US20050203551A1 - Method for performing a coronary artery bypass graft procedure - Google Patents

Abstract

A method for performing a coronary artery bypass graft procedure on a patient to connect a bypass vessel to a target vessel includes the steps of creating an opening in the patient that communicates with the thoracic cavity of the patient; providing a bypass vessel having a lumen and at least one free end; passing the free end of the bypass vessel from the thoracic cavity through the opening to a position outside the body of the patient; attaching a connector to the free end of bypass vessel while the free end of the bypass vessel is outside the body of the patient; passing the free end of the bypass vessel from the position outside the body of the patient through the opening and into the thoracic cavity; and connecting the free end of the bypass vessel to a target vessel with the connector.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates generally to apparatus and methods for performing a vascular anastomosis. More particularly, the present invention relates to a vascular anastomosis apparatus for joining a graft vessel, such as a coronary bypass graft, to the sidewall of an existing vessel, such as a coronary artery.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Anastomosis is the surgical joining of tissues of tubular structures having a lumen, such as blood vessels, to create communication between the lumina of the structures. Anastomoses are employed in, for example, vascular surgery, for the purpose of creating or restoring blood flow pathways. One example of this is coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), a procedure designed to restore blood flow to portions of the heart whose blood supply has been reduced by occlusion or stenosis of at least one coronary artery.
• One method for CABG involves harvesting a saphenous vein from the patient's body, or using an artificial conduit, and connecting the vein or conduit to the occluded or stenosed artery as a bypass graft from another artery, such as the aorta, downstream of the occlusion or stenosis. In this method, the bypass graft must be attached to the sides of existing arteries at both the proximal and distal ends of the graft by proximal and distal anastomoses.
• An alternative method involves rerouting a less important artery from its normal location to another location downstream of the occlusion or stenosis. In this method, only a distal anastomosis between the distal end of the graft and the side of an existing artery may be required to complete the procedure.
• One method for performing vascular anastomosis is by hand suturing. This is a time-consuming and difficult task requiring a high degree of surgical skill to perform successfully due to the considerable perfection, required to achieve reliable and consistent functionality. The procedure poses consequently a relatively high risk to the patient, because the overall outcome is so much dependent on this functionality. Not only does the surgeon have to provide a leak-free connection of vessels so small, that optical magnification is routinely used, but also the anastomosis must provide a smooth, open flow path for the blood. In this method, there is frequently a need for additional suturing of the anastomosis to close any leaks that are detected. Besides the required precision, the time-consuming nature of a hand-sutured anastomosis is of special concern.
• Since in CABG, anastomoses have to be constructed on a constantly moving, extremely vital organ, the operative technique needs a careful setup. In the majority of cases, the patient is typically supported on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for most of the surgical procedure. The heart can then be safely stopped by cross-clamping the aorta to isolate it from the systemic circulation and perfusing it with a cardioplegia solution in order to offer an immobile and stable area for precise suturing. CPB itself is a traumatic procedure that may result in post-surgical complications, which are, among others, related to CPB duration. In recent years, alternative techniques have been developed to completely avoid CPB, by hand-suturing anastomoses on the beating, working heart using epicardial stabilizers (as described, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,836,311) that immobilize only a small area of the heart. However, practice has shown that the delicate procedure of hand-suturing the anastomosis may become even more difficult under such conditions, thus potentially having a negative impact on overall quality, even in experienced hands. Therefore, it is desirable to reduce the complexity and duration of the procedure by expediting the anastomosis procedure without reducing the quality or effectiveness of the anastomosis.
• In order to reduce the difficulty of creating a vascular anastomosis during CABG, it is desirable to provide a rapid means for making a reliable anastomosis between a bypass graft, vein or artery and the native blood vessel. A first approach to expediting and improving the anastomosis procedure is through the use of stapling technology. However, the instruments for stapling other organs are not easily adaptable for use in creating a vascular anastomosis, and the small size of coronary arties raises additional technical difficulties. Various attempts have been made to provide such vascular stapling devices, such as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,350,160 and 5,234,447. Other approaches to this problem are found in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,366,819; 4,368,736; 4,624,257; 4,917,090 and 4,917,091.
• More recently, specialized devices for creating a vascular anastomosis have been described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,695,504; 6,074,416; 5,931,842; 5,976,178; 6,066,148; 5,833,698; 5,707,380; 6,485,496 and U.S. Patent Publication No. US2002/0183769.
• There remains a need for an anastomosis device which performs a suitable vascular anastomosis in a reliable manner and as quickly as possible.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention provides an anastomosis system for quickly and reliably performing a vascular anastomosis. The anastomosis system includes an anastomosis connector and an applicator. The connector is a tubular or annular device that is adapted to be expanded and permanently deformed to provide the anastomosis. The applicator provides a special sequence of movements to cause expansion and deformation of the connector. The applicator includes an expander, an expandable outer tube and an expandable inner tube located at least partially within a lumen of the expandable outer tube. The applicator also includes a mechanism for causing movement of the expander to thereby expand the inner and outer tubes of the applicator. The system is useful in providing a vascular anastomosis between a vascular graft and a natural blood vessel in CABG surgery, but may be useful for other applications as well. The present invention also provides an anastomosis method for quickly and reliably performing a vascular anastomosis.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a directly actuated applicator.
• FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a remotely actuated applicator, which permits remote operation of the applicator.
• FIG. 3 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a connector in accordance with the present invention.
• FIG. 4 is a side view of the connector ofFIG. 3.
• FIG. 5 is an end view of the connector ofFIG. 3.
• FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the distal end of an applicator in accordance with the present invention, in the insertion position.
• FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the distal end of the applicator ofFIG. 6 in an expanded position.
• FIG. 8A is a partial cross-sectional view of an applicator for deploying individual staples or clips to make an anastomotic connection.
• FIG. 8B is a perspective view of the distal end of the outer tube of the applicator ofFIG. 8A.
• FIG. 8C is an end view of the outer tube of the applicator ofFIG. 8A in a first position.
• FIG. 8D is an end view of the outer tube of the applicator ofFIG. 8A in a second, expanded position.
• FIGS. 8E and 8F are top and side cross-sectional views of the staples or clips ofFIG. 8A deployed at the location of an anastomosis.
• FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the outer tube of the applicator ofFIG. 6.
• FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the outer tube taken along the line X-X ofFIG. 9.
• FIG. 11 is an end view of the outer tube ofFIG. 9.
• FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the outer tube ofFIGS. 9-11 taken along the line XII-XII ofFIG. 11.
• FIG. 13 is a detailed end view of the outer tube ofFIG. 9.
• FIG. 14 is an end view of the proximal end of the inner tube of the applicator ofFIG. 6.
• FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of the inner tube taken along the line XV-XV ofFIG. 14.
• FIG. 16 is a detail view of the area XVI shown inFIG. 15.
• FIG. 17 is an end view of the distal end of the inner tube ofFIG. 15.
• FIG. 18A shows a special pattern for the slits between the fingers of the outer tube to provide a keying mechanism.
• FIG. 18B shows a perspective view of two fingers of the outer tube with a keying mechanism formed by the slits ofFIG. 18A.
• FIG. 18C shows a top view of portions of the inner and outer tubes formed with an alternative embodiment of a keying mechanism.
• FIG. 18D is a cross-sectional view of portions of the inner and outer tubes ofFIG. 18C showing the inner and outer tubes keyed together by the keying mechanism.
• FIG. 19 is a perspective view of an expander in accordance with the present invention.
• FIG. 20 is a perspective view of the distal portion of the expander rod or tube of one embodiment of the present invention with the expander head removed.
• FIG. 21 is a perspective view of the distal portion of the expander rod or tube ofFIG. 20 including the expander head attached to the expander rod or tube.
• FIG. 22 is a perspective view of the distal portion of the expander rod or tube ofFIG. 21 further including the shoe attached to the expander head.
• FIG. 23 is a perspective view of the distal end of the expander showing an alternative embodiment for attaching the shoe to the device.
• FIG. 24 is a perspective view of the distal end of the expander showing an alternative embodiment of the expander head.
• FIG. 25 is a perspective view of the distal end of the expander showing an alternative embodiment of the expander tube.
• FIG. 26A is a cross sectional view of another embodiment of an expander in accordance with the invention.
• FIG. 26B is a perspective view of the underside of the shoe ofFIGS. 22-25.
• FIG. 26C is a perspective view of the device ofFIGS. 23-26B in the expanded position.
• FIG. 26D is a perspective view of the distal end of the applicator ofFIG. 26C with the attached shoe in removal position.
• FIG. 27A is a perspective view of another embodiment of an expander in accordance with the present invention.
• FIG. 27B is a perspective view of the device ofFIG. 27A with the shoe removed.
• FIG. 27C is a side view of the expander ofFIGS. 27A-27B.
• FIG. 27D is a cross-sectional view of the expander ofFIGS. 27A-27C.
• FIG. 27E is a perspective view of the expander ofFIGS. 27A-27D in the insertion position.
• FIG. 27F is a perspective view of the expander ofFIGS. 27A-27E in the expanded position.
• FIG. 28A is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of an expander in accordance with the present invention.
• FIG. 28B is another perspective view of the expander ofFIG. 28A.
• FIG. 28C is a cross-sectional view of the expander ofFIGS. 28A-28B.
• FIG. 28D is a perspective view of the underside of the shoe shown inFIGS. 28A-28C.
• FIG. 28E is a perspective view of the top of the shoe shown inFIGS. 28A-28D.
• FIG. 28F is a perspective view of the expander head of the expander shown inFIGS. 28A-28C.
• FIG. 28G is another perspective view of the expander head ofFIG. 28F.
• FIGS. 29A-29C show perspective views of an alternative embodiment of an expander designed for oval or elliptical anastomoses.
• FIG. 30A is a perspective view of a dual-cam actuator in accordance with the present invention.
• FIG. 30B is a perspective view of one side of the dual-cam actuator ofFIG. 30A with the housing removed.
• FIG. 30C is a perspective view of opposite side of the dual-cam actuator ofFIG. 30B with the housing removed.
• FIG. 31 is a partial cutaway view of an alternative embodiment of a dual-cam applicator.
• FIG. 32 is a perspective view of a portion of the applicator ofFIG. 31 showing details not shown inFIG. 31.
• FIGS. 33A-33C are partial cutaway views showing the movements of the applicator ofFIG. 31.
• FIG. 34 is a perspective view of the cam of the applicator ofFIG. 31.
• FIG. 35 is a side view of the left face of the cam ofFIG. 34.
• FIG. 36 is a cross sectional view of the cam ofFIG. 35 along the line XXXVI-XXXVI ofFIG. 35.
• FIG. 37 is a side view of the right face of the cam ofFIG. 34.
• FIG. 38 is a cutaway view of a hydraulic actuator for an applicator in accordance with the present invention.
• FIGS. 39A-39C are three cutaway views showing the movements of an actuator pulled by a cable in accordance with the present invention.
• FIGS. 40A-40C are three cutaway views showing the movements of a dual-spring actuator which uses a cam and a pull cable in accordance with the present invention.
• FIG. 41 is a cutaway view of an alternative embodiment of a dual-spring actuator.
• FIGS. 42A-42B show details of portions of the dual spring actuator ofFIG. 41.
• FIGS. 43A-43D show the movements of the dual spring actuator ofFIG. 41.
• FIG. 44 is cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of a dual-spring actuator.
• FIG. 45 is a cutaway view of a single-spring, single-cam actuator in accordance with the present invention.
• FIGS. 46A-46D are four cutaway views showing the movements of one embodiment of an actuator which pulls against a spring in accordance with the present invention.
• FIGS. 47A-47C are three cutaway views showing the movements of another embodiment of an actuator which employs hinged arms in accordance with the present invention.
• FIGS. 48A-48C are three cutaway views showing the movements of an embodiment of an actuator which employs a hinged arm in accordance with the present invention.
• FIGS. 49A-49D are four cutaway views showing the movements of an embodiment of an actuator which pulls a cable in accordance with the present invention.
• FIGS. 50A-50C are three cutaway views showing the movements of a cam-operated actuator in accordance with the present invention.
• FIGS. 51A-51D are four cutaway views showing the movements of another embodiment of a cable-pulling actuator in accordance with the present invention.
• FIGS. 52A-52C are perspective views of one embodiment of a handle portion of the actuator of either ofFIGS. 1-2.
• FIG. 53 is another perspective view of the handle portion ofFIGS. 52A-52B with the side cover of the housing removed to expose some of the internal parts.
• FIG. 54 is a close up view of the area LIV ofFIG. 53.
• FIGS. 55A-55B depict an isometric view of an alternative embodiment of a squeeze and release actuator in accordance with the invention.
• FIGS. 56A-56E depict the internal parts of the actuator ofFIGS. 55A-55CFIGS. 57A-57D depict the movement sequence of the actuator ofFIGS. 55A-56E.
• FIG. 58 depicts an embodiment of a single squeeze actuator in accordance with the invention.
• FIGS. 59-62 depict a pseudo end-to-side anastomosis procedure employing an anastomosis device in accordance with the present invention.
• FIG. 63A shows a side view of the applicator with nosepiece inside the graft vessel in a first position.
• FIG. 63B shows a side view of the applicator with nosepiece penetrating the graft vessel in a second position.
• FIG. 63C shows a side view of the applicator with nosepiece and the target vessel in a third position.
• FIG. 63D shows a side view of the applicator with nosepiece penetrating the target vessel in a fourth position.
• FIG. 63E shows a side view of the applicator with nosepiece being placed in a perpendicular position.
• FIG. 63F shows a side view of the applicator getting caught in the target vessel.
• FIG. 63G shows a side view of the applicator getting caught in the target vessel and the back surface of the target vessel being attached to the graft vessel.
• FIG. 63H shows a side view of the nosepiece with shield.
• FIG. 63I shows an isometric view of the shield.
• FIG. 63J shows a side view of the operation of the shield on the applicator in target vessel.
• FIG. 63K shows a side view of the operation of the shield on the applicator when the applicator is placed in a perpendicular position.
• FIG. 64A shows a side view of the applicator with a shoe device and the graft vessel in a first position.
• FIG. 64B shows a side view of the applicator with a shoe device and the graft vessel in a second position.
• FIG. 64C shows a side view of the applicator and a shoe device interacting with the target vessel in a third position.
• FIG. 64D shows a side view of the applicator and the shoe device placed inside the target vessel in a fourth position.
• FIG. 65A shows a side view of a graft with a suture.
• FIG. 65B shows a side view of a graft with a clip.
• FIG. 65C shows a top view of the graft.
• FIG. 66A shows a side view of a guide wire and guide tube.
• FIG. 66B shows a side view of a guide wire and applicator.
• FIG. 66C shows a side view of the cutting edge.
• FIG. 66D shows a side view of the cutting edge on a nosepiece.
• FIG. 66E shows a side view of a cutting edge and guide rod.
• FIG. 66F shows a side view of the guide wire and guide rod inside the graft vessel in a first position.
• FIG. 66G shows a side view of the second guide wire inside the target vessel.
• FIG. 66H shows a side view of the applicator using the guide wire and flexible tube in a second position;
• FIG. 67A shows a side view of the applicator and wire insertion shoe device.
• FIG. 67B shows an isometric view of the wire insertion shoe device.
• FIG. 67C shows an isometric view of the wire insertion shoe device with locking mechanism.
• FIG. 67D shows a side view of the applicator and wire insertion shoe device.
• FIG. 67E shows a side view of a guide rod, applicator and second guide wire in a first position.
• FIG. 67F shows a side view of the applicator entering the target vessel using a guide wire in a second position.
• FIG. 67G shows a side view of the applicator and wire insertion shoe device inside the target vessel in a third position.
• FIG. 67H shows a side view of the wire insertion shoe device and the second guide wire inside the target vessel in a fourth position.
• FIG. 67I shows a side view of the applicator inside the target vessel and graft vessel in a fifth position.
• FIG. 68A shows a top view of the external anastomotic ring.
• FIG. 68B, shows an isometric view of the external anastomotic ring to be attached around the anastomosis.
• FIG. 68C, shows an isometric view of the external anastomotic ring in a locked position.
• FIG. 68D, shows an isometric view of the partially open external anastomotic ring.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• The invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The detailed description describes the device in relation to a distal anastomosis during CABG surgery for joining the distal end of the bypass graft to the wall of a natural blood vessel. This example is given by way of illustration only and is not meant to limit the invention. Persons skilled in the art will recognize that the devices, system and methods of the present invention are readily adaptable for various types of anastomoses.
• For the purpose of this description, the distal end of the applicator refers to the end that is designed for positioning at the location of the anastomosis site and the proximal end of the applicator refers to the end of the applicator designed for positioning away from the location of the anastomosis site. Similarly, the distal end of the expander refers to the end designed for positioning at the location of the anastomosis site and the proximal end of the expander refers to the end of the expander designed for positioning away from the location of the anastomosis site.
• There are two general classes of anastomosis devices in accordance with the present invention. One class of anastomosis devices is the class of directly actuated device which is typically characterized by a short connection between the handle portion of the device and the front-end portion of the device. The front-end portion of the device is located distal to the handle portion of the device. The other class of anastomosis devices is the class of remotely actuated anastomosis devices that is typically characterized by a long, preferably flexible connection between the handle portion and the front-end portion of the device to allow remote actuation of the front-end portion using the handle portion.
• Both classes of anastomosis devices are designed for use with a variety of different types of connectors. One type of connector is a deformable connector, such as those shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,496, as well as U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/708,617, and International Published Patent Application No. WO 02/38055, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Another type of connector with which the anastomosis devices of the present invention can be used is a hyperelastic or shape memory alloy connector such as is mentioned in U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,496, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• Combinations of deformable and hyperelastic or shape memory alloy connectors can also be employed. A fourth type of connector with which the anastomosis devices of the present invention can be used is a series of loose, separate staples, clips or the like which omit a connecting ring such as is present in the deformable connector mentioned above. Examples of the fourth type of connector can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,496 at col. 8, line 65 to col. 9, line 7, which is hereby incorporated by reference. A fifth type of connector includes staples connected to a bioabsorbable ring that is absorbed once the anastomosis is deployed. See U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0045902, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Additional embodiments of connectors for use with the anastomosis devices of the present invention are also described herein.
• FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a directly actuatedanastomosis device900 in accordance with the present invention that includes ahandle portion920 and a front-end portion960.Connection902 is preferably formed by a rigid or semi-rigid connector which is rotatable relative to front-end portion960 to allow positioning ofhandle portion920 at different orientations relative to front-end portion960. It is preferable thatconnection902 not articulate, butconnection902 may articulate. The length ofconnection902 can vary and it is possible, for example, to constructconnection902 from a plurality oftubular sections905, as shown inFIG. 1 to permit customization of the length ofconnection902 by constructing it from different numbers or lengths oftubular sections905, as needed.
• A remotely actuatedanastomosis device901 is shown inFIG. 2. The remotely actuateddevice901 is typically characterized byhandle portion920 being connected to front-end portion960 by a long,flexible connector903, instead of by a short, rigid orsemi-rigid connection902 as in the directly actuated embodiment ofFIG. 1.Flexible connector903 has the advantage that due to its length and flexibility, front-end portion960 can be operated remotely using thehandle portion920 to thereby permit an anastomosis to be done in difficult to reach locations, or via thoracoscopic or laparoscopic surgical methods, for example.Flexible connector903 is also preferably connected to either or both ofhandle portion920 and front-end portion960 via an articulating connection to maximize the degrees of freedom of movement of thedevice901 forpositioning device901 for an anastomosis and for handing off thedevice901 from one person to another during an anastomosis procedure.Flexible connector903 is preferably a minimally compressible sheath containing a cable, as shown inFIG. 2, which is releasably attached to one or both ofhandle portion920 or front-end portion960 to allow disassembly ofdevice901, as desired.Flexible connector903 can be a ball-and-socket type shaft as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/492,558, filed on Jan. 27, 2000, or of the type described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/736,199, filed on Dec. 15, 2003 (Attorney Docket No. ETH 5099), the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
• Both the directly actuateddevice900 and the remotely actuateddevice901 include a front-end portion orapplicator960 that is capable of at least two distinct movements to accomplish an anastomosis. First,applicator960 radially expands to cause radial expansion of the connector, and subsequently, theapplicator960 executes a second movement to compress and/or close the connector on the graft and target vessel. In preferred embodiments,applicator960 returns to its starting position by uncompressing and unexpanding as third and fourth movements in the series of movements, to facilitate removal ofapplicator960 from the anastomosis site.
• A significant advantage of using the two separate motions to manipulate the connector is that it helps to ensure that the connector uniformly grasps all edges of the graft and target vessels. The first step of expansion serves to uniformly stretch the tissue and automatically centers a properly sized connector within the incisions or holes in both the graft and target vessels. The second step of compression and/or closure also automatically centers the tissue within the staples, clips or other grasping elements of the connector as a result of the action of the anvils of theapplicator960.
• When a deformable connector is employed, a variety of different actuators can be employed to actuate the applicators and thereby deform the connector. Exemplary types of actuators for use with connectors made of a plastically deformable material like stainless steel, include dual-cam devices, dual-spring devices, single-cam, single-spring combination devices, and shape-memory-alloy devices.
• Preferred types of actuators for use with resiliently deformable connectors, made of a hyperelastically deformable material like Nitinol, such as that described at col. 9, lines 14-21 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,496, include retaining or constraining devices. When a resilient, hyperelastic connector, is employed, it is preferable to constrain the annular or tubular body connecting the staple like members, separately from the staple or clip members. Once the connector is permitted to deform in the first step, by removing the constraint on the annular or tubular body of the connector, the staples or clips are subsequently released to complete the connection. In actuators for use with connectors made of a suitable shape memory alloy, the shape memory alloy connector can be heated to a specific temperature, e.g. warmed to body temperature, to cause the shape memory alloy to take a second shape to provide the needed motion to deform the connector, without the need of additional, external forces. In the case of a combination of a plastically deformable material and a resilient, hyperelastic material, the connector can be a combination of a nitinol body with staples or clips which are plastically deformable. To deploy this connector, the constraint on the body is removed to permit radial expansion and then axial motion of the applicator is applied to deform the staples. Such a connector creates an anastomosis that is compliant to pressure changes due to the resilience of the connector, thereby allowing it to pulsate more or less, like arterial vessels pulsate during their operation.
• In an alternative combination of plastically deformable and resilient, hyperelastic materials, a balloon may be employed to expand the plastically deformable body of the connector. Subsequently, a constraint is removed to permit the resilient, hyperelastic staples or clips take their original shape and form the connection by clamping together the vessel walls.
• The connectors in the various embodiments of the present invention can take several forms. The connector can include a ring with a plurality of staples, clips or the like attached thereto and be generally circular or can be generally oval. Polygonal shapes approaching a circle or oval are meant to be included in this description. Alternatively, the connector need not include a ring, in which case a plurality of loose or separate staples, clips or the like collectively form the connector. Connectors of this type are described, for example, at col. 8, line 65 to col. 9, line 7 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,496.
• In the case of performing an oval anastomosis, a variety of different applicators can be employed. For example, a connector that is circular in its unexpanded state can be delivered by a circular applicator and activated by an oval expander. A connector that is oval in its unexpanded state can be delivered by an oval applicator. Alternatively, a circular applicator with an angled stapling plane and connector such as that described inFIGS. 14-15 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/708,617 can be employed with a circular or oval expander.
• A preferred feature of the various devices of the present invention is the keying of the fingers of the inner and outer tubes of the applicator to maintain alignment of the anvils at all times during the anastomosis procedure. This feature provides a more reliable, repeatable deployment of the connector. There are several variations on this feature which are described in detail herein. For example, in one embodiment, only the fingers of the inner tube of the applicator are keyed. Alternatively, only the fingers of the outer tube of the applicator are keyed. Finally, both the fingers of the inner tube and the fingers of the outer tube may be keyed to ensure alignment during the anastomosis procedure. Additionally or alternatively, the staple-like elements ofconnector200 may be keyed to the fingers of the inner tube. Keying of the fingers of the inner and outer tubes to one another is particularly useful when actuating a circular applicator with an oval expander, for example.
• The anastomosis devices of the present invention may be actuated by any of a variety of different energy sources including mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, pneumatic or other conventional or similar energy sources.
• The anastomosis devices of the present invention are particularly suitable for internal side-to-side anastomosis procedures, though the devices can be used with a variety of other procedures as well, such as end-to-side anastomoses. The internal side-to-side anastomosis procedures can be performed using semi-axial introduction or perpendicular introduction and certain device modifications may be desirable depending upon the type of introduction that will be employed. The type of introduction may be selected based on factors such as the location of the anastomosis and the ease with which the anastomosis site can be reached for a particular introduction method. These two different insertion methods can also be performed using a guide wire insertion technique wherein the anastomosis device may be guided to the anastomosis site by a guide wire.
• Referring now to the drawings, where like elements are referred to by like reference numerals throughout the several views, various specific embodiments of the anastomosis devices and methods are described below for the purpose of illustrating the invention.
• FIGS. 3-5 depict one embodiment of adeformable connector200 in accordance with the present invention.Connector200 includes a plurality of joining elements in the form ofstaple elements202 spaced around the circumference ofconnector200. Apreferred connector200 has eightstaple elements202, thoughconnector200 may have more or lessstaple elements202, depending upon the size of the anastomosis.Connector200 is preferably formed from a single piece of biocompatible material such as stainless steel or titanium. Alternatively, bioabsorbable materials like polyglactin (Vicryl®) or polydioaxanone (PDS®) may be used, or a combination of a bioabsorbable material and nonabsorbable material, for example a bioabsorbable ring, holding stainless steel staples or clips. Additionally,connector200 may be coated with substances comprising pharmaceuticals, such as agents that prevent or inhibit restenosis, enhance endothelial cell coverage, and/or decrease thrombus formation.
• Connector200, as shown inFIGS. 3-5, is formed from a continuous elongate element having a sinusoidal pattern, which pattern is preferably formed about acentral ring204 ofconnector200. The sinusoidal pattern may be customized into asinusoidal ring205 made up ofportions206,208.Staple elements202 can be formed at eachportion208 ofsinusoidal ring205. Thesinusoidal ring205 ofconnector200 provides the radial expandability of theconnector200 since theportions206,208 are capable of at least partial straightening, relative to the degree of curvature of theportions206,208 in the insertion position, to thereby lengthen theportions206,208 relative to thecentral ring204 and permit radial expansion ofconnector200. Whilering205 is described as sinusoidal, one skilled in the art will recognize thatring205 can take any form so long as it is capable of being expanded from a first diameter to a second diameter.Connector200 is fabricated for plastic deformation and thus will retain its final shape after expansion and will not revert to its initial shape.
• Eachstaple element202 is preferably formed from twostaple portions210,212 which extend from a point of attachment ofstaple portions210,212 toconnector200 in substantially opposite directions, as shown inFIGS. 3-5. The length, thickness and inclination ofstaple portions210,212 can be varied to provide customized bending characteristics or thicknesses forstaple portions210,212, if desired. Also,staple portions210,212 may form more complex shapes, for example a “Y-shape”, so that each staple portion provides multiple extension that each engage the tissue. In a preferred embodiment,staple portions210,212 extend from opposite sides ofportions208.
• As shown inFIGS. 3-5,connector200 is in the insertion position, the position in which it is delivered to the anastomosis site. Preferably, thestaple portions210,212 of this embodiment are slightly tapered on their outer side towards their distal free ends in one or both of radial thickness and circumferential width. That is, the diameter of a circle drawn connecting the outer surfaces ofbase210a,212aofstaple portions210,212 is greater than the diameter of a circle drawn connecting the outer surfaces oftips210b,212bofstaple portions210,212. Theouter sides211,213 ofstaple portions210,212 are inclined relative to a radial plane through the center ofstaple portions210,212 such that the width W₁ofstaple element202 is smaller on the radially inner side than the width W₂ofstaple element202 on the radially outer side.
• Preferably, the distal tips ofstaple portions210,212 may be formed into a curve (not shown) which anticipates the curvature of the distal tips ofstaple portions210,212 whenconnector200 is formed into the connection position. This may increase the consistency and predictability with whichstaple portions210,212 deform during the anastomosis procedure.Portions206 of the sinusoidal pattern may also be slightly tapered to a lesser thickness in the axial direction (not shown) to correspond to the taper of theadjacent staple portions210,212, if desired.
• Deformable connectors, such as that depicted inFIGS. 3-5, can be delivered to the anastomosis site by a variety of different delivery devices, including both directly actuated and remotely actuated delivery devices. The various delivery devices will include an applicator and an expander for expanding the applicator. Several embodiments of applicators and expanders suitable for delivery of deformable connectors are described below.
• FIG. 6 is a perspective view of anapplicator100 for use in an anastomosis system in accordance with the present invention, shown in the insertion position.Applicator100 includes aninner tube102, anouter tube104 and a distal attachment such as ashoe106. As shown inFIG. 6,applicator100 is in the insertion position in which theapplicator100 is delivered to the anastomosis site. In use, adeformable connector200, such as that described inFIGS. 3-5, is associated with theapplicator100 for delivery to the anastomosis site with theapplicator100. Theinner tube102 is designed to accommodate an expansion device300 (described below), which, when actuated, causes expansion of theapplicator100 from the insertion position shown inFIG. 6 to the expanded position shown inFIG. 7.
• As shown generally inFIGS. 6-7 and14-17, and more particularly inFIG. 15, to permit expansion of theconnector200, when positioned on theinner tube102,inner tube102 has a plurality ofslits116 extending from the distal end ofinner tube102 in a proximal direction (toward the proximal end of inner tube102) for a sufficient distance to permit the desired degree of expandability ofinner tube102 byexpansion device300. Specifically, the length of theslits116 is sufficient to permit sufficient radial deflection of thefingers118 of theinner tube102 located between each of theslits116 to provide the desired degree of expansion of theinner tube102 and thus the desired degree of expansion of theconnector200. For example, the length of theslits116 may be from 2-10 times the diameter of theinner tube102, but most preferably approximately five times the diameter of theinner tube102.
• As is shown inFIG. 16, at least a portion of thelumen120 of theinner tube102 is preferably tapered from a greater diameter at the distal end of theinner tube102 to a lesser diameter in the direction of the proximal end of theinner tube102.Tapered surfaces122 offingers118 ofinner tube102 are detailed inFIG. 15. The angle of the taper relative to the distal end ofinner tube102 is preferably from about 30° to about 45°. The tapered surfaces122 are adapted to interact withcorresponding surfaces304 ofexpansion head302 of expansion device300 (described below) in a manner whereby retraction of theexpansion device300 in the proximal direction, relative toinner tube102, urgesfingers118 ofinner tube102 radially outward to cause expansion ofinner tube102 and thusconnector200.
• Inner tube102 is also provided with a plurality ofanvils112 each of which is located on the distal end of one offingers118 ofinner tube102.Anvils112 may serve three different functions in the operation ofapplicator100. First,anvils112 are provided with taperedsurfaces122 as described above to cause expansion offingers118 ofinner tube102 when correspondingsurfaces304 ofexpansion head302 are drawn proximally relative toinner tube102. Second,anvils112 include a series ofangled surfaces126 on the sides ofanvils112 that are designed to mate with the correspondingangled surfaces306 ofexpansion head302 to ensure that whenfingers118 ofinner tube102 move radially outward that the spacing betweenfingers118 remains substantially uniform to thereby provide substantially uniform expansion ofinner tube102. A third function ofanvils112 is to providesurfaces114 that interact withcorresponding surfaces110 ofanvils108 of theouter tube104.Surfaces110,114 may optionally be curved. Each pair ofanvils108,112 is designed to interact withstaple elements202 ofconnector200 shown inFIG. 3 to bend thestaple elements202 ofconnector200 into the position that creates the anastomosis. Preferably, theapplicator100 includes eightanvils108, eightanvils112 and eightstaple elements202 of theconnector200. The number of anvils and staple elements may vary depending on the size of the anastomosis. For example, for smaller vessels,connector200 may have seven or lessstaple elements202, or for larger vessels,connector200 may have nine or morestaple elements202. In each case,applicator100 preferably would include a number ofanvils108,112 that correspond to the number ofstaple elements202.
• Theouter tube104, as shown generally inFIGS. 6-7 and9-13, and more particularly inFIG. 9, also has a plurality ofslits130 that form a plurality offingers132. Upon expansion ofinner tube102,outer tube104 also expands by virtue ofslits130 inouter tube104 as shown inFIG. 7.
• In one embodiment,outer tube104 is capable of movement in an axial direction relative toinner tube102 to permit the distal ends of inner andouter tubes102,104 to move together in the second step of the performance of an anastomosis: to compress and/or close the connector on the graft and target vessel. The movement of the distal ends of inner andouter tubes102,104 together bendsstaple elements202 ofconnector200 from an insertion position to a connection position whereby the anastomosis is formed. To obtain optimal, blood tight sealing of the generally elastic vessel walls, thestaple elements202 are often required to deform to a shape having a diameter less than the combined thickness of these walls. This requires the anvils to come closer to each other than this combined thickness, resulting in tissue compression, which can lead to some damage. It is advantageous to keep this compressed area as small as possible to limit any potential damage, by reducing the front area of at least one of the pairedanvils108,112 facing each other. As shown inFIG. 6,anvils108 therefore have their tips rounded in the axial direction.
• Referring toFIGS. 6 and 9, to better holdconnector200 in position onapplicator100 during insertion and expansion,anvils112 ofinner tube102 may includeslots128 sized to accept a portion ofstaple elements202 ofconnector200. Correspondingslots138 sized to accept a portion ofstaple elements202, may also be found inanvils108 ofouter tube104. In a preferred embodiment, one set oftips210bortips212bis disposed withinslots128 ofinner tube102 and the other set oftips210bortips212bis disposed withinslots138 ofouter tube104. As shown inFIG. 18b,slots128,138 may be shallower than shown inFIG. 6 or13, and may have a more scalloped appearance so as not to require the notching of material fromanvils108,112 across their entire thickness.Surfaces110 ofinner tube102 andsurfaces114 ofouter tube104 form the inner boundary ofslots128,138, respectively.
• Slots128,138hold connector200 in position during insertion and expansion by virtue of the application of slight, static pressure to the ends ofstaple elements202 by the inner andouter tubes102,104, thus securely engagingconnector200, especially when thetips210b,212bofstaple elements202 are pre-bent to fit intocurved surfaces110,114. Alternatively, the distance between the anvil faces is defined as sufficiently less than the length of the preformed staple legs, such that when one end ofconnector200 is disposed at the extreme depth of one ofcurved surfaces110,114, the other end ofconnector200 would extend beyond the opposing anvil face, i.e. rests partially in the other one ofcurved surfaces110,114. In either case, the penetratingtips210b,212bofstaple elements202 are substantially shielded withinslots128,138, until thestaple elements202 are deformed to their final joining position. In this way,tips210b,212bare prevented from prematurely engaging any tissue during the manipulation ofapplicator100 required to insert the distal end ofapplicator100 into the graft and target vessels. This type of configuration can also hold separatestaple elements202 formed ofstaple portions210,212, when these are not connected by the sinusoidal ring formed byportions206,208. The pressure on thetips210b,212bofstaple elements202 can be increased by movingouter tube104 axially in the distal direction relative toinner tube102 to deform the staple-like elements to their joining position. The compression step preferably occurs after the step of expandingconnector200.
• Following the compression step, to removeapplicator100 and leaveconnector200 in position,outer tube104 is moved axially in a proximal direction relative toinner tube102 to release the pressure onconnector200, and thereby permitconnector200 to disengage fromslots128,138 of inner andouter tubes102,104.
• In a more preferred embodiment of the invention,outer tube104 is maintained in a fixed position throughout the anastomosis procedure. In this embodiment,inner tube102 is moved in an axial direction towards the distal end ofouter tube104 during the anastomosis procedure to cause deformation ofstaple elements202 ofconnector200. Once the anastomosis is created,inner tube102 can return to its original position by movement in an axial direction away from the distal end ofouter tube104. This embodiment is preferred since it reduces the number of moving parts required to effect the required motion. Alternatively, the invention also contemplates moving bothinner tube102 andouter tube104 relative to one another.
• Referring toFIGS. 12 and 15, to maintain alignment between inner andouter tubes102,104 during use ofapplicator100,inner tube102 has a key127 in the proximal end thereof that mates with a key137 formed inouter tube104.Keys127,137 help to maintain axial alignment betweencurved surfaces110,114 of the inner andouter tubes102,104 and ensure uniform expansion ofapplicator100 andconnector200 as outer andinner tubes102,104 expand under the force ofexpander300.
• An alternate keying mechanism is depicted inFIGS. 18A and 18B.FIG. 18A depicts threeadjacent fingers132 ofouter tube104 that have a special pattern forslits130 inouter tube104 which can be used to create a keying mechanism for keyingfingers132 ofouter tube104 withfingers118 ofinner tube102. The special pattern ofslits130 shown inFIG. 18A providessmall protrusions131 that can be bent to extend inwardly fromfingers132 ofouter tube104 as shown inFIG. 18B to a position that locks aroundfingers118 ofinner tube102. As with the embodiment described in connection withFIGS. 12 and 15, such a mechanism maintains alignment offingers132 ofouter tube104 withfingers118 ofinner tube102 during use ofapplicator100. In this embodiment, the position ofprotrusions131 alternates with eachfinger132 as shown inFIG. 18B.
• One advantage of the provision of a keying mechanism that maintains alignment between thefingers118,132 of the inner andouter tubes102,104 is that keyedexpander head302, described below, can be greatly simplified as it is no longer needed to assist with ensuring this alignment. It is still required, as one function ofexpander head302 is to ensure substantially uniform expansion of the inner andouter tubes102,104. The keying mechanism substitutes in part for keyedexpander head302 by performing this function of maintaining alignment between thefingers118,132 of the inner andouter tubes102,104 and in turn thecurved surfaces110,114 of the inner andouter tubes102,104.
• Another keying mechanism is depicted inFIGS. 18C-18D. InFIG. 18C, eachfinger118 ofinner tube102 includes alongitudinal groove119 therein. Eachfinger132 ofouter tube104 is provided withlongitudinal slots121 to create anarea123 located betweenlongitudinal slots121 that can be deformed downwardly to the position shown inFIG. 18D.Outer tube104 may include a single pair oflongitudinal slots121, or, more preferably, eachfinger132 ofouter tube104 may have one or morelongitudinal slots121 spaced from one another in an axial or longitudinal direction. To key eachfinger132 ofouter tube104 to eachfinger118 ofinner tube102,areas123 offinger132 ofouter tube104 are deformed downwardly in the direction ofinner tube102, as shown, for example, inFIG. 18D such thatarea123 is at least partially disposed withinlongitudinal groove119 offinger118 ofinner tube102. Preferably, eachlongitudinal groove119 is substantially centered infinger118 ofinner tube102. Alternatively,outer tube104 can be made from a special type of tube, having longitudinal protrusions on its inner surface, regularly spaced inside its inner circumference. Such a special tube can for example be made by the process of extrusion, which is commonly used for the production of all kinds of tubes. If properly dimensioned, this results in anouter tube104, havingfingers132, each having one or more longitudinal protrusions extending inwardly, which can key with one or more appropriately placed grooves on the outside ofinner fingers118. These matching grooves oninner fingers118 ofinner tube102 can be obtained by makingtube102 also from an extruded profile, having a grooved outer shape matching the inner shape ofouter tube104. Additionally or alternatively,connector200 can be keyed toinner fingers118. This can for example be done by providinglongitudinal grooves119 ininner fingers118 and pre-bending staple-like elements202 ofconnector200 slightly towards the central axis ofconnector200 to a diameter less than the diameter of thering205.Connector200 is positioned oninner fingers118 such, that staple-like elements202 are at least partially disposed withinlongitudinal grooves119, while the extreme tips are pre-bent outwards more markedly so these tips still fit incurved surfaces110,114 ofanvils108,112. Alternatively,connector200 can be manufactured from an extruded tube having longitudinal protrusions on its inner surface as described above, so that each staple-like element202 has longitudinal protrusions extending inwardly, fitting ingrooves119 ofinner fingers118.
• Again, use of the keying mechanism ofFIGS. 18C-18D permits operation of the device without the need for keyedexpander head302. Instead, a simple, smooth cone can be used to expand inner andouter tubes102,104, since the keying mechanism maintains proper alignment of inner andouter tubes102,104 during operation ofapplicator100.
• During successful deployment ofconnector200,connector200 undergoes two distinct motions: radial expansion ofring205, and axial compression ofstaple elements208,210. The required sequential motions can be achieved with dual-cam, single-cam/single-spring, or dual-spring drive mechanisms, or, in the alternative, by using shape memory or hyperelastic alloys. In addition, those skilled in the art can use the teachings provided herein to devise other types of drive mechanisms to achieve the same output motion.
• Referring now toFIGS. 19-26, there is shown one embodiment of anexpander300 in accordance with the present invention.Expander300 is formed from a combination of anexpander head302 and an expander rod ortube312.Expander head302 is preferably made from a hard material capable of expanding inner andouter tubes102,104 under the load required to expandconnector200. Expander rod ortube312 may be a solid rod or a hollow tube (as shown inFIG. 20) and may be provided at the distal end of expander rod ortube312 with an angled flare, as shown inFIG. 25, or aflange314, as shown inFIG. 20. The proximal end of expander rod ortube312 can be attached to an actuation device, for example, by an external threadedconnection316 as shown inFIG. 19, or by an internal thread and a threadedscrew338 as shown inFIG. 26. Any other type of connection known to those skilled in the art may be used to connect the proximal end of rod ortube312 and the actuation device.
• Preferably, expander rod ortube312 is insert-molded toexpander head302 to provide a reliable connection between expander rod ortube312 andexpander head302 and preventexpander head302 from disengaging from expander rod ortube312 during use ofapplicator100. For this purpose,flange314 provides structure for mating with a corresponding structure ofexpander head302 to provide a mechanical bond between expander rod ortube312 andexpander head302. In a preferred embodiment, the surface offlange314 is defined to maximize the bonding force.
• In the embodiment shown inFIGS. 19-22,expander300 includes anexpander head302 that has anopening302athat communicates with apassageway318 located in the distal end of expander tube312 (FIG. 20).Passageway318 and opening302atogether allow materials, such as drugs, genes or cells, or devices, such as fiber optic bundles or guide wires to be passed through theexpander tube312 for the purpose of either guidingapplicator100 to and/or from the anastomosis site, or introducing, for example, drugs designed to reduce or prevent scar tissue formation at the anastomosis site. Pharmaceuticals for preventing or inhibiting restenosis or to enhance endothelial cell coverage could be delivered throughpassageway312. Exemplary drugs include, but are not limited to, anti-platelet agents, anti-coagulants, calcium-channel antagonists, ACE inhibitors, nitric oxide, anti-inflammatory agents, growth factor inhibitors, antioxidants and antibiotics. The pharmaceuticals could be delivered in solution or as a viscous gel. Other treatments such as autologous endothelial or stem cells, with or without genetic modification, and genetic vectors could be delivered in this manner as well. Preferably,passageway318 is a bore that runs the length oftube312, butpassageway318 may also communicate with a separate lumen or lumens that run within oroutside tube312.
• Referring toFIGS. 8A-8F, an alternative embodiment ofapplicator100 is depicted, whereinouter tube104 is divided into adistal portion1041 and aproximal portion1042 that move axially relative to each other.Distal portion1041 hasrecesses1045 andproximal portion1042 has pushing mechanisms1046 (which can be, e.g., rods, plates or cylinders) that are sized to be at least partially disposed withinrecesses1045. This design is especially suitable for delivery of separate staple elements, likeU-shaped clips2021, that can be disposed, as shown inFIG. 8A, withinrecesses1045 at a location distal to pushingmechanisms1046.
• In such an embodiment,outer tube104 can be formed as a radially expandable cartridge that expands from a first position, shown inFIG. 8C, to a second position, shown inFIG. 8D.Outer tube104 can includeouter portions1041bconnected byweb portions1041c.Recesses1045 are preferably located inouter portions1041b. In a preferred embodiment,outer tube104 includes fourouter portions1041b, each of which house a separate clip or staple2021 in itsrespective recess1045.
• Referring toFIG. 8C, in the starting position, adjacentouter portions1041bare located relatively close together, such thatweb portions1041cfold to form slits1041. Pushingmechanisms1046 ofproximal portion1042 are positioned withinrecesses1045.
• After theinner tube102 andouter tube104 have been expanded to center the applicator within the holes of the target and graft vessel,outer tube104 is moved in an axial direction towardsanvils112 ofinner tube102.Distal portion1041 ofouter tube104 retains bothclips2021 and pushingmechanisms1046 such that asouter tube104 is moved in axial direction, the target and graft tissue is compressed betweenanvils112 anddistal portion1041. Once the tissue has been compressed,distal portion1041 can no longer move, and pushingmechanisms1046push clips2021 out ofdistal portion1041 untilclips2021 penetrate the tissue and are subsequently deformed to a joining position bydistal anvils112. As with prior embodiments,anvils112 may be shaped to suit the specific type of staple orclip2021.
• Alternatively,distal portion1041 may extend concentrically aboutportion1042. This design allowsdistal portion1041 to be moved independently, so that it can be used to first clamp the tissue against thedistal anvils112. This offers the additional advantage of allowing visual inspection of the position of the tissue, before actually deploying the staples or clips2021.FIGS. 8D and 8E show top and side cross-sectional views ofclips2021 in a preferred joining position spaced at four positions about the anastomosis holding the vessel walls.
• In still another embodiment (not shown), pushingmechanism1046 may be hollow rods, similar to needles that are disposed withinrecesses1045 and are long enough to axially traverserecesses1045 and penetrate the tissue. The lumen of the needles may be connected to a central reservoir, which can be pressurized. The lumen of the needles may contain any joining means to connect tissue, such as self-expanding Nitinol staples, or, more preferably, biocompatible glue. Pressurizing the lumen of the needles may push out the joining means. In case of glue, the device could work as follows:applicator100 is expanded inside the holes in the walls of the vessels to be joined. Distal andproximal portions1041 and1042 are pushed distally towardsanvils112, so that both walls are clamped and substantially penetrated by the needles. Subsequently,distal portion1041 is maintained stationary relative to the anastomosis site to keep the tissue clamped, andproximal portion1042 is pulled proximally, to retract the needles out of the tissue while pressurizing the lumen of the needles to push glue out of the end of each needle. In this way, glue fills the hole made by each needle as the needles are withdrawn from the tissue, thereby forming plugs of glue inside the tissue, joining the tissue. Additional glue may be applied from outside the anastomosis, and an externalprotective ring1100 may be used, if desired. The internal clamping of the tissue withapplicator100 can be released when the glue has hardened to a sufficient strength.
• It is also possible to connect the tissue with glue applied from the outside only. In this case,applicator100 resembles the embodiment shown inFIGS. 6 and 7, however, it does not need to carryconnector200, and therefore does not requirerecesses114 and138.Applicator100 is instead used to clamp the vessel walls together from the inside, preferably by first expandingapplicator100, and subsequently clamping the tissue together by axially movingouter tube104 towardsanvils112 ofinner tube102, but other sequences may be used as well, depending on the situation. Glue can then be applied externally, on the external surface of the anastomotic line.
• Biocompatible glue may be used in combination with any type ofconnector200, to reinforce or seal the mechanical bond, provided by the deformed staple like elements ofconnector200. Glue is preferably applied from the outside of the anastomosis. This can be done before making the arteriotomies in both vessels to be joined, thus first gluing together two vessel walls, and subsequently making an arteriotomy through both walls and deployingapplicator100 andconnector200, thereby mechanically reinforcing the glued tissue bond. Glue can also be applied during the construction of the anastomosis, for example by providing glue on the outside of the adjoining vessel walls after expansion ofconnector200, before or after closure of staple-like elements202. Finally, glue can be applied on the outside of the adjoining vessel walls after completion of the anastomosis and removal ofapplicator100.
• It is thus understood, that throughout this specification, and especially where deployment methods are described in detail, reference to joining the tissue withconnector200 is explicitly meant to include use of separate staples, or a unitary connector, or glue, or any other suitable or conventional means.
• To facilitate the insertion ofapplicator100 into the holes in the walls of the vessels to be joined, and in particular the insertion of thedistal anvils112 into the target vessel, using one of the insertion methods described later in this document,expander head302 can be equipped with a nose cone. The nose cone can have a more or less conical, streamlined shape in an axial direction relative to the central axis of the applicator, for example as shown previously inFIG. 20 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/708,617, or it can have a more or less conical, streamlined protrusion extending in a radial direction relative to the central axis of the applicator, thus taking the shape of aninsertion shoe106, as shown in, for example,FIGS. 6, 22,23,27, and28A, or any angle in between.
• Shoe106 must be retrievable through the deployed, expandedring205 ofconnector200, to allow removal ofapplicator100 after completion of the anastomosis. If the contour ofshoe106, in a plane perpendicular to the central axis of the applicator, has a greatest length less than the diameter of the expandedconnector200, the shoe can be attached toexpander head302 in a fixed, non-moving way. If the length ofshoe106 exceeds the diameter of expandedconnector ring205,shoe106 must be able to decrease its dimensions in this plane by being retractable, pivotable, movable, deformable, deflatable or any combination of these, or must be able to decrease its dimensions in this plane by some other means known to those skilled in the art. Alternatively,shoe106 can be detachable, initially held by mechanical means or magnetic force, and retrieved separately from the applicator, thus offering additional degrees of freedom for optimal manipulation, for example by extraction through an alternative route like the native, target vessel.
• The nose-cone must also fit within the lumen of the vessels to be joined, in particular the target vessel, which is generally the smaller vessel, before and after the device is brought into a delivery position, substantially perpendicular to the target vessel, as described later on. Therefore, if the contour of the nose-cone has a greatest length in a plane parallel to the central axis of the applicator, that exceeds the diameter of the target vessel, the nose cone has to be able to decrease its dimensions in this plane by being retractable, pivotable, movable, deformable, deflatable or a combination of these, or must be able to decrease its dimensions in this plane by some other means known to those skilled in the art. Alternatively, it can be detachable as described above.
• In a preferred embodiment, shown inFIGS. 6 and 22,shoe106 is made from a relatively soft, flexible material that allowstoe107 ofshoe106 to bend easily in use from the position shown inFIG. 7, whereinshoe106 has a length and area that is longer and greater than the inner diameter or area of expandedconnector200, to the position shown inFIG. 26B whereinshoe106 deforms to fit into an area within inner diameter of expandedconnector200, thereby permittingshoe106 to be removed through the interior of expandedconnector200 during the final step of the anastomosis procedure. To facilitate bending oftoe107,toe107 may be connected toshoe106 by anarrow constriction109 to provide a weak point inshoe106 at which bending oftoe107 can occur.
• Shoe106 can be over-molded ontoexpander head302 to ensure a good fit and thereby preventshoe106 from disengaging fromexpander head302 during use ofapplicator100. Expander rod ortube312 may be plastic and be molded simultaneously withexpander head302. Alternatively,expander head302 may be metal fabricated by, for example, metal injection molding or any other suitable method, in which case, it is possible, but not necessary, to formexpander head302 integrally with expander rod ortube312 as a single unit. It is preferred in this embodiment to include structure for forming a mechanical bond betweenexpander head302 andshoe106 for the purpose of strengthening the connection between these elements.
• In an alternative embodiment, shown inFIGS. 23, 26A and26C,shoe106ais preferably fabricated from a hard material. In this embodiment,shoe106adoes not deform, but rather, provision is made forshoe106ato tilt and move out of the way during operation and removal of the device. Specifically,shoe106ais attached to aspring351, for example, viascrew105, as best seen inFIG. 26A.Spring351 is, in turn, attached to threadedscrew338. This arrangement permitsshoe106ato move upward, radially outward and tilt relative toouter tube104 during expansion, such as the position shown inFIG. 26C, and subsequently be removed through expandedconnector200.
• It is also possible to fabricateshoe106aandexpander head302 from a single material. In this embodiment, pulltube352 is preferably flared as shown, for example, inFIG. 25, to increase stiffness of the conical part to provide support for the expansion ofapplicator100, thus allowing deployment ofconnector200, but the material from whichtube352 is made is flexible enough to allow removal ofapplicator100 fromconnector200 after the anastomosis is complete.
• In another embodiment, the material selected for fabrication ofshoe106ais such that it is capable of forming a chemical bond with the material ofexpander head302 to further reinforce the connection betweenshoe106aandexpander head302. Alternatively, a mechanical connection and/or an adhesive can be employed for this purpose.
• In the embodiments shown inFIGS. 24-25, theshoe106ais formed separately fromexpander head332 ofFIG. 24, andexpander head342 ofFIG. 25, and may be connected to theapplicator100 with a band or cord or thread, which may be elastic, or via aspring351. In this way,shoe106acan move from a first, insertion position, which is more radially oriented relative to the central axis of theapplicator100, to a second, removal position, which is more parallel to the central axis, as shown inFIG. 26D, thus reducing the size of the shoe in a plane perpendicular to the applicator. The connecting band orspring351 is attached toshoe106a, for example by using a screw through hole111, and may, but does not need to, run through the entire length ofhollow expander rod350, to be attached at its proximal end.
• To allow additional stability ofshoe106aonexpander head332 ofFIG. 24, andexpander head342 ofFIG. 25, during insertion,shoe106acan be provided with a key113 which mates with acorresponding notch334 or344 inexpander head332 orexpander head342.Expander head332 ofFIG. 24 has twoprotuberances334 for this purpose.FIG. 26B shows the underside ofshoe106a.Shoe106aincludes a recess111 for engagement with the distal end ofexpander300 andkeys113 that mate with correspondingprotuberances334 or344 in expander heads332,342, respectively. Alternatively or additionally, magnetic force can be used to generate additional stability betweenshoe106 andexpander head332.
• Referring toFIGS. 27A-27F, there is shown an embodiment of the invention which does not require an expander head.Expander300bis formed from a combination ofexpander tube312band aflange314bat the distal end thereof as shown inFIG. 27B.Expander rod312bmay be a hollow tube as shown inFIG. 27D. The proximal end ofexpander tube300bmay include a threadedconnection338bas shown inFIGS. 27C-27D, or alternatively thespring351 may be laser-welded or the like, to theexpander tube312b. The device of this embodiment also includes ashoe106b, shown inFIG. 27A which may be attached via ascrew105bto aspring351bwhich may, but need not, run the length ofexpander tube312b, as shown inFIG. 27D. The proximal end ofspring351bmay be attached to a threadedscrew338b, as shown inFIG. 27D.Shoe106bis preferably made from a hard material in this embodiment since the whole ofshoe106bmoves during expansion, as discussed below.
• In the embodiment ofFIGS. 27A-27F,expander300bis pulled proximally to cause expansion of theapplicator100 from the insertion position ofFIG. 27E to the expanded position ofFIG. 27F.Flange314brides on mating surfaces ofinner tube102 to cause expansion ofinner tube102 which, in turn, causes expansion ofouter tube104, as can be seen inFIG. 27F. Sinceshoe106bis attached tospring351b, it is permitted to move from the position shown inFIG. 27E to the position shown inFIG. 27F during expansion. Referring now toFIGS. 28A-28F, there is shown an alternative embodiment of anexpander300ain accordance with the present invention.Expander300ais formed from a combination ofexpander head302aandexpander tube312a.Expander tube312amay be a hollow tube, as shown, and is provided with aflange314aat the distal end thereof. The proximal end ofexpander tube312amay include a threadedconnection316aas shown inFIG. 28C. Preferably,expander tube312ais insert molded intoexpander head302ato provide a reliable connection betweenexpander tube312aandexpander head302ato preventexpander head302afrom disengaging fromexpander tube312aduring use of theapplicator100. For this purpose,flange314aprovides structure for mating with a corresponding structure of theexpander head302ato provide a mechanical bond betweenexpander tube312aandexpander head302a. In a preferred embodiment, the surface offlange314ais defined to maximize the bonding force. In another preferred embodiment, theexpander head302ais over-molded ontotube312a.Expander head302ais preferably made from a hard material which is capable of expanding inner andouter tubes102,104 under the load required to accomplish the expansion.
• Theshoe106ais separate fromexpander head302aand is over-molded onto aspring wire117athat provides a mechanical connection between theshoe106aand theexpander tube312a, and also acts as a hinge that allowsshoe106ato rotate toward a more axial position relative to the center-line of the applicator.Shoe106acan be made of any biocompatible material, hard or soft, becauseshoe106acan move to its second, removal position, without having to rely on deformation of theshoe106a.
• As shown in FIGS.28D and28F-28G,shoe106aneed not include a heel, and thus differs fromshoe106 ofFIG. 26B. The advantage of this design is that any chance of inadvertently hooking the heel behind the expanded connector is avoided. To re-establish the streamlined contour,expander302aincludesheel301aeccentrically on one side.
• To provideshoe106aadditional stability relative toexpander head302a, during insertion,shoe106acan be provided withprotuberances113awhich press fit with a correspondingrecesses334ainexpander head302a. This arrangement helps maintainshoe106ain position relative toexpander head302aduring insertion of the device, but permitsshoe106ato move upwardly whenanvils112 ofinner tube102contact protuberances113aand thereby releaseprotuberances113afromrecesses334aduring expansion ofexpander head302a.Expander head302aofFIGS. 28F-28G has tworecesses334afor this purpose.FIG. 28D shows the underside ofshoe106a.Shoe106 includes a longitudinal key111afor engagement with aslot303ain the distal end ofexpander head302a.
• Referring now toFIGS. 29A-29C, there is shown anexpander300bwhich is suitable for carrying out an oval or elliptical anastomosis by further expanding the device in the axial direction of the target vessel than in the transverse direction. In this embodiment, theexpander head302bis made in an oval shape but is employed with a round applicator, for ease of manufacture. Thus, theconical expander head302bhas an oval ground plane which expands the applicator more in a first direction than in a direction perpendicular to the first direction. Theouter edge305bof theasymmetric expander300bmay be adapted to fit inside the contour of thefingers118 ofinner tube102. An extra degree of over-expansion in one direction can be achieved by over-sizing the long axis of theexpander300b, as shown. Thus, theexpander300balso forms an insertion foot, in this case with a symmetrical toe107bandheel109bas a result of the increased size in one direction, which should be directed along the central axis of the target vessel. The initial arteriotomy in the target vessel can be larger, allowing easy insertion of the device using a method much like the perpendicular insertion method described below.
• As discussed above,applicator100 carries out a four-step process to accomplish an anastomosis. The first step is the expansion of inner andouter tubes102,104 from an initial state to an intermediate state to thereby expandconnector200. The second step is to move at least one of inner andouter tubes102,104 relative to the other of inner andouter tubes102,104 from the intermediate state to a release state to formconnector200 into the desired shape for making the anastomosis. The third step is to return inner andouter tubes102,104 to their original relative positions, and the fourth step is to return inner andouter tubes102,104 to the unexpanded final state. It is not necessary to perform all four steps sequentially, and thus, for example, the third and fourth steps could potentially be combined into a single simultaneous motion of the various moving parts to achieve the objectives of returning inner andouter tubes102,104 to their original positions and unexpanded state.
• In a preferred embodiment, one component ofapplicator100 is held static and other components ofapplicator100 are moved relative to the static component. Preferably,outer tube104 is maintained as the static component since this may simplify the mechanics of the actuation ofapplicator100. The following embodiments of drive mechanisms or actuators in accordance with the present invention are described in relation to actuation of an applicator that maintainsouter tube104 in a static position and movesinner tube102 relative toouter tube104. Of course, persons of skill in the art are capable of applying the basic concepts of the various actuators described below to embodiments where, for example,inner tube102 is maintained in a static position andouter tube104 is moved relative toinner tube102, or to embodiments where both inner andouter tubes102,104 are moved relative to one another.
• Drive Mechanisms
• In performing the anastomosis procedure, a connector is deployed via two systems, the activation mechanism and the drive mechanism or actuator. Energy, which may be mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, etc., is input into the activation mechanism. The activation mechanism then translates the input energy into a motion that drives the drive mechanism. Preferably, the activation mechanism translates the input energy into either a pulling motion or a pulling and then a releasing motion that drives the drive mechanism. There are four basic types of drive mechanisms described below, a dual-cam drive mechanism, a single-cam/single-spring drive mechanism, a dual-spring drive mechanism and a shape memory alloy mechanism. Each system is compatible with one type of output motion from the activation mechanism, either pull or pull-and-release. The drive mechanism or actuator utilizes this motion to manipulate the tubes and deploy the connector.
• Dual-Cam Actuation
• In a mechanism that utilizes dual-cam, direct actuation, the amount of expansion of the connector and the compression of the staple elements are independently governed by cam tracks. Once the inner andouter tubes102,104 have deployed the connector, the cam tracks force the inner andouter tubes102,104 back to their original position, allowing for positive return of the device to its original position without the use of stored energy. This configuration generally employs a continuous pull from an activation mechanism. Each face of the cam may have a unique cam track. The geometry of the cam tracks dictates the timing of, and controls the two distinct motions required for the anastomosis. Referring toFIG. 30A, there is shown adevice719 for controlling the relative positions ofouter tube104,inner tube102 andexpander300 relative to each other comprising acover703 and a lever andcam actuator700.
• Referring toFIG. 30B, there is shown a lever andcam actuator700. Lever andcam actuator700 is connected toapplicator100.Outer tube104 is connected torotatable connection702.Inner tube102 is fixedly connected todisk704.Expander300 is fixedly connected todisk706.Rotatable connection702 can freely rotate 360 degrees relative to lever andcam actuator700.Disc706 can freely rotate 360 degrees relative to lever716.Disc704 can freely rotate 360 degrees relative to lever714. This allows the user to suitably positionapplicator100 and lever andcam actuator700 relative to the anastomosis site.
• In this embodiment, the proximal end ofexpander300 is connected todisk706, via threadedconnector316.Disks704,706 are positioned as shown inFIG. 30B to engage withlevers714 and716, respectively, whilst being permitted to rotate about the axis ofapplicator100.Levers714,716 are adapted for lateral movement at a substantially 90-degree angle relative todisks704,706 being pivotally mounted in pivot points724,718 respectively. Pivot points724,718 are contained inchassis701. Respectively levers714 and716 includecam followers708 and720, adapted to ride in cam tracks710 and722. Said cam tracks are housed inshuttle712.Shuttle712 is attached to acable726, or other actuation means. Cover703 is fastened in place tochassis701 thereby limiting the movement ofshuttle712 to one along the length thereof.
• In operation, translation ofcable726 in a proximal direction causes translation ofshuttle712 in a proximal direction, which causes cam tracks710 and722 to subsequently cause the translation ofcam followers708 and720 as dictated by the unique configuration of the cam tracks. Respectively, translation ofcam followers708 and720cause levers714,716 to pivot about pivot points724,718. Sincelevers714,716 are pivotally mounted at pivot points724,718, distal movement of the proximal portions oflevers714,716, as shown inFIG. 30B, translates to proximal movement of the distal portions oflevers714,716 which, in turn, translates to proximal movement ofinner tube102 andexpander300. Similarly, proximal movement of the proximal portions oflevers714,716 translates to distal movement ofinner tube102 andexpander300 as a result of the pivotal mounting of thelevers714,716.
• As a result, in the starting position,cam followers708,720 are located at the distal-most position within cam tracks710,722. Ascam followers708,720 are pulled proximally within cam tracks710,722,cam followers708,720 move downwardly at different times tofirst cause lever716 to pull the expander proximally relative toouter tube104, and then causelever714 to pullinner tube102 proximally relative toouter tube104. A second embodiment of a dual-cam actuation mechanism is depicted inFIGS. 31-37. Front-end portion960 shown inFIG. 31 includes ahousing964. Dual-cam961 is mounted at itscenter point965 for rotational movement inhousing964. Each side ofcam961 has acam track966,967 as shown inFIGS. 35 and 37, respectively. Cam tracks966,967 are generally c-shaped (but are not identical) and are designed to produce coordinated linear movements ofinner tube102 and pulltube352 that cause the expansion and compression ofconnector200, and then returninner tube102 and pulltube352 to their starting positions. Pulltube cam track966 includes afirst section966a, asecond section966band athird section966c. Similarly, innertube cam track967 includes afirst section967a, asecond section967band athird section967c. Thus, as seen inFIGS. 34-37, pulling acable950 attached tocam961 in the direction indicated by arrow A causescam track966 to rotate in a clockwise direction aboutcenter point965, and cam track967 (as depicted inFIG. 37) to rotate in a counter-clockwise direction aboutcenter point965.Inner tube102 is connected toinner tube bracket968, which is provided with afirst cam follower969 that is constrained to ride incam track967 ofcam961. Pulltube352 is connected to pulltube bracket970, which is provided with asecond cam follower971 that is constrained to ride incam track966 ofcam961. As a result, rotation ofcam961 will cause thebrackets968,970 to linearly moveinner tube102 and pulltube352, as shown inFIGS. 33A-33C.
• To allow rotation of front-end portion960 relative toapplicator100 andexpander350, special connections are provided betweenpull tube352 and pulltube bracket970 and betweeninner tube102 andinner tube bracket968. More specifically, pulltube352 is provided with adisk972 at or near the proximal end ofpull tube352. Pulltube bracket968 is affixed to pulltube disk972 to prevent relative movement betweenpull tube bracket968 and pulltube disk972 in a longitudinal direction, but to allow relative rotational movement betweenpull tube bracket968 and pulltube disk972. Similarly,inner tube102 is provided with aninner tube disk973 at or near the proximal end ofinner tube102.Inner tube bracket970 is affixed toinner tube disk973 to prevent relative movement betweeninner tube bracket970 andinner tube disk973 in a longitudinal direction, but to allow relative rotational movement betweeninner tube bracket970 andinner tube disk973. In this manner, front-end portion960 is permitted to freely rotate relative toapplicator100 to thereby allow front-end portion960 to be positioned at a variety of different orientations relative toapplicator100.
• Referring toFIG. 32, it is shown thathousing964 includes astep974 for holdingouter tube104 in place against the pulling and expansion forces exerted during the anastomosis procedure.Outer tube104 may include anouter tube disk975 for resting againststep974.
• Referring toFIGS. 33A-33C and34-37, the operation of the current embodiment is depicted. A user can impart a pulling motion on cable950 (FIG. 36) by squeezinggrips921,922 of a handle portion920 (FIG. 52A). The initial pull ofcable950 moves the parts of front-end portion960 from the initial state shown inFIG. 33A, wherecam follower969 resides withinsection967a(FIG. 37) andcam follower971 resides withinsection966a(FIG. 35), to an expansion state shown inFIG. 33B, wherecam follower971 resides withinsection966bat a position where the distance x₂betweencam track966 and the perimeter ofcam961 is greater than the distance x₁betweencam track966 and the perimeter ofcam961 atposition966a. During this initial movement, rotation ofcam961 causesbracket970 and hence pulltube352 to move proximally relative toouter tube104 from the position ofFIG. 33A to the position ofFIG. 33B thereby expandingconnector200. During this movement,cam follower969 has not reachedsecond section967bofcam track967, and as a result, both inner andouter tubes102,104 are held stationary. A dwell incam961 can be designed prior to movement from the initial state to the expansion state so as to allow for bracket clearance and kinking incable950.
• As the user continues to pull oncable950,cam961 continues to rotate causing innertube cam follower971 to entersecond section967bofcam track967 and pulltube cam follower969 to travel farther alongsecond section966bofcam track966, at which point front-end portion960 moves from the expansion state to the compression state. As a result, both pulltube352 andinner tube102 simultaneously move proximally relative toouter tube104, thereby compressingconnector200 betweeninner tube102 andouter tube104. Pulltube352 is moved proximally withinner tube102 to ensure thatconnector200 is maintained in its expanded condition asconnector200 is compressed betweeninner tube102 andouter tube104.
• Ascable950 is further pulled,cam961 continues to rotate until innertube cam follower971 entersthird section967cand pulltube cam follower969 travels farther alongsection966bofcam track966, at which time pulltube352 andinner tube102 simultaneously move distally relative toouter tube104, thereby releasingconnector200 fromslots128,138 of inner andouter tubes102,104. Finally, ascable950 is further pulled, pulltube cam follower969 entersthird section966c, at which point pulltube352 is moved distally with respect to the inner andouter tubes102,104, thereby unexpanding inner andouter tubes102,104.
• The use ofdual cam961 converts a cable pull motion into a series of motions: first movinginner tube102 proximally to causeconnector200 to expand; then moving bothinner tube102 and pulltube352 proximally to compressconnector200; then followed by moving bothinner tube102 and pulltube352 distally to releaseconnector200 fromslots128,138; and finally moving pull tube distally to unexpand inner andouter tubes102,104.
• Dual Spring Actuation
• The second type of drive mechanism is a dual-spring mechanism. This mechanism has two features that allow for precise and adjustable control over the amount of connector expansion and the amount of compression of the staple elements of the connector. The dual-spring device relies on stored energy to return the inner tube and pull tube to their initial positions. The dual-spring mechanism generally requires a pull and release actuation source. Radial expansion of the connector is dictated by the gap between an expansion disk and the fingers on the front-end bracket. The distance between the compression disk and the interior shoulders on the turn grip determines the amount of compression of the staple elements.
• Referring now toFIG. 38, there is shown a dual-springhydraulic actuator670 in accordance with the present invention. Similar hydraulic actuators can be used to pull a cable connected to an expander, buthydraulic actuator670 shown inFIG. 38 operatesapplicator100 in a different manner than other hydraulically actuated embodiments described below. More particularly, in the embodiment ofFIG. 38,hydraulic actuator670 is capable of separately movingexpander300 andinner tube102.Expander300 may be directly connected to a first movable section672 (which may be a piston) via arod674. Preferablyrod674 is connected to expander300 by a threadedconnection316.Hydraulic actuator670 is also connected to, or engaged with,inner tube102 ofapplicator100 via second movable section676 (which may also be a piston) atlocation675. As a result,hydraulic actuator670 is capable of directly moving bothinner tube102 andexpander300.
• The embodiment ofFIG. 38 employs differential spring force to obtain the required movements ofexpander300 andinner tube102 from a single injection of hydraulic fluid. More specifically, firstmovable section672 is connected to secondmovable section676 via afirst spring678 and firstmovable section672 is mounted to be freely movable relative tohousing680 by a series of fluidly sealed mounts682. Secondmovable section676 is positioned for free movement withinhousing680 but is biased distally relative toouter tube104 by the force ofsecond spring684 mounted against alower surface686 ofhousing680.Second spring684 exerts a stronger downward force thanfirst spring678 whenhydraulic actuator670 is in its initial position.
• In operation, hydraulic fluid is injected viainlet686 intofluid chamber688 ofhousing680. The hydraulic fluid exerts an upward force againstcontact surface690 of firstmovable section672 to move firstmovable section672 proximally relative toouter tube104, which pullsexpander300 proximally to thereby expandapplicator100. Proximal movement of firstmoveable section672 also compressesfirst spring678 until the proximal force of compressedfirst spring678 equals the distal force applied bysecond spring684 at which point the intermediate state is reached.
• Once the proximal force of compressedfirst spring678 equals or exceeds the distal force ofsecond spring684 the proximal movement of firstmovable section672 is transferred viafirst spring678 to secondmovable section676. This results in proximal movement of bothexpander300 andinner tube102 to expandconnector200. Hydraulic fluid continues to be injected at the same rate until the release state is reached. The release state is reached when the proximal force exerted by the hydraulic fluid oncontact surface690 equalizes with the combined distal force exerted by compressed first andsecond springs678,684. At this point, the hydraulic fluid is discharged andhydraulic actuator670 returns to its final (and original) position by first uncompressinginner tube102 andouter tube104 by movingexpander300 andinner tube102 distally relative toouter tube104, and then unexpandinginner tube102 andouter tube104 by movingexpander300 distally relative toouter tube104.Surfaces692 and694 ofhousing680 ensure thathydraulic actuator670 returns to a consistent position in the final state.
• Referring toFIGS. 39A-39C, there is shown the operation of a device similar to the device ofFIG. 38, the only exception being that the hydraulic fluid is replaced by pulling acable696 to move firstmovable section672. A significant advantage of the embodiment ofFIGS. 39A-39C is that the arrangement shown, due to its radial symmetry, does not constrain rotation ofapplicator100 relative to the actuator and thus, the user has a greater degree of freedom in positioning the actuator relative toapplicator100 for difficult to reach anastomosis sites. In this embodiment,applicator100 can rotate 360 degrees relative to the actuator. In a preferred embodiment, a locking mechanism or frictional resistance can be employed to holdapplicator100 in a specific position relative to the actuator once the desired anastomosis site is selected. Such a locking mechanism or frictional resistance may be employed in any of the embodiments of the invention that permit free rotation of the actuator relative to the applicator, for this purpose.
• Referring now toFIGS. 40A-40C, there is shown the movement of a dual spring single leverstraight cam actuator750.Actuator750 is essentially the same asactuator670 ofFIG. 38, except that a single lever straight cam is employed to provide the distal movement of firstmovable portion752 of theactuator750, rather than the use of hydraulic fluid as in the embodiment ofFIG. 38.
• To provide the distal movement of firstmovable portion752, the single leverstraight cam actuator750 employs alever754 connected to firstmovable portion752.Lever754 is pivotally mounted atpivot point756 and includes acam follower758 adapted to followcam track760.Cam track760 is attached to acable762.
• To go from the initial state ofFIG. 40A to the expanded state ofFIG. 40B,cam track760 is pulled proximally relative tocable762 to causecam follower758 to move the proximal side oflever754 downwardly. Due to the pivotal mounting oflever754 atpivot point756, this motion causes the distal side oflever754 to move upwardly, thereby pulling firstmovable portion752 proximally relative toouter tube104 against the force offirst spring678. At this position, pulltube352 is drawn back proximally relative toouter tube104. Ascam track760 is moved further proximally relative tocable762,actuator750 moves from the expanded state ofFIG. 40B to the compression state ofFIG. 40C, thereby causing firstmovable portion752 to again move proximally relative toouter tube104. This movement, in turn, causes secondmovable portion676 to move proximally relative toouter tube104 by virtue of the connection of the first and second movable portions viafirst spring678. To return to the final state,cam track760 is moved back to the distal or initial position shown inFIG. 40A, thereby first uncompressinginner tube102 andouter tube104 by movingexpander300 andinner tube102 distally relative toouter tube104, and then unexpandinginner tube102 andouter tube104 by movingexpander300 distally relative toouter tube104. This type of cam and lever actuator can be adapted for use with any of the other embodiments of the invention described above by a person of ordinary skill in the art.
• Referring now toFIG. 41 there is shown a cutaway view of another embodiment of a dual-spring actuator1750 in accordance with the present invention. The dual-spring applicator1750 includes ahousing1752. Radial expansion of theconnector200 is dictated by movement of anexpansion disk1754 andfingers1756 on the front-end bracket1758. The amount of staple finger compression is determined by thedistance1760, shown inFIG. 42A, between thecompression disk1762 andinterior shoulders1764 on theturn grip1766 ofhousing1752.
• Compression disk1762 is threaded onto a proximal portion ofinner tube102. Front-end bracket1758 is threaded onto a proximal portion of expander rod ortube312a. Theexpansion disk1754 is connected to thecompression disk1762. Apre-tensioned spring1768 rests between the inside face of thecompression disk1762 and an interior wall inturn grip1766. As the front-end bracket1758 translates proximally, the expander rod ortube312awill move with it. Afterconnector200 is fully expanded by movement ofdistance1770 shown inFIG. 42B,fingers1756 on the front-end bracket1758contact expansion disk1754. Once this occurs,inner tube102 move in tandem with expander rod ortube312a(and front-end bracket1758) and translate untilcompression disk1762contacts shoulders1764 ofturn grip1766, at which time compression of theconnector200 is complete.
• The full movement sequence of the embodiment ofFIG. 41 is shown inFIGS. 43A-43D.FIG. 43A shows the initial position ofapplicator1750.FIG. 43B shows the connector expansion step.FIG. 43C shows the connector compression step andFIG. 43D shows the applicator returned to its initial position.
• For optimal maneuverability under port access conditions, and especially when working transvascularly, the activating mechanism should be as small as possible, preferably built within a catheter tip. One way to realize this is thedevice1500 shown inFIG. 44, which effects the desired sequence of first expanding the anvils to a larger diameter, and then moving together the paired anvils by simply pullingrod1502.Device1500 includes an outer tube having a bore and has adiaphragm1508 disposed therein, aninner tube102 having a bore and being disposed within the bore ofouter tube104, and a pullingrod1502 disposed within the bore ofinner tube102 andouter tube104. Pullingrod1502 includes anexpansion cone1504 on the distal end and aring1506 fixed more proximally. A primary, relativelyweak spring1510 is disposed betweenring1506 of pullingrod1502 anddiaphragm1508 ofouter tube104. A secondary, larger andstronger spring1512 encirclesprimary spring1510 and is disposed between the back end ofinner tube102 anddiaphragm1508 ofouter tube104.
• Inoperation device1500 works as follows. Pullingcentral rod1502 relative toouter tube104 initiates compression ofprimary spring1510. The stiffness ofsecondary spring1512 is chosen in such a way thatinner tube102 remains at the same position relative toouter tube104.Inner tube102 andouter tube104 andconnector200 start to expand. Whenexpansion cone1504 reaches a certain locking position withinner tube102, thesecondary spring1512 will start to be compressed. The force required to pull thecentral rod1504 will of course increase. Now,expansion cone1504 together with theinner tube102 will start moving relative to theouter tube104, and the joining means, e.g. staples, clips or the like, ofconnector200 will be deformed, while the expanded state is maintained. After thus deployingconnector200,central rod1502 is released. Consequently, first the anvils will move to their starting positions and finally theprimary spring1510 will reverse the expansion, permitting withdrawal ofdevice1500.
• It will be understood that the mechanism can take different configurations, while still relying on the same principles. For example,device1500 can be adapted in such a way that springs1510 and1512 are not positioned concentrically, but serially, or in another, different position. Also, the axial force in the distal direction, generated by the elastic deformation ofinner tube102 upon expansion, can be used instead ofspring1510.Ring1506 andspring1510 can thus be omitted without compromising functionality. Also, by tailoring the characteristics ofspring1510, other sequences of anvil expansion and moving the paired anvils towards each other can be effected, if desired.
• Single-Cam/Single-Spring Actuation
• A feature of this actuation mechanism is that it allows for precise and adjustable control of the amount of connector expansion. The cam track guides the pull tube from its initial position, to the expansion and compression positions, and back to its initial position, without the use of stored energy. The single-cam/single-spring actuation device generally requires a continuous pull from an actuation source for operation.
• The sequence of radial expansion of the connector followed by axial compression of the staple elements is governed by the amount of gap between the inner tube disk and the pull tube bracket, as well as the geometry of the cam track. The inner tube disk may be threaded onto the pull tube. A pre-tensioned spring rests between the inside face of the inner tube disk and an interior wall in the turn grip. Both sides of the cam have the same cam track in this device. The bosses on the bracket are constrained to follow the cam tracks. As the cam rotates, the bracket translates and pulls the pull tube with it. After the connector has expanded, the fingers on the bracket come in contact with the shoulder on the inner tube disk to cause the inner tube to move in tandem with the pull tube. The geometry of the turn grips and the pull tube bracket permit the front end to articulate. The dwell in the cam allows for bracket clearance and kinking in the cable.
• Referring now toFIG. 45, there is shown a cutaway view of a single-spring actuator730 in accordance with the present invention. The single-spring actuator730 includes ahousing732 connected toouter tube104 ofapplicator100. Located withinhousing730 is a firstmovable portion734 which is attached toexpander350. Also located withinhousing730 is a secondmovable portion736 which is attached toinner tube102. Aspring738 having a predetermined strength is located withinhousing732 and mounted to resist upward movement of secondmovable portion736 by virtue of contact betweenupper contact surface740 of secondmovable portion736 and the lower surface ofspring738.
• The single-spring actuator730 ofFIG. 45 is shown in the initial state. To go from the initial state to the intermediate state, a proximally directed force is exerted on connection means735 of firstmovable portion734 by any suitable method. The method shown is alever742. Initial proximal movement relative toouter tube104 of connection means735 will pull only expander350 proximally since firstmovable portion734 moves proximally throughchamber731 untilupper contact surface733 of firstmovable portion734 contactslower contact surface737 of secondmovable portion736. At this point,applicator100 is in the intermediate state.
• To go from the intermediate state to the deployed state, connection means735 is pulled further proximally causing further proximal movement of firstmovable portion734. By virtue of the contact between contact surfaces733,737, firstmovable portion734 pulls secondmovable portion736 proximally relative toouter tube104 to the deployed state thereby compressingspring738 by virtue ofsurface740. Secondmovable portion736 is, in turn, connected toinner tube102 and thus the proximal movement of secondmovable portion736 causes proximal movement ofinner tube102 relative to the outer tube104 (which is mounted to housing732). The deployed state is reached when either the proximal force onpull rod742 equalizes with the distal force exerted byspring738, the spring is fully compressed, or a stop is reached.
• To return from the deployed state to the final state, connection means735 is returned to its distal position, either by an external force or by removing the proximal force. In a preferred embodiment,surface739 of secondmovable portion736 returns to its original position in contact withhousing732 by way of the distal force supplied byspring738 acting uponsurface740. In this way, surfaces733 and737 maintain contact and firstmovable portion734 and secondmovable portion736, and correspondingly expander350 andinner tube102, return to the intermediate state in unison. Continued distal movement of connection means735 under an external force causes firstmovable portion734 to move throughchamber731 in secondmovable portion736 until first movable portion contacts surface740, at whichpoint expander350 andinner tube102 are restored to their original positions. The relative distances moved byexpander350 andinner tube102 are set by the relative locations of the contact surfaces involved.
• Activation Mechanism
• As discussed above,connector200 is deployed via two systems, the activation mechanism and the drive mechanism or actuator. The activation mechanism translates an input energy into a motion that drives the drive mechanism. The input energy may be any type known to one skilled in the art, and can include mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, or any other suitable energy. Preferably, the activation mechanism translates the input energy into either a pulling motion or a pulling and then a releasing motion that drives the drive mechanism. Different types of activation mechanisms are depicted graphically inFIGS. 46-51. Specific embodiments of activation mechanisms or handles are depicted inFIGS. 52-54 and55-58.
• Referring now toFIGS. 46A-46D, there is shown a spring drivenactivator400 for providing the required movements to expander350 using acable402 connected to the proximal end ofexpander350 using, for example, a threadedscrew338. In the ready state ofFIG. 46A, acompression spring404 is connected tocable402.Compression spring404 is under compression againstsurface406 on one side, and is held under compression byfirst motion switch408 holdingcable402 in position by any suitable mechanical means. Theentire activator400 may be anchored in a fixed position at410.
• To go from the initial state ofFIG. 46A to the intermediate state ofFIG. 46B and thereby cause expansion ofinner tube102, the user depressesfirst motion switch408 in the direction ofarrow412 ofFIG. 46A from the position shown inFIG. 46A to the position shown inFIG. 46B. Depression offirst motion switch408releases cable402 to permit the force ofcompression spring404 to pull cable402 a limited distance proximally as shown inFIG. 46B. Once the forces equalize, proximal motion stops andactivator400 reaches the intermediate state ofFIG. 46B. To go from the intermediate state to the release state,second motion switch414 is depressed againstspring416 as shown inFIG. 46B to release the force onsurface406 and thereby permitcompression spring404 to pullcable402 further proximally to the position shown inFIG. 46C.Second motion switch414 achieves this by restricting the motion ofbar418 untilsecond motion switch414 is depressed.Second motion switch414 returns to its original position in the release state shown inFIG. 46C by virtue of the action ofspring416 for the purpose of lockingbar418 in a fixed position.
• Cable402 is then released back to the final state by the action ofrelease mechanism420. More specifically,release mechanism420 is pivotally connected to plate407 atpivot point421.Release mechanism420 is also attached tocable402 byprotrusion422 as shown inFIG. 46A.Release mechanism420 includes aninclined surface424 which interacts withinclined surface426 ofmechanical stop428 as shown inFIG. 46C to causeprotrusion422 to releasecable402 and allowcable402 to return to the final state shown inFIG. 46D, at whichpoint expander350 andinner tube102 return to their original positions.
• Referring now toFIGS. 47A-47C, there is shown another embodiment of anactivator500 which employs two hingedarms504 and506 to generate the required motion ofexpander350 using acable502 connected to the proximal end ofexpander350 by, for example, a threadedscrew338. In this embodiment,cable502 is held under tension by hingedarms504,506 in the ready state via the connection ofrelease mechanism508 tocable502 viaprotrusion510, and the pivotal connection ofrelease mechanism508 topiston512 atpivot point511.Piston512 is, in turn, pivotally connected to hingedarms504,506 bypivotal connections514,516. Hingedarms504,506 also includepivotal connections524 and526 and are also pivotally connected to a fixedhousing528 bypivotal connections530,532.Housing528 may be fixed atanchor point534.
• First motion switch518 holdscable502 in position in the initial state ofFIG. 47A. Depression offirst motion switch518 in the direction ofarrow520 ofFIG. 47A releasescable502 and allows the tension exerted by hingedarms504,506 to pull cable502 a short distance proximally to the intermediate state ofFIG. 47B.
• To go from the intermediate state ofFIG. 47B to the final state ofFIG. 47C, force is exerted atpivotal connections524 and526 in the direction shown byarrows536,538 inFIG. 47B either directly by the user or via a suitable mechanical, electrical or other device which can be actuated by the user. The exertion of force atpivotal connections524,526 causes hingedarms504,506 to fully extend to the position shown inFIG. 47C. Initially, extension of hingedarms504,506 pullscable502 further proximally untilinclined surface509 ofrelease mechanism508 contacts inclinedsurface540 ofstop mechanism542. At that point,release mechanism508 is caused to disengage fromcable502, at whichpoint cable502 returns to its original position shown inFIG. 47C. In this embodiment,release mechanism508 also includes alock mechanism544 which engages withstop mechanism542 as shown inFIG. 47C to preventpiston512 from moving distally to its original position whencable502 moves distally.
• Referring now toFIGS. 48A-48C, there is shown yet another embodiment of anactivator550 in accordance with the present invention which employs a single hinged arm to generate the required motion ofexpander350 by virtue of pulling acable552 which may be connected to the proximal end ofexpander350 by, for example, a threadedscrew338. In this embodiment,cable552 is held under tension by hingedarm554 in the ready state via the connection ofrelease mechanism558 tocable552 viaprotrusion560, and the pivotal connection ofrelease mechanism558 topiston562 atpivot point557.Piston562 is, in turn, pivotally connected to hingedarm554 bypivot556. Hingedarm554 also includespivot564 and is also pivotally connected tohousing566 atpivot568.Housing566 may be fixed atanchor point570.
• First motion switch572 holdscable552 in position in the initial state ofFIG. 48A. Depression offirst motion switch572 in the direction ofarrow574 ofFIG. 48A releasescable552 and allows the tension exerted by hingedarm554 to pull cable552 a short distance proximally to the intermediate state ofFIG. 48B.
• To go from the intermediate state ofFIG. 48B to the final state ofFIG. 48C, force is exerted onarm extension576 of hingedarm554 in the direction ofarrows578 inFIG. 48B either directly by the user or via a suitable mechanical, electrical or other device which can be actuated by the user. The exertion of force onarm extension576 causes hingedarm554 to extend to the position shown inFIG. 48C. Initially, extension of hingedarm554 pullscable552 further proximally untilinclined surface559 ofrelease mechanism558 contacts inclinedsurface580 ofstop mechanism582. At that point,release mechanism558 is caused to disengage fromcable552, at whichpoint cable552 returns distally to the position of the final state shown inFIG. 48C. In this embodiment,release mechanism558 also includes alock mechanism584 which engages withstop mechanism582 as shown inFIG. 48C to preventpiston562 from moving back distally to its original position whencable552 moves distally to the final state.
• Referring now toFIGS. 49A-49D, there is shown another embodiment of anactivator600 in accordance with the present invention which employs afreewheel604 to generate the required motion ofexpander350 by virtue of pulling acable602 which may be connected to the proximal end ofexpander350 by, for example, a threadedscrew338. In this embodiment,cable602 is held under tension to freewheel604 in the ready state via the connection ofrelease mechanism608 tocable602 viaprotrusion610, and the pivotal connection ofrelease mechanism608 to freewheel604 atpivot point606.Freewheel604 is biased to rotate in a clockwise direction inFIGS. 49A-49D by, for example, a spring (not shown).
• Freewheel604 is initially held in position bymotion switch612 in the initial state ofFIG. 49A by engagement of theready switch612 with bothfreewheel604 andhousing616.Housing616 may be fixed by anchoring it atanchor point618. Depression ofmotion switch612 in the direction ofarrow614 ofFIG. 49A releasescable602 and allows the tension exerted by spring-loadedfreewheel604 to pull the cable602 a short distance proximally to the intermediate state ofFIG. 49B by rotation offreewheel604 in a clockwise direction.
• To go from the intermediate state ofFIG. 49B to the release state ofFIG. 49C, force is exerted by the user onfreewheel604 in the direction ofarrow619 ofFIG. 49B to cause further clockwise rotation offreewheel604 to the release state ofFIG. 49C to thereby causecable602 to move further proximally.Force619 can be exerted either directly by the user or via a suitable mechanical, electrical or other device which can be actuated by the user.
• To go from the release state ofFIG. 49C to the final state ofFIG. 49D, the user continues to exert force in the direction ofarrow619 to cause further clockwise rotation offreewheel604. Further rotation offreewheel604 causesinclined surface609 ofrelease mechanism608 to contactinclined surface620 ofstop mechanism622. At that point,release mechanism608 is caused to disengage fromcable602 by pivoting aboutpivot point610 at whichpoint cable602 returns distally to the position of the final state shown inFIG. 26D. In this embodiment,housing616 preferably includes amechanical stop624 to preventmotion switch612 and thus freewheel604 from rotating in a clockwise direction beyond the position reached in the final state ofFIG. 49D.
• Referring now toFIGS. 50A-50C, there is shown another embodiment of anactivator630 in accordance with the present invention which employsfreewheel634 to generate the required motion ofexpander350 by virtue of pullingcable632 which may be connected to the proximal end ofexpander350 by, for example, a threadedscrew338. In this embodiment,cable632 is held under tension to freewheel634 in the initial state via the connection ofcable632 tocam follower636 located incam638 offreewheel634.Freewheel634 is biased to rotate in a clockwise direction inFIGS. 50A-50C by, for example, a spring (not shown).
• Freewheel634 is held in position bymotion switch642 in the initial state ofFIG. 50A by engagement ofmotion switch642 with bothfreewheel634 andhousing646.Housing646 may be fixed by anchoring it atanchor point648. Depression ofmotion switch642 in the direction ofarrow644 ofFIG. 50A releasescable632 and allows the tension exerted by spring-loadedfreewheel634 to pull cable632 a short distance proximally to the intermediate state ofFIG. 50B by rotation offreewheel634 in a clockwise direction as shown byarrow649. Rotation offreewheel634 pullscable632 by movement ofcam follower636 incam638 ofrotating freewheel634. The initial movement of thecam follower636 incam638 pullscable632 overmechanical stop647 which is attached tohousing646, thereby moving cable632 a short distance proximally as shown inFIG. 50B.
• To go from the intermediate state ofFIG. 50B to the final state ofFIG. 50C,cam follower636 reaches a point shown inFIG. 50B where the tension oncable632 will causecam follower636 to continue movement alongcam638 and cause further rotation offreewheel634 in a clockwise direction to the position ofFIG. 50C. Due to the nature ofcam638,cable632 returns to the final state shown inFIG. 50C by the action ofcam follower636 followingcam638.Mechanical stop647 extends downwardly as shown in the figures to preventmotion switch642, and thus freewheel634, from rotating in a clockwise direction beyond the position reached in the final state ofFIG. 50C.
• Referring now toFIGS. 51A-51D, there is shown another embodiment of anactivator650 in accordance with the present invention which employs afreewheel654 to generate the required motion ofexpander350 by virtue of pulling acable652 which may be connected to the proximal end ofexpander350 by, for example, a threadedscrew338. In this embodiment,cable652 is held under tension to freewheel654 in the initial state via the connection ofcable652 directly to freewheel654 by apivotal connection656.Freewheel654 is biased to rotate in a clockwise direction inFIGS. 51A-51D by, for example, a spring (not shown).
• Freewheel654 is initially held in position bymotion switch662 in the ready state ofFIG. 51A by engagement ofmotion switch662 with bothfreewheel654 andhousing666.Housing666 may be fixed by anchoring it atanchor point668. Depression ofmotion switch662 in the direction ofarrow664 ofFIG. 51A releasescable652 and allows the tension exerted by spring-loadedfreewheel654 to pull cable652 a short distance proximally to the intermediate state ofFIG. 51B by rotation offreewheel654 in a clockwise direction as shown byarrow669. Rotation offreewheel654 pullscable652 by movement ofpivotal connection656 ofrotating freewheel654. The initial movement ofpivotal connection656 pulls cable652 a short distance proximally as shown inFIG. 51B.
• To go from the intermediate state ofFIG. 51B to the release state ofFIG. 51C, further rotation offreewheel654 causespivotal connection656 to reach a point shown inFIG. 51C wherecable652 moves distally and returns to the final state shown inFIG. 51D.Mechanical stop667 preventsmotion switch662, and thus freewheel654, from rotating in a clockwise direction beyond the position reached in the final state ofFIG. 51D.
• In addition to the embodiments described schematically inFIGS. 46-51, a rack and pinion and extension spring system may be employed to pull on a cable or pullingtube350. In this embodiment, the cable or pullingtube350 is pivotally attached to a lever, which, in turn, is pivotally attached to a rack that is housed within a housing. A spring-loaded pinion is rotatably mounted to the housing and is provided with pinion teeth for engagement of the rack. The pinion may be held in the initial position by any suitable mechanical or electrical actuation device. To operate such a rack and pinion device, the pinion is initially held in a first position. The pinion is released, whereupon the pinion832 rotates and pulls the rack which, in turn, causes the cable or pull tube to move proximally to expand theinner tube102 and then compressconnector200. The pinion continues to rotate until the pinion teeth disengage from the teeth of rack, thereby allowing the rack and thus the cable or pulltube350 to return to its initial position. A return spring may be provided on the rack to help return the rack to its original position.
• Shape Memory Mechanism
• In addition to the embodiments described above, an activator can be designed using shape memory alloys. Shape memory alloys may be made from nickel and titanium, an example being Nitinol. These alloys have a unique ability to contract when heated. The shape memory alloys return to their original state upon cooling to room temperature. The contractibility allows the shape memory alloy wires to exert a force that can be exploited to drive one of the mechanisms described above, or to drive the pull tube and inner tube directly. For example, a shape memory alloy wire or an array of shape memory alloy wires could be directly attached to each of the inner and pull tubes. Electrical means could be used to heat the shape memory alloy material. The resultant decrease in the length of the shape memory alloy of the wires would then be employed to independently drive the movements of the inner and pull tubes, including the movement required for deformation of the staple elements of the connector. Since the shape memory alloy wires return to their original length upon cooling, no additional means is required to return the inner and pull tubes to their original position once anastomosis is complete. One potential advantage of the shape memory alloy activator, is that it would permit a miniaturized or compact activator that could be suitable for use, for example, in endoscopic procedures.
• Handles
• Referring toFIGS. 52-54, there is shown details of ahandle portion920 ofactivator900 or901 (FIGS. 1-2).Handle portion920 of this embodiment has the advantage that it provides direct, positive feedback to the user indicative of the motions of front-end portion960. As a result, the user has more control of the process and can be informed of the current state of the anastomosis byhandle portion920.
• Handle portion920 includes twogrips921,922 hingedly attached to one another at the rear923 ofhandle portion920.Handle portion920 can be fabricated to any suitable size but is preferably fabricated such that grips921,922 can each be actuated by pressure exerted by the hand of the user. As a result, squeezinggrips921,922 ofhandle portion920 between the thumb and the middle and index finger of the user can actuatehandle portion920.Grips921,922 may include a roughened ortextured portion928 on the surface thereof to facilitate gripping by the user.
• As seen inFIGS. 52A-52B grip921 has alinkage924 fixedly connected to grip921 by apivotal connection925 which allowslinkage924 to pivot relative togrip921.Grip922, has alinkage926 fixedly connected to grip922 by apivotal connection927 which allowslinkage926 to pivot relative togrip922. Referring toFIG. 52B,linkage924 connects to a sliding join934awithlinkage929 andlinkage926 connects to a sliding join934bwithlinkage930. The sliding join934abetweenlinkage924 andlinkage929 is mounted for sliding movement in aslot931 ofgrip922. Similarly, the sliding join934bbetweenlinkage926 andlinkage930 is mounted for sliding movement in a slot932 (FIG. 53) ofgrip921.
• The mounting of sliding linkages inslots931,932 provides two advantages forhandle portion920. First, the movement of sliding linkages inslots931,932 provides direct feedback to the user indicating the extent of movement of theapplicator100 and/orexpander300 or350 since the user can view or feel the position of the sliding linkages inslots931,932 while using theactivator900 or901. Second, the connection oflinkages924,926,929 and930 to bothgrips921,922 helps to ensure that both sets of linkages move together at the same pace to provide a consistent motion of the various moving parts ofactivator900. Such a movement is ensured because the connection oflinkages924,926,929 and930 to bothgrips921,922 require thatgrips921,922 move together simultaneously and will thereby substantially prevent movement of one ofgrips921,922 without corresponding movement of the other ofgrips921,922.
• Referring toFIG. 52B,linkages929,930 are mounted on aslidable linkage933, which also requireslinkages929,930 to move together as a unit.Slidable linkage933 is fixedly mounted inrear shuttle935.Handle portion920 includes a front shuttle936 in addition torear shuttle935. Rear andfront shuttles935,936 together form a reciprocating element which is capable of reciprocating motion withinhandle portion920. Front shuttle936 is connected torear shuttle935 by aspring941 which permits a slight separation between front shuttle936 andrear shuttle935 for the purpose of absorbing slack in the system. In this manner, a smooth even pull of cable or pulltube352 can be ensured even thoughhandle portion920 may be connected via aflexible connection903 to front-end portion960.
• Handle portion920 may also include a leaf spring ratchet as shown inFIG. 52C connected to spring941 and composed of atrack937 and anengagement device938 which rides intrack937 to ensure one-way movement of the cable or pull tube.Engagement device938 of the leaf spring ratchet is located in a fixed position except thatengagement device938 has the ability to move up and down to slide alongtrack937. As therear shuttle portion935 slides proximally as shown inFIGS. 53-54,track937, which is part ofrear shuttle portion935, also slides proximally allowingengagement device938 to ride upslopes939 oftrack937 untilengagement device938 reaches the proximal-most edge of thenext slope939 and drops into one of theslots940 oftrack937. The dropping ofengagement device938 into aslot940 intrack937 prevents therear shuttle935 from moving distally during the anastomosis procedure and thus prevents a reversal of the motion of cable or pulltube352 in the middle of the procedure in the event the user stops the application of force to handleportion920 for any reason. This ratchet feature allows the user tohand handle portion920 to another person during the procedure, for example.
• Handle portion920 is connected viaconnection902,903 to front-end portion960 as shown in eitherFIG. 1 orFIG. 2. Acable950, shown inFIG. 36, connects front shuttle936 ofhandle portion920 tocam961 of front-end portion960. As shown inFIG. 36,cable950 is positioned inside aslot962 incam961 in such a manner that pulling oncable950 will cause rotation ofcam961 through an arc of preferably about 100 degrees. Theend951 ofcable950 is fixed inhole963 incam961. This arrangement allows remote actuation of front-end portion960 byhandle portion920 in, for example, the embodiment ofFIG. 2.
• Referring now toFIGS. 55A-55B, there is shown an alternative embodiment of an activator1600 which employs a squeeze and release design. As shown inFIGS. 55A-55B, activator1600 includes alever1602, alink1604, asheath1606 and ahousing1608. The interior parts of activator1600 ofFIGS. 55A-55B are shown inFIGS. 56A-56E.
• The handle of activator1600 is designed for actuation by a single squeeze and release to accomplish all of the necessary motions to complete an anastomosis. In a preferred embodiment, activator1600 is designed for use with a dual-spring mechanism to pull cable1620 a predetermined distance and then permitcable1620 to return to its initial position by releasingcable1620.
• Referring toFIG. 57A, which shows the initial position of activator1600, it can be seen thatcable1620, which extends throughsheath1606, includes acrimp1622. Agap1624 exists betweencrimp1622 and asurface1613 of amovable body portion1611 when activator1600 is in the initial position ofFIG. 57A. Thegap1624 allows for relative motion between thecrimp1622 andsurface1613 that occurs whenflexible sheath1606 is bent during normal use.Bending sheath1606, which containscable1620, causes relative motion between the two components.Gap1624 prevents the relative motion between thecable1620 andsheath1606 from initiating the actuation of the drive mechanism before squeezing thelevers1602 of the handle. Thus, the initial squeeze oflevers1602 closesgap1624 betweensurface1613 and crimp1622 by the pushing force exerted bylinks1626,1628 against thesurface1615 ofbody portion1611 to movebody portion1611 to the position shown inFIG. 57B. As a result of the movement ofbody portion1611 proximally from the position ofFIG. 57A to the position ofFIG. 57B,feet1617 oflegs1612 ofbody portion1611 move relative to ratchet1610, as shown.Ratchet1610 preventsbody portion1611 from moving back distally since feet1617 (FIG. 56D) ofbody portion1611 engage withteeth1609 ofratchet1610. Oncegap1624 is closed, the pulling force exerted onbody portion1611 will be transferred tocable1620 viasurface1613 ofbody portion1611.Legs1612 will flex in, and allowfeet1617 to ride onteeth1609 ofratchet1610 during closure oflevers1602.
• Continuing to squeezelevers1602 moves activator1600 from the position shown inFIG. 57B to the position shown inFIG. 57C. During this phase of actuation, fulcrum points1627,1629 (FIG. 57C) onlinks1626,1628 engage withbody portion1611 to causelinks1626,1628 to be deflected from a position parallel tobody portion1611, as shown inFIG. 57B, to a position at an angle tobody portion1611, as shown inFIG. 57C. This deflection oflinks1626,1628 causeslinks1626,1628 to ride up onsurface1615 offins1619 ofbody portion1611 to an intermediate position shown inFIG. 57C, while at the same time exerting a further force onsurface1615 ofbody portion1611 to continue movement ofbody portion1611 proximally.Legs1612 continue to flex inwardly to allowfeet1617 to continue to ride onteeth1609 ofratchet1610 during this phase of movement.
• The final phase of actuation causes movement of activator1600 to the position shown inFIG. 57D. As can be seen fromFIG. 57D,body portion1611 has traveled further proximally from the position shown inFIG. 57C andlinks1626 and1628 have ridden further alongsurface1615 ofbody portion1611 to allowlevers1602 to be fully closed. In the position ofFIG. 57D,legs1612 andfeet1617 ofbody portion1611 have come free ofratchet1610. Sincelegs1612 were biased inwardly byratchet1610 while riding inratchet1610, oncelegs1612 are free ofratchet1610 they expand freely to a width that exceeds the width ofratchet1610, as shown inFIG. 57D. This action permits activator1600 to be returned to the initial position oflevers1602 sincefeet1617 oflegs1612 can now ride on smoothouter surfaces1605,1607 ofratchet1610 and thusfeet1617 will not engage withteeth1609 ofratchet1610 during the return movement. This permits the user to simply let go of thelevers1602 to release the device.
• Return relies on the compression in thesheath1606 and loads from the front-end mechanism. Specifically,sheath1606 may be a relatively rigid, but compressible material such thatsheath1606 essentially maintains the spacing between the activator1600 and a dual-spring mechanism employed to maintain tension oncable1620.Sheath1606 also has some compressibility to take up some excess travel ofcable1620 since at a certain point, depending on the initial bend in thesheath1606,sheath1606 will compress beforecable1620 can travel any further. In this arrangement,sheath1606 functions similar to a relatively rigid spring.
• FIG. 58 shows a single squeeze mechanism which allows thelinks1626,1628 to release fromsurface1615 ofbody portion1611. More particularly, the portion oflinks1626,1628 that engagessurface1615 ofbody portion1611 rides to a location beyond the end ofsurface1615 as shown inFIG. 58 so thatbody portion1611 is no longer engaged withlinks1626,1628. As a result,body portion1611 is permitted to return to the starting position as a result of the force in the compression of thesheath1606. This embodiment employs thinner fins1619athan thefins1619 of the embodiment ofFIGS. 55A-57D such that thebody portion1611 is free to return to the starting position.
• The various embodiments of the devices of the present invention described above, can be interchanged to provide various combinations of the activator, expander and applicator. Thus, different activators can be used with different expanders and/or activators within the scope of the present invention and the person skilled in the art would be able to adapt a given activator for use with a particular expander or applicator.
• The use of the applicator, expander and activator of the present invention will now be described in relation to a pseudo end-to-side anastomosis procedure, while keeping in mind that this procedure is easily translated into a transluminal end-to-side or end-to-end anastomosis. What is meant by a pseudo end-to-side anastomosis is a side-to-side anastomosis, which is converted to an end-to-side anastomosis by closing the free end of the graft, downstream of the anastomosis, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,496. Referring toFIGS. 59-62, a pseudo end-to-side anastomosis procedure is depicted. In the first step of the procedure,applicator100 is inserted into oneend981 ofvessel graft980, shown in partial cross-section inFIG. 59.Applicator100 is then inserted through ahole982 in the sidewall ofgraft980, having dimensions in a range suitable for the size ofapplicator100, while theproximal anvils108 remain within the lumen ofgraft980, such that the distal end ofapplicator100 withdistal anvils112 protrudes fromhole982 in the sidewall ofgraft980 as shown inFIG. 59. This is easily effected in a correctly sized hole, due to the elasticity of tissue, which results in a preferred position of the hole around the most slender part ofapplicator100. As a result, staple-like elements202 ofconnector200 are correctly positioned relative to the edges ofhole982 in the sidewall ofgraft980.
• In the next step of the process, shown inFIG. 60, the distal end ofapplicator100 is inserted into ahole986 in the sidewall oftarget vessel984, also having dimensions in a range suitable for the size ofapplicator100, such thatdistal anvils112 are completely inside the lumen ofvessel984. Again, as a result, staple-like elements202 ofconnector200 are consequently also correctly positioned relative to the edges ofhole986 in the sidewall oftarget vessel984. At this point,applicator100 is actuated to cause expansion and movement ofinner tube102 relative toouter tube104 as discussed above. The combination of expansion and movement ofinner tube102 causesconnector200 to pierce and engage with the sidewalls of graft vein orartery980 andartery984 as described above.Applicator100, in the release state, after expansion and staple closure ofconnector200 is shown inFIG. 61. Withconnector200 in its expanded and compressed position, a fluid connection is created betweenhole982 in the sidewall ofgraft vein980 andhole986 in the sidewall oftarget vessel984.
• At this point,applicator100 is removed to disengageconnector200 fromapplicator100, andapplicator100 is removed from the anastomosis site via theend981 ofgraft vein980. In the final step, to complete the anastomosis, end981 ofgraft vein980 is sutured closed bysutures988 as shown inFIG. 62, or alternatively clipped together by a hemoclip, or closed by an endoluminal plug, a suture loop or by any other means, such as diathermia or ultrasound known in the art to reliably close a blood vessel.
• As mentioned, it will be understood that the same method can be used to realize a true end-to-side anastomosis, for example using a trans-luminal catheter-carryingdevice1500 as shown inFIG. 44. In this case,device1500, which is properly sized relative to the diameter ofopen end981 ofgraft980, is moved throughgraft980 and positioned insideend981, such that only the distal portion ofdevice1500 carryingdistal anvils112 is disposed outend981. If necessary, the diameter ofopen end981 can be reduced to better fit the diameter ofapplicator100, for example, by slightly constricting it with a an elastic band or purse-string suture, which stretches or breaks upon the subsequent expansion.Device1500 is then inserted intotarget vessel984 and actuated as described above. Using the same principles, it is possible to create an end-to-end anastomosis with a properly dimensioned device likedevice1500.
• Internal Side-to-Side Anastomosis
• Making internal side-to-side anastomosis requires two important steps: the creation of correctly sized holes in the vessels to be joined, and the subsequent introduction in the graft and in the target vessel of the device. The requirement of unobstructed blood flow through the resulting anastomosis, implicating an anastomotic orifice at least equal to the cross sectional area of the target coronary after potential recoil of the expanded ring, as well as after being covered with neo-intima as part of the body healing response, shows that the initial anastomotic orifice should be oversized relative to the target vessel. This over-sizing requirement generates additional difficulties, like the need for a bigger size applicator in a vessel, which is consequently more difficult to introduce. From a surgical point of view, the method should require minimal manipulation and be suitable for a reliable check of each subsequent step, like visual or echographic inspection to optimally and safely suit endoscopic or combined endoscopic and percutaneous transvascular application, or even total percutaneous application. Two deployment methods are described below that accomplish these goals.
• Semi-Axial Introduction
• Semi-axial introduction is a method for achieving internal side-to-side anastomosis. The semi-axial introduction method requires insertion ofapplicator100, preloaded withgraft980, in an axial direction intotarget vessel984, followed by a rotation to a substantially perpendicular position relative to targetvessel984.FIGS. 63A-63K show aspects of the semi-axial introduction method.FIGS. 63A and 63B show the steps of preloadingapplicator100 withgraft980.Applicator100 is inserted into thefree end981 ofgraft vessel980, after making a hole or anincision982 in the graft. At the distal end ofapplicator100 is anosepiece1002 and several sets of anvil pairs108,112, depicted schematically. Aconnector200, not shown, would be located on the outside ofinner tube102 betweenanvils108 andanvils112, as shown in other figures in the present application.Nosepiece1002 is pressed againstside hole982.FIG. 63B showsnosepiece1002 andanvils112 pushed throughside hole982. In this embodiment,nosepiece1002 is streamlined and conical in shape in order to facilitate pushingnosepiece1002,distal anvils112 and part ofconnector200 throughside hole982.
• FIG. 63C showsnosepiece1002 andapplicator100 being positioned substantially parallel to targetvessel984 and hole orincision986 to thereby positionconnector200 substantially parallel to the target vessel.FIG. 63D showsnosepiece1002 anddistal anvils112 advanced to a position whereat a portion ofconnector200 is advanced intohole986.
• FIG. 63E showsapplicator100 in position for expansion and deformation ofconnector200.Connector200 is preferably actuated when it is positioned substantially perpendicular to targetvessel984 andhole986. This requiresapplicator100 to be brought from the substantially parallel position to a perpendicular position, relative to targetvessel984. At this point,applicator100 is actuated to expand and cause movement ofanvils112 ofinner tube102 relative toanvils108 ofouter tube104. The combination of expansion and movement ofinner tube102 causesconnector200 to expand and engage the sidewalls ofgraft vessel980 andtarget vessel984.
• In order to avoid damage to the interior oftarget vessel984,nosepiece1002 is movable from a first position, parallel to the axis ofapplicator100 during insertion, to a second position, at an angle to the axial line ofapplicator100. In a preferred embodiment, during actuation ofconnector200,nosepiece1002 separates fromconnector200 and remains attached toapplicator100 by atether1004.Tether1004 provides mobility fornosepiece1002 thereby preventing possible damage that may be caused during the actuation ofconnector200.Tether1004 may be constructed of either an elastic string, or a spring. Alternatively,nosepiece1002 may be attached via a non-elastic cord that can be released before actuation ofconnector200. Additionally,nosepiece1002 can be constructed with a magnetic material and be released and attached toapplicator100 with magnetic force.
• A potential problem with the method ofrotating applicator100 to a perpendicular position relative to the target vessel described above is that it requires the diameter of distal portion ofapplicator100 to be smaller, or at most equal to the inner diameter of thetarget vessel984. Otherwise,distal anvils112 may become wedged intotarget vessel984 and the back wall oftarget vessel984 may become stuck around the distal end ofapplicator100, as shown inFIG. 63F. This may cause the back wall oftarget vessel984 to be pulled toward the upper wall oftarget vessel984 and, as shown inFIG. 63G, through actuation ofconnector200 become stapled to the upper wall oftarget vessel984 andgraft vessel980, thus permanently closing the target vessel in one direction. This is undesirable, since in many situations, including surgical myocardial revascularization, the target vessel should be open in both directions. The described phenomenon tends to occur with large applicators, relative to the target vessel, and therefore interferes with the required over-sizing of the anastomosis as described above.
• One solution to the aforementioned problem is the addition ofshield1006 tonosepiece1002, shown inFIGS. 63H and 63I. As shown inFIGS. 63J and 63K,shield1006 prevents the back wall oftarget vessel984 from holding ontodistal anvils112 by holding the vessel wall away fromdistal anvils112.
• To preventnosepiece1002 from becoming wedged withintarget vessel984 and therefore complicating withdrawal, radius R₁ofnosepiece1002 in the area of therounded front portion1008 ofapplicator100 may be reduced in relation to the radius R₂of thenosepiece1002 in the area of theshield1006, thereby resulting in an oval cross-section ofnosepiece1002, shown, for example, inFIG. 63H. Alternatively,nosepiece1002 may have other means to reduce its diameter, for example by being deflatable, or by being deformable.
• As shown inFIG. 63H, to facilitate the introduction ofapplicator100 intotarget vessel984,applicator100 has arounded front portion1008, which streamlines the overall contour of the distal end ofapplicator100.Nosepiece1002 has a concave back that fits intofront portion1008. Additionally, therounded front portion1008 facilitates the pivoting motion of thenosepiece1002 whenapplicator100 is moved to the perpendicular position shown inFIG. 63K. As shown inFIG. 63K, whenapplicator100 is in a perpendicular position,shield1006 andnosepiece1002 are substantially parallel to the back end oftarget vessel984.Nosepiece1002 andshield1006 may be connected centrally to the distal end ofapplicator100 by a string or flexible tubing, which may be elastic, or a spring, in a manner similar to thetether1004 ofFIGS. 63E and 63G. Alternatively,nosepiece1002 andshield1006 can be connected eccentrically via a connection from the tip ofshield1006 to a suitable part ofapplicator100. In such acase nosepiece1002 can be held in place by additional means, such as magnetic force. Additionally, connecting thenosepiece1002 at the proximal tip ofshield1006 may facilitate withdrawal ofapplicator100, by preventingshield1006 from hooking under theconnector200.
• Perpendicular Introduction
• Perpendicular introduction is a second method for achieving internal side-to-side anastomosis. The perpendicular introduction method requires a motion in a direction, perpendicular to the axis ofapplicator100, to insert toe1010 (oranvil112 in case of absence of insertion shoe1010) ofapplicator100, which is tilted only slightly relative to the target vessel and has been preloaded withgraft980, intohole986 oftarget vessel984, followed by a slight rotation back to a more perpendicular position relative to the target vessel.FIGS. 64A-64D show aspects of the perpendicular introduction method.
• FIG. 64A showsapplicator100 inserted into the free end ofgraft vessel980 and pushed through side hole orincision982 inside out. The axiallyasymmetric insertion foot1010 shown here is optional. Anapplicator100 without any nosepiece or insertion foot may also be used with this technique.FIG. 64B shows the embodiment with aninsertion shoe1010.Insertion shoe1010 is brought out throughside hole982 by passing out of the rounded part ofshoe1010 first.
• Next, as shown inFIG. 64C,preloaded applicator100 is brought to thetarget vessel984 and tilted to some degree towards the toe ofshoe1010. The tip ofshoe1010 is then pushed intohole986 oftarget vessel984 until the anvils adjacent on that side ofapplicator100 are inside thetarget vessel984.
• Next, as shown inFIG. 64D,applicator100 is tilted backwards to a substantially perpendicular position to insert the heel ofshoe1010 and adjacent anvils on that side ofapplicator100 as well. Applying some traction on the surrounding tissue with an instrument, like a surgical forceps, may facilitate proper introduction ofapplicator100.
• Using either the semi-axial introduction method or the perpendicular introduction method,applicator100 is activated to realize the anastomosis, andapplicator100 is subsequently withdrawn, and the free end ofgraft vessel980 is closed withsuture1011, as show inFIG. 65A, orclip1012, as shown inFIG. 65B, or any other vessel closing means. Alternatively, an additional anastomosis can be made with the same graft further downstream in order to create a jump graft.
• Part of the semi-axial introduction method or the perpendicular introduction method is the proper sequence of actions during actuation ofconnector200, which causes stapling or connection of the graft vessel to the target vessel. Any of the following sequences can be used as part of the semi-axial introduction method or the perpendicular introduction method described hereunder: first expansion of theconnector200 via expansion, then deformation of the staples, clips or the like to clampgraft vessel980 andtarget vessel984 together; the simultaneous expansion and deformation of the staples, clips or the like to connectgraft vessel980 andtarget vessel984; first deformation of the staples, clips or the like, followed by expansion ofconnector200 and deformation ofconnector200 without any expansion. The sequence of expansion first followed by deformation ofconnector200 is the preferred sequence, however, due to the increased reliability of tissue positioning between the anvils before deformation of theconnector200, minimizing the chance of miscapture of tissue.
• Also important is the precise way the tissue is engaged byconnector200. Any of the following ways can be used as part of the methods: complete tissue penetration of the tips of the connecting means; partial tissue penetration; or clamping of the tissue only, without tissue penetration. However, like hand suturing, complete tissue penetration is the preferred way due to the increased strength of the tissue bond that is effected, as well as the guaranteed capturing of all vessel wall layers (adventitia, media and intima), which is an important surgical principle to minimize the chance of complications like tissue escape or vessel wall delamination.
• Also important is the orientation of the staples, clips or the like relative to the axis of thetarget vessel984.Connectors200 suitable for anastomoses with coronary arteries, will often feature eight pairs of staples, clips or the like, forexample staples1014 shown inFIG. 65C, spaced equally onconnector200. As discussed above,connector200 may have more or lessstaple elements202, depending upon the size of the anastomosis. For example, for smaller vessels,connector200 may have seven or lessstaple elements202, or for larger vessels,connector200 may have nine or morestaple elements202. In each case,applicator100 preferably would include a number ofanvils108,112 that correspond to the number ofstaple elements202. While any orientation may lead to good results, the orientation shown inFIG. 65C with the central axis oftarget vessel984 between two adjoining staples is the preferred position. The orientation relative to the grafted vessel is generally less important.
• Guide Wire Methods
• The semi-axial introduction method and the perpendicular introduction method described above is also applicable to and can benefit from guide wire methods.
• Semi Axial Introduction
• Preloading is done by insertingguide tube1018, as shown inFIG. 66A, with a rounded (non-traumatic) end into the lumen ofgraft vessel980 through its free end. One end ofguide tube1018 is pushed against the wall ofgraft vessel980 at the desired spot of the anastomosis, andstiff guide wire1020 is advanced throughguide tube1018 and pushed to penetrate the wall ofgraft vessel980 creating ahole982.Guide tube1018 is then removed fromgraft vessel980.
• After removingguide tube1018 fromgraft vessel980,applicator100 is advanced overguide wire1020, as shown inFIG. 65B. Theapplicator100 is provided with a properly dimensioned central cylindrical hole extending its entire length for accepting the guide wire. To facilitate the advancement ofapplicator100, acutting edge1022, as shown inFIGS. 66A and 66B, may be built intonosepiece1002. As shown inFIG. 66A, cuttingedge1022 is kept within the contour line ofnosepiece1002. Consequently, cuttingedge1022 can only cut when forced through a small hole and cannot damage the tubular inside of thetarget vessel984.
• Alternatively, as shown inFIGS. 66C and 66D, cuttingedge1022 may be built into a separate,conical rod1024, which is advanced overguide wire1020 to createhole982.Rod1024 is then removed andapplicator100 is advanced overguide wire1020. In alternative embodiments,nosepiece1002 may be attached toapplicator100 by a thin walled,flexible tube1028, shown inFIG. 65E. Preferably,tube1028 extends some distance in front ofnosepiece1002. Also,thin shield1006, shown inFIGS. 63H and 63I, may be added to thenosepiece1002.Cutting edge1022 may be attached tonosepiece1002 orrod1024.Cutting edge1022 may also be used withoutguide wire1020.
• Guide wire1020 will then penetrate the wall of thetarget vessel984, or be inserted into a previously made arteriotomy. Alternatively,guide wire1020 may be removed and theapplicator100 may be advanced over asecond guide wire1026 coming out of thetarget vessel984, as shown inFIG. 66E.Second guide wire1026 may be brought into the bloodstream at a location distant from the operative site, like a percutaneous insertion site in the femoral artery in the groin, and be steered to the desired spot and be made to penetrate the vessel wall there, or may be brought into thetarget vessel984 at the anticipated site of the anastomosis from the operative field, through a hollow needle or some other method to create a hole in the wall.
• After usage ofguide wire1020, a device for enlarging the hole in a controlled way is employed. In the preferred embodiment,guide rod1024 with the built incutting edge1022, as shown inFIGS. 66C and 66D, is advanced overguide wire1020 and removed thereafter.
• Alternatively, as shown inFIG. 66F,applicator100 with thenosepiece1002 is advanced overguide wire1020 directly to enlargehole986 during insertion, and pushed intotarget vessel984 over eitherguide wire1020 orguide wire1026. As shown inFIG. 66G,guide wire1020 is pulled back to enable the required pivoting movement of thenosepiece1022, but it remains within the distally extendingflexible tubing1028 in the case of a percutaneous guide wire technique. In casestiff guide wire1020 was brought in from the operative field, it is withdrawn intoapplicator100. As shown inFIG. 66H,applicator100 is then brought into a perpendicular position and is ready to be actuated.
• Perpendicular Introduction
• There are several ways to use guide wires with this insertion method.
• One Wire Technique
• As shown inFIGS. 67A and 67B,wire insertion shoe1030 features achannel1032 oriented perpendicularly to the axis of the applicator for providing access to aguide wire1026 that extends fromtarget vessel984 as described above. After creating a controlled arteriotomy, for example by advancingguide rod1024 with built incutting edge1022, or by advancing any alternative cutting device overguide wire1020, as shown inFIG. 66D,applicator100 can be advanced overguide wire1020 and be manipulated intohole986 intarget vessel984 by tilting it forward and backwards as described above, after removal ofguide wire1020 or retracting it into the target vessel such that the free end ofguide wire1026 that extends from the target vessel becomes located insideshoe1030. Alternatively, a sharp,cutting edge1022 may be built intowire insertion shoe1030 to combine the creation of a controlled arteriotomy and insertion ofapplicator100 in one movement.
• Wire insertion shoe1030 may also be equipped with atemporary lock mechanism1034, such as shown inFIGS. 67C and 67D, to reversibly clampwire insertion shoe1030 andapplicator100 to a specific spot onguide wire1026 that extends fromtarget vessel984. This permits movement ofapplicator100 back and forth by manipulatingguide wire1026. In the case of a percutaneously introducedguide wire1026,applicator100 can be drawn intotarget vessel984 and positioned by manipulatingguide wire1026, thus adding the potential to remotely control the positioning ofapplicator100.
• One embodiment of such a lock is shown inFIGS. 67C and 67D.Channel1032 insidewire insertion shoe1030 features a part with increased diameter, containing ashort tube1035, which can be pulled upwards bycable1036 connectingwire insertion shoe1030 toapplicator100.Guide wire1026 is introduced throughchannel1032 inwire insertion shoe1030 whiletube1035 with the connectingcable1036 is relatively lax. When theapplicator100 is at the desired spot onguide wire1026, the connectingcable1036 is pulled, thereby moving theshort tube1035 to a position eccentric to the central axis of thechannel1032, effectively clampingguide wire1026. At the same time,wire insertion foot1030 is rigidly connected to the front end ofapplicator100. Releasing the connecting cable can reverse the process. Atemporary lock mechanism1034 may also be used in combination with a semi-axial introduction method.
• Two Wire Technique
• As shown inFIGS. 67A and 67B,wire insertion shoe1030 featureschannel1032 forguide wire1020 or1026 as described above. In another embodiment shown inFIG. 67E,wire insertion shoe1030 is not yet mounted onapplicator100, but instead is mounted on aguide rod1024.Guidewire1020 can be connected toshoe130, and is preferably disposed at least partially withinguide rod1024.Shoe1030 has achannel1032 extending lengthwise throughshoe1030 sized to accommodateguide wire1026. Preferably, a piece offlexible tubing1028 extends from the toe ofshoe1030, and optionally, acutting edge1022 is used to help gain access totarget vessel984.
• As shown inFIG. 67F,guide rod1024 withshoe1030 is advanced over the distal end ofguide wire1026, which extends fromtarget vessel984, untilwire insertion shoe1030 is partially introduced into the arteriotomy intarget vessel984. The arteriotomy is preferably formed in a longitudinal direction relative to targetvessel984.Guide wire1026 is then pulled back into the target vessel orflexible tubing1028 to permit insertion of the heel ofwire insertion shoe1030 into the target vessel.
• As shown inFIG. 67G, onceshoe1030 is disposed withintarget vessel984,guide wire1026 can then be advanced again throughchannel1032 ofinsertion shoe1030 to captureinsertion shoe1030 within opening986 oftarget vessel984. As shown inFIG. 67H,guide rod1024 is then removed, exposingsecond guide wire1020 originating from thewire insertion shoe1030. As shown inFIG. 67I,applicator100, now without any nosepiece, preloaded with graft980 (not shown), is advanced oversecond guide wire1020. In situwire insertion shoe1030 is disposed at least partially within opening986 oftarget vessel984.Protrusions1025 extend proximally relative tosecond guidewire1020 to assist in maintaining the arteriotomy in the open position. In this way,applicator100 may be passed downguidewire1020 toshoe1030 from a position outsidetarget vessel984 to a position whereat at least a distal portion ofapplicator100 is located withintarget vessel984. In a preferred embodiment,shoe1030 includes male orfemale features1021 that are configured to mate with male or female features1023 located on a distal portion ofapplicator100. In addition or alternatively,shoe1030 can maintain a clear path forapplicator100 by pushing the longitudinal arteriotomy intarget vessel984 open in a transverse direction from the inside, andapplicator100 can simply be maneuvered to a position whereatapplicator100 can be connected toshoe1030.
• Internal Mammary Artery
• In one embodiment,graft vessel980 can be the left or right internal mammary artery, commonly referred to as the IMA. The IMA can be dissected away from the chest wall and prepared for loadingapplicator100 therethrough. The length of the pedicalized IMA should be sufficient so that the distal end of the IMA can be positioned outside of the body (with the proximal end still attached) through a properly located port. In a preferred embodiment of the method, the port or opening is located intercostally, but may be located outside the rib cage or can be created by removing part of a rib or by separating the ribs. Once the distal end of the IMA is located outside the body, guidewire1020 can be inserted into the opening of the IMA distal end and can be used to create an arteriotomy in the side of the IMA in a manner similar to that shown inFIG. 65D. Alternatively, the arteriotomy can be created using a separate instrument from either the outer surface of the IMA or from the inner surface of the IMA via the open end.
• The arteriotomy can be enlarged as described above usingcutting edge1022 or some other device to make it easier to pass the distal end ofapplicator100 through the arteriotomy and to better size the arteriotomy for the anastomosis, if required.Cutting edge1022 can also be used to create an arteriotomy better suited for an anastomoses, such as one having a more uniform appearance or having a particular shape. Alternatively,applicator100 can be passed directly through the arteriotomy created byguidewire1020. It is understood that, where a guidewire is said to create an arteriotomy, the guidewire may include a cutting surface to create the opening or the guidewire may be used in conjunction with a separate cutting or coring instrument.
• Once properly positioned within the IMA,guidewire1020 can be removed fromapplicator100, andapplicator100 can be passed back into the patient's body through the port and positioned near a second arteriotomy made intarget vessel984 via aguidewire1024 that extends from the arteriotomy. The second arteriotomy can be formed byguidewire1024 that enterstarget vessel984 directly at the second arteriotomy site (in which case the second arteriotomy is created from outside thetarget vessel984 and into the interior of target vessel984) orguidewire1024 can entertarget vessel984 from a location spaced from the second arteriotomy (in which case the second arteriotomy is created from the interior or lumen oftarget vessel984 and passes through the outer surface of target vessel984). In the latter case,guidewire1024 can entertarget vessel984 via a peripheral vessel that communicates with the target vessel or via the target vessel itself, at a position distal to the blockage or proximal to the blockage.
• Applicator100 can be loaded over guidewire1024 through the same lumen vacated by guidewire1020 or by a separate lumen formed inapplicator100.Applicator100 may be loaded over guidewire1024 at a location within the patient's body, but preferablyapplicator100 is loaded over guidewire1024 at a location outside the patient's body. In this way, the surgeon can loadapplicator100 onto the graft vessel (an IMA) and then ontoguidewire1024 at a location where he or she can visually confirm the correct positioning. Following those steps, the surgeon can passapplicator100 andgraft vessel980 downguidewire1024 to the site of the distal or target vessel arteriotomy, whereupon the distal end ofapplicator100 can be positioned withintarget vessel984. As discussed above,applicator100 is then manipulated to expand and compressconnector200 to complete the anastomosis betweentarget vessel984 and graft orbypass vessel980.Applicator100 and guidewire1024 are then removed from the site, and, if needed, the distal end of the IMA is closed using a clip, suture or other means.
• In an alternative method, guidewire1020 can be used as a guide to locate the target vessel arteriotomy. In this case, once guidewire1020 is passed through the open end ofgraft vessel980,guidewire1020 can be passed back into the patient's body through the port and then can be used to create an arteriotomy in the target vessel or simply to find the arteriotomy in the target vessel created by another means. In such a case, once the distal end ofguidewire1020 is disposed withintarget vessel984, the surgeon can passapplicator100 andgraft vessel980 distally alongguidewire1020 back into the patient's body via the port to the site of the distal or target vessel arteriotomy. As with the above method, the surgeon then positions the distal end ofapplicator100 withintarget vessel984, and manipulatesapplicator100 to expand and compressconnector200 to complete the anastomosis betweentarget vessel984 and graft orbypass vessel980.Applicator100 and guidewire1024 are then removed from the site, and, if needed, the distal end of the IMA is closed using a clip, suture or other means.
• While the above anastomosis methods are described as being performed byapplicator100, it is understood that any type of connector device could used to perform the same method. Thus, for instance, a connector that is deployed by a balloon could also be positioned at the distal site via aguidewire1022 or1024. In either case, the guidewire could be loaded over the connector deployment device at a location external to the patient's body and then passed back to the location of the distal arteriotomy, where the balloon is passed through the distal arteriotomy and the connector deployed.
• In one embodiment, a guidewire is passed via a peripheral artery into the IMA. The IMA is accessed via a port, preferably intercostally, pedicalized and dissected to create an open end. The guidewire is pushed out the open end of the IMA and passed out the port along with the pedicalized IMA. A connector of the type incorporated by reference above is then loaded onto the IMA and/or connected to the IMA. The connectors can include, for example, those depicted or described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,496, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/708,617, International Published Patent Application No. WO 02/38055, or U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0045902, or an adhesive or nitinol clips, or any combination of the above or any other connector known to one skilled in the art. As described above, the connector and graft vessel are then passed over a guidewire that marks the location of the distal arteriotomy, back into the patient's body via the port, and distally along the guidewire until the connector and graft vessel are proximate the distal arteriotomy. At this stage, the connector is deployed using any method known to those skilled in the art to complete the anastomosis. Where the guidewire was placed peripherally, it may be removed by withdrawing it proximally via the peripheral vessel.
• In an alternative embodiment, a guidewire is passed via a first port from outside the patient's body into a side branch of the IMA and into the IMA. As above, the IMA is then pedicalized and dissected (preferably from the first port, but possibly a second port) to form an open end. As described above, the connector is loaded onto the IMA outside the patient's body and passed back in via the port through which it had been removed. The connector is deployed to form the anastomosis, at which point the guidewire can be removed from the side branch of the IMA out the first port, unless it was removed at an earlier step in the method. The side branch of the IMA is then closed via a suture or clip or other method, and the port or ports are closed.
• Alternatively, the IMA can be pedicalized and dissected and the guidewire can be passed through the open end of the IMA, passed out a dissected side branch of the IMA and then passed through a port. The open end of the IMA can be pulled outside a port to load a connector onto the open end either before or after passing the guidewire through the open end. Similar to the above method, the guidewire is then passed into an opening formed in the target artery and the IMA is guided via the guidewire to the anastomosis site. The connector is deployed to form the anastomosis, at which point the guidewire can be removed from the side branch of the IMA via the port, unless the guidewire was removed prior to deploying the connector. The side branch of the IMA is then closed via a suture or clip or other method, and the port or ports are closed.
• While the anastomosis method described above uses an IMA (either right or left) as the bypass or graft vessel, the surgeon could use the gastro-epiploic or axillary artery in the same manner; i.e., free the vessel from internal tissue and position the distal end of the vessel outside the body (with the proximal end still attached) through a properly located port. In the alternative, the surgeon could use a branch of an IMA rather than the IMA, itself, to perform the procedure.
• Finally, the surgeon may harvest a saphenous vein or radial artery or other vessel, or may use a synthetic or animal vessel as a bypass vessel. In such a case, the surgeon can anastomose one end of such a bypass vessel proximally to the aorta or distally to the blocked coronary artery using a connector or suture and then position the free end of the bypass vessel outside the body through a properly located port or opening. At this stage of the procedure,applicator100 can be passed through the free or open end and out an arteriotomy formed in the bypass vessel in the manner described above, preferably over a guidewire. Alternatively, a connector can be attached to the free end of the graft. In this way, even a typical bypass procedure using a saphenous vein or the like can be conducted in a minimally invasive manner using a port or opening in the patient to access the free end of the graft vessel and load the connector or applicator over the free end at a position outside the patient's body. As described above, the free end of the bypass vessel, along with the applicator and/or the connector is then passed back through the port or opening into the patient's body and the anastomosis is completed.
• Protective Rings
• An anastomosis between the graft vessel and the target vessel, may be mechanically protected by an externalprotective ring1100, as depicted inFIGS. 68a-68d. In positions susceptible to direct trauma, particularly the abdomen and limbs, potential permanent deformation or destruction of the expanded connector may result, which might obstruct the anastomosis. An additional external structure, likeprotective ring1100, may be provided.Protective ring1100 may have any suitable shape including, but not limited to, spherical, polygonal, elliptical, toroidal, and U-shaped.Protective ring1100 is provided with a central hole orcavity1112, which is large enough to fit around the anastomosis, and also provides an easy, unobstructed entry and exit for the joined vessels to thecentral hole1112, for example, viaindentations1114.Protective ring1100 protects the anastomosis by absorbing or deflecting forces that may cause trauma, thus improving the long-term safety and durability of the device.Protective ring1100 may be made of one piece, in which case it should generally be brought into place before or during construction of the anastomosis, or may be made of several, interlocking pieces, in which case the ring can be placed after completion of the anastomosis. Besides protection,protective ring1100 may have, but need not have, hemostatic functionality that can be provided by mechanically sealing the anastomotic line from the outside, or by coatingprotective ring1100 on its inner surface, at least in the areas near or in contact with the anastomotic line, with one or more hemostatic substances for accelerating clot formation. Also,protective ring1100 may be used as a matrix for the addition of biocompatible glue, to reinforce the anastomosis, to repair leaks or remedy oozing blood.
• One embodiment, suitable for application after creation of the anastomosis withconnector200, is shown inFIG. 68a, which depicts externalprotective ring1100 in an open position. Externalprotective ring1100 has two interlockinghalves1102,1104. Firstanastomotic ring half1102 and secondanastomotic ring half1104 are connected byhinge portion1106. Firstanastomotic ring half1102 and secondanastomotic ring half1104 are locked around a completed internal side-to-side anastomosis, after checking for hemostasis, by placingring half1104, for example, about one side of the anastomosis and pivotingring half1106 about the other side of the anastomosis, and then snapping together anastomoticring locking portion1108. Externalprotective ring1100 is preferably constructed of a stiff type of plastic (e.g. hard polypropylene), however it can be made of other materials.
• FIG. 68bshows externalprotective ring1100 placed aroundgraft1112, which is a completed internal side-to-side anastomosis, although it can be placed around other grafts as well and used in other procedures, such as, but not limited to, peripheral vascular surgery (fem-pop bypasses), intra-abdominal vascular procedures, hemo-dialysis shunt construction, and tissue auto transplantations in plastic surgery. Firstanastomotic ring half1102 and secondanastomotic ring half1104 are locked aroundgraft1112, undergraft clip1110.
• The surface of externalprotective ring1100 may be roughened to improve tissue ingrowth, in order to better deflect forces from the anastomosis to surrounding tissue. The shape of externalprotective ring1100 is adapted to accommodategraft1112, having a saddle likeindentation1114. To accommodate a jump graft, two opposite indentations may be desirable. Externalprotective ring1100 can be deployed with standard instruments like a forceps, or preferably by a dedicated tool (like a modified clip applier).
• FIG. 68dshows a partially open externalprotective ring1116, integrated withgraft clip1110. Partially open externalprotective ring1116 has a lock for securing the closure of graft clip1110 (such as the Absolok® PDS clip).Wings1118 make up the body of partially open externalanastomotic ring1116 and protectgraft1112 in a way similar to externalprotective ring1100.
• It will be understood that specific elements of the various methods described above, can be combined at will to suit specific purposes or situations. Also, as already indicated, with only slight modifications, the described methods are also applicable to true end-to-side and end-to-end anastomoses.
• Certain embodiments of the device of the present invention are suitable for closed chest CABG procedures wherein a guide wire pierces the blocked coronary artery distal to the blockage and is extended some distance from the heart. The wire may then be inserted inside the central hole in the applicator. The device may then be advanced over the guide wire and thus follows the guide wire to the location of the anastomosis. The graft would have to be loaded onto the device before following the guide wire but this would not interfere with the function of the guide wire.
• The foregoing detailed description of the various embodiments of the invention has been provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any way. The scope of the invention is to be determined from the claims appended hereto.

Claims (20)

1. A method for performing a coronary artery bypass graft procedure on a patient to connect a bypass vessel to a target vessel, comprising the steps of:

creating an opening in the patient that communicates with the thoracic cavity of the patient;

providing a bypass vessel having a lumen and at least one free end;

passing the free end of the bypass vessel from the thoracic cavity through the opening to a position outside the body of the patient;

attaching a connector to the free end of bypass vessel while the free end of the bypass vessel is outside the body of the patient;

passing the free end of the bypass vessel from the position outside the body of the patient through the opening and into the thoracic cavity; and

connecting the free end of the bypass vessel to a target vessel with the connector.

2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the graft vessel is an internal mammary artery and comprising the step of cutting the internal mammary artery to provide the free end.

3. The method ofclaim 2, comprising the step of creating an arteriotomy in a side of the graft vessel at a location proximal of the free end.

4. The method ofclaim 3, wherein the step of creating an arteriotomy comprises inserting a guidewire into the lumen of the free end.

5. The method ofclaim 4, wherein the step of creating an arteriotomy comprises incising the side of the graft vessel with the guidewire.

6. The method ofclaim 3, comprising the step of passing at least the distal end of an applicator having an anastomotic device carried thereon through the lumen and the arteriotomy.

7. The method ofclaim 6, wherein the passing step ofclaim 6 comprises passing the applicator over a guidewire that is positioned through the lumen of the graft vessel, with one end of the guidewire passing through the arteriotomy and the other end of the guidewire passing through the free end of the graft vessel.

8. The method ofclaim 7, comprising the step of creating a target vessel arteriotomy in a wall of a target vessel.

9. The method ofclaim 8, comprising the step of positioning the guidewire through the target vessel arteriotomy and into the target vessel lumen.

10. The method ofclaim 9, comprising the step of passing at least the distal end of the applicator over the guidewire toward the target vessel arteriotomy.

11. The method ofclaim 10, comprising the step of passing at least the distal end of the applicator into the target vessel arteriotomy.

12. The method ofclaim 11, comprising the step of actuating the applicator to connect the connector to at least the target vessel.

13. The method ofclaim 12, wherein the step of actuating comprises actuating the applicator to connect the connector to the target vessel and the graft vessel.

14. The method ofclaim 1, comprising the step of forming a target arteriotomy in a wall of a target vessel.

15. The method ofclaim 14, comprising the step of passing at least a distal end of a second guidewire through the target arteriotomy from a position within the target artery to position outside the target artery.

16. The method ofclaim 14, comprising the step of passing at least a distal end of a second guidewire through the target arteriotomy from a position outside the target artery to position inside the target artery.

17. The method ofclaim 14, comprising the step of positioning at least the distal end of an applicator having an anastomotic device carried thereon within the lumen of the graft vessel, guiding the distal end of the graft vessel over a second guidewire positioned within the target vessel arteriotomy to a position where at least the distal end of the applicator is within the target vessel arteriotomy, and actuating the applicator to connect the connector to at least the target vessel.

18. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the opening is one of an intercostal opening and an opening is located outside the thoracic cavity.

19. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the graft vessel is one of a vein, artery, synthetic and animal vessel.

20. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the step of connecting comprises deforming the connector to compress a portion of the graft vessel and a portion of the target vessel such that the lumen of the graft vessel communicates with the lumen of the target vessel.

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