Temperature, relative humidity and dew point were recorded for 15 minutes. The results are shown in Table 9.

  	TABLE 9
  	Time	Temp (° F.)	RH	dew point (° F.)

  	1	75.6	65.5	60.1
  	2	80.1	100	74.2
  	3	82.8	96.3	73.4
  	5	79.7	94	72.3
  	7	81.7	100	74
  	9	83.9	100	81.5
  	10	84	100	81.8
  	15	83.9	100	81.5
  	20	81.7	100	79.5
  	25	80.3	100	78.4
  	30	78.4	100	76.8

• The results show >20 degree drop in temperature (83.9° F. v. 105° F.) within the pouch after 15 minutes when compared to the chicken tenders in Example 6 (see Table 5), while the relative humidity remained very high (100% v. 86.9%). With a resulting lower temperature and higher humidity within the pouch, one would expect the food quality and crispness to be less desirable as compared to Example 6A.
• Physical Property Data on Sontara®
• The following tables provide various physical parameters on spunlaced, nonwoven fabrics suitable for use in the invention herein as the water-wicking material and sold under the trade name Sontara® (available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.). The various grades listed in Tables 10 and 11 below comprise hydroentangled, white, staple polyester fibers, as well as varying percentages of wood pulp. Moisture-vapor transmission rate (MVTR) was tested using ASTM D-6701. Hydrostatic head was tested using MTCC Method 127-1989.

  	TABLE 10
  	Bulk	% Wood	Thickness	Ae	Al	Re	Rl	MVTR
  	Wt. (g/m2)	Pulp	(mils)	(mL/m2)	(mL/g)	(mL/m2/s)	(mL/g/s)	(g/m2-day)

  A	54	0	14					200,000
  B	136	0	40					˜25,000
  C	68	55	13	290	4.25	1864	27.4	200,000
  D	51	54	12	258	4.99	2043	39.9
  E	63	25	16	286	4.63	2154	34.9	170,000

• TABLE 11
  Hydrostatic head (cm H20)

  A	1.5 +/− 0.4
  B	Wets out (˜0)

Claims (23)

1. A article comprising at least two layers including a first layer, a second layer, and optionally a third layer wherein the article is a multilayer sheet or a liner; the first layer comprises or is produced from a water-wicking material; the second layer comprises or is produced from an absorbent and insulating material; the third layer comprises or is produced from a structural material; and the article optionally comprises an additive including a desiccant, thermal and ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer, UV absorber, antistatic agent, processing aid, fluorescent whitening agent, pigment, lubricant, or combinations of two or more thereof.

2. The article ofclaim 1 wherein the first layer has a moisture-vapor transmission rate of at least about 20,000 g/m²-day.

3. The article ofclaim 1 wherein the first layer has a moisture-vapor transmission rate of at least about 150,000 g/m²-day.

4. The article ofclaim 1 wherein the first layer has a hydrostatic head pressure of less than about 5 cm H₂O.

5. The article ofclaim 4 wherein the first layer has a moisture-vapor transmission rate of at least about 20,000 g/m²-day and a moisture-vapor transmission rate of at least about 170,000 g/m²-day.

6. The article ofclaim 5 wherein the first layer is, or is produced from, a nonwoven.

7. The article ofclaim 6 wherein the nonwoven comprises a spunlaced fabric comprising a mixture of fibers of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and wood pulp.

8. The article ofclaim 1 wherein the second layer has a thermal resistance, as measured in units of insulation, of at least about 0.0077 m^2.K/W (0.05 CLO).

9. The article ofclaim 7 wherein the second layer has a thermal resistance, as measured in units of insulation, of at least about 0.0077 m^2.K/W (0.05 CLO).

10. The article ofclaim 8 wherein the second layer comprises fiberfill batt, melt-blown fibers, foam, knit material, felt, or combinations of two or more thereof.

11. The article ofclaim 9 wherein the second layer comprises fiberfill batt, melt-blown fibers, foam, knit material, felt, or combinations of two or more thereof.

12. The article ofclaim 9 wherein the second layer comprises the fiberfill batt, which comprises or is produced from poly(ethylene terephthalate).

13. The article ofclaim 12 wherein the second layer ranges in thickness from about 10 mils to about 500 mils.

14. The article ofclaim 13 comprising the third layer and the structural material is oriented polypropylene, oriented polyester, or combinations thereof.

15. The article ofclaim 14 wherein the first layer is a nonwoven comprising a spunlaced fabric having a moisture-vapor transmission rate of at least about 20,000 g/m²-day and a hydrostatic head pressure of less than about 5 cm H₂O, and the second layer has a thermal resistance of at least about 0.0077 m^2.K/W (0.05 CLO).

16. The article ofclaim 15 wherein the spunlaced fabric comprises a mixture of fibers of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and wood pulp, and the second layer is fiberfill batt.

17. A packaging wrap, bag, or pouch comprising or produced from a multilayer sheet wherein the multilayer sheet is as recited inclaim 1.

18. The packaging wrap, bag, or pouch ofclaim 17 wherein the multilayer sheet is as recited inclaim 16.

19. A process comprising laminating, by contacting under suitable pressure and heat, a first layer to a second layer wherein the first layer and the second layer are each as recited inclaim 1.

20. The process ofclaim 19 wherein the first layer and the second layer are each as recited inclaim 15.

21. The process ofclaim 19 comprising interposing a layer of a thermoplastic adhesive scrim between the first layer and the second layer, and laminating the first layer to the second layer.

22. The process ofclaim 21 wherein the first layer and the second layer are each as recited inclaim 15.

23. The process ofclaim 21 further comprising, prior to laminating, interposing a layer of a thermoplastic adhesive scrim between the second layer and a third layer, which is as recited inclaim 14.

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