US20050177180A1 - Devices, systems, and methods for supporting tissue and/or structures within a hollow body organ - Google Patents

Abstract

Devices, systems and methods support tissue in a body organ for the purpose of restoring or maintaining native function of the organ. The devices, systems, and methods do not require invasive, open surgical approaches to be implemented, but, instead, lend themselves to catheter-based, intra-vascular and/or percutaneous techniques.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application claims the benefit of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/307,226, filed Nov. 29, 2002, which claims the benefit of co-pending U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/333,937 filed 28 Nov. 2001. This application also claims the benefit of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/271,334, filed Oct. 15, 2002.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The features of the invention are generally applicable to devices, systems, and methods that support tissue and/or structures within a hollow body organ. In a more particular sense, the features of the invention are applicable to improving heart function by supporting tissue and related structures in the heart, e.g., for the treatment of conditions such as congestive heart failure and/or heart valve dysfunction and/or atrial fibrillation and/or septal defects.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Hollow body organs are shaped in particular native ways to perform specific native functions. When a body organ looses its native shape due to disease, injury, or simply the natural aging process, the native functions can be adversely affected. The heart serves as a good example of this marriage between native shape and native function, as well as the dysfunctions that can occur should the native shape change.
• I. The Anatomy of a Healthy Heart
• The heart (seeFIG. 1) is slightly larger than a clenched fist. It is a double (left and right side), self-adjusting muscular pump, the parts of which work in unison to propel blood to all parts of the body. The right side of the heart receives poorly oxygenated (“venous”) blood from the body from the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava and pumps it through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation. The left side receives well-oxygenation (“arterial”) blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins and pumps it into the aorta for distribution to the body.
• The heart has four chambers, two on each side—the right and left atria, and the right and left ventricles. The atria are the blood-receiving chambers, which pump blood into the ventricles. A wall composed of membranous and muscular parts, called the interatrial septum, separates the right and left atria. The ventricles are the blood-discharging chambers. A wall composed of membranous and muscular parts, called the interventricular septum, separates the right and left ventricles.
• The synchronous pumping actions of the left and right sides of the heart constitute the cardiac cycle. The cycle begins with a period of ventricular relaxation, called ventricular diastole. The cycle ends with a period of ventricular contraction, called ventricular systole.
• The heart has four valves (seeFIGS. 2 and 3) that ensure that blood does not flow in the wrong direction during the cardiac cycle; that is, to ensure that the blood does not back flow from the ventricles into the corresponding atria, or back flow from the arteries into the corresponding ventricles. The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle is the mitral valve. The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle is the tricuspid valve. The pulmonary valve is at the opening of the pulmonary artery. The aortic valve is at the opening of the aorta.
• At the beginning of ventricular diastole (i.e., ventricular filling) (seeFIG. 2), the aortic and pulmonary valves are closed to prevent back flow from the arteries into the ventricles. Shortly thereafter, the tricuspid and mitral valves open (asFIG. 2 shows), to allow flow from the atria into the corresponding ventricles. Shortly after ventricular systole (i.e., ventricular emptying) begins, the tricuspid and mitral valves close (seeFIG. 3)—to prevent back flow from the ventricles into the corresponding atria—and the aortic and pulmonary valves open—to permit discharge of blood into the arteries from the corresponding ventricles.
• The heart valves are defined by fibrous rings of collagen, each called an annulus, which forms a part of the fibrous skeleton of the heart. The annulus provides attachments for the cusps or leaflets of the valves. In a healthy heart, muscles and their tendinous chords (chordae tendineae) support the valves, allowing the leaflets of the valves to open and close in accordance with their intended functions.
• II. Heart Dysfunctions
• Infection, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, other diseases, or anatomic defects can adversely affect the normal synchronous pumping actions of the left and right sides of the heart and/or the operation of heart valves during the cardiac cycle.
• For example, due to one or more of these causes, a heart chamber may become stretched and enlarged. This condition can lead to adverse consequences. For example, (1) due to its enlarged condition the heart must pump harder to move the blood, and/or too little blood may move from the heart to the rest of the body. Over time, other chambers of the heart may also become weaker. The stretching and enlargement of a heart chamber, e.g., in the left ventricle, can lead to a condition called congestive heart failure. If not treated, congestive heart failure can lead to pulmonary embolisms, circulatory shutdown, and death.
• The enlargement of a heart chamber can also lead to the enlargement or stretching a heart valve annulus. Also, the stretching or tearing of the chords surrounding a heart valve, or other forms of muscle failure in this region, can also change the shape of a heart valve annulus, even when enlargement of a heart chamber is absent. When the heart valve annulus changes its shape, the valve leaflets can fail to coapt. An undesired back flow of blood can occur between an atrium and a ventricle (called regurgitation), or back flow between an artery and a ventricle can occur. Such dysfunctions can eventually also weaken the heart and can result in heart failure.
• Anatomic defects, e.g., in the septum, can also lead to heart dysfunction. These defects can be congenital, or they can result from disease or injury.
• III. Prior Treatment Modalities
• Medications can be successful in treating heart dysfunctions. For chronic or acute dysfunction, however, surgery is often necessary. For congestive heart failure, a heart transplant may be required. Like invasive, open heart surgical approaches have been used to repair or replace a dysfunctional heart valves or to correct septal defects.
• The need remains for simple, cost-effective, and less invasive devices, systems, and methods for treating heart conditions such as congestive heart failure and/or heart valve dysfunction and/or septal defects. A parallel need also remains for similarly treating other dysfunctions that arise from unintended shape changes in other body organs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The invention provides devices, systems and methods that support tissue in a hollow body organ for the purpose of restoring or maintaining native function of the organ. The devices, systems, and methods do not require invasive, open surgical approaches to be implemented, but, instead, lend themselves to catheter-based, intra-vascular and/or percutaneous techniques.
• One aspect of the invention provides systems and methods for supporting tissue within a hollow body organ. The systems and methods employ first and second implants that are coupled together. The first implant is sized and configured to penetrate a first region of tissue in the hollow body organ. The second implant is sized and configured to penetrate a second region of tissue in the hollow body organ spatially distinct from the first region. At least one tension element couples the first and second implants together, to apply tension to the first and second implants, and thereby draw tissue inward, supporting it. The supporting effect serves, e.g., to draw tissue surfaces together to reduce tissue volume within the hollow body organ, as well as resist subsequent enlargement of tissue volume. Desirably, the supporting effect does not interfere with contraction of the hollow body organ to a lesser tissue volume. However, if desired, this form of bracing can be achieved.
• Another aspect of the invention provides systems and methods for forming a tissue fold within a hollow body organ. The systems and methods employ first and second implants. The implants are sized and configured to penetrate spatially distinct regions of tissue in the hollow body organ. At least one tension element couples the first and second implants together to apply tension on the first and second implants. The tension creates a tissue fold between the first and second implants. The tissue fold serves, e.g., to reduce internal tissue volume within the hollow body organ, as well as resist subsequent enlargement of tissue volume. Desirably, the tensioning does not interfere with contraction of the hollow body organ to a lesser tissue volume. However, if desired, this form of bracing can be achieved with tissue folding.
• In one embodiment, the first and second implants are part of an array of implants that penetrates spatially distinct regions of tissue in the hollow body organ. In this embodiment, at least one tension element extends among the array of implants to apply tension between adjacent implants and thereby create a pattern of multiple tissue folds. The multiple tissue folds serve, e.g., to draw a circumferential region of tissue together, forming a closure or seal.
• Another aspect of the invention provides systems and methods for supporting tissue in a hollow body organ. The systems and methods employ a prosthesis sized and configured for placement either within an interior of the hollow body organ or about an exterior of the hollow body organ to regulate a maximum size and/or shape of the hollow body organ. The systems and methods also employ at least one fastener to secure the prosthesis to tissue in the hollow body organ. In one embodiment, the fastener comprises a helical fastener.
• Another aspect of the invention provides systems and methods for supporting tissue within a hollow body organ making use of an elongated implant. The elongated implant is sized and configured to penetrate tissue and extend along a curvilinear path within or partially within a tissue wall. The elongated implant regulates a maximum size and/or shape of the hollow body organ. In one embodiment, the elongated implant comprises a helical shape.
• The systems and methods that embody all or some of the various aspects of the invention, as described, are well suited for use in, e.g., a heart. The systems and methods can be used to support tissue within a heart chamber and/or in or near a heart valve annulus in the treatment, e.g., of congestive heart failure or other conditions in which the volume of the heart becomes enlarged. The systems and methods can be used to seal or close perforations, holes, or defects in tissue. The systems and methods can be used to close or seal atrial appendages or septal defects.
• Other features and advantages of the invention shall be apparent based upon the accompanying description, drawings, and claims.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a perspective, anterior anatomic view of the interior of a healthy heart.
• FIG. 2 is a superior anatomic view of the interior of a healthy heart, with the atria removed, showing the condition of the heart valves during ventricular diastole.
• FIG. 3 is a superior anatomic view of the interior of a healthy heart, with the atria removed, showing the condition of the heart valves during ventricular systole.
• FIG. 4A is a perspective view of an implant for supporting tissue within a hollow body organ.
• FIG. 4B is a side view of an applier instrument for implanting the implant shown inFIG. 4A in tissue.
• FIG. 4C is a side view of the implant shown inFIG. 4A after implantation in tissue.
• FIGS. 5A and 5B are tissue support systems established within a hollow body organ that comprises two or more of the implants as shown inFIG. 4A placed and maintained in tension by a clip element.
• FIGS. 6A and 6B show the tissue supporting system shown inFIG. 5 established in a left ventricle of a heart,FIG. 6A showing the enlarged volume of the ventricle prior to establishment of the system, andFIG. 6B showing the system reducing the volume of ventricle.
• FIGS. 7A to7D show the steps in establishing the system shown inFIG. 6B by use of intra-vascular tools and techniques.
• FIGS. 8A and 8B show a tissue supporting system like that shown inFIG. 5, established in a left ventricle of a heart in or near the annulus of the aortic valve,FIG. 8A showing the dilated condition of the aortic valve annulus prior to establishment of the system, andFIG. 8B showing the system reshaping the annulus to restore leafet coaption.
• FIGS. 9A to9D show the steps in establishing the system shown inFIG. 8B by use of intra-vascular tools and techniques.
• FIGS. 10A and 10B show a tissue folding system established in a left ventricle of a heart,FIG. 10A showing the enlarged volume of the ventricle prior to establishment of the system, andFIG. 10B showing the system reducing the volume of ventricle.
• FIGS. 11A to11D show the steps in establishing the system shown inFIG. 10B by use of intra-vascular tools and techniques.
• FIG. 12 shows another embodiment of a tissue folding system possessing the features of the system shown inFIG. 10B.
• FIGS. 13A to13C show the steps in establishing, by use of intra-vascular tools and techniques, another embodiment of a tissue folding system possessing the features of the system shown inFIG. 10B.
• FIGS. 14A and 14B show the steps in establishing, by use of intra-vascular tools and techniques, another embodiment of a tissue folding system possessing the features of the system shown inFIG. 10B.
• FIG. 15A is a tissue folding system as shown inFIG. 10B, with the including of an overlaying patch component that is secured by fasteners over the tissue fold established by the tissue folding system.
• FIG. 15B is a catheter that deploys the patch component shown inFIG. 15A by intra-vascular access.
• FIG. 16A shows the establishment of a system that creates a pattern of folds in a hollow body organ to isolate or seal one region of the hollow body organ from another region of the hollow body organ.
• FIG. 16B is a plane view of the pattern of folds created by the system shown inFIG. 16A, taken generally alongline16B-16B inFIG. 16A.
• FIGS. 17A and 17B show the establishment of a pattern of multiple folds in the region between an atrial appendage and an atrial septum using the system shown inFIGS. 16A and 16B,FIG. 17A showing the atrium prior to establishment of the system, andFIG. 17B showing the atrium after establishment of the system to isolate and/or seal the atrial appendage from the atrial septum.
• FIG. 17C is a plane view of the pattern of folds created by the system shown inFIG. 17B, taken generally alongline17C-17C inFIG. 17B.
• FIGS. 18A and 18B show the establishment of a pattern of multiple folds to seal a perforation in a hollow body organ using the system shown inFIGS. 16A and 16B,FIG. 18A showing the perforation prior to establishment of the system, andFIG. 18B showing the closing of the perforation after establishment of the system.
• FIGS. 19A to19F show various embodiments of a prothesis that can be installed in a hollow body organ to shape the organ and prevent its enlargement.
• FIG. 20A shows a prosthesis of a type shown inFIGS. 19A to19F installed in the interior of a hollow body organ.
• FIG. 20B shows a prosthesis of a type shown inFIGS. 19A to19F installed about the exterior of a hollow body organ.
• FIG. 21A shows a prosthesis of a type shown inFIGS. 19A to19F installed in the interior of a heart chamber.
• FIGS. 22A to22D show the steps in establishing, by use of intra-vascular tools and techniques, the prosthesis shown inFIG. 20A.
• FIG. 23 shows a prosthesis of a type shown inFIGS. 19A to19F installed about the exterior of a heart.
• FIGS. 24A and 24B show a composite prosthesis having the features of the prosthesis shown inFIGS. 19A to19F, being formed by an array of two or more patch components installed in a left ventricle of a heart.
• FIG. 25 shows a prosthesis having the features of the prosthesis shown inFIGS. 19A to19F, being formed in the form of a ring for placement in or near a heart valve annulus.
• FIG. 26A shows a prosthesis as shown inFIG. 25 installed in or near an annulus of an aortic valve.
• FIG. 26B shows a prosthesis as shown inFIG. 25 installed in or near an annulus of a mitral valve.
• FIG. 27 is a catheter that deploys the prosthesis shown inFIG. 25 by intra-vascular access.
• FIG. 28 shows a patch component having the features of the patch component shown inFIG. 15A, being sized and configured for repairing a septal defect in a heart.
• FIGS. 29A and 29B show the patch component shown inFIG. 28 installed in a septal defect between the left and right ventricles of heart.
• FIGS. 30A and 30B show various embodiments of an elongated implant that can be implanted in a hollow body organ to shape the organ and prevent its enlargement,FIG. 30A showing an implant having a generally linear shape, andFIG. 30B showing an implant having a generally curvilinear shape.
• FIG. 31 shows the elongated implant shown inFIGS. 30A and 30B implanted in a left ventricle of a heart.
• FIG. 32 shows a heart valve assembly having many of the features of the prosthesis shown inFIGS. 19A to19F, being formed for placement in or near a heart valve annulus.
• FIG. 33 shows an assembly as shown inFIG. 32 installed in or near an annulus of an aortic valve.
• FIGS. 34A to34C show the steps in installing, by use of intra-vascular tools and techniques, the heart valve assembly shown inFIG. 32 in or near an annulus of an aortic valve.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• Although the disclosure hereof is detailed and exact to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, the physical embodiments herein disclosed merely exemplify the invention, which may be embodied in other specific structure. While the preferred embodiment has been described, the details may be changed without departing from the invention, which is defined by the claims.
• The technology disclosed in this specification is divided for clarity of presentation into sections, as follows:
• • I. Implants for Externally Supporting Tissue in a Hollow Body Organ
    • A. Overview
    • B. Systems and Methods for Supporting Tissue in a Heart Chamber
    • C. Systems and Methods to Support Tissue In or Near a Heart Valve Annulus
  • II. Implants for Creating Tissue Folds
    • A. Overview
    • B. Systems and Methods Defining Discrete Tissue Folds
      • 1. Tissue Folding with Overlaying Patch Component
    • C. Systems and Methods Defining Patterns of Tissue Folds
      • 1. Overview
      • 2. Appendage Isolation and Sealing
      • 3. Closing Perforations, Holes, or Defects
  • III. Prostheses for Externally Supporting Tissue in a Hollow Body Organ
    • A. Overview
    • B. Systems and Methods for Supporting Tissue in a Heart Chamber
    • C. Systems and Methods for Supporting Tissue In or Near a Heart Valve Annulus
  • IV. Implants for Internally Supporting Tissue in a Hollow Body Organ
• It should be appreciated that the technology described in a given section can be combined with technology described in another section, and that there are features that are common to all technology described herein.
• I. Implants for Externally Supporting Tissue in a Hollow Body Organ
• A. Overview
• FIG. 4A shows animplant10 sized and configured for placement in a hollow body organ. The implant includes abody12 that can be made from a formed plastic or metal or ceramic material suited for implantation in the body.
• Thebody12 includes adistal region14. Thedistal region14 is sized and configured to penetrate tissue. Thebody12 and itsdistal region14 are sized and configured to take purchase in tissue (seeFIG. 4C) sufficient to significantly resist release and/or migration of thebody12 from tissue, once implanted.
• Thebody12 also includes aproximal region16. Theproximal region16 is sized and configured to engage an instrument or tool20 (seeFIG. 4B) that applies a force to cause theimplant10 to penetrate tissue.
• As shown inFIG. 4A, thebody12 also includes atether element18. In the illustrated embodiment, thetether element18 is carried on or near theproximal region16 of thebody12. By virtue of this, when thebody12 is implanted in a tissue wall in a vessel or hollow body organ (seeFIG. 4C), thetether element16 extends outside the tissue wall.
• Thetether element18 comprises a thread, braid, wire, or tube structure with a metallic or polymer material (e.g., polyester suture) having a break strength that is desirably at least equal to the resistance thedistal region14 of thebody12 has to release or migration from tissue. Thetether element18 is desirably flexible, to enable its deployment through an intra-vascular path. Thetether element18 is desirably not significantly elastic, but it can be, depending upon the tissue conditions encountered.
• Thetether element18 is securely fastened to theproximal region16, e.g., by soldering, gluing, riveting, or like attachment techniques. The junction between thetether element18 and thebody12 desirably has a material strength that is greater than the material strength of thetether element18 itself.
• Thebody12 of theimplant10 can take various forms. In the illustrated embodiment (asFIG. 4A shows), thebody12 comprises an open helical coil. In the arrangement, thedistal region14 comprises a sharpened leading tip. This type ofbody12 anddistal region14 can be deployed into tissue by rotational movement, which theapplier instrument20 imparts to theimplant10.
• Also, in the illustrated embodiment (asFIG. 4A shows), theproximal region16 comprises an L-shaped leg. The L-shape leg desirably bisects the entire interior diameter of thecoil body12; that is, the L-shapedleg16 extends completely across the interior diameter of thecoil body12. The L-shapedleg16 serves as a stop to prevent thecoil body12, when rotated, from penetrating too far into tissue. Furthermore, asFIG. 4B generally shows, a rotatableimplant drive mechanism22 on theapplier instrument20 is sized and configured to engage the L-shapedleg16 and impart rotation to thecoil body12 to achieve implantation in tissue.
• FIGS. 5A and 5B show atissue shaping system24 comprising at least twoimplants10 shown inFIG. 4A. Theimplants10 are implanted in a tissue wall within a hollow body organ or vessel (shown generically inFIGS. 5A and 5B) in a spaced-apart relationship or pattern. The number oftethered implants10 deployed can vary according to the size and geometry of the targeted tissue volume, as well as the tissue support objectives.
• Thesystem24 includes at least oneclip element26 joined to thetether elements18 of theimplants10.FIG. 5A shows asingle clip element26.FIG. 5B showsmultiple clip elements26. The clip element orelements26 mutually couple thetether elements18 together, and allow tension to be applied and maintained external to the tissue, as the arrows inFIGS. 5A and 5B show. The tension individually applied and maintained by eachtether element18 on itsrespective implant10, in combination, draws the surrounding tissue wall en masse inward toward theclip element26, to shape the hollow body organ or vessel. Conversely, the tension applied and maintained by thetether elements18 on eachimplant10, in combination, resists movement of the tissue wall en masse outward away from theclip element26. The tension prevents distension of tissue wall beyond the volume created by thetissue support system24. Thetissue support system24, however, desirably does not interfere with contraction of the tissue wall toward a lesser volume.
• The length of eachindividual tether element18 and the magnitude of the tension it applies to itsrespective implant10 collectively dictate a maximum shape for the body organ. In this way, thesystem24 supports and shapes tissue in a body organ.
• Thesystem24 as just described can be established in various parts of the body and for various therapeutic purposes. Two embodiments will be described for the purpose of illustration. The first embodiment is directed to the treatment and/or repair of congestive heart failure. The second embodiment is directed to heart valve remodeling.
• B. Systems and Methods for Supporting Tissue in a Heart Chamber
• FIG. 6A shows a heart afflicted with congestive heart failure. The condition shown inFIG. 6A is characterized by an enlarged internal volume of the left ventricle.FIG. 6B shows the treatment and/or repair of the condition by the implantation of asystem24 of tetheredimplants10 within the left ventricle. Thetethers18 of theimplants10 are placed and held in tension (shown by arrows inFIG. 6B) by aclip26.Multiple clips26 could be used, if desired. The tension applied by thesystem24 shapes the left ventricle, pulling the chamber walls laterally closer together and thereby reducing the overall maximum internal volume. The tension prevents or restricts expansion of the left ventricle beyond the shape during ventricular diastole, which is better suited to efficient ventricular pumping. Thesupport system24, however, does not interfere with normal contraction of the left ventricle during ventricular systole.
• FIGS. 7A to7D show the intra-vascular deployment of thesystem24 shown inFIG. 6B. Alternatively, thesystem24 can be established using conventional open heart surgical techniques or by thoracoscopic surgery techniques.
• In the intra-vascular approach shown inFIGS. 7A to7D, aguide component28 is delivered over a guide wire (not shown) through the aortic valve into the left ventricle. Theguide component28 can be delivered through the vasculature under fluoroscopic guidance, e.g., through either a retrograde arterial route (via, e.g., the femoral artery or subclavian artery) (as shown) or an antegrade venous then trans-septal route.
• Theguide component28 can comprise, e.g., a guide sheath that desirably has a steerable or deflectable distal tip. The guide wire can be withdrawn after theguide component28 is deployed and positioned, so that theapplier instrument20 can be introduced through theguide component28, asFIG. 7A shows.FIG. 4B also shows the deployment of theapplier instrument20 through theguide component28.
• In this arrangement (seeFIG. 4B), theapplier instrument20 comprises acatheter30 that carries animplant drive mechanism22 on its distal tip. Thedrive mechanism22 carries at least onetethered implant10. Anmotor32 in ahandle34, operated by the physician, drives themechanism22 to rotate theimplant10. As a result, theimplant10 is caused to penetrate the myocardium (asFIG. 7A shows).
• The implantation force of thedrive mechanism22 is desirably resolved in some manner to provide positional stability and resist unintended movement of thedrive mechanism22 relative to the implantation site. A resolution force is desirably applied to counteract and/or oppose the implantation force of thedrive mechanism22. It is desirable to resolve some or all or a substantial portion of the implantation force within the vessel lumen (or other hollow body organ) itself, and preferably as close to the implantation site as possible.
• The tubular body of theguide component28 and/or the shaft of theapplier instrument20 can be sized and configured to possess sufficient column strength to resolve some or all or at least a portion of the implantation force within the vessel lumen or hollow body organ.FIG. 7A shows theguide component28 braced against a wall of the ventricle to apply a counterbalancing resolution force. In addition, or alternatively, theguide component28 and/or theaopplier instrument20 can include some form of stabilization means for applying a counteracting force at or near thedrive mechanism22. Various types of stabilization means are disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/669,881, filed Sep. 24, 2003, and entitled “Catheter-Based Fastener Implantation Apparatus and Methods with Implantation Force Resolution.”
• Theguide component28 is reposition in succession to other intended myocardial delivery sites. At each site, theapplier instrument20 is actuated to place animplant10. In this way (seeFIG. 7B), a desired spacing of implants10 (such as a radial or spiral-like pattern) is distributed within the left ventricle.
• Once the desired number ofimplants10 are deployed inside the left ventricle, theapplier instrument20 is withdrawn from theguide component28. Thetether elements18 of theimplants10 are left gathered and channeled through theguide component28, asFIG. 7B shows.
• AsFIG. 7C shows, a clip-applier instrument36 is tracked through theguide component28 and over the bundle oftether elements18 into the left ventricle. Thetether elements18 act as a composite guide wire to guide the clip-applier instrument36 into the left ventricle.
• Once in the left ventricle, the clip-applier instrument36 is held stationary, while the tether elements are pulled taut through the clip-applier instrument36 (shown by arrow T isFIG. 7C). As theindividual tether elements18 grow taut, they apply tension on theindividual implants10, asFIG. 7C shows. This, in turn, pulls the walls of the left ventricle inward towards the clip-applier instrument26 (as a comparison of the left ventricle shown inFIG. 7B to the left ventricle shown inFIG. 7C demonstrates). Once a desired ventricular volume is achieved (as determined, e.g., through fluoroscopy), the clip-applier instrument36 applies aclip26 to the tether elements, attaching thetether elements18 together in tension (seeFIG. 7D). The clip-applier36 cuts the bundle oftether elements18 proximal to the site where theclip26 was applied. The clip-applier instrument36 andloose tethers18 are then withdrawn from the left ventricle through theguide component28, and the guide component is withdrawn, asFIG. 7D shows.
• Thesystem24 has been established to support the left ventricle to treat, in this instance, congestive heart failure.
• It should be appreciated that one ormore implants10 of thesystem24 can be electrically coupled to a device that can be operated to control muscular and/or electrical activity in heart tissue. Absent this intended effect, however, it is desired that theimplants10 are not inherently electrically conductive, so as not to interfere with electrical conduction within the heart.
• C. Systems and Methods to Support Tissue at or Near a Heart Valve Annulus
• FIG. 8A shows a heart afflicted with congestive heart failure. As shown inFIG. 8A this condition has resulted in an enlarged internal volume of the left ventricle, leading to a dilation or stretching the aortic heart valve annulus. As a result, the aortic valve leaflets do not properly coapt during ventricular systole. An undesired retrograde flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta can occur during ventricular systole.
• FIG. 8B shows the treatment and/or repair of this condition by the implantation of asystem24 of tetheredimplants10 in the left ventricle near the aortic valve annulus. Thetethers18 of the fasteners are placed and held in tension (shown by arrows inFIG. 8B) by aclip26.Multiple clips26 can be used, if desired. The tension applied by thesystem24 reshapes the aortic valve annulus, pulling the leaflets closer together, so that coaptation during ventricular systole occurs, and retrograde flow is prevented or reduced.
• FIGS. 9A to9D show the intra-vascular deployment of thesystem24 shown inFIG. 8B. Alternatively, thesystem24 can be established using conventional open heart surgical techniques or by thoracoscopic surgery techniques.
• The intra-vascular approach shown inFIGS. 9A to9D is the essentially the same as that shown inFIGS. 7A to7D, previously described. Under fluoroscopic guidance, theguide component28 is delivered over a guide wire through either the aortic valve (via, e.g., the femoral artery or subclavian artery) into the left ventricle at or near the inferior region of the aortic valve annulus or an antegrade venous then trans-septal route. The guide wire is withdrawn, and theapplier instrument20 is introduced through theguide component28, asFIG. 9A shows.
• Theguide component28 is positioned in succession at intended implant delivery sites at or near the inferior region of the aortic valve annulus. At each site, theapplier instrument20 is actuated to place animplant10.FIG. 9A shows theguide component28 braced against a wall of the ventricle to apply a counterbalancing resolution force to the implantation force. In this way (seeFIG. 9B), a desired pattern ofimplants10 is distributed at or near the inferior region of the aortic valve annulus. The tether elements of theimplants10 are gathered and channeled through theguide component28 to outside the body.
• Once the desired number ofimplants10 are deployed at or near the aortic valve annulus, theapplier instrument20 is withdrawn, and the clip-applier instrument36 is tracked through theguide component28 and over the bundle oftether elements18 into the left ventricle (seeFIG. 9C). Thetether elements18 act as guide wires to guide the clip-applier instrument36 into the left ventricle.
• Once the clip-applier instrument36 is in place, thetether elements18 are pulled taut. Growing taut, thetether elements18 apply tension on theindividual implants10, as the arrows inFIG. 9C show. This, in turn, pulls the walls of the left ventricle in the region of the aortic valve annulus inward towards the clip-applier instrument36. The aortic valve leaflets are drawn closer together, into a geometry better suited for coaptation. The clip-applier instrument36 applies aclip26 to thetether elements18, attaching the tether elements together in tension (seeFIG. 9D). The clip-applier36 cuts the bundle oftether elements18 proximal to the site where theclip26 was applied, and the clip-applier instrument36 andloose tethers18 are withdrawn. The guide component is then withdrawn, asFIG. 9D shows.
• Thesystem24 has been established to reshape the aortic valve annulus to treat, in this instance, congestive heart failure and/or retrograde flow through the aortic valve. Thesystem24 can also be used to treat retrograde flow through any other heart valve, e.g., the mitral valve.
• It should be appreciated that one ormore implants10 of thesystem24 can be electrically coupled to a device that can be operated to control muscular and/or electrical activity in heart tissue. Absent this intended effect, however, it is desired that theimplants10 are not inherently electrically conductive, so as not to interfere with electrical conduction within the heart.
• II. Implants for Creating Tissue Folds
• A. Overview
• FIG. 10B shows atissue folding system38 comprising at least onetethered implant10 shown inFIG. 4A. Theimplant10 is used in combination with anotherimplant40, which can take the form of the implant shown inFIG. 4B, but need not include atether element18. Theimplants10 and40 are implanted in a tissue wall within a hollow body organ or vessel (shown to be within a left ventricle inFIG. 10B) in a spaced-apart relationship. Thetether element18 of theimplant10 is cinched through theimplant40 and held in tension by aclip element42, to form a fold or tuck44 in the tissue region between theimplants10 and40. The presence of thefold44 reduces the overall interior volume of the hollow body organ or vessel, as a comparison of the left ventricle shown inFIG. 10A—before establishment of thetissue folding system38—and the left ventricle shown inFIG. 10B—after establishment of thetissue folding system38—demonstrates. The number ofimplants10 and40 and resultingfolds44 formed can vary according to the size and geometry of the targeted tissue volume, as well as the volume reduction objectives.
• Thetissue folding system38 as just described can be established in various parts of the body and for various therapeutic purposes.
• B. Systems and Methods Defining Discrete Tissue Folds
• The embodiment shown inFIG. 10B contemplates the establishment of one or morediscrete folds44, e.g., for the treatment and/or repair of congestive heart failure. Thetissue folding system38 can be implemented in various ways.
• FIGS. 11A to11D contemplate the intra-vascular deployment of thesystem38 in a left ventricle, as generally shown inFIG. 10B. Alternatively, thesystem28 can be established using conventional open heart surgical techniques or by thoracoscopic surgery techniques. Thesystem38 can be deployed in other hollow body organs or vessels within the body, either by open surgical techniques or intra-vascular access.
• In the intra-vascular approach into the left ventricle, as shown inFIGS. 11A to11D, anapplier instrument20 can be introduced through aguide component28 through either the aorta in the manner shown inFIG. 7A (via, e.g., the femoral artery or subclavian artery) or an antegrade venous then trans-septal route. Theapplier instrument20 deploys at least one tethered implant10 (asFIG. 11A shows). Theapplier instrument20 is withdrawn to receive theimplant40, and then redeployed to an adjacent tissue region, using thetether element18 of thefirst implant10 as a guide wire asFIG. 11B shows. Thetether element18 of theimplant10 is slidably trapped or otherwise threaded through theimplant40 as theimplant40 is deployed, asFIG. 11B also shows. Theapplier instrument20 is withdrawn from theguide component28, with thetether element18 of theimplant10 channeled through theguide component28.
• AsFIG. 11C shows, a clip-applier instrument36 is tracked through theguide component28 and over thetether element18 to the tissue site. The clip-applier instrument36 is held stationary, while thetether element18 is pulled taut through the clip-applier instrument36 (seeFIG. 11C). Thetether element18 applies tension between theimplants10 and40, drawing theimplants10 and40 together to cinch the intermediate tissue. The intermediate tissue folds it upon itself, and thefold44 is created, asFIG. 11C shows. The clip-applier instrument36 applies aclip element42, to maintain tension and the resulting fold44 (seeFIG. 11D). Theclip applier36 cuts thetether element18 proximal to the site where theclip42 was applied. The clip-applier instrument36 is then withdrawn through theguide component28, and the guide component is withdrawn, asFIG. 11D shows.
• Alternatively, or in combination with theclip element42, theimplants10 and40 can include interlocking structural components46 (seeFIG. 12) that are brought into engagement by pulling thetether element18 taut. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), a separate bridging element can be applied to interlockelements10 and40 after they are brought into close proximity by pulling the tether element taut. The engagement between thecomponents46 that holds the relative positions of theimplants10 and40, to maintain the tissue tension and the resultingfold44. In this arrangement, theimplant40 can be partially installed and tension applied to thetether element18 to draw theimplants10 and40 toward one another, to create the desiredfold44. Then installation of theimplant40 can be completed to bring thecomponents46 into interlocking engagement.
• As shown inFIGS. 13A to13C, the spacing between theimplants10 and40, after tension is applied to thetether element18, can be controlled by use of a flexible,collapsible tube48 between theimplants10 and40. In this arrangement, the length of thetube48, when collapsed, is predetermined to reflect the desired spacing between theimplants10 and40 when in tension. AsFIG. 13A shows, thetube48 is guided in an uncollapsed condition over thetether element18 after deployment of theimplant10. Theimplant40 is deployed by theapplier instrument20 in the manner previously described, placing the tube48 (uncollapsed) between theimplants10 and40, asFIG. 13B shows. Subsequent use of the clip-applier instrument, as previously described, to draw thetether element18 taut, collapses thetube48 to until its predetermined length is assumed—resisting any further cinching—at which point theclip element42 is applied, resulting in thesystem38 shown inFIG. 13C. Alternatively, a non-collapsible tube could be used as a spacer between the twoimplants10 and40.
• In the foregoing embodiments, asingle tether element18 has been used to apply tension between theimplant10 that carries thetether element18 and anotherimplant40 that does not. Alternatively, as shown inFIGS. 14A and 14B, twoimplants10, each with itsown tether element18 can be deployed. In this embodiment, the clip-applier instrument36 is guided over bothtether elements18, so that tension can be applied individually to eachtether element18. The clip-applier instrument36 draws thetether elements18 taut (asFIG. 14B shows), creating thefold44. The clip-applier instrument36 then applies theclip element42, to hold the twoindividual tether elements18 in tension, forming thesystem38.
• In any of the foregoing manners, thesystem38 can be established to reduce the interior volume of a heart chamber to treat, in this instance, a left ventricle affected by congestive heart failure.
• The tether element(s)18 may be elastic and/or possess a spring constant and/or be shaped and/or be otherwise compliant in the region between theimplants10 and40. This material characteristic can help minimize or dampen peak load conditions upon thesystem38, particularly when the tissue region is dynamic, as is the case with cardiac tissue.
• 1. Tissue Folding with Overlaying Patch Component
• As shown inFIG. 15A, thetissue folding system38 can include apatch component50 secured byimplants56 to span thetissue fold44. Thepatch component50 distributes forces within thesystem28 to maintain thefold44.
• Thepatch component50, when installed, comprises a relatively planar frame, or a sheet of prosthetic material, or combinations thereof. The patch material is selected on the basis of its biocompatibility, durability, and flexible mechanical properties. The patch material can comprise a polymeric or metallic material, e.g., polyester, or ePTFE, or a malleable plastic or metal material, or a self-expanding plastic or metal material like Nitinol® wire. The patch material desirably possesses some elasticity, e.g., by using stretchable materials and/or weaves/knits, like Spandex™ material or elastic waist bands. The patch material also desirably possesses a resistance to expansion. The material may be drug coated or embedded with drugs, such as with heparin.
• Thepatch component50 is desirable sized and configured to permit non-invasive deployment of the prosthesis by an intra-vascular catheter. In this respect, thepatch component50 is desirably sized and configured to assume a compressed or collapsed, low profile condition, to permit its intra-vascular introduction into the hollow body organ by a catheter. Thepatch component50 is likewise desirably sized and configured for expansion in situ from a collapsed condition into an expanded condition for contact with tissue overlaying thefold44.
• Thepatch component50 carry radiopaque markers to help fluoroscopically position it. The markers can take the form, e.g. of marker bands, tight wound coils, or wire made from radiopaque materials such as platinum, platinum/iridium, or gold.
• FIG. 15B shows a representative embodiment for delivering thepatch component50 by acatheter58 deployed through intra-vascular access. Thecatheter58 carries thepatch component50 in a collapsed condition. Once positioned over the site of thefold44, thepatch component50 is released from the end ofcatheter58 on outwardly taperedguide elements60.
• Theguide elements60 comprise wires witheyes62. In the illustrated embodiment, theeyes62 are secured to thepatch component50 byreleasable suture64. Thesuture64 can, e.g., comprise a loop that is threaded through eacheye62 and thepatch component50. The ends of the suture loop extend out the proximal end of thecatheter58. Pulling on one end of the suture loop will withdraw thesuture64 from theeyes62, thereby releasing thepatch component50.
• The guide elements60 (and/or thepatch component50 itself) are desirably biased to hold thepatch component50, once released, in an open and taut fashion, asFIG. 15B shows. Thepatch component50 placed over thefold44. The periphery of thepatch component50 is attached to tissue using thefasteners56. AsFIG. 15B shows, theapplier instrument20, previously described, may be deployed over theguide elements60 to apply thefasteners56 to thepatch component50. Alternatively, the applier instrument29 may be deployed independent of theguide elements60.
• It should be appreciated that one ormore implants10 and/or40 of thesystem38, or theimplants56 associated with thepatch component50, can be electrically coupled to a device that can be operated to control muscular and/or electrical activity in heart tissue. Absent this intended effect, however, it is desired that theimplants10 and/or40, or thepatch component50 are not inherently electrically conductive, so as not to interfere with electrical conduction within the heart.
• C. Systems and Methods Defining Patterns of Tissue Folds
• 1. Overview
• AsFIGS. 16A and 16B show, atissue folding system52 can comprise a plurality offolds44 arranged in a pre-established pattern or array within a hollow body organ. Thefolds44 are arranged in an annular pattern about the circumference of a tissue region. Thefolds44 are formed by placement of at least one tethered implant10 (as shown inFIG. 4A) in association with a plurality of other implants40 (which need not be tethered). Thetether element18 cinches tissue between adjacent implants, and aclip element54 holds tension in thetether element18. AsFIG. 16A shows, the resulting pattern ofadjacent folds44 creates a tissue region that is circumferentially drawn in, in purse string fashion. AsFIG. 16B shows, thesystem52 can be used to establish within a given hollow body organ a restriction that essentially isolates or seals one region of a hollow body from another region.
• Thesystem52 as just described can be established in various parts of the body and for various therapeutic purposes. Two embodiments will be described for the purpose of illustration. The first embodiment is directed to isolation or sealing of an atrial appendage in the treatment of, e.g., atrial fibrillation. The second embodiment is directed to the repair of perforations, holes, or defects in tissue, e.g., atrial or ventricular septal defects.
• 2. Appendage Isolation/Sealing
• FIG. 17A shows for the purpose of illustration the two native anatomic parts of an atrium (here, the left atrium)—namely, the atrial appendage (also call the appendix auricilae) and the remainder of the atrium (also called the sinus).FIG. 17B shows atissue folding system52 that has been established within the atrium. Thesystem52 comprises a plurality of annular folds44 (seeFIG. 17C), which essentially isolates or seals the left atrial appendage from the atrial septum. In this arrangement, thesystem52 can be used, e.g., to prevent the formation of blood stasis regions in an atrial appendage that is subject to dysfunction as a result of decreased contractility of the atrium following, e.g., treatment of atrial fibrillation.
• As shown inFIGS. 17B and 17C, thesystem52 comprises at least onetethered implant10 used in association with a plurality of other implants40 (which need not be tethered). Theimplants10 and40 are implanted at or near the relatively restricted, native junction between the atrial appendage and the atrial sinus. Theimplants10 and40 are implanted in a spaced-apart, annular relationship about the circumference of this junction.
• Thetether element18 of theimplant10 is cinched through anadjacent implant40, which, in turn, is cinched through the nextadjacent implant40, and so on. The cinching between adjacent implants creates afold44. The cinching between a sequence of adjacent annular implants creates a pattern of adjacent, folds44 about the native junction.
• Thetether element18—cinched sequentially about theimplants10 and40—is held in tension by aclip element54. Thesystem52 draws the junction together, thereby essentially closing the atrial appendage from blood flow communication with the remainder of the atrium. The number and pattern ofimplants10 and40 in thesystem52 can vary according to the size and geometry of the targeted junction sought to be isolated and sealed.
• Thesystem52 can be deployed to seal or otherwise isolate an atrial appendage, either by open surgical techniques or intra-vascular access, using the instruments and methodologies that have been previously described.
• It should be appreciated that apatch component50 like that shown inFIG. 15A could be deployed over a pattern offolds44 formed by thesystem52. It should also be appreciated that one ormore implants10 and/or40 of thesystem52 can be electrically coupled to a device that can be operated to control muscular and/or electrical activity in heart tissue. Absent this intended effect, however, it is desired that theimplants10 and/or40 are not inherently electrically conductive, so as not to interfere with electrical conduction within the heart.
• 3. Closing Perforations, Holes, or Defects
• FIG. 18A shows for-the purpose of illustration a tissue region that has a perforation caused, e.g., by disease, injury, or genetic defect.FIG. 18B shows atissue folding system52 established at or near the perforation in the tissue region. Thesystem52 comprises a plurality ofannular folds44, which essentially draw tissue together in a purse-string effect to close the perforation. Thesystem52 can be used, e.g., to seal septal defects in the atrium or ventricle, or in other regions of the body where perforations, holes, or defects occur.
• Thesystem52 shown inFIG. 18B is essentially the same as shown52 inFIGS. 17B and 17C. Thesystem52 comprises at least onetethered implant10 in association with a plurality ofother implants40. Theimplants10 and40 are implanted in a spaced-apart, circumferential relationship about the perforation. Thetether element18 of theimplant10 is cinched through anadjacent implant40, which, in turn, is cinched through the nextadjacent implant40, and so on, creating a pattern of adjacent, folds44 about the perforation. Thetether element18—cinched sequentially about theimplants10 and40—is held in tension by aclip element54. Thesystem52 draws tissue surrounding the perforation together, thereby closing it, or at least reducing its native diameter.
• The number and pattern ofimplants10 and40 in thesystem52 can vary according to the size and geometry of the targeted junction sought to be isolated and sealed. Furthermore, thesystem52 can be deployed to seal a perforation, hole of defect in tissue either by open surgical techniques or intra-vascular access, using the instruments and methodologies previously described.
• It should be appreciated that, given the dimensions of the perforation, hole, or defect, adiscrete system38 like that shown inFIGS. 10B could be used to draw tissue together in the region of the perforation, thereby repairing it. It should also be appreciated that apatch component50 like that shown inFIG. 15A can be deployed over a tissue site repaired by thesystem52 or58.
• In one embodiment (seeFIG. 28), thepatch component50 can be sized and configured to cover a discrete perforation, such as a septal defect in the heart, without association with atissue folding system52 or58. In this arrangement (seeFIG. 28), thepatch component50 includes, e.g., abody portion66 and astem portion68. Thestem portion68, in use, occupies the perforation, hole, or defect (e.g., as shown inFIGS. 29A and 29B), to plug the site. Thebody portion66 extends like “wings” from thestem portion68 to contact and seat against wall tissue adjacent the site.
• FIGS. 29A and 29B show thepatch component50 shown inFIG. 28 installed to cover a septal defect between the left and right ventricles of a heart. AsFIGS. 29A and 29B show,fasteners56 are desirably applied to anchor thebody portion66 to adjacent wall tissue. Thepatch component50 shown inFIGS. 29A and 29B can be deployed to seal a perforation, hole of defect in tissue either by open surgical techniques or intra-vascular access, using the instruments and methodologies previously described.
• In the foregoing indications in the heart, it is desired that theimplants10 and/or40, and thepatch component50 and its associatedfasteners56, are not inherently electrically conductive, so as not to interfere with electrical conduction within the heart.
• III. Prostheses for Externally Supporting Tissue in a Hollow Body Organ
• A Overview
• FIGS. 19A to19F show various illustrative embodiments of aprosthesis70 that is sized and configured for placement within an interior of a hollow body organ or around the exterior of a hollow body organ (see, e.g.,FIGS. 20A and 20B, respectively). Theprosthesis70 has abody72 that is preformed in a desired size and shape based upon the anatomy and morphology of the hollow body organ. When placed in or around a hollow body organ, the size and shape of theprosthesis body72 constrains tissue, to regulate the maximum size and shape of the hollow body organ in a way that achieves a desired therapeutic result. However, theprosthesis body72 desirably does not interfere with contraction of the hollow body organ to a lesser size and shape.
• Thebody72 can comprise a fully formed, three dimensional structure, asFIGS. 19A to19D show. Alternatively, thebody72 can comprise component parts (A, B, C), asFIG. 19E shows, that are assembled in situ to form a composite body structure. The component parts A, B, and C may be assembled end-to-end in an adjacent relationship, or the component parts A, B, and C can be assembled in an overlapping relationship. InFIG. 19E, the component parts A, B, C comprise hoops, bowls, or truncated cylinders, which are assembled axially. Alternatively, as will be described in greater detail later, the components could comprise patch components (like that shown inFIG. 15A) that are assembled together, either end-to-end or in an overlaying relationship. Still alternatively, thebody72 can comprise a sheet-like structure, as shown inFIG. 19F, that is wrapped in situ to form a composite, three dimensional body structure. Thebody72 could also include components that are coupled together with interconnecting hinges or springs. It should be appreciated that a multitude of structural configurations are possible.
• In the illustrated embodiments, thebody72 is shown to include aprosthetic material74. Theprosthetic material14 is selected on the basis of its biocompatibility, durability, and flexible mechanical properties. The material74 can comprise, e.g., woven polyester or ePTFE. Theprosthetic material74 desirably possesses some elasticity, e.g., by using stretchable materials and/or weaves/knits, like Spandex™ material or elastic waist bands. Theprosthetic material74 also desirably possesses limited expansion or a resistance to expansion that can increase rapidly. Theprosthetic material74 may be drug coated or embedded with drugs on the inside surface, such as with heparin. Alternatively, theprosthetic material74 may be relatively non-compliant, but can be compressed along with the rest of the prosthesis by crumpling, folding, etc. Theprosthetic material74 could also comprise a polymeric or metallic grid structure.
• In the illustrated embodiments, theprosthetic material74 is shown to be supported by a scaffold-like structure76. It should be appreciated, however, that theprosthetic material74 could be free of a scaffold-like structure76, or, conversely, the scaffold-like structure76 could be free of aprosthetic material74.
• Theprosthetic material74 and/or scaffold-like structure76 are desirable sized and configured to permit non-invasive deployment of the prosthesis by an intra-vascular catheter. With this criteria in mind, theprosthetic material74 and/or scaffold-like structure76 are sized and configured to assume a compressed or collapsed, low profile condition, to permit their intra-vascular introduction into the hollow body organ by a catheter. Also with this criteria in mind, theprosthetic material74 and/or scaffold-like structure76 are sized and configured for expansion in situ from a collapsed condition into an expanded condition in contact with tissue in the targeted region.
• In this respect, the scaffold-like structure76, if present, can comprise, e.g., a malleable plastic or metal material that expands in the presence of an applied force. In this arrangement, the deployment catheter can include, e.g., an expandable body, such as a balloon, to apply the expansion force to the scaffold-like structure76 in situ. Alternatively, the scaffold-like structure76, if present, can comprise a self-expanding plastic or metal material (e.g., from Nitinol® wire) that can be compressed in the presence of a force, but self-expands upon removal of the compressive force. In this arrangement, the deployment catheter can include, e.g., a sleeve that can be manipulated to enclosed the scaffold-like structure76 in a collapsed condition, thereby applying the compressive force, and to release the scaffold-like structure76 when desired to allow the scaffold-like structure76 to self-expand in situ.
• The scaffold-like structure76 can take various alternative forms, some of which are shown for the purpose of illustration. The scaffold-like structure76 can include longitudinally extending spines, which form an umbrella-like structure shown inFIG. 19A. Alternatively, the scaffold-like structure76 can comprise zigzag type stent rings (FIG. 19B), which can be independent or interconnected one with the other, or combinations thereof; or a helically wound stent support (FIG. 19C); or a woven or crisscrossing pattern. The scaffold-like structure76 need not be present throughout thebody72; that is, thebody72 may include regions that include a scaffold-like structure76 and regions that do not. The scaffold-like structure76 can be, e.g., sewn ontoprosthetic material74. Other attachment means could be utilized to secure the scaffold-like structure76 to theprosthetic material74. These means include bonding; capturing the scaffold-like structure76 between two layers ofprosthetic material74; and incorporating the scaffold-like structure76 directly into theprosthetic material74. The scaffold-like structure76 can be present either inside theprosthesis body72, or outside theprosthesis body72, or within theprosthesis body72, or combinations thereof. Desirably, the surface of theprosthesis70 that is exposed to flow of blood or body fluids is relatively smooth to minimize turbulence.
• Theprosthesis body72 can carry radiopaque markers to help fluoroscopically position the prosthesis. The markers can take the form, e.g. of marker bands, tight wound coils, or wire made from radiopaque materials such as platinum, platinum/iridium, or gold.
• FIGS. 20A and 20B show theprosthesis70 installed within a targeted hollow body organ (FIG. 20A) or about a targeted hollow body organ (FIG. 20B). At least part of the outer surface(s) of prosthesis can be coated with substances, such as glue or drugs, or structures, such as barbs or hooks, to promote adhesion or connection to the hollow body organ.
• The structural strength of theprosthesis70 resists distension of the tissue wall en masse beyond the maximum size and shaped imposed by theprosthesis body72. In this way, theprosthesis body72 dictates a maximum size and shape for the body organ. However, theprosthesis body72 does not interfere with the contraction of the hollow body organ to a lesser size and shape.
• Desirably, asFIGS. 20A and 20B show, theprosthesis body72 accommodates the introduction of one ormore fasteners56 to anchor theprosthesis70 in place. For this purpose, regions of theprosthesis body72 can be specially sized and configured for the receipt and retention of fasteners. For example, the size and spacing of the scaffold-like structure76 can be configured in the regions to specially accommodate the placement offasteners56; and/or woven fibers with an “X-pattern” or a “sinusoidal pattern” can be used in the region to specially accommodate placement offasteners56; and/or the prosthetic material can be folded-over to form multiple layers, to reinforce the prosthesis in the regions wherefasteners56 are placed; and/or denser weave patterns or stronger fibers can be used, selected from, e.g., Kevlar™ material or Vectran™ material or metallic wire woven alone or interwoven with typical polyester fibers in the regions werefasteners56 are placed. It may also be desirable to fluoroscopically indicate the regions with auxiliary radiopaque markers on theprosthetic material14, and/or scaffold-like structure76 to aid in positioning thefasteners56.
• Thefasteners56 can be variously constructed. They can, e.g., comprise staples or (as shown) helical fasteners, like that shown inFIG. 4A, but without thetether element18.
• Theprosthesis70 as just described can be installed in various parts of the body and for various therapeutic purposes. Two embodiments will be described for the purpose of illustration. The first embodiment is directed to implantation within a heart chamber for treatment and/or repair of congestive heart failure. The second embodiment is directed to implantation in a heart valve annulus for heart valve remodeling.
• B. Systems and Methods for Supporting Tissue in a Heart Chamber
• FIG. 21 shows theprosthesis70 as described installed in a left ventricle of a heart. The left ventricle has been enlarged due to the effects of congestive heart failure. AsFIG. 21 shows, the prosthesis is desirably secured to the walls of theventricle using fasteners56.
• The presence of theprosthesis70 shapes the left ventricle in a desired fashion, pulling the chamber walls laterally closer together and thereby reducing the overall maximum internal volume. The presence of theprosthesis70 resists further enlargement of the left ventricle during ventricular diastole and provides a shape is better suited to efficient ventricular pumping. However, the presence of theprosthesis70 does not interfere with contraction of the left ventricle during ventricular systole.
• In this embodiment, it is desired that theprosthesis70 is not inherently electrically conductive, so as not to interfere with electrical conduction within the heart.
• FIGS. 22A to22D show the intra-vascular deployment of theprosthesis70 shown inFIG. 21. Alternatively, theprosthesis70 can be installed using conventional open heart surgical techniques or by thoracoscopic surgery techniques.
• In the intra-vascular approach shown inFIGS. 22A to22D, afirst catheter78 is navigated over aguide wire80 through the aortic valve into the left ventricle (seeFIG. 22A). Thefirst catheter78 can be delivered through the vasculature under fluoroscopic guidance, e.g., through either a retrograde arterial route (via, e.g., the femoral artery or subclavian artery) (as shown) or an antegrade venous then trans-septal route.
• Thefirst catheter78 carries theprosthesis70 in a radially reduced or collapsed configuration. Once inside the left ventricle (seeFIG. 22B), thefirst catheter70 releases theprosthesis70, which eventually expands radially into the configuration shown inFIG. 21. Thefirst catheter78 is then withdrawn over theguide wire80.
• The guide component28 (previously described is delivered over the guide wire80 (which is then withdrawn) (seeFIG. 22C) and maneuvered to each region where afastener56 is to be applied. The applier instrument20 (previously described) is introduced through theguide component28, asFIG. 22C shows and can also been seen inFIG. 4B. In this embodiment, theapplier instrument20 carries ahelical fastener56 generally of the type shown inFIG. 4A, but without atether element18. Theapplier instrument20 rotates thefastener56, causing it to penetrate the myocardium.
• AsFIG. 22D depicts, theguide component28 is repositioned in succession to each intended attachment site for thefastener56. At each site, theapplier instrument20 is actuated to place afastener56.FIGS. 22C and 22D show theguide component28 braced against a wall of the ventricle to apply a counterbalancing resolution force to the implantation force. In this way, a desired pattern offasteners56 is applied, securing theprosthesis70 to the left ventricle, asFIG. 21 shows. Theapplier instrument20 andguide component28 are then withdrawn.
• Theprosthesis70 has been installed to shape the left ventricle to treat, in this instance, congestive heart failure.
• In an alternative embodiment, theprosthesis70 could be sized and configured to contain a fluid, e.g., saline or blood. For example, theprosthesis70 can carry fluid receiving tubes or pockets. The delivery of fluid causes the tubes or pockets to expand, thereby enlarging the occupying volume of theprosthesis70. As a result, the usable internal volume of the heart chamber is reduced.
• FIG. 23 shows an alternative embodiment, in which theprosthesis70 as described is installed around the exterior of the ventricles of a heart afflicted with congestive heart failure. Theprosthesis70 can be installed using conventional open heart surgical techniques or by thoracoscopic surgery techniques.
• As shown inFIG. 23, theprosthesis70 is desirably secured to the exterior walls of theventricles using fasteners56. Thefasteners56 are applied from within the heart, using the intra-vascular approach and technique just described. The presence of theprosthesis70 shapes the ventricles, reducing their overall maximum internal volume. The presence of theprosthesis70 also resists further enlargement of the ventricles and provides a shape is better suited to efficient ventricular pumping. The presence of theprosthesis70, however, desirably does not interfere with contraction of the ventricles to a lesser volume.
• FIGS. 24A and 24B show aprosthesis system82 comprising an array of two ormore patch components50, as previously described with reference toFIG. 15A. InFIGS. 24A and 24B, the hollow body organ comprises a left ventricle of a heart, but it should be appreciated that thesystem82 can be established in other body organs, as well. In this embodiment, eachpatch component50 is individually attached by one ormore fasteners56 to a localized tissue region in the hollow body organ. Thepatch components50 are shown to be placed in an overlapping array (seeFIG. 24B), but the array need not be overlapping.FIG. 24A shows theguide component28 braced against a wall of the ventricle to apply a counterbalancing resolution force to the implantation force. Using a plurality ofpatch components50, thesystem82 can form a composite prosthesis within the entire interior of the hollow body organ, or, alternatively, thesystem82 can form a prosthesis that occupies only a portion of the entire interior to provide localized tissue shaping. While not shown, it should also be appreciated that thesystem82 ofpatch components50 can be installed on the exterior of the hollow body organ.
• Thesystem82 comprising an array ofdiscrete patch components50 can shape all or a portion of the ventricles, resisting further enlargement of the ventricles and provides a shape is better suited to efficient ventricular pumping. The presence of thepatch components50, however, desirably does not interfere with contraction of the ventricles to a lesser volume.
• Theprostheses70 andprosthesis system82 shown and described in foregoing FIGS.19 to24 can be used alone or in combination with the tissue folding systems shown and described in FIGS.10 to15, as well as in combination with the tissue support systems described and shown in FIGS.5 to10. Furthermore, animplant10 and/or40, previously described, can be implanted in association with anindividual patch component50, with thepatch component50 in this arrangement serving to protect underlying tissue from abrasion and providing compliance between theimplant10/40 and tissue. Also,fasteners56 used to secure a given prosthesis to any tissue wall (e.g., as shown in FIGS.21 or23) can be applied in association with anindividual patch component50, with thepatch component50 in this arrangement serving to protect theprosthesis70 from abrasion due to thefastener56, as well as providing compliance between thefastener56 and theprosthesis70.
• C. Systems and Methods for Support Tissue at or Near a Heart Valve Annulus
• FIG. 25 shows aprosthesis70, in which theprosthesis body72 is sized and configured as a ring, for placement in a heart valve annulus. Theprosthesis body72 can be in the form of a continuous ring or a discontinuous ring. In this way, theprosthesis body72 is preformed in a desired size and shape to emulate the shape of a healthy, native annulus. Theprosthesis body72 thereby serves to shape an annulus that has experienced dilation, as well as resist future dilation. Theprosthesis body72 desirably shapes the annulus so that so that normal leaflet coaptation will occur, and/or so that retrograde flow through the valve is prevented or reduced.
• In this embodiment, thebody72 includes aprosthetic material74 that promotes tissue ingrowth, to aid in fixing theprosthesis70 to tissue in or near the annulus. In this embodiment, it is desired that the material of theprosthesis body72 is not inherently electrically conductive, so as not to interfere with electrical conduction within the heart.
• As before described, theprosthesis body72 in this embodiment is also desirable sized and configured to permit its non-invasive deployment by an intra-vascular catheter. Alternatively, however, theprosthesis body72 can be installed using conventional open heart surgical techniques or by thoracoscopic surgery techniques.
• In this arrangement, theprosthesis body72 desirably includeseyelet regions84 to receivefasteners56, so that theprosthesis70 can be secured to tissue in or near the targeted heart valve annulus.
• FIG. 26A shows for purposes of illustration theprosthesis70 installed in or near the annulus of a mitral valve.FIG. 26B shows for the purpose of illustration theprosthesis70 installed in or near the annulus of an aortic valve. Theprosthesis70 may be attached either inside the ventricle in or near the aortic valve (asFIG. 26B shows) or outside the ventricle within the aorta in or near the aortic valve.
• AsFIG. 27 shows, theprosthesis body72 can be delivered through intra-vascular access by acatheter58 like that shown inFIG. 15B. Thecatheter58 carries theprosthesis body72 in a collapsed condition. Once positioned in the targeted heart annulus, theprosthesis body72 can be released from the end ofcatheter58 onguide elements60. Theguide elements60 comprise wires witheyes62, which are releasably secured to theeyelet regions84 of theprosthesis body72 byreleasable sutures64, as previously described. Once the prosthesis body is deployed and positioned, the prosthesis body can be attached to the annulus using thefasteners56, and thesutures64 then released to free theprosthesis body72 from thecatheter58. AsFIG. 15B shows, theapplier instrument20, previously described, may be deployed over theguide elements60, or theapplier instrument20 may be deployed independent of the guide elements (asFIG. 27 shows) to apply thefasteners56 to the eyelet regions.
• Theprosthesis70 shown and described in foregoing FIGS.25 to27 can be used alone or in combination with the tissue support systems described and shown inFIGS. 8 and 9.
• FIG. 32 shows aheart valve assembly100 having a generally cylindrical shape formed by a collapsible scaffold-like structure102. As shown, the scaffold-like structure102 carries aprosthetic material104, although thestructure102 can be free of aprosthetic material104. As previously described with respect to theprosthesis70, theprosthetic material104 and/or scaffold-like structure102 of theheart valve assembly100 are sized and configured to assume a compressed or collapsed, low profile condition, to permit their intra-vascular introduction into a hollow body organ by a catheter. Also as previously discussed, theprosthetic material104 and/or scaffold-like structure102 are sized and configured for expansion, and preferably self-expansion, in situ from a collapsed condition into an expanded condition in contact with tissue in the targeted region. For example, the scaffold-like structure102 can comprise a self-expanding plastic or metal material (e.g., from Nitinol® wire) that can be compressed in the presence of a force, but self-expands upon removal of the compressive force. As illustrated, the scaffold-like structure102 comprises zigzag type stent rings.
• Thevalve assembly100 includes aflexible valve member106. In the illustrated embodiment, the valve member comprises three,coapting leaflets108, although the number ofleaflets108 can vary, e.g., between two and four.
• In use (seeFIG. 33), thevalve assembly100 is installed at or near a heart valve annulus. InFIG.33, the targeted heart valve annulus is the aortic valve. Desirably, asFIG. 33 shows, thevalve assembly100 accommodates the introduction of one ormore fasteners56 to anchor theassembly100 in place either during or after its installation.
• As previously described with respect to theprosthesis70, regions of the scaffold-like structure102 and/orprosthetic material104 can be specially sized and configured for the receipt and retention offasteners56. Thefasteners56 can be variously constructed. They can, e.g., comprise staples or (as shown) helical fasteners, like that shown inFIG. 4A, but without thetether element18.
• Thevalve assembly100 as just described can be installed in the region of a heart valve annulus by intra-vascular approach. However, it should be appreciated that theassembly100 can be installed using an open surgical procedure.
• Using an intra-vascular approach (seeFIG. 34A), theassembly100 may be deployed by first folding and/or compressing theassembly100 into a lumen of a trans-vascular catheter110 for delivery. Thecatheter110 may be advanced through the vasculature into the heart through a retrograde arterial route (via, e.g., the femoral artery or subclavian artery) (asFIG. 34A shows) or an antegrade venous and then trans-septal route, if left heart access is needed from a peripheral vessel access. Use of a standardavailable guide wire112 and/or guide sheath can assist the operator in delivering and deploying thecatheter110 into position.
• Thevalve assembly100 is then be pushed out of the lumen of the catheter110 (asFIG. 34B shows). Theassembly100 self-expands into the desired shape and tension when released in situ (asFIG. 34C shows). After either partial or complete expansion of thevalve assembly100, thecatheter110 is withdrawn, and the guide component28 (previously described) is delivered over theguide wire112. Theguide component28 is maneuvered to each region where afastener56 is to be applied. The applier instrument20 (previously described) is introduced through theguide component28, asFIG. 34C shows.
• Theapplier instrument20 carries ahelical fastener56. Theapplier instrument20 rotates thefastener56, causing it to penetrate the myocardium.FIG. 34C shows theguide component28 braced against a wall of the aorta to apply a counterbalancing resolution force to the implantation force. Theguide component28 is repositioned in succession to each intended attachment site for thefastener56. At each site, theapplier instrument20 is actuated to place afastener56. In this way, a desired pattern offasteners56 is applied, securing thevalve assembly100 at or near the targeted heart valve annulus. Theapplier instrument20 andguide component28 are then withdrawn.
• Thevalve assembly100 has been installed to repair, or replace, or supplement a native heart valve.
• Thevalve assembly100 shown and described in foregoing FIGS.32 to34 can be used alone or in combination with the tissue support systems described and shown inFIGS. 8 and 9.
• IV. Implants for Internally Supporting Tissue in a Hollow Body Organ
• FIGS. 30A and 30B show animplant86 sized and configured for placement in a hollow body organ. Theimplant86 includes anelongated body88 that can be made from a formed plastic or metal or ceramic material suited for implantation in the body.
• Thebody88 can possess a generally straight or linear configuration, asFIG. 30A shows. Alternatively, thebody88 can possess a curvilinear configuration, asFIG. 30B shows. As shown inFIGS. 30A and 30B, thebody88 possesses a helical coil configuration.
• Thebody88 includes adistal region90. Thedistal region90 is sized and configured to penetrate tissue.
• Thebody88 also includes aproximal region92. As shown inFIGS. 30A and 30B, theproximal region92 comprises an L-shaped leg. Like the L-shapedleg16 shown inFIG. 4A, the L-shape leg92 shown inFIGS. 30A and 30B desirably bisects the entire interior diameter of thecoil body88. As before described, the L-shapedleg92 serves as a stop to prevent thecoil body88, when rotated, from penetrating too far into tissue. Furthermore, the rotatableimplant drive mechanism22 on the applier instrument20 (shown inFIG. 4B) is sized and configured to engage the L-shapedleg92 and impart rotation to thecoil body88 to achieve implantation in tissue.
• Thebody88 and itsdistal region90 are sized and configured to be implanted within or partially within tissue in a hollow body organ. Thelinear body88 shown inFIG. 30A can run either longitudinally or circumferentially within tissue, asFIG. 31 shows. Thecurvilinear body88 shown inFIG. 30B exits tissue and then re-enters tissue in a serpentine path, asFIG. 31 also shows. When implanted, theimplants86 resist enlargement of the interior of a hollow body organ. However, theimplants86 desirably do not interfere with contraction of the hollow body organ to a lesser interior volume.
• FIG. 31 shows theimplants86 implanted, for the purpose of illustration, in a left ventricle of a heart. The presence of theimplants86 prevents enlargement of the heart chamber due to, e.g., congestive heart failure. Of course, theimplants86 can be implanted in other hollow body organs and achieve a comparable therapeutic effect.
• Like theimplants10 previously described, theimplants86 shown inFIGS. 30A and 30B can be installed by intra-vascular deployment using the instruments and techniques previously described. Alternatively, theimplants86 can be installed using conventional open heart surgical techniques or by thoracoscopic surgery techniques.
• In the many catheter-based implantation techniques described above, the catheter used to place a given prosthesis in contact with tissue is usually manipulated to be detached from the prosthesis prior to the placement of fasteners. If desired, the catheter and prosthesis can remain coupled together during the fastening procedure. In this way, control of the prosthesis can be maintained up to and during the fastening procedure.
• Other embodiments and uses of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. The specification and examples should be considered exemplary and merely descriptive of key technical; features and principles, and are not meant to be limiting. The true scope and spirit of the invention are defined by the following claims. As will be easily understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, variations and modifications of each of the disclosed embodiments can be easily made within the scope of this invention as defined by the following claims.

Claims (45)

1. A system for supporting tissue within a hollow body organ comprising

a first implant sized and configured to penetrate a first region of tissue in the hollow body organ,

a second implant sized and configured to penetrate a second region of tissue in the hollow body organ spatially distinct from the first region, and

at least one tension element to apply tension on the first and second implants and thereby draw tissue inward, thereby defining a reduced interior volume within the hollow body organ.

2. A system according toclaim 1

wherein the tension element folds tissue between the first and second implants.

3. A system according toclaim 2

further including a patch element fastened to tissue and overlaying the fold between the first and second implants.

4. A system according toclaim 1

wherein the first and second implants are part of an array of implants that penetrates spatially distinct regions of tissue in the hollow body organ, and

wherein the tension element applies tension on the array of implants and thereby draw tissue inward.

5. A system according toclaim 1

wherein at least one of the implants comprises a helical fastener.

6. A system according toclaim 1

wherein the tension element includes first and second tether elements joined, respectively, to the first and second implants, and

at least one clip element gathering the first and second tether elements together in a taut condition.

7. A method of supporting tissue in a hollow body organ comprising the step of using a system as defined inclaim 1.

8. A method of supporting tissue in a heart chamber comprising the step of using a system as defined inclaim 1.

9. A method of supporting tissue in or near a heart valve annulus comprising the step of using a system as defined inclaim 1.

10. A system for forming a tissue fold within a hollow body organ comprising

a first implant sized and configured to penetrate a first region of tissue in the hollow body organ,

a second implant sized and configured to penetrate a second region of tissue in the hollow body organ spatially distinct from the first region,

at least one tension element extending between the first and second implants to apply tension on the first and second implants and thereby create a tissue fold between the first and second implants.

11. A system according toclaim 10

further including a patch element fastened to tissue and overlaying the tissue fold.

12. A system according toclaim 10

wherein the first and second implants are part of an array of implants that penetrates spatially distinct regions of tissue in the hollow body organ, and

wherein the tension element extends among the array of implants to apply tension between adjacent implants and thereby create a pattern of tissue folds.

13. A system according toclaim 12

further including a patch element fastened to tissue and overlaying the pattern of tissue folds.

14. A system according toclaim 10

wherein at least one of the implants comprises a helical fastener.

15. A system according toclaim 10

wherein the tension element includes a tether element extending between the first and second implants in a taut condition.

16. A method of folding tissue in a hollow body organ comprising the step of using a system as defined inclaim 10.

17. A method of folding tissue in a heart chamber comprising the step of using a system as defined inclaim 10.

18. A method of folding tissue to close an atrial appendage comprising the step of using a system as defined inclaim 10.

19. A method of folding tissue to close a perforation, hold, or defect comprising the step of using a system as defined inclaim 10.

20. A system for supporting tissue in a hollow body organ comprising

a prosthesis sized and configured for placement within an interior of the hollow body organ to regulate a size and/or shape of the hollow body organ, and

at least one fastener securing the prosthesis to tissue in the hollow body organ.

21. A system according toclaim 20

wherein the fastener comprises a helical fastener.

22. A system according toclaim 20

wherein the prosthesis comprises an array of prosthetic patches.

23. A system according toclaim 20

wherein the prosthesis includes a formed body.

24. A system according toclaim 20

wherein the prosthesis includes an assembly of prosthesis sections.

25. A method of supporting tissue in a hollow body organ comprising the step of using a system as defined inclaim 20.

26. A method of supporting tissue in a heart chamber comprising the step of using a system as defined inclaim 20.

27. A method of supporting tissue in or near a heart valve annulus comprising the step of using a system as defined inclaim 20.

28. A system for supporting tissue around a hollow body organ comprising

a prosthesis sized and configured for placement on an exterior of the hollow body organ to regulate a size and/or shape of the hollow body organ, and

at least one fastener securing the prosthesis to tissue on the hollow body organ.

29. A system according toclaim 28

wherein the fastener comprises a helical fastener.

30. A system according toclaim 28

wherein the prosthesis comprises an array of prosthetic patches.

31. A system according toclaim 28

wherein the prosthesis includes a formed body.

32. A system according toclaim 28

wherein the prosthesis includes an assembly of prosthesis sections.

33. A method of supporting tissue around a hollow body organ comprising the step of using a system as defined inclaim 28.

34. A method of supporting tissue around a heart chamber comprising the step of using a system as defined inclaim 28.

35. A system for supporting tissue within a hollow body organ comprising

an elongated implant sized and configured to penetrate tissue and extend along a curvilinear path within or partially within a tissue wall to regulate a size and/or shape of the hollow body organ.

36. A system according toclaim 35

wherein the elongated implant comprises a helical shape.

37. A method of supporting tissue in a hollow body organ comprising the step of using a system as defined inclaim 35.

38. A method of supporting tissue in a heart chamber comprising the step of using a system as defined inclaim 35.

39. A system for reducing volume within a hollow body organ comprising

a prosthesis sized and configured for placement within the hollow body organ, the prosthesis including an expandable segment to regulate a size and/or shape of the hollow body organ, and

at least one fastener securing the prosthesis to tissue in the hollow body organ.

40. A system according toclaim 39

wherein the expandable segment is sized and configured to expand in response to receipt of fluid.

41. A method of reducing volume within a

hollow body organ comprising the step of using a system as defined inclaim 39.

42. A method of reducing volume within a heart chamber comprising the step of using a system as defined inclaim 39.

43. A prosthesis for reducing volume within a hollow body organ comprising

a prosthesis body sized and configured for placement within the hollow body organ, the prosthesis body including an expandable segment to regulate a size and/or shape of the hollow body organ, the expandable segment being sized and configured to expand in response to receipt of fluid.

44. A method of reducing volume within a hollow body organ comprising the step of using a prosthesis as defined inclaim 43.

45. A method of reducing volume within a heart chamber comprising the step of using a prosthesis as defined inclaim 43.

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