US20050197594A1 - Tissue accessing and anchoring device and method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides systems, methods and a node accessing and anchoring device, comprising an elongated shaft, a tissue cutting member, at least one anchoring element extending from a position at or near the distal end of the shaft; and a radiation detector. The radiation detector is effective to locate and identify sentinel lymph nodes following injection of radioactive material into a primary lesion site within a patient. The tissue cutting member, which may be activated with radio frequency energy, is effective to allow access of the elongated shaft to a sentinel lymph node. The anchoring elements are effective to anchor the device to or adjacent a sentinel lymph node accessed by the device. Anchoring elements may assume radially, longitudinally, or mixed radially and longitudinally curved or coiled configurations when deployed.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation in part of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/146,185, filed Sep. 1, 1998, by Burbank et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/159,467, filed Sep. 23, 1998, by Burbank et al.; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/856,187, filed Jul. 16, 1999 by Burbank et al.; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/477,255, filed Jan. 4, 2000 by Burbank et al, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/727,112, filed Nov. 29, 2000, by Burbank et al. All of the above copending applications, and all patents and patent applications referred to below, are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The invention relates to the field of medical devices and methods used in the treatment of diseases such as cancer which have the ability to metastasize within a patient's body. More specifically, the invention is directed to methods and devices for accessing sentinel lymph nodes associated with a lesion site within a patient's body and anchoring devices to these nodes accessed so that they may thereafter be selectively removed and analyzed to determine whether disease has spread from the primary lesion site to the sentinel lymph nodes. In the case of breast cancer patients, such methods and devices may eliminate the need for complete axillary lymph node dissection in patients who do not require such invasive and debilitating procedures.
• Metastasis, or migration of cancerous cells, typically occurs through lymph ducts. Sentinel lymph nodes are so-called because, where metastasis occurs, such lymph nodes are often the first locations to harbor metastatic cancer cells. These lymph nodes thus serve as sentinels warning of the spread of the cancerous lesion. A sentinel lymph node may be identified by injection of radioactive material into a primary lesion site such as a cancerous tumor. Detection of radiation at a location other than the injection site indicates that migration of the radioactive material has occurred. The first lymph nodes into which the radioactive material migrates are thus identified as the sentinel lymph nodes.
• With regard to breast cancer patients specifically, the determination of the severity of the disease or staging is frequently determined by the level of lymph node involvement in those lymph nodes which correspond to the primary cancer lesion site in the breast. The lymph nodes which correspond to the breast area are typically located in the armpit or axilla of the patient and are connected to the breast tissue of the patient by a series of lymph ducts. Other likely areas for sentinel nodes include inframammary and submammary locations and elsewhere in the patient's chest. The sentinel lymph nodes can be in fluid communication with other surrounding lymph nodes, however, lymph drainage from the lesion site will first flow to the sentinel lymph nodes. Thereafter, lymph fluid drainage may then continue on to lymph nodes surrounding the sentinel nodes.
• Studies have shown that by the time a typical breast cancer lesion reaches the size of 1-2 cm, the cancer will have metastasized to at least one of the sentinel lymph nodes in about one third of patients. Malignant cells break off and drain through the lymph fluid ducts to the lymph nodes and will be apparent in excised lymph nodes if the malignant cells embed in the lymph node. In patients with more advanced disease, the likelihood of spread to sentinel nodes is higher as is the likelihood of spread of the disease to the lymph nodes surrounding the sentinel lymph nodes.
• As discussed above, when a tumor lesion is under 1-2 cm, only about ⅓ of patients will have cancer cells in the corresponding lymph nodes, and in the patients where the disease has spread to the lymph nodes, it is often confined to the sentinel lymph nodes.
• In the past, a breast cancer patient would normally have a complete axillary lymph node dissection as an adjunct to removal of the primary lesion in the breast. Thus, the patient's entire lymph node system in the armpit area is removed and biopsied to determine the stage of the cancer and what further treatment was required. However, as discussed above, when the lesion is under 1-2 cm, two thirds of the patients had no migration of cancer cells to the lymph nodes at all, and in others, cancer had only migrated to the sentinel lymph nodes. Thus, total axillary lymph node dissection in two-thirds of the cases were unnecessary. It should be noted that total axillary lymph node dissection can be an extremely painful and debilitating procedure for patients who often suffer from severe lymph edema as a result of the body's inability to channel the flow of lymph fluid once most or all of the lymph nodes have been excised.
• Wires and other devices have been used to anchor devices and to mark suspected cancerous lesion sites within a breast. Such wires may have exposed, sharp ends to cut into tissue, and may expose physicians to accidental injury during excision of tissue. Placement of such marking and anchoring devices is typically performed in the operating room. However, there is a need for methods and devices that can be used to determine the location of sentinel lymph nodes corresponding to a patient's primary lesion site, in addition to the primary lesion site itself, and a reliable means of accessing the sentinel lymph nodes to determine whether they are involved in the disease. If the sentinel lymph nodes are determined not to have cancer cells within them, then a total axillary lymph node dissection may be avoided. Anchoring devices near to such sentinel nodes would be useful if the sentinel lymph nodes are determined to be involved in the disease.
• Radioactive materials have been used as localizing agents which can be injected into the area of a primary lesion to monitor the flow of the materials within the patients body using a variety of detectors. A pharmaceutically-acceptable solution containing a radioactive material may be termed a radiopharmaceutical. Suitable radioactive materials include the radioactive elements Technetium 99, Indium 111, Iodine 123 or Iodine 125.
• Although techniques exist to locate the sentinel lymph nodes of a patient with such radiopharmaceutical tagging, what has been needed are methods and devices to precisely access the sentinel lymph nodes of the patient and to anchor a device adjacent sentinel lymph nodes should it be determined that axillary node dissection is necessary.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The invention is directed generally to devices, methods and systems for accessing and anchoring specific target sites within the body of a patient. More specifically, the invention is directed to accessing and anchoring a sentinel lymph node of a patient which corresponds to a lesion site within the patient's body. The accessing and anchoring device may be used to locate a sentinel lymph node during a surgical procedure in which a sentinel lymph node is surgically removed with the anchor device attached.
• The accessing and anchoring device having features of the invention has an elongated shaft, with a tissue cutting member, one or more anchoring elements, and may be configured so that at least a portion of a radiation detector may be disposed at or near the distal end of the shaft to aid in radioactive node location. The anchoring element or elements may extend away from the shaft from a position at or near the distal end of the shaft to form a curved or coiled structure or structures which may extend through at least 180°, preferably through at least 360°, and more preferably through at least 540°. In further embodiments of the invention, there are at least two, and more preferably at least three radially extending anchoring elements, which may extend along a substantial length of the shaft. This substantial length of the shaft may further have an oblong transverse cross section.
• The tissue cutting member is configured to cut tissue, having a cutting surface which may have a cutting edge. The tissue cutting member may be an electrode, and in particular may be an electrode with an electrosurgical active surface, which may have a sharp edge. This electrode may be configured to be electrically connected to an RF energy source. The cutting surface of the cutting member is preferably spaced from the distal end of the shaft, and may also have an arcuate shape. The elongated shaft of the accessing and anchoring device may have an inner lumen in which an elongated radiation detector may be slidably disposed to an operative location on the distal section of the shaft to facilitate receiving radioactive emissions from a patient's node.
• Another embodiment of the tissue accessing and anchoring device has an elongated shaft with a distal portion having an oblong transverse cross section. A plurality of anchoring elements extending along the oblong transverse cross-sectional portion of the shaft, preferably in a parallel relationship, and may extend along the long dimension of the oblong transverse cross sectional portion of the shaft.
• Detection of radiation in order to identify sentinel lymph nodes may be accomplished by manipulating the shaft and/or the radiation energy detector to detect the amount of radiation energy emanating from the tissue along the longitudinal axis of the shaft, and comparing the amounts of radiation detected from various portions of tissue. Confirmation that the distal end of the shaft is within or adjacent to a sentinel lymph node is indicated by detecting an above-normal amount of radiation energy emanating from the tissue. Such radiation detection is preferably effected with an elongate radiation detector disposed within the inner lumen of the elongated shaft; most preferably, the elongated radiation detector is slidably disposed within the inner lumen of the elongated shaft. A gamma camera, ultrasound imaging, stains, dyes, or skin markings may be used to determine the approximate position of the at least one sentinel lymph node within the patient's body.
• The method of accessing and anchoring a sentinel lymph node of a patient which corresponds to a lesion site within the patient's body generally includes, first locating the approximate position of a sentinel lymph node that has accumulated radioactive material using a radiation detector; accessing the sentinel lymph node; and then anchoring the node. The node may be accessed by activating the tissue cutting member on the distal end of the device to ablate tissue while passing the shaft into the patient's body until the distal end of the shaft is disposed within or adjacent to the sentinel lymph node. One or more anchoring elements are extended from the shaft into the sentinel lymph node to secure the distal end of the device to the sentinel lymph node. The step of extending an anchoring element may include a radially extending step, and may further include the step of activating an outer extremity of an anchoring element to emit radiofrequency (RF) energy as it extends. The methods may also include locating a sentinel lymph node using the accessing and anchoring device during a surgical procedure in which a sentinel lymph node is surgically removed with the accessing and anchoring device attached.
• The system for accessing and anchoring a sentinel node within a patient includes the previously described accessing and anchoring device with an elongated radiation detecting member slidably disposed within the lumen of the shaft so that radiation detecting elements are located near enough to the distal end of the device to detect radiation emitted from a radioactive sentinel lymph node. The system may further include an electrical lead electrically coupled to a radially extending anchoring member, and another electrical lead electrically coupled to the patient. In this way, RF energy from a RF source can be applied to an anchoring element during its deployment and extension.
• The devices, methods and systems of the invention provide the advantages of locating and accessing a desired location within a patient's body with a single device which may be directly anchored at the location. Including these capabilities in a single device avoids the delay and imprecision in anchoring a device at a proper location that results from the use of multiple devices for these functions. Moreover, the methods and devices of the present invention are suitable for use outside of an operating room, simplifying and reducing the cost of such procedures. In addition, the coiling of the anchoring elements serves to shield the sharp tips, protecting physicians from possible injury during excision of a patient's tissue. The present invention thus provides improved devices for marking and excising a sentinel lymph node that has accumulated radiation and is suspected of harboring cancerous tissue. In addition, the devices provide anchoring elements that radially extend through a substantial angular extent to provide improved anchoring and demarcation of a location within a patient's body.
• These and other advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying exemplary drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a system embodying features of the invention, with anchoring elements retracted.
• FIG. 1B is a perspective view of a system embodying features of the invention with anchoring elements deployed.
• FIG. 2 is a side elevation view showing a device embodying features of the invention with anchoring elements retracted.
• FIG. 3 is a front elevation view of the device ofFIG. 2.
• FIG. 4 is a top cross-sectional longitudinal view of the device shown inFIG. 2.
• FIG. 5A is a front elevation view of the device ofFIG. 2 including a transverse cross-sectional view of the shaft of the device taken alongline5A-5A ofFIG. 2.
• FIG. 5B is a rear elevation view of the device ofFIG. 2 including a transverse cross-sectional view of the shaft of the device taken alongline5B-5B ofFIG. 2.
• FIG. 5C is a rear elevation view of the device ofFIG. 2 including a transverse cross-sectional view of the shaft and RF-power connector taken alongline5C-5C ofFIG. 2.
• FIG. 5D is a transverse cross-sectional view of the shaft of the device ofFIG. 2 taken alongline5D-5D ofFIG. 2.
• FIG. 6 is a side elevation view in partial longitudinal section taken along line6-6 ofFIG. 3.
• FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a portion of a device embodying features of the invention with anchoring elements deployed.
• FIG. 8 is a side elevation view of a device embodying features of the invention with anchoring elements deployed.
• FIG. 9 is a front elevation view of the device ofFIG. 8 with anchoring elements deployed.
• FIG. 10 is a top cross-sectional longitudinal view of the device shown inFIG. 8.
• FIG. 11A is a rear elevation view of the device ofFIG. 8 including a transverse cross-sectional view of the shaft and RF-power connector taken alongline11A-11A.
• FIG. 11B is a rear elevation view of the device ofFIG. 8 including a transverse cross-sectional view of the shaft taken alongline11B-11B.
• FIG. 11C is a cross-sectional view of the shaft of the device ofFIG. 8 taken alongline11C-11C elevation also showing the deployed anchoring elements.
• FIG. 12A is a side elevation view in partial longitudinal section taken alongline12A-12A ofFIG. 9.
• FIG. 12B is a side cross-sectional view of the portion of the device ofFIG. 12A withincircle12B.
• FIG. 12C is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an elongated shaft of a device having an oblong cross-section embodying features of the invention.
• FIG. 12D is a perspective view of a portion of an elongated shaft of a device having anchoring elements deployed from positions proximal to the tip of the shaft embodying features of the invention.
• FIG. 13A illustrates an anchoring element and anchoring element sheath embodying features of the invention following deployment of the anchoring element from a stationary sheath.
• FIG. 13B illustrates an anchoring element and anchoring element sheath embodying features of the invention following deployment of the anchoring element from a retracting sheath.
• FIG. 13C illustrates an anchoring element and anchoring element sheath embodying features of the invention following deployment of the anchoring element from a sheath that was first held stationary and then retracted.
• FIG. 14A illustrates an anchoring element embodying features of the invention having a blunt tip.
• FIG. 14B illustrates an anchoring element embodying features of the invention having a barbed tip.
• FIG. 15A illustrates a device embodying features of the invention having anchoring element sheaths shown in an extended position.
• FIG. 15B is a perspective view of the handle portion of the device ofFIG. 15A showing the configuration of extension tabs and extension slots when the anchoring element sheaths are in an extended position and anchoring elements retracted.
• FIG. 15C is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the handle portion of the device ofFIG. 15A showing the configuration of extension tabs and extension slots when the anchoring element sheaths are in an extended position.
• FIG. 15D is a transverse cross-sectional view taken alongline15D-15D of the tip portion of the device ofFIG. 15A.
• FIG. 15E is a transverse cross-sectional view taken alongline15E-15E of the device ofFIG. 15A.
• FIG. 15F is a transverse cross-sectional view taken alongline15F-15F of the device ofFIG. 15A.
• FIG. 16A illustrates a device embodying features of the invention having anchoring element sheaths retracted and anchoring elements deployed.
• FIG. 16B illustrates a distal portion of the device ofFIG. 16A showing deployed anchoring elements.
• FIG. 16C is a perspective view of the handle portion of the device ofFIG. 16A showing the configuration of extension tabs and extension slots when the anchoring elements are deployed and the sheaths retracted.
• FIG. 16D is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the handle portion of the device ofFIG. 16A showing the configuration of extension tabs and extension slots when the anchoring elements are deployed and the sheaths retracted.
• FIG. 16E is a transverse cross-sectional view taken alongline16E-16E of the device ofFIG. 16A.
• FIG. 16F is a transverse cross-sectional view taken alongline16F-16F shown inFIG. 16C.
• FIG. 16G is a transverse cross-sectional view taken alongline16G-16G shown inFIG. 16C.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• FIGS. 1A and 1B show asystem10 embodying features of the invention, which includes a sentinel node accessing and anchoringdevice11, and anelongated radiation detector12. The accessing and anchoring device has ashaft13 with a proximal portion and adistal portion14 with acutting wire15 at itstip16; and a source of radio frequency (RF)power24 connected to thecutting wire15 viaRF connector22. Theshaft13 andradiation detector12 lie generally alonglongitudinal axis30. As shown inFIGS. 1A and 1B, cuttingwire15 is a tissue cutting member that may be activated by RF energy and is configured to ablate and penetrate tissue. It is shown as an arcuate wire spaced distally from thetip16 ofshaft13. In alternative embodiments, cuttingwire15 may take other shapes and may be in contact with or form part oftip16.
• Radiation energy detector12 includes anelongated probe31, shown inFIGS. 4 and 6, and may be, e.g., a gamma probe. Radiationenergy detector probe31 is effective to detect, locate and identify a lymph node within a patient's body that has accumulated radioactive material and is emitting radiation. Detection of radiation bydetector12 is communicated viacable35 to signalprocessor37 and thereby to an operator. The electrical circuit pathway fromRF power source24 to cuttingwire15 is completed byground connector26 andground pad28, which may be placed in contact with a patient. As shown inFIGS. 1A and 1B, the RF electrode (cutting wire15) may lie in substantially the same plane as thelongitudinal axis30 of the elongate shaft of the node accessing and anchoringdevice11, although it need not do so in every embodiment.
• As shown more clearly inFIG. 1B, anchoringelements20 may be deployed fromanchor sheaths18 attip16 to anchor thedevice11 in position within a patient's body. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 1B, anchoringelements20 extend in a radial direction from thetip16 ofshaft13. By “radial” is meant a direction that is angled, and may be generally orthogonal, to alongitudinal axis30 of theshaft13 or an axis of an anchoringsheath18, so that a line passing within the coils is angled with respect to such a longitudinal axis. Anchoringelements20 are deployed by movement of thethumb rest36 towards finger rest34 (note changed positions oftab32 and thumb rest36 betweenFIGS. 1A and 1B). Anchoringelements20, when deployed, are effective to securedevice11 in a desired location within a patient's body, as, e.g., when a sentinel lymph node has been located using theradiation energy detector12.
• FIG. 2 shows a sentinel node accessing and anchoringdevice11, with anchoringelements20 retracted withinanchor sheaths18.Radiation energy detector12 is attached bylatch38 to shell40.Latch38 fits snugly undershell tabs39 which holdlatch38 and so holdradiation energy detector12 to the rest of the device.Transition bushing42 alignsshaft13 withshell40.
• FIG. 3 shows thedevice11 from the front, showingcutting wire15 lying in a plane aligned withRF connector22 and in substantially the same plane as thelongitudinal axis30 of theshaft13.
• The positioning ofradiation energy detector12 and itselongated probe portion31, which is slidably disposed withinshaft13 and extends withinshaft13 to thedistal portion14 and may extend up to tip16, adjacent a patient's lymph nodes allows the detection of radiation (such as gamma radiation), if any, emitted from material collected within a sentinel lymph node of a patient, and so allows the identification of sentinel lymph nodes in a patient at risk of cancer metastasis.Radiation energy detector12 detects radiation energy emanating from the tissue alonglongitudinal axis30 in a proximal direction relative to radiationenergy detector probe31. Thehollow shaft13 or the radiationenergy detector probe31 within theshaft13 can be manipulated while within a patient to detect the amount of radiation energy emanating from various portions of the tissue as they pass in front of thetip16 and into theradiation energy detector12 during the manipulation.
• The amount of radiation detected from the various portions of tissue adjacent thelongitudinal axis30 of thedevice11 andshaft13 can be used to determine the position of theradiation energy detector12 that produces the maximum radiation signal strength. The output of a radiation energy detector such as adetector12 is carried bycable35 to provide, e.g., a visual or audio signal or the like generated by asignal processor37. Such an output may be observed and used by an operator of the system to determine the relative or the absolute amounts of radiation detected at a particular position within a patient's body. The input of the radiationenergy detector probe31 within thetip16 of theshaft13 can be configured so as to maximize output signal strength when a sentinel lymph node that emits a relatively large amount of radiation (“hot” sentinel lymph node) is disposed directly distal of thetip16 of theshaft13 and radiationenergy detector probe31. Thus, by maximizing the output signal from thedetector12, the operator can determine the precise location of a hot sentinel lymph node and effectively discriminate surrounding non-radioactive tissue and non-radioactive nodes.
• As illustrated inFIGS. 4 and 5, at least a portion of theradiation energy detector12 fits insideshaft13. Thedevice11,shaft13, andelongate portion31 ofradiation energy detector12 may all share a commonlongitudinal axis30. In embodiments or the invention,elongate portion31 fits slidably withinshaft13. The diameter of anelongate portion31 of theradiation energy detector12 configured to fit withinshaft13 can be about 1 to about 6 mm, specifically about 3 to about 5 mm, and more specifically about 4.0 to about 4.4 mm. A detector body is disposed within theelongate portion31 of radiationenergy detector probe12 which is configured to receive radiation energy at an angle of up to about 30°, preferably about 10° to about 20°, from alongitudinal axis30 of theelongate portion31 of the radiationenergy detector probe12. The detector body can be designed to encompass the radiation emitted from a 1 cm node at a distance of 1 cm. The detector body can be configured to have enhanced reception of radiation energy from thedistal end14 of thedevice11 as opposed to side impingement of radiation energy. The detector body is coupled by thecable35 to thesignal processor unit37. The detector body can be configured to specifically detect gamma radiation or any other suitable form of radiation energy including alpha or beta radiation.Radiation energy detector12 may have a preamplifier within it to increase the signal from the detector body to thesignal processor unit37. The length of the radiationenergy detector probe31 is typically configured to access radiation emitted from a patient's tissue through a hollow shaft that can be, e.g., about 5 to about 15 cm long.
• Thesignal processor unit37 connected to theradiation energy detector12 can be configured to emit an audible signal to be detected by a user of the detector which has a volume and/or frequency which increases in relation to an increase in the amount of radiation energy being detected. Alternatively, thesignal processor unit37 can produce a visual signal to be detected by a user of the detector which is proportional in amplitude to the amount of radiation energy being detected. For example, asignal processor37 may provide a digital readout of counts per second and total counts for given time period. It will be understood that other methods for communicating a signal fromsignal processing unit37 to an operator may also be used. Theradiation energy detector12 can typically detect radiation at useable levels from a hot lymph node from a distance of up to about 10 to about 12 cm or more, but is more accurate at shorter distances, such as distances less than about 8 cm to about 10 cm, and is most accurate at distances of about 2 to about 3 cm.
• Preferably, the location of a sentinel lymph node identified byradiation detector12 must be marked so that it may be excised. As shown inFIG. 1B, anchoringelements20 may be deployed fromanchor sheaths18 attip16 to anchor the device in position, thereby marking the proper location. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 1B, anchoringelements20 extend in a radial direction from thetip16 ofshaft13. In embodiments of the invention, anchoringelements20 deploy from positions at or very near to tip16; in further embodiments, anchoring elements may deploy from positions proximal oftip16.
• Anchoringelements20 are deployed by movement of thethumb rest36 towards finger rest34 (note changed positions oftab32 and thumb rest36 betweenFIGS. 1A and 1B). As illustrated in the figures, in preferred embodiments, a sentinel node accessing and anchoringdevice11 is configured to be easily held in one hand by an operator. The anchoring elements may be deployed by squeezing and moving the thumb (on the thumb rest36) towards the fingers (on the finger rest34). The fingers remain stationary as the thumb and thumb rest36 approach the fingers andfinger rest34, insuring that thetip16 remains stationary as the anchoring elements are deployed.
• Thus, the node accessing and anchoringdevice11 may be used to access a lymph node with anchoringelements20 retracted within anchoringelement sheaths18, the presence or absence of radiation detected withradiation energy detector12 which extends withinshaft13 to tip16, and, when a sentinel node containing radiation emitting material is detected, the position may be marked by deployment of anchoringelements20 to fix the device in place for excision of the sentinel node lymph.
• Anchoringelements20 may be formed at least in part from a metal, alloy or compound having shape memory, including a nickel-titanium shape-memory alloy such as nitinol. In preferred embodiments, anchoringelements20 are formed at least in part from super-elastic nitinol. Alternatively, or additionally, anchoringelements20 may also include stainless steel or other bio-compatible materials with suitable spring-like properties. Anchoring element sheaths18 may be made with, among other materials, stainless steel or polymer tubes, such as hypodermic tubes or other sheath material suitable for enclosing and guiding an anchoringelement20 which may assume a fairly linear configuration within the sheath but which, upon deployment from the sheath, assumes a coiled configuration. Anchoring element sheaths18 may have ends that are flat, rounded, beveled, sharpened, flared, tapered, or that have other configurations. Anchoringelements20 may extend from thetip16 by about 1 to about 35 mm, specifically by about 5 to about 30 mm, and more specifically by about 15 to about 25 mm when deployed fully.
• The anchoring elements curve and coil as they are deployed, to assume a configuration having a curved structure. In embodiments of the invention, the curved structure of the anchoringelements20 extends through at least 180° of curvature; in further embodiments, the curved structure extends through at least 360°; and in yet further embodiments, it extends through at least 540°; and in still further embodiments, the curved structure of the anchoringelements20 extends through more than 540°
• FIGS. 4 and 6 show the cylindrical portion ofthumb rest36 in contact withpush sleeve44. Connected to pushsleeve44 ispush sleeve tab32 which slides withinslot41 inshell40 and shows the location ofpush sleeve44.Housing58 is located between and separatesthumb rest36 and pushsleeve44 providing support and guidance aspush sleeve44 advances to push anchoringelement bushing48 and so to deploy anchoringelements20 by causing them to move within anchoringelement sheaths18 located in anchoringelement support sleeves46.
• FIGS.5A-D provide illustrations of cross-sections of thedevice11 at the locations indicated bylines5A-5A (for5A),5B-5B (for5B),5C-5C (for5C) and5D-5D (for5D) ofFIG. 2. Shown in these figures aresupport sleeves46 in which anchoringelement sheaths18 slide.Support sleeves46 and anchoringelement sheaths18 together enclose anchoringelements20 in a variable-length enclosure.Sleeves46 andsheaths18 fit together with part of one inside part of the other so that they may slide and telescope to maintain an enclosure around anchoringelements20 regardless of the total length of the enclosure.Support sleeves46 and anchoringelement sheaths18 are configured to support and encaseanchor wire20 along its length, and to prevent buckling ofanchor wire20.
• In further embodiments of the invention, theshaft13 has an oblong transverse cross-section. The anchoringelements20 may further include or contact conductors connected to a source ofRF power24, and an actuator coupled to the conductors or directly to theanchoring elements20 for extending the anchoringelements20. Conductors for connectinganchoring elements20 and/or cuttingwire15 with a source ofRF power24 are termed “inner conductors” since they may extend along an inner portion of theshaft13 or within anchoringelement sheaths18, or within other elements of devices embodying features of the invention. For example, cuttingwire connector60 is an inner conductor. An inner conductor may contain an inner lumen, which may contain a shaft. Anchoring elements may be deployed by an actuator that is coupled to the inner conductor.
• In embodiments where anchoringelements20 are operably connected to anRF power source24, anchoring elements may be insulated, by being coated with an insulating coat or being sheathed with an insulating sheath so as to cover most but not all of the surface of the anchoring element that may come into contact with body tissue. Application of RF power to an anchoringelement20 having an uninsulated tip and insulation along most of its length is effective to ease the entry of the anchoring element into body tissue as the anchoringelement20 is deployed. Any biocompatible insulating material, such as a polymer (e.g., polyimide) is suitable for insulating an anchoringelement20.
• In embodiments of the invention, the source ofRF power24 is switchable, and the connection may be a switchable connection. Thus, in embodiments of the invention,RF power source24 may be capable of providing different levels of RF power, and may be switched between the different levels by the operator. Aswitchable power source24 and switchable connections toRF power source24 thus provide the ability, for example, to provide one amount of power to thecutting wire15 and another amount of power to anchoringelements20 as desired. For example, anRF power source24 may be switchably connected to an inner conductor. In addition, a switchableRF power source24 provides the capability to deliver different amounts of power to cuttingwire15 at different times. For example, it may be desirable to providecutting wire15 with different amounts of power depending upon different types of tissue encountered within the body of a patient.
• FIG. 6 illustrates the linkage betweenRF connector22 andcutting wire contact54. This linkage is also illustrated inFIGS. 11 and 12.RF connector22 is held in contact withcompression spring56 within slidingpin50. This assembly is retained withinshell40 byretainer52. Slidingpin50 is pressed againstcutting wire contact54 by the action ofcompression spring56 to make an effective electrical connection betweenRF power source24 and cuttingwire15 viaRF connector22,compression spring56, slidingpin50, cuttingwire contact54 andcutting wire connector60. Cuttingwire connector60 bends withintransition bushing42 as shown inFIG. 12B to extend along the length ofshaft13 to contact cuttingwire15 attip16.
• In addition to providing electrical contact betweenRF cable22 andcutting wire contact54, slidingpin50 also provides a mechanical connection betweenshell40 and the probe assembly that includesshaft13 andhousing58. Depression oflatch38 to releasetabs39 allows the removal of theradiation energy detector12.
• As shown inFIG. 5,thumb ring36 has aslot59 having achamfer61 along a portion of the wall ofslot59. Slidingpin50 has abevel51 near itscontact tip53 that mates with slot wall61 (in slot59) that has a chamfer, or an angle with respect to the surface ofthumb ring36. Slidingpin50 is held in secure electrical contact with cuttingwire contact54 bycompression spring56 when inserted into those portions ofslot59 with aslot wall61 having a chamfer. The most proximal portion ofslot59 has aslot wall61 with no chamfer, instead having aslot wall61 that joins the surface ofthumb ring36 in a configuration that is substantially perpendicular to that surface, as shown inFIG. 11A. Slidingthumb ring36 forward towardsfinger rest34 moves the position ofcontact tip53 of slidingpin50 towards more proximal portions ofslot59. Contact betweencontact tip53 andcutting wire connector60 is maintained as long as slidingpin50 is within a portion ofslot59 that has achamfer61. However, electrical contact between slidingpin50 andcutting wire connector60 is lost asthumb ring36 nears its most forward position, causing slidingpin50 to move to a position wherebevel51 contacts aslot wall61 that has no chamfer. There, contact betweenbevel51 and the outer surface ofthumb ring36lifts sliding pin50 asslot59 is moved distally with respect to slidingpin50. Raising or removal of slidingpin50 allows the removal ofshell40,thumb ring36,finger rest34, and other associated elements from housing58 (including radiationenergy detector probe12 if still attached to shell40 withlatch38 connecting to tabs39). Removal of these elements may be desirable, for example, after the deployment of the anchoring elements to allow marking of the sentinel lymph node for an extended period of time without the weight, bulk and possible discomfort to the patient of the radiationenergy detector probe12,shell40, and other elements. Such an extended period of time may be up to a few minutes, a few hours, or several hours, depending upon the length of time necessary to effect a full diagnosis of the patient's condition and, where desirable, to effect the removal of the sentinel lymph node and optionally any surrounding structures.
• FIG. 7 illustrates theshaft13 andhousing58 of a sentinel node accessing and anchoring device embodying features of the invention after detachment ofshell40 and other elements from theshaft13 andhousing38. The anchoringelements20 are shown deployed; accordingly, pushtab32 withinslot59 is shown in a forward position. Cuttingwire contact54 is shown in connected with cuttingwire connector60 which runs alongshaft13 to connect with cuttingwire15.
• FIG. 8 shows a sentinel node accessing and anchoring device with anchoringelements20 deployed.Thumb rest36 is positionedadjacent shell40 and pushsleeve tab32 is in a forward position inslot41 when anchoringelements20 are deployed. This is in contrast to the configurations ofthumb rest36 and pushsleeve tab32 shown inFIG. 1A and inFIGS. 2-5 with anchoring elements retracted. During use, after location and identification of a sentinel lymph node, and positioning of thetip16 of theshaft13 adjacent to the sentinel lymph node, anchoringelements20 are deployed to fix the device in position. When the device has been fixed in a proper location within a patient's body, there is no longer need forradiation energy detector12, and it may be removed. For example, latch38 may be depressed at its distal end to disengage theradiation energy detector12 fromshell tabs39 andelongated portion31 ofradiation energy detector12 withdrawn from withinshaft13. Accordingly, noradiation energy detector12 is shown inFIGS. 8-12, which depict a device embodying features of the invention as it may be used after anchoringelements20 have been deployed.
• FIG. 9 shows the device illustrated inFIG. 8 viewing along a longitudinal axis towards cuttingwire15. The anchoringelements20 are shown in their deployed configuration.
• FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional longitudinal view of the device shown inFIG. 8, taken along a plane perpendicular to a line running alongRF power connector22, showing the configuration of thepush sleeve44 withinhousing58 andshell40 when anchoringelements20 are deployed.
• FIG. 11 illustrates sectional views of portions of the device shown inFIG. 8.Lines11A-11A,11B-11B, and11C-11C shown inFIG. 8 indicate the lines along which cross-sections are taken and illustrated inFIGS. 11A, 11B and11C.FIG. 11 illustrates the configuration of elements of a device embodying features of the invention when anchoringelements20 are deployed. Anchoringelements20 illustrated inFIG. 11C havesharp tips64 effective to aid their deployment into tissue of a patient's body.FIGS. 11A and 11B show cross-sections of theshaft13 and, inFIG. 11A, show the RF power connections and some of its constituent elements in greater detail.
• Thebroken line12A-12A inFIG. 9 indicates the section illustrated inFIG. 12A.FIG. 12A is a view of the device ofFIG. 8 showing RF connections betweenRF connector22, andelements50,52,54,56 and60 with cuttingwire15.Circle12B inFIG. 12A indicates the portion of the figure that is shown in greater detail inFIG. 12B. The RF power connections, as well as the anchoringelement bushings48, are shown in greater detail inFIG. 12B. Also shown inFIG. 12 is atelescoping junction62 between ananchor element sheath18 and asupport sleeve46.
• Theelongated shaft13 of a device embodying features of the invention may have other than a circular cross-section. For example, as illustrated inFIG. 12C, theelongated shaft13 of adevice11 embodying features of the invention may have having an oblong cross-section. In the portion of thedevice11 illustrated in this figure, multiple anchoringelements20 are housed within anchoringelement sheaths18 extending along the oblong transverse cross-sectional portion of theshaft13. Anchoringelements20 andsheaths18 are preferably situated in a parallel relationship as shown inFIG. 12C.Elongated portion31 ofradiation energy detector12 also extends along the long dimension of the oblong transverse cross-sectional portion of theshaft13 in the embodiment shown.
• Anchoringelements20 may exit from anchoringelement sheaths18 for deployment into a patient's body from positions anywhere along theelongated shaft13. For example, as illustrated inFIG. 12D, anchoringelements20 may be deployed from positions proximal to thetip16 of theshaft13. In embodiments of the invention, anchoringelements20 may deploy from positions of up to about 2 cm to 3 cm from thetip16. In preferred embodiments, anchoringelements20 deploying from positions proximal oftip16 may deploy from positions up to about 0.5 cm to about 2 cm proximal of thetip16. Note that someanchoring elements20 may be deployed fromsheaths18 at a different distances fromtip16 than other anchoringelements20.
• FIG. 13 illustrates anchoringelements20 and theirsheaths18 in various configurations.FIG. 14 illustrates different tip configurations: anchoringelements20 may have flat orrounded tips64, or may have barbs on their tips (66) as shown inFIG. 14B. It will be understood that anchoringelements20 may have any of a variety of tip shapes and configurations, including but not limited to flat, rounded, beveled, pointed, barbed, or other configuration, and may be configured to assume tighter or looser coil configurations as well. Anchoringelements20 may be made with any material having suitable spring-like properties. In preferred embodiments, anchoringelements20 are made with super-elastic nitinol wire configured to assume a coiled configuration upon release from enclosure within a sheath. The alignment of the anchoringelements20 within anchoringelement sheaths18 is an important factor in obtaining a desired coil configuration upon deployment.
• Anchoringelements20, particularly anchoringelements20 made with materials including super-elastic nitinol, may be configured and deployed so as to assume different coiled configurations upon exiting from anchoringelement sheaths18 depending upon the relative motions of the anchoringelement20, thesheath18, and the tissue into which the anchoring element is deployed. In one deployment mode, advancing the anchoringelements20 out of the anchoringelement sheaths18 into surrounding tissue lets the anchoringelements20 assume their natural and restrained coil shapes. However, in an alternative deployment mode, the anchoringelement sheaths18 are pulled back while the anchoringelements20 are left in a substantially static position. In this case, thetips64 of the anchoringelements20 do not move forward as they uncoil upon release from the restraint of the anchoringelement sheaths18, but instead remain relatively stationary or move backward, so that the final coil shapes of the anchoringelements20 are substantially dictated by the composition of the surrounding tissue. The coil radius of an anchoringelement20 that is deployed into a region of harder or denser tissue will, in general, be smaller than the coil radius of an anchoringelement20 deployed into a region of softer or less dense tissue. In general, the wider the coil radius, the more the backward movement of the anchoringelement tip64 as an anchoringelement20 uncoils during retraction of an anchoringelement sheath18.
• The following definitions are useful in describing the different anchoring element deployment configurations of devices and methods embodying features of the invention. An imaginary line following a path down the central axis of a helical coil is termed a “coil axis”; similarly, an imaginary line following a path down the central axis of a sheath is termed a “sheath axis.” A coil axis and a sheath axis may be aligned in a substantially parallel alignment, or may not be similarly aligned. The alignment of a coil axis is termed to be “radial” to a sheath axis when the coil axis and the sheath axis are not substantially parallel, but instead, either meet at an angle, or a projection of the coil axis onto a plane including the sheath axis forms an angle with the sheath axis. A forward direction is defined as the direction along the sheath axis leading from the interior to the exterior of the sheath; a rearward direction is the direction along the sheath axis from the exterior to the interior of the sheath, and is opposite to a forward direction. Rearward movement is also termed “retraction.”
• When an anchoringelement20 made with material having suitable spring-like properties, such as super-elastic nitinol wire, is deployed into a tissue from a stationaryanchoring element sheath18, the anchoringelement20 will assume a coiled configuration with the coil axis substantially radial to the sheath axis. However, a different coil configuration is obtained when a super-elastic nitinol wire is deployed forward into a tissue from a sheath that is moving in a rearward direction. In this latter case, the coil, as it extends, will assume a configuration with the coil axis substantially parallel to the sheath axis. This property is useful for anchoring medical devices in a proper location within a patient's body.
• FIG. 13A illustrates the configuration of an anchoringelement20 and an anchoringelement sheath18 embodying features of the invention following deployment of the anchoringelement20 with thesheath18 held stationary. The anchoringelement20 assumes a radial configuration having a coil axis substantially perpendicular to the sheath axis. In embodiments of the invention, anchoringelements20 may be configured to deploy from stationary sheaths into radial configurations having coil axis orientations at other angles with respect to the sheath axis as well. InFIG. 13B, an anchoringelement20 and an anchoringelement sheath18 are illustrated following forward deployment of the anchoringelement20 while thesheath18 was moving in a rearward direction. In this case, the anchoringelement20 assumes a configuration with a coil axis substantially parallel to the sheath axis.
• FIG. 13C illustrates an anchoringelement18 having a coil configuration produced by utilization of both methods of coiled wire deployment. The anchoringelement20 illustrated inFIG. 13C has a coiled portion having a coil axis oriented substantially perpendicularly with respect to the sheath axis, and a coil portion having a coil axis oriented substantially parallel to the sheath axis. This complex configuration may be produced by first deploying a super-elasticnitinol anchoring element20 from a stationaryanchoring element sheath18, and then moving the anchoringelement sheath18 in a rearward direction while deploying the anchoringelement20 in a forward direction.
• The anchoring element configurations illustrated inFIGS. 13A, 13B and13C are effective to anchor a medical device in a desired location within a patient's body. At least one anchoring element is effective to anchor a medical device in a desired location within a patient's body. The use of at least two, or preferably at least three anchoring elements is believed to be more effective than the use of a single anchoring element. In particular, since lymph nodes are small, mobile, and difficult to identify and localize, use of an anchoring element or use of at least one, and preferably multiple anchoring elements, as disclosed herein, is effective to fix a medical device adjacent to a sentinel lymph node and to aid in the removal of sentinel lymph nodes, cancerous tissues, and of other tissues.
• The anchoringelement sheaths18 may be configured for forward and rearward movement effective to deploy anchoringelements20 into any desired configuration.FIGS. 15 and 16 illustrate an embodiment of a sentinel node accessing and anchoring device embodying features of the invention having sheaths and anchoring elements that may be deployed and retracted.FIG. 15A illustrates a device embodying features of the invention having anchoring element sheaths shown moved forward in an extended position. Anchoringelements20 are contained within anchoringelement sheaths18.FIG. 15B illustrates the handle portion of the device ofFIG. 15A to show the configuration of extension tabs and extension slots corresponding to the configuration of the anchoringelement sheaths18 and anchoringelements20 shown inFIG. 15A. Slottedsleeve68, having anchoringelement slot70 for controlling the configuration of anchoringelements20 andsheath slot72 for controlling the configuration ofsheaths18, is mounted onhandle barrel76. Pushsleeve tab32 andsheath push tab74 are shown engaged within anchoringelement slot70 andsheath slot72, respectively.FIG. 15C provides a cross-sectional view of the handle portion of the device ofFIGS. 15A and 15B, showingpush sleeve tab32 and pushsleeve44, andsheath push tab74 andsheath push sleeve78, engaged with slottedsleeve68 within anchoringelement slot70 andsheath slot72, respectively. Slottedsleeve68 is shown here within rotatinghandle80 which is a deployment actuator and also serves as a cover for slottedsleeve68 in the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 15C.FIGS. 15D, 15E and15F show transverse cross-sectional views of the device, taken along thelines15D-15D,15E-15E, and15F-15F shown inFIG. 15A.
• As illustrated inFIG. 13, forward deployment of anchoring elements while sheaths move rearward results in anchoring elements configured with coil axes substantially parallel to the sheath axes. Thus, in order that anchoringelements20 will assume the configurations shown inFIG. 16A, anchoringelements20 are deployed forward, andsheaths18 moved rearward, during deployment of the anchoringelements20 from the device shown inFIG. 15A. The configurations of the anchoringelements20 are shown in greater detail inFIG. 16B. As is also more readily seen inFIG. 16B,sheaths18 have been fully retracted withintip16 andshaft13 into anchoringelement support sleeve46.Support sleeve46 and anchoringelement sheath18 together form a telescoping tubular sleeve configured to extend and retract while retaining an anchoringelement20 within a restraining enclosure effective to avoid buckling of the enclosed anchoringelement20.
• FIG. 16C shows the handle portion of the device ofFIGS. 15 and 16. Withsheaths18 retracted and anchoringelements20 deployed,sheath tab74 and pushsleeve tab32 are located in the positions near to each as shown inFIGS. 16C and 16D.FIGS. 16E, 16F, and16G show transverse cross-sectional views of the device ofFIG. 16A, taken along thelines16E-16E,16F-16F, and16G-16G in the figures. Also shown inFIGS. 16A-16D areRF connection22 andelectrical connector82 for theradiation energy detector30.
• Sentinel node accessing and anchoring devices embodying features of the invention find use in the detection, marking and removal of lymph nodes and other tissues that may harbor metastatic cancer cells. A patient, such as one having a cancerous lesion, may be injected with radiation-emitting material at the primary lesion site. Radioactive materials may be bio-compatible fluids containing, e.g., Technetium 99, Indium 111, Iodine 123 or Iodine 125, which emit gamma radiation, or may be bio-compatible fluids containing materials emitting alpha-radiation or beta-radiation. Detection of radiation by radiationenergy detector probe30 at a location other than the injection site indicates that migration of the radioactive material has occurred, typically via the lymphatic system.
• Identification and removal of sentinel lymph nodes is an important part of cancer treatment, particularly the treatment of breast cancer. By correctly timing the observation of the radiation energy signals coming from the patient's body after injection of radioactive material, it is possible to locate and identify the sentinel lymph nodes corresponding to a lesion site. Alternatively, lack of gamma radiation emission from a lymph node, at a time after injection sufficient to allow lymph drainage into a sentinel lymph node, indicates that the node is not in communication with the cancerous lesion and so is not at high risk of harboring metastatic cancer cells. The lymph nodes which correspond to the breast and surrounding areas are typically located in the armpit of the patient, connected to breast tissue by a series of lymph ducts.
• As described in copending, co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/727,112 “Sentinel Node Location and Biopsy” to Burbank and Lubock, monitoring of a patient following injection of radioactive material may be accomplished by hand held radiation detector, gamma camera, or other radiation detector. Detection of an accumulation of radioactive material at a time after the injected radioactive material has migrated through the lymph ducts to the sentinel lymph nodes but prior to dispersion of the radioactive material to nodes surrounding the sentinel nodes indicates that a sentinel lymph node has been located. “Hot” sentinel lymph nodes are clearly distinguishable from surrounding non-radioactive lymph nodes using radiation energy detectors from outside the patient's body, sufficient to indicate an approximate position of sentinel lymph nodes in a non-invasive manner. A mark may be made on the skin of the patient to identify the approximate location of the sentinel lymph node identified in this way by an external radiation detector such as a hand-held radiation detector or gamma camera.
• However, knowledge of only the approximate location of a sentinel lymph node is insufficient for its accurate and complete removal. Use of a sentinel node accessing and anchoringdevice11 embodying features of the invention allows location of the sentinel lymph nodes with greater precision, and allows their precise marking for their accurate and complete removal. Thus, the invention provides an improved method for accessing and anchoring a sentinel lymph node corresponding to a lesion site within a patient's body that makes use of the devices and systems of the invention to access a sentinel lymph node and to anchor the device in or adjacent the sentinel lymph node.
• An improved method for accessing and anchoring a sentinel lymph node corresponding to a lesion site within a patient's body includes the step of locating the approximate position of at least one sentinel lymph node by detecting radiation accumulated within a lymph node with a radiation detector. For example, the radiation detector may be a radiationenergy detector probe30 having anelongated portion31 configured to slidably fit withinshaft13. Then, thedevice11 may be used to access the sentinel lymph node by activatingcutting wire15 to ablate tissue while passingshaft13 into the patient's body until thedistal end14 of theshaft13 or thetip16 is disposed adjacent the sentinel lymph node. Anchoringelements20 may then be extended into the patient's body tissue to anchor thedevice11 into the sentinel lymph node or into tissue adjacent the sentinel lymph node. The extension of the anchoring elements is effective to secure thedistal end14 ofshaft13 or thetip16 to the sentinel lymph node or adjacent to the sentinel lymph node.
• The anchoringelements20 may be extended radially or longitudinally. Anchoringelements20 may assume a curved or coiled configuration when extended, as shown in FIGS.1B,7-11,12A,13,14, and16A and B. Once thedevice11 is secured to or adjacent a sentinel lymph node by anchoringelements20, the patient can be transferred to a surgical suite and the lymph node surgically removed, with thedevice11 attached and serving as a locating device.
• A sentinel node accessing and anchoringdevice11 may be introduced into a patient's body at a location corresponding to the approximate location of a sentinel lymph node identified by external radiation detectors. Ultrasonic imaging can be used while thedevice11 is being inserted to aid its guidance to a desired location and to help avoid the large arteries and nerves that are generally located in the same area as the axillary lymph nodes of a patient.
• Cuttingwire15 may be spaced distally fromtip16, as illustrated in the figures, or may be partly or completely in contact withtip16. Cuttingwire15 readily cuts through tissue upon activation with RF power fromRF power source24, allowing insertion oftip16 andshaft13 into a patient. When cuttingwire15 is activated with RF energy and applied to tissue, tissue is ablated along the length of thecutting wire15 and displaced bytip16 ofdevice11 as it is advanced through the tissue. Because RF tissue ablation frequently interferes with ultrasonic imaging and the like, it may be desirable to use a system for reduction of such interference such as is taught by copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/527,868, by Dabney et al., filed Mar. 17, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
• TheRF power source24 for thecutting wire15 can be any of a variety of standard electrosurgical units generating radiofrequency energy in a range of about 300 to about 6,000 kHz, specifically, about 350 to about 1,000 kHz. Power output for theRF power source24 can be about 25 to about 150 watts, preferably about 75 to about 125 watts. Thecutting wire15 can be made of a variety of materials, including stainless steel, tungsten, nitinol and the like. Cuttingwire15 may have a cross section that is round, rectangular, oval or any other suitable configuration and generally has a transverse dimension of about 0.001 to about 0.020 inch, specifically about 0.006 to about 0.015 inch. As illustrated inFIG. 1 and other figures, the cutting wire is spaced distally fromtip16, although in embodiments of theinvention cutting wire15 is not spaced distally from thetip16.
• The cutting element at the tip of devices embodying features of the invention may have a sharp cutting surface, point or edge for use without electrical power. In preferred embodiments, the cutting element is an electrode, such ascutting wire15, configured for use with RF power to cut through tissue. In addition to the application of RF energy to cuttingwire15 as described, in embodiments of theinvention anchoring elements20 may receive RF energy fromRF power source24 or other RF power source in order to apply RF power to tissue to aid their deployment. Thus, RF energy may be applied to thecutting wire15 to effect insertion and movement oftip14 andshaft13 of devices of the invention, and may also be applied to anchoringelements20 during their deployment to aid in their advancement through tissue. In embodiments of the invention, anchoringelements20 may be insulated along their lengths except for at thetips64.
• Shaft13 andtip16 may be made from any bio-compatible materials, such as bio-compatible polymers, ceramics, composites, or metals (the metal preferably having an electrically insulated outer surface or coating). Preferably,shaft13 is made from a disposable polymer sleeve configured to fit over theelongated portion31 ofradiation detector probe30.Tip16 is preferably formed, at least in part, from high density polyethylene (HDPE).
• The invention also provides systems for accessing and anchoring a sentinel node within a patient, including adevice11, having ashaft13, a tissue cutting member such ascutting wire15, a radiationenergy detector probe30, thedevice11 having at least one anchoringelement20 having a retracted and having an extended configuration, and arotating handle80 configured to deploy an anchoringelement20 from the retracted configuration to the extended configuration. In embodiments of the invention, rotatinghandle80, which serves as a deployment actuator, may be configured to both extend theanchoring elements20 and to activate theanchor elements20 with RF energy. In addition, the system may include a housing, an inner conductor, a main shaft disposed within an inner lumen of the inner conductor, an actuator coupled to the inner conductor for extending the anchoringelements20 and an RF energy source switchably coupled to the inner conductor.
• While particular forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, it should be apparent that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as by the appended claims.

Claims (43)

1. A tissue access and anchoring device, comprising:

a. an elongated shaft having a distal end and a proximal end;

b. a tissue cutting member at the end of the distal shaft; and

c. at least one anchoring element extending from a position at or near the distal end of the shaft:

2-65. (canceled)

66. A method of positioning a needle in a patient's breast for a medical procedure, comprising the steps of:

providing a needle having at least one movable indicator for indicating an angular orientation when viewed along a longitudinal axis of the needle, the needle having a distal portion and a proximal portion;

positioning the distal portion in a patient's breast with the proximal portion remaining outside the breast,

moving the indicator to a position which provides an indication of a selected angular orientation relative to the longitudinal axis to move the indicator to a position which angularly bounds a tissue area to be removed from the breast, and

performing a medical procedure using information from the selected angular orientation.

67. The method ofclaim 66, wherein:

the performing step includes the step of removing breast tissue.

68. A method of positioning a needle in a patient's breast for a medical procedure, comprising the steps of:

providing a needle at least one movable indicator for indicating an: angular orientation when viewed along a longitudinal axis of the needle, the needle having a distal portion that includes at least one anchoring element and a proximal portion;

positioning the distal portion in a patient's breast with the proximal portion remaining outside the breast,

moving the indicator to a position which provides an indication of a selected angular orientation relative to the longitudinal axis, the moving step being carried out by moving the at least one anchoring element, the at least one anchoring element being displaced angularly with respect to the longitudinal axis, and

performing a medical procedure using information from the selected angular orientation.

69. The method ofclaim 68, wherein:

the performing step includes the step of removing breast tissue.

70. The method ofclaim 68, wherein:

the moving step is carried out with the at least one anchoring element being a thin, elongate element which pierces the breast tissue.

71. The method ofclaim 68, wherein:

the moving step is carried out with the at least one anchoring element being a wire.

72. The method ofclaim 70, wherein:

the providing step is carried out with the needle having a shaft; and

the moving step is carried out with the anchoring element extending through a slot in the shaft.

73. The method ofclaim 70, wherein:

the performing step includes the step of removing breast tissue.

74. A method of positioning a needle in a patient's breast for a medical procedure, comprising the steps of:

providing a needle having at least one movable indicator for indicating an angular orientation when viewed along a longitudinal axis of the needle, the needle having a distal portion and a proximal portion;

positioning the distal portion in a patient's' breast with the proximal portion remaining outside the breast,

moving the indicator to a position which provides an indication of a selected angular orientation relative to the longitudinal axis by selecting at least two different angular positions when viewed along the longitudinal axis of the needle, and

performing a medical procedure using information from the selected angular orientation.

75. The method ofclaim 74, wherein:

the performing step includes the step of removing breast tissue.

76. The method ofclaim 74, wherein:

the providing is carried out with the needle including at least one anchoring element, and

the moving step is carried out by moving the at least one anchoring element, the anchoring element being displaced angularly with respect to the longitudinal axis during the moving step.

77. The method ofclaim 76, wherein:

the moving step is carried out with the at least one anchoring element being a thin, elongate element which pierces the breast tissue.

78. The method ofclaim 76, wherein:

the moving step is earned out with the at least one anchoring element being a wire.

79. The method ofclaim 77, wherein:

the providing step is carried out with the needle having a shaft; and

the moving step is carried out with the element extending through a slot in the shaft.

80. A method of positioning a needle in a patient's breast for a medical procedure, comprising the steps of:

providing a needle having at least one movable indicator for indicating an angular orientation when viewed along a longitudinal axis of the needle, the needle having a distal portion and a proximal portion;

positioning the distal portion in a patient's breast with the proximal portion remaining outside the breast;

moving the indicator to a position which provides an indication of a selected angular orientation relative to the longitudinal axis and repeating the moving step at least once to indicate two different angular orientations relative to the longitudinal axis; and

performing a medical procedure using information from the selected angular orientation.

81. The method ofclaim 80, wherein:

the providing is can-fed out with the needle including at least one anchoring element, and

the moving step is carried out by moving the at least one anchoring element, the anchoring element being displaced angularly with respect to the longitudinal axis during the moving step.

82. The method ofclaim 81, wherein:

the moving step is carried out with the at least one anchoring element being a thin, elongate element which pierces the breast tissue.

83. The method ofclaim 81, wherein:

the moving step is carried out with the at least one anchoring element being a wire.

84. The method ofclaim 82, wherein:

the providing step is carried out with the needle having a shaft; and

the moving step is carried out with the element extending through a slot in the shaft.

85. A needle for introduction into a patient's breast comprising:

an elongate shaft having a longitudinal axis; and

a first indicator for indicating an angular orientation when viewed along the longitudinal axis of the shaft. the first indicator being movable by the user to a selected angular orientation and being coupled to an anchoring element, the anchoring element being displaced angularly with respect to the longitudinal axis when the first indicator is moved by the user.

86. The needle ofclaim 85, wherein:

the first indicator is moved to a position to provide angular information regarding a tissue area to be removed from the breast.

87. The needle ofclaim 85, wherein:

the anchoring element is a thin, elongate element which pierces the breast tissue

88. The needle ofclaim 85, wherein:

the anchoring element is a wire.

89. The needle ofclaim 88, wherein:

the wire extending through a slot in the shaft.

90. A needle for introduction into a patient's breast, comprising:

an elongate shaft having a longitudinal axis;

a first indicator for indicating an angular orientation when viewed along the longitudinal axis of the shaft, the first indicator being movable by the user to a selected angular orientation, and

a second indicator for indicating another angular orientation when viewed along the longitudinal axis of the shaft.

91. The needle ofclaim 90, wherein:

the first and second indicators are moved to positions to provide angular information regarding a tissue area to be removed from the breast.

92. The needle ofclaim 90, wherein:

the first indicator is coupled to an anchoring element, the anchoring element being displaced angularly with respect to the longitudinal axis when the first indicator is moved by the user.

93. The needle ofclaim 92, wherein:

the anchoring element is a thin, elongate element which pierces the breast tissue.

94. The needle ofclaim 92, wherein:

the anchoring element is a wire.

95. The needle ofclaim 94, wherein:

the wire extending through a slot in the shaft.

96. A method of excising breast tissue, comprising the steps of:

providing a guide element and a cutting device, the cutting device having a deployable cutting element mounted on a shaft, the cutting device also having a tissue collection element;

introducing the guide element into a patient's breast;

advancing the cutting device into the patient's breast, the cutting device being slidably coupled to the guide element so that the guide element guides the cutting device as the cutting device is advanced into the patient's breast;

deploying a cutting element on the cutting device after the advancing step, the cutting element moving from a collapsed position to an expanded position, the cutting element bowing outwardly from the shaft when being deployed;

rotating the shaft so that the cutting element severs breast tissue, the severed breast tissue entering the tissue collection element which trails the cutting element as the cutting element moves through the breast tissue when the shaft is rotated; and

removing the breast tissue which has been severed by the cutting element and is contained within the tissue collection element.

97. The method ofclaim 96, wherein:

the providing step is carried out with the guide element being a needle; and

the advancing step being carried out with the cutting device being advanced over the needle.

98. The method ofclaim 96, wherein:

the rotating step is carried out with the shaft rotating less than 180 degrees relative to the guide element.

99. The method ofclaim 96, wherein:

the providing step is carried out with the guide element having an indicator for a desired depth of penetration of the cutting device during the advancing step.

100. The method ofclaim 96, wherein:

the removing step is carried out with the tissue collection element surrounding and isolating the severed tissue from the surrounding tissue.

101. A method of excising breast tissue, comprising the steps of:

providing a guide element having at least one indicator for indicating an angular orientation with respect to a longitudinal axis of the guide element and a cutting device, the cutting device having a deployable cutting element mounted on a shaft and; introducing the guide element into a patient's breast;

advancing the cutting device into the patient's breast, the cutting device being slidably coupled to the guide element so that the guide element guides the cutting device as the cutting device is advanced into the patient's breast;

deploying a cutting element on the cutting device after the advancing step; rotating the shaft so that the cutting element severs breast tissue; and

removing the breast tissue which has been severed by the cutting element.

102. The method ofclaim 101, wherein:

the rotating step is carried out with the shaft rotating less than 180 degrees relative to the guide element.

103. The method ofclaim 101, wherein:

the providing step is carried out with the guide element being a needle.

104. The method ofclaim 101, wherein:

the rotating step is carried out using the angular orientation indicated by the at least one indicator.

105. The method ofclaim 101, wherein:

the removing step is carried out with the severed breast tissue being contained in a collection element carried by the cutting device.

106. The method ofclaim 105, wherein:

the removing step is carried out with the collection element surrounding and isolating the severed tissue from the surrounding tissue.

Images