US20050176108A1 - Physiologically active polypeptide conjugate having prolonged in vivo half-life - Google Patents

Abstract

A protein conjugate having a prolonged in vivo half-life of a physiological activity, comprising i) a physiologically active polypeptide, ii) a biocompatible non-peptidic polymer, and iii) an immunoglobulin, is useful for the development of a peptide drug due to the enhanced in vivo stability and prolonged half-life in blood, while reducing the possibility of inducing an immune response.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to a long acting protein having a prolonged in vivo half-life and a preparation method thereof.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Polypeptides are susceptible to denaturation or enzymatic degradation in the blood, liver or kidney. Because of the low stability of polypeptides, it has been required to administer a peptide drug in a sustained frequency to a subject in order to maintain an effective plasma concentration of the active substance. Moreover, since peptide drugs are usually administrated by infusion, frequent injection of peptide drugs causes considerable discomfort to a subject. Thus, there have been many studies to develop a peptide drug which has an increased circulating half-life in the blood, while maintaining a high pharmacological efficacy thereof. Such desirous peptide drugs should also meet the requirements of enhanced serum stability, high activity, applicability to various polypeptides and a low probability of inducing an undesired immune response when injected into a subject.
• One of the most widely used methods for improving the stability of proteins is the chemical modification of a polypeptide with highly soluble macromolecules such as polyethylene glycol (“PEG”) which prevents the polypeptides from contacting with proteases. It is also well known that, when linked to a peptide drug specifically or non-specifically, PEG increases the solubility of the peptide drug and prevents the hydrolysis thereof, thereby increasing the serum stability of the peptide drug without incurring any immune response due to its low antigenecity (Sada et al.,J. Fermentation Bioengineering,1991, 71: 137-139). However, such pegylated polypeptides have the disadvantages of lowering both the activity and production yield of an active substance as the molecular weight of PEG increases. An interferon conjugated with two activated PEGs as well as a PEG spacer which is linked to two polypeptides having different activities are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,738,846 and International Patent Publication No. WO92/16221, respectively; however, they do not show any distinctive effect in terms of sustained activity of the physiologically active polypeptides in vivo.
• It is also reported that the circulating half-life of a recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (“G-CSF”) can be prolonged by covalently linking it to albumin through a hetero-bifunctional PEG (Kinstler et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1995, 12(12): 1883-1888). However, the stability of the modified G-CSF-PEG-albumin is merely 4 times higher than that of authentic G-CSF and, thus, it has not yet been put to practical use.
• As another approach for enhancing the in vivo stability of physiologically active polypeptides, an active polypeptide fused with a stable protein is produced in a transformant by using recombinant technologies. For example, albumin is known as one of the most effective proteins for enhancing the stability of polypeptides fused thereto and there are many such fusion proteins reported (International Patent Publication Nos WO93/15199 and 93/15200, and European Patent Publication No. 413,622). However, a fusion protein coupled with albumin still has the problem of reduced activity.
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,045,312 discloses a method for conjugating growth hormone to bovine serum albumin or mouse immunoglobulin using a cross-linking agent such as carbodiimide, glutaraldehyde, acid chloride, etc. in order to enhance the activity of the growth hormone. However, this method is solely aimed at enhancing the activity of a target growth hormone. In addition, the use of chemical compounds such as carbodiimide, glutaraldehyde, acid chloride, etc. as a cross-linking agent is disadvantageous due to their potent toxicity and non-specificity of reaction.
• Although there have been many attempts to combine a physiologically active polypeptide with various macromolecules, all have failed to simultaneously increase the stability and the activity.
• As an improved method for enhancing the stability of an active polypeptide and simultaneously maintaining the in vivo activity thereof, the present invention provides a protein conjugate comprising a physiologically active polypeptide, non-peptidic polymer and immunoglobulin, which are covalently interlinked to one another.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• Accordingly, a primary object of the present invention is to provide a protein conjugate having a prolonged in vivo half-life of a physiologically active polypeptide without inducing an immune response in a subject, while minimizing the reduction in the polypeptide's activity.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a protein conjugate comprising a physiologically active polypeptide, a biocompatible non-peptidic polymer and an immunoglobulin, which are covalently interlinked.
• A further object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition comprising said physiologically active polypeptides having a prolonged in vivo half-life.
• A still further object of the present invention is to provide a method for enhancing the in vivo stability and prolonging the circulating half-life of a physiologically active polypeptide, without sacrificing the activity thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The above and other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which respectively show:
• FIG. 1: a chromatogram of hGH-PEG-IgG conjugates;
• FIG. 2: SDS-PAGE results of hGH-PEG-IgG conjugates;
• FIG. 3: SDS-PAGE results of Interferon-PEG-IgG conjugates;
• FIG. 4: SDS-PAGE results of hGH-PEG-IgG conjugates before and after the treatment of DDT;
• FIG. 5: a mass spectrum of hGH-PEG-IgG conjugates;
• FIG. 6: a pharmacokinetic graph showing that hGH-PEG-IgG conjugates have serum stability superior to PEG-hGH complex;
• FIG. 7: a pharmacokinetic graph showing that erythropoietin-PEG-IgG conjugates have an enhanced circulating half-life as compared with the free erythropoietin or erythropoietin stabilized by hyper-glycosylation;
• FIG. 8: in vivo activity of hGH-PEG-IgG conjugates based on the time-dependent weight change of rats after the injection of solvent only (30 μg/day; group 1), natural hGH (30 μg/day; group 2), hGH-PEG (30 μg/day; group 3), hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate (30 μg/day; group 4), and hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate (10 μg/day; group 5); and
• FIG. 9: in vivo activity of G-CSF-PEG-IgG conjugates based on the time-dependent change in the number of neutrophils: no treatment (group 1); solvent injection only (group 2); natural G-CSF (group 3); 20 kDa PEG-G-CSF (group 4); and¹⁷S-G-CSF-PEG-IgG conjugate treatment (group 5).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• The term “physiologically active polypeptide” as used herein refers to any polypeptide or protein having a useful biological activity when administered to a mammal including a human, which is interchangeable with the term “physiologically active protein”, “active protein”, “active polypeptide” or “peptide drug”.
• The term “protein conjugate” or “conjugate” refers to a compound comprising a physiologically active polypeptide, a non-peptidic polymer and an immunoglobulin which are covalently interlinked to one another in accordance with the present invention.
• The term “complex”, as distinguished from the term “conjugate”, is used herein to mean those compounds comprising only two components selected from a physiologically active polypeptide, an immunoglobulin and a non-peptidic polymer.
• The term “non-peptidic polymer” refers to a biocompatible polymer comprising at least two monomers, in which the monomers are linked together via any covalent bond other than a peptide bond.
• In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a protein conjugate comprising i) a physiologically active polypeptide, ii) a non-peptidic polymer, and iii) an immunoglobulin, which are covalently linked to one another, and having a prolonged in vivo half-life of the physiologically active polypeptide.
• For example, the protein conjugate of the invention may comprise at least one unit structure of [active polypeptide/non-peptidic polymer/immunoglobulin], in which all of the components are covalently interlinked in a linear form. The non-peptidic polymer may have two reactive groups at both ends, through which the polymer is covalently linked to the physiologically active polypeptide and the immunoglobulin, respectively. In a preferred embodiment, two complexes of the physiologically active polypeptide and the non-peptidic polymer may be covalently linked to an immnunoglobulin.
• The molar ratio of the physiologically active polypeptide to the immunoglobulin may range from 1:1 to 10:1, preferably 1:1 to 4:1.
• One kind of polymer as well as a combination of different kinds of polymers may be used as the non-peptidic polymer.
• In the protein conjugate of the present invention, the suitable binding sites of the immunoglobulin may include a free amino group in the variable region or the constant region of the immunoglobulin. Suitable sites of the immunoglobulin for covalent bonding with the non-peptidic polymer or active polypeptide may include an amino-terminal group within the variable region, amine-group of lysine residue or histidine residue, and free —SH group of cysteine, and the suitable site of the non-peptidic polymer is a terminal reactive group.
• The immunoglobulin may be selected from the group consisting of IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgM, a combination thereof and all the subtypes of IgG such as IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. In order not to induce an immune response in a patient, the immunoglobulin is preferably a human immunoglobulin.
• As a component constituting the protein conjugate of the invention, the immunoglobulin may be either a natural one isolated from the blood or a recombinant prepared by genetic engineering. Any immunoglobulin modified with substitution, deletion or addition of amino acid residues in various sites therein as well as any hyper-glycosylated derivative thereof also may be used for the present invention, as long as such immunoglobulin or derivative is substantially equivalent to a wild-type in terms of the function, structure and stability thereof. Amino acid residue Nos. 214 to 238, 297 to 299, 318 to 322, and 327 to 331 of an immunoglobulin G, which have been known as important sites for binding, may be used as a suitable site for the modification.
• A suitable non-peptidic polymer has a reactive group selected from the group consisting of aldehyde, propionic aldehyde, maleimide and succinamide derivative. The succinamide derivative may be selected from the group consisting of succinimidyl propionate, succinimidyl carboxymethyl, hydroxy succinimidyl and succinimidyl carbonate. A non-peptidic polymer having aldehyde groups at both ends is effective in minimizing non-specific coupling, thereby linking the non-peptidic polymer with a physiologically active polypeptide and an immunoglobulin at each end of the polymer, respectively. A protein conjugate produced by reductive alkylation of an aldehyde group is more stable than that coupled via an amide bond.
• The reactive groups at the both ends of the non-peptidic polymer may be identical to or different from each other. For example, a non-peptidic polymer may have a maleimide group at one end, and a maleimide group, an aldehyde group or a propionic aldehyde group at the other. When poly(ethylene glycol) is used as the non-peptidic polymer, a commercially available product may be used for preparing the protein conjugate of the invention, or the termial hydroxy groups of the commercial PEG may be further converted to other reactive groups before the coupling reaction.
• The non-peptidic polymer may serve as a spacer which covalently links the amino terminal, lysine residue, histidine residue or cysteine residue of the immonoglobulin and one of the reactive groups of the physiologically active polypeptide, respectively.
• The non-peptidic polymer is preferably selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol), ethylene glycol-propylene glycol copolymer, polyoxyethylated polyol, polyvinyl alcohol, polysaccharide, dextran, polyvinyl ethyl ether, poly(lactic-glycolic acid), biodegradable polymer, lipid polymer, chitin, hyaluronic acids, and a combination thereof. Derivatives of the above known in the art may be used for the same purpose. More preferable non-peptidic polymer is poly(ethylene glycol).
• Previously reported cross-linking agents for combining two polypeptides by gene cloning, such as oligopeptides, increase the possibility of undesired immune response and limit the binding site to N-terminal or C-terminal of the polypeptides. Accordingly, one advantage of the use of a non-peptidic polymer over the oligopeptides lies in the reduction of toxicity and immunogenecity. Another advantage is its broad applicability due to the diversity of the sites to be bound.
• When used as a cross-linking agent, small chemical compounds such as carbodiimide and glutaraldehyde may result in denaturation of polypeptides to be linked therethrough, or may obstruct a controlled binding and purification of the resultant. Contrary to such chemicals, the protein conjugate of the invention, which comprises a non-peptidic polymer, is advantageous in terms of easiness of controlling the binding, purifying the resulting conjugates and minimizing non-specific coupling reaction.
• The protein conjugate of the present invention shows a prolonged in vivo half-life and activity remarkably superior to a polypeptide-PEG complex or a polypeptide-PEG-albumin complex. According to pharmacokinetic analyses, the half-life of an hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate of the present invention was about thirteen times longer than that of wild-type hGH, while an hGH-PEG complex and an hGH-PEG-albumin complex show half-lives seven times and five times longer than the wild-type protein, respectively (see Test Example 2, Table 2). Similar results were obtained from tests using G-CSF,¹⁷S-G-CSF, interferons or EPO instead of hGH. Compared with active polypeptide complexes modified with PEG only or a PEG-albumin complex, the protein conjugate of the present invention shows considerable increases in both mean residence time (“MRT”) and serum half-life, which are higher by a factor of 2˜70 than those of conventional complexes (see Test Example 2, Tables 3 to 6).
• The results of pharmacokinetic analyses show that the protein conjugates applied to various polypeptides including hGH, interferon, EPO, G-CSF and its derivative exhibit excellent performance characteristics in terms of in-blood half-life and MRT, and, thus, can be advantageously employed in preparing a peptide drug formulation having a prolonged in vivo half-life.
• Exemplary classes of the physiologically active polypeptides include the following polypeptides, and muteins and other analogs thereof: hormone, cytokine, enzyme, antibody, growth hormone, transcription regulatory factor, blood factor, vaccine, structural protein, ligand protein and receptor.
• Specific examples of the physiologically active polypeptides suitable for preparing the protein conjugate of the invention include human growth hormone, growth hormone releasing hormone, growth hormone releasing peptide, interferons, colony stimulating factor, interleukins, glucocerebrosidae, macrophage activating factor, macrophage peptide, B cell factor, T cell factor, protein A, suppressive factor of allergy, cell necrosis glycoprotein, immunotoxin, lymphotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, tumor inhibitory factor, transforming growth factor, alpha-1 antitrypsin, albumin, apolipoprotein-E, erythropoietin, hyper-glycosylated erythropoietin, factor VII, factor VIII, factor IX, plasminogen activator, urokinase, streptokinase, protein C, C-reactive protein, renin inhibitor, collagenase inhibitor, superoxide dismutase, platelet derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, osteogenic growth factor, osteogenesis stimulating protein, calcitonin, insulin, atriopeptin, cartilage inducing factor, connective tissue activator protein, follicle stimulating hormone, leutinizing hormone, FSH releasing hormone, nerve growth factor, parathyroid hormone, relaxin, secretin, somatomedin, insulin-like growth factor, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, glucagon, cholecystokinin, pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin releasing peptide, corticotropin releasing factor, thyroid stimulating hormone, monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibody, antibody derivatives including [Fab]′, [Fab]′2 and scFv, and virus-derived vaccine antigen.
• A particularly preferred polypeptide is the one selected from the group consisting of human growth hormone, interferons, granulocyte colony stimulating factor and erythropoietin in light of the fact that these polypeptides need more frequent administration than others for the purpose of treating or preventing relevant diseases.
• List of the physiologically active polypeptides, to which the present invention can be applied, is not limited to those recited in the above but includes any muteins or derivatives thereof inasmuch as the function, structure, activity and stability of the mutein or derivative can be recognized as an equivalent or superior to those of the wild-type polypeptides.
• Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing said protein conjugate, which comprises the steps of:
• • (a) covalently linking at least one physiologically active polypeptide, at least one immunoglobulin with at least one non-peptidic polymer having reactive groups at both ends; and
  • (b) isolating a protein conjugate comprising essentially the active polypeptide, the immunoglobulin and the non-peptidic polymer, which are interlinked covalently.
• In step (a) of the above method, polypeptides, immunoglobulins and non-peptidic polymers may be covalently linked by a two-step reaction or a simultaneous reaction. The two-step reaction (e.g., a non-peptidic polymer is covalently linked to an active polypeptide or an immunoglobulin and, then, the resulting complex is covalently linked to an active polypeptide or an immunoglobulin to give a conjugate thereof, in which the active polypeptide and the immunoglobulin are linked to each other via the non-peptidic polymer) is advantageous in reducing the production of undesirable by-products.
• Accordingly, the step (a) of the above method may comprise:
• • (a1) covalently coupling one end of the non-peptidic polymer with either an immunoglobulin or a physiologically active polypeptide;
  • (a2) isolating from the reaction mixture a complex comprising the non-peptidic polymer coupled with the immunoglobulin or the physiologically active polypeptide; and
  • (a3) covalently coupling the free end of the non-peptidic polymer of the complex with the immunoglobulin or physiologically active polypeptide, to produce a protein conjugate in which the non-peptidic polymer covalently interlinks the physiologically active polypeptide and immunoglobulin.
• The molar ratio of the physiologically active polypeptide to the non-peptidic polymer in step (a1) may preferably range from 1:2.5 to 1:5 and the molar ratio of the immunoglobulin to the non-peptidic polymer in step (a1), preferably from 1:5 to 1:10. The molar ratio of the complex obtained in step (a2) to the physiologically active polypeptide or immunoglobulin in step (a3) may range from 1:1 to 1:3.
• Steps (a1) and (a3) may be preferably performed in the presence of a reducing agent, which may be selected from the group consisting of sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium borohydride, dimethylamine borate and pyridine borate.
• The procedures for conducting steps (a2) and (b) may be based on conventional methods used for purifying proteins, such as size exclusion chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, etc. and a combination thereof, in accordance with the extent of required purity and the properties of the resulting conjugate including molecular weight and electricity.
• Still another aspect of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition of a physiologically active polypeptide having a prolonged in vivo half-life in comparison with unmodified polypeptides, which comprises the protein conjugate of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be administered via various routes including oral, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous and intramuscular introduction, and injection is more preferred. The composition of the invention may be formulated so as to provide a quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after it is administered to a patient, by employing any one of the procedures well known in the art. The formulation may be in the form of a tablet, pill, powder, sachet, elixir, suspension, emulsion, solution, syrup, aerosol, soft and hard gelatin capsule, sterile injectable solution, sterile packaged powder and the like. Examples of suitable carriers, excipients or diluents are lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, alginates, gelatin, calcium phosphate, calcium silicate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, water, methylhydroxybenzoates, propylhydroxybenzoates, talc, magnesium stearate and mineral oil. The formulation may additionally include fillers, anti-agglutinating agents, lubricating agents, wetting agents, flavoring agents, emulsifiers, preservatives and the like.
• The amount of the active ingredient actually administered ought to be determined in light of various relevant factors including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the age, sex and body weight of the individual patient, and the severity of the patient's symptom, especially, the kind of active ingredient. Owing to the enhanced stability of a protein conjugate of the invention, the total number and frequency of the administration of the peptide drug formulation comprising the protein conjugate can be considerably reduced.
• The present invention is further defined in the following Examples. It should be understood that these Examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
EXAMPLE 1Preparation of hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate I
• (Step 1) Preparation of hGH-PEG Complex
• Human growth hormone (hGH, M.W. 22 kDa) was dissolved in 100 mM phosphate buffer solution to a concentration of 5 mg/ml, and polyethylene glycol containing aldehyde groups at both ends (ALD-PEG-ALD, Shearwater Inc, USA) which has a molecular weight of 3.4 kDa was added to the resulting buffer solution in an amount corresponding to an hGH:PEG molar ratio of 1:1, 1:2.5, 1:5, 1:10 or 1:20. Sodium cyanoborohydride (NaCNBH₃, Sigma) was added thereto to a final concentration of 20 mM as a reducing agent, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 4° C. for 3 hours. To separate an hGH-PEG complex in which PEG is selectively linked to the terminal amino residue of hGH in a molar ratio of 1:1, the reaction mixture was subjected to Superdex® (Pharmacia, USA) size exclusion chromatography. The hGH-PEG complex was eluted and purified from the column with 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) to remove contaminants such as unmodified hGH, unreacted PEG and dimmeric by-products having two molecules of hGH linked at both ends of PEG. The purified hGH-PEG complex was concentrated to 5 mg/ml. It has been found that an optimal hGH:PEG molar ratio for obtaining the best result was in the range of 1:2.5 to 1:5.
• (Step 2) Formation of Conjugate Between hGH-PEG Complex and IgG
• Immunoglobulin G (IgG, Green Cross, Korea) having a molecular weight of 150 kDa was dissolved in 100 mM phosphate buffer solution. To conjugate IgG to the aldehyde group of the PEG-hGH complex purified in Example 1, the PEG-hGH complex was added to an IgG-containing buffer solution in an amount corresponding to a hGH-PEG complex:IgG molar ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 or 1:8. NaCNBH₃was added thereto to a final concentration of 20 mM as a reducing agent, and the reaction mixture was gradually stirred at 4° C. for 20 hours. To purify the hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate from contaminants after the conjugation reaction, the reaction mixture was subjected to anion exchange chromatography using a DEAE column (Pharmacia, USA) equilibrated with 20 mM Tris buffer solution (pH 7.5). The mobile phase was changed from Buffer A (20 mM Tris buffer, pH 7.5) to Buffer B (20 mM Tris buffer containing 1.0 M NaCl, pH 7.5) in a linear fashion (NaCl concentration: 0 M→0.5 M). To remove small quantities of unreacted IgG and unmodified hGH from the eluted hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate, the eluting solution was subjected to cation exchange chromatography using an SP5PW column (Waters, USA) equilibrated with 10 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5). The mobile phase was changed from Buffer A (10 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.5) to Buffer B (10 mM sodium acetate containing 1.0 M NaCl, pH 7.5) in a linear fashion (NaCl concentration: 0 M→0.5 M), which results in purifying the hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate (FIG. 1).
• It has been found that the optimal hGH-PEG complex:IgG molar ratio for obtaining the best result was 1:2.
EXAMPLE 2Preparation of hGH-PEG-IgG Conjugate II
• (Step 1) Preparation of I2G-PEG Complex
• IgG (Green Cross, Korea) was dissolved in 100 mM phosphate buffer to a concentration of 15 mg/ml, and 3.4 kDa of ALD-PEG-ALD (Shearwater Inc, USA) was added to the resulting buffer solution in an amount corresponding to an IgG:PEG molar ratio of 1:1, 1:2.5, 1:5, 1:10 or 1:20. NaCNBH₃was added thereto to a final concentration of 20 mM as a reducing agent, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 4° C. for 3 hours. To separate IgG-PEG complex in which PEG is selectively linked to the terminal amino residue of IgG in a molar ratio of 1:1, the reaction mixture was subjected to Superdex® (Pharmacia, USA) size exclusion chromatography. The IgG-PEG complex was eluted and purified from the column with 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) to remove contaminants such as unmodified IgG, unreacted PEG and dimmeric by-products having two molecules of IgG linked at both ends of PEG. The purified IgG-PEG complex was concentrated to 15 mg/ml. It has been found that an optimal IgG:PEG molar ratio for obtaining the best result was in the range of 1:5 to 1:10.
• (Step 2) Formation of Conjugate Between IgG-PEG Complex and hGH
• To conjugate hGH (M.W. 22 kDa) to the IgG-PEG complex purified in Example 1, hGH dissolved in 100 mM phosphate buffer was reacted with the IgG-PEG complex in a molar ratio of 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:3 or 1:6. NaCNBH₃was added thereto to a final concentration of 20 mM as a reducing agent, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 4° C. for 20 hours. The reaction mixture was subjected to purification according to the same method described instep 2 of Example 1 to remove unreacted substances and by-products, and the IgG-PEG-hGH conjugate was purified therefrom.
EXAMPLE 3Preparation of IFN α-PEG-IgG Conjugate
• An IFN α-PEG-IgG conjugate was prepared and purified according to the same method described in Example 1, except that interferon alpha 2b (IFN α 2b, M. W. 20 kDa) was employed instead of hGH and the IFN α 2b:ALD-PEG-ALD (M.W. 3.4 kDa) molar ratio was 1:5.
EXAMPLE 4Preparation of Human G-CSF-PEG-IgG Conjugate
• A G-CSF-PEG-IgG conjugate was prepared and purified according to the same method described in Example 1, except that human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF, M. W. 18.7 kDa) was employed instead of hGH and the G-SCF:ALD-PEG-ALD (M.W. 3.4 kDa) molar ratio was 1:5.
• Further, G-SCF derivative-PEG-IgG conjugate was prepared and purified according to the same method described above using G-SCF derivative (¹⁷S-G-CSF) which was attained by replacing the 17^thamino acid of wild-type G-CSF with serine.
EXAMPLE 5Preparation of EPO-PEG-IgG Conjugate
• An EPO-PEG-IgG conjugate was prepared and purified according to the same method described in Example 1, except that human erythropoietin (EPO, M. W. 35 kDa) was employed instead of hGH and the EPO:ALD-PEG-ALD (M.W. 3.4 kDa) molar ratio was 1:5.
EXAMPLE 6Preparation of Protein Conjugate using PEG having a Different Functional Group
• hGH-PEG-IgG conjugates were prepared using PEG having different functional groups other than aldehyde groups at both ends as following. 10 mg of hGH dissolved in 100 mM phosphate buffer was reacted with PEG containing succinimidyl propionate (SPA) groups at both ends (SPA-PEG-SPA, Shearwater Inc, USA, M. W. 3.4 kDa) in an amount corresponding to an hGH:PEG molar ratio of 1:1, 1:2.5, 1:5, 1:10 or 1:20. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. To obtain an hGH-PEG complex in which PEG is selectively linked to the lysine residue of hGH in a molar ratio of 1:1, the reaction mixture was subjected to Superdex® (Pharmacia, USA) size exclusion chromatography. The PEG-hGH complex was eluted and purified from the column with 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) to remove contaminants such as unmodified hGH, unreacted PEG and dimmeric by-products having two molecules of hGH linked at both ends of PEG. The purified IgG-PEG complex was concentrated to 5 mg/ml. The hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate was prepared using the hGH-PEG complex concentrated and purified according to the same method described in Example 1. It has been found that an optimal hGH:PEG molar ratio for obtaining the best result was in the range of 1:2.5 to 1:5.
• Another hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate was prepared and purified according to the same method described above, except that PEG containing N-hydroxysuccinimidyl (NHS) groups at both ends (NHS-PEG-NHS, Shearwater Inc, USA) was employed instead of SPA-PEG-SPA.
EXAMPLE 7Preparation of Protein Conjugate using PEG having a Different Molecular Weight
• An hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate was prepared and purified according to the same method described in Example 1, except that PEG containing aldehyde groups at both ends and having a molecular weight of 10,000 daltons (ALD-PEG-ALD, Shearwater Inc, USA) was employed. At this time, it has been found that an optimal hGH:PEG molar ratio for obtaining the best result was in the range of 1:2.5 to 1:5. The purified hGH-PEG complex was concentrated to 5 mg/ml. An hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate was prepared using the hGH-PEG complex concentrated and purified according to the same method described instep 2 of Example 1.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1Preparation of PEG-hGH Complex
• 5 mg of hGH was dissolved in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) to obtain 5 ml of a solution, and an activated methoxy-PEG-ALD having 40 kDa of PEG was added to the solution in an amount corresponding to an hGH:PEG molar ratio of 1:4. NaCNBH₃was added thereto to a final concentration of 20 mM as a reducing agent, and the reaction mixture was gradually stirred at 4° C. for 18 hours. Then, ethanolamine was added thereto to a final concentration of 50 mM to inactivate unreacted PEG.
• To further remove unreacted PEG, the reaction mixture was subjected to Sephadex® G-25 column (Pharmacia, USA) chromatography. The column was equilibrated with 2 column volume (CV) of 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) buffer before loading the reaction mixture. Elution fractions were analyzed for the absorbance at 260 nm using a UV spectrophotometer. The PEG modified hGH which has a large molecular weight was eluted first before unreacted PEG.
• The PEG-modified hGH was further purified from the elution fraction as following. A column packed with 3 ml of PolyWAX LP (Polywax Inc, USA) was equilibrated with 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) buffer. The elution fraction containing the PEG modified hGH was loaded to the column at a flow rate of 1 ml/min, and the column was washed with 15 ml of the equilibration buffer. Tri-, di- and mono-PEG linked hGHs were fractionated in order by a salt concentration gradient method (NaCl concentration: 0% →70%) using 1 M NaCl buffer for 30 min.
• To further purify the mono-PEG linked hGH complex from the mixture, the column effluent was subjected to size exclusion chromatography. The concentrated effluent was loaded onto a Superdex 200 (Pharmacia, USA) column equilibrated with 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer and eluted with the same buffer solution at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The tri- and di-PEG linked hGH complexes which eluted earlier than the mono-PEG linked hGH complex were removed to obtain purified mono-PEG linked hGH complex.
• PEG-IFN, PEG-¹⁷S-G-CSF derivative and PEG-G-CSF in which 40 kDa PEG is linked to the terminal amino residues of IFN α and G-CSF, respectively, were prepared and purified according to the same method described above.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2Preparation of Albumin-hGH Complex
• To conjugate albumin with the hGH-PEG complex obtained in Example 1, human serum albumin (HSA, M.W. about 67 kDa,) (Green Cross, Korea) dissolved in 10 mM phosphate buffer solution was reacted with the hGH-PEG complex in an amount corresponding to an hGH-PEG complex:HSA molar ratio is 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 or 1:8. The reaction mixture was concentrated to 100 mM phosphate buffer, and NaCNBH₃was added thereto to a final concentration of 20 mM as a reducing agent. The reaction mixture was stirred at 4° C. for 20 hours. It has been found that an optimal hGH-PEG complex:albumin molar ratio for obtaining the best result was 1:2.
• After the conjugation reaction, the reaction mixture was subjected to Superdex size exclusion chromatography to remove unreacted starting materials and by-products. The reaction mixture was concentrated and loaded onto the column at a flow rate of 2.5 ml/min using 10 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5) to obtain purified hGH-PEG-albumin conjugate. Since the purified hGH-PEG- albumin conjugate was still contaminated by small quantities of unreacted albumin and hGH dimmer, anion exchange chromatography was further performed to remove these contaminants. The hGH-PEG-albumin conjugate effluent was loaded onto a SP5PW (Waters, USA) column equilibrated with 10 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5), and fractionated with 10 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5) containing 1.0 M NaCl in a linear fashion (NaCl concentration: 0 M→0.5 M), to recover pure hGH-PEG-albumin.
• IFN α-PEG-albumin, G-CSF-PEG-albumin and¹⁷S-G-CSF derivative-PEG-albumin in which albumin is linked to IFN α,¹⁷S-G-CSF and G-CSF, respectively, were prepared and purified according to the same method described above.
TEST EXAMPLE 1Confirmation and Quantification of Protein Conjugates
• (1) Confirmation of Protein Conjugates
• Protein conjugates prepared in above Examples were analyzed for their modification state by SDS-PAGE using a gel having a concentration gradient of 4 to 20% and ELISA (R&D System, USA).
• hGH, hGH-PEG, IFN and IFN-PEG were each developed on SDS-PAGE and a mixture with 50 mM DTT (dithiothreitol), while IgG, hGH-PEG-IgG and IFN-PEG-IgG without DTT.
• FIGS. 2 and 3 show the SDS-PAGE results obtained for the hGH-PEG-IgG and IFN-PEG-IgG conjugates, respectively. Numbers listed on left margin are molecular weight markers (kDa).
• As shown inFIGS. 2 and 3, the appearance molecular weight of hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate is about 170 kDa. However, since it is difficult to discriminate the molecular weight difference between the IgG protein conjugates and wild-type IgG in SDS-PAGE, the hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate and IgG were reduced by DTT treatment, separated into heavy- and light-chains, and confirmed its conjugated state by SDS-PAGE, respectively (FIG. 4).
• When IgG was treated with DTT, the light chain of IgG was separated first, and the heavy chain of IgG, later according to their molecular weight. Bands of hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate treated with DTT appeared at positions which corresponding to molecular weights calculated by adding the molecular weight of hGH-PEG (3.4 kDa) to the molecular weight of light- and heavy chain fragments, respectively. The light chain of hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate formed a band at a lower position (smaller molecular weight) than the heavy chain of hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate whose band was found at a position corresponding to about 80 kDa. From the above results, it has been found that hGH coupled with light and heavy chains with equal probability, and that IgG reacts with hGH in a molar ratio of 1:1.
• (2) Quantitative Analysis of Protein Conjugates
• The amount of each protein conjugate prepared in the above Examples was determined by calculating its peak area observed in size exclusion chromatography (column: Superdex, elution solution: 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.0)) and comparing with that of control. After conducting size exclusion chromatography using pre-quantified hGH, IFN, G-CSF,¹⁷S-G-CSF, EPO and IgG, respectively, relative response factors of the peak areas were determined. The size exclusion chromatography was performed using a constant amount of each protein conjugate with a same condition, and the quantitative value of biologically active protein existed in each protein conjugate was determined by subtracting the peak area corresponding to IgG from the peak area of each protein conjugate obtained above.
• ELISA (R&D System, USA) analysis was also carried out besides chromatography. If a portion of IgG is conjugated to a biologically active site of a polypeptide, the value obtained by ELISA using an antibody specific for the biologically active sire would be lower than the value calculated by chromatography. In case of the hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate, it has been found that the value measured by ELISA was only about 30% of the value determined by chromatography.
• (3) Confirmation of Purity and Mass of Protein Conjugates
• The protein conjugate obtained in each Example was analyzed for its absorbance value at 280 nm during size exclusion chromatography, and found that hGH-PEG-IgG, IFN-PEG-IgG, G-CSF and¹⁷S-G-CSF-PEG-IgG each showed a single peak corresponding to a molecular weight of from 170,000 to 180,000 daltons. The peak of EPO-PEG-IgG was observed at a position corresponding to a molecular weight of 200,000 daltons.
• To determine the exact molecular weight of each protein conjugate, the purified samples were analyzed using MALDI-TOF (Voyager DE-STR, Applied Biosystems, USA) superspeed mass spectrometry. Sinapinic acid was employed as a matrix. 0.5 μl of each sample was spread on a slide glass and dried in the air. After an equal volume of the matrix was dropped on the slide glass, the slide glass was dried in the air and installed in an ion source. Detection was performed by a linear mode TOF equipment using a positive method, and ions were accelerated by a total potential difference of about 2.5 kV in a divided extraction supply source using a delayed ion extractor at a delayed extraction time of 750 nsec/1500 nsec. The results of mass spectrometry analyses of hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate are shown in Table 1 andFIG. 5.

  TABLE 1
  Mass spectrometry analysis of IgG-protein conjugates

  	Theoretical value	Measured value
  	(kDa)	(kDa)

  hGH-PEG-IgG (Exp. 1)	175.4	175.4
  IFN α-PEG-IgG (Exp. 3)	172.6	172.6
  G-CSF-PEG-IgG (Exp. 4)	172.1	173.0
  17S-G-CSF derivative-	171.9	172.2
  PEG-IgG (Exp. 4)
  EPO-PEG-IgG (Exp. 5)	185.4	183.0

• The results showed that the purity of hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate was 90% or more, and that the measured molecular weight was nearly equal to the theoretical value. Further, the hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate was in the form of IgG bound to the hGH-PEG complex in a molar ratio of 1:1.
TEST EXAMPLE 2Pharmacokinetics Analysis
• In vivo stabilities and pharmacokinetic coefficients of the IgG-protein conjugates, PEG-protein and albumin-protein complexes (test group) prepared in Examples and Comparative Examples were compared with those of biologically active wild-type protein (control group). 5 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used for each group in the following experiments. Mice received subcutaneous injections of 100 μg/kg of the control, PEG-complex, albumin-protein conjugate and IgG-protein conjugate, respectively. Blood samples were taken from the control group at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 30, 71 and 96 hour after the injection, and the samples of the test groups, at 1, 6, 12, 24, 30, 48, 72, 96, 120, 240 and 320 hour after the injection. Blood samples were collected in an eppendorf tube coated with heparin to prevent blood coagulation, and subjected to high-speed micro centrifugation at 4° C., 3,000×g for 30 min to remove cells. The protein concentration in sera was measured by ELISA method using the respective antibody specific for each biologically active protein.
• Pharmacokinetic values of the wild-type hGH, IFN, G-CSF and EPO, and protein conjugates, complexes thereof are shown in Tables 2 to 6, in which T_maxmeans the time to reach the maximum drug concentration, T_1/2, half-life of a drug in blood, and MRT (mean residence time), average retention time in a body.

  TABLE 2
  Pharmacokinetic values of hGH

  			hGH-PEG-	hGH-PEG-
  	Wild-type	hGH-40K PEG	albumin	IgG
  	hGH	(Com. Exp. 1)	(Com. Exp. 2)	(Exp. 1)

  Tmax(hr)	1.0	12	12	12
  T1/2(hr)	1.1	7.7	5.9	13.9
  MRT (hr)	2.1	18.2	13.0	19.0

• TABLE 3
  Pharmacokinetic values of IFN α

  			IFN α-PEG-	IFN α-PEG-
  	Wild-type	IFN α-40K PEG	albumin	IgG
  	IFN α	(Com. Exp. 1)	(Com. Exp. 2)	(Exp. 3)

  Tmax(hr)	1.0	30	12	30
  T1/2(hr)	1.7	35.8	17.1	76.7
  MRT (hr)	2.1	71.5	32.5	121.0

• TABLE 4
  Pharmacokinetic values of G-CSF

  		G-CSF-40K	G-CSF-PEG-	G-CSF-PEG-
  	Wild-type	PEG	albumin	IgG
  	G-CSF	(Com. Exp. 1)	(Com. Exp. 2)	(Exp. 4)

  Tmax(hr)	2.0	12	12	12
  T1/2(hr)	2.8	4.8	5.2	8.4
  MRT	5.2	24.5	25.0	35.7
  (hr)

• TABLE 5
  Pharmacokinetic values of17S-G-CSF

  	Wild-type	17S-G-CSF	17S-G-CSF	17S-G-CSF
  	17S-G-	derivative-40K	derivative-PEG-	derivative-
  	CSF	PEG	albumin	PEG-IgG
  	derivative	(Com. Exp. 1)	(Com. Exp. 2)	(Exp. 4)

  Tmax(hr)	2.0	24	24	48
  T1/2(hr)	2.9	4.3	6.4	7.2
  MRT (hr)	5.8	24.4	25.1	42.6

• TABLE 6
  Pharmacokinetic values of EPO

  		Highly
  	Wild-type	glycosylated EPO	EPO-PEG-IgG
  	EPO	(Darbepoetin-α)	(Exp. 5)

  	Tmax(hr)	6.0	12	48
  	T1/2(hr)	9.4	18.4	5.2
  	MRT (hr)	21.7	36.7	95.6

• As can be seen in Tables 2 to 6, the half-life of the hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate was 13.9 hr, which is about 13-fold higher than that of wild-type hGH and about 2-fold higher than that of the hGH-40K PEG complex (7.7. hr) prepared in Comparative Example. The half-life of the hGH-PEG-albumin conjugate in which albumin is linked to the one end of PEG, not directly to hGH, was 5.9 hr. This result confirms that the inventive protein conjugate shows far superior durability in vivo.
• Further, in Table 3, the results for IFN α were similar to those of hGH, but the effect of increasing the blood half-life observed in the inventive protein conjugate was far higher. While the half-life of wild-type IFN α was 1.7 hr, the half-life of 40 kDa PEG-IFN α complex increased to 35.8 hr and the half-life of IFN α-PEG-albumin conjugate, to 17.1 hr. As compared with these, the half-life of IFN α-PEG-IgG conjugate remarkably increased to 76.7 hr.
• As shown in Tables 4 and 5, the in vivo durability of G-CSF and its derivatives showed a tendency similar to that of hGH and IFN. The half-life of 40 kDa PEG modified protein complexes and albumin conjugates were longer than those of wild-type G-CSF and its derivative. However, the inventive IgG protein conjugate showed a much longer half-life. Such an ability of the conjugated IgG to increase the drug stability in blood was also observed for amino acid modified derivatives. From these results, it can be anticipated that the inventive protein conjugate applied to other proteins would also exert the desired effect described above.
• FIG. 7 and Table 6 show that the effect of increasing the in-blood half-life of the inventive protein conjugate is evident for EPO having a glycosylated moiety. Namely, the in-blood half-life of wild-type EPO was 9.4 hr and that of highly glycosylated EPO having high blood stability, i.e, Darbepoetin-α (Aranesp, Amgen, USA), was 18.4 hr. In case of EPO-PEG-IgG conjugate, the blood half-life remarkably increased to 52.2 hr.
• As can be seen above results, the inventive protein conjugate covalently bonded IgG with a non-peptide polymer has an in-blood half-life which is dozen times higher than the wild-type protein.
• Especially, as compared with 40 kDa PEG modified protein complex which has the highest in-blood durability among the previously reported PEG formulations, the inventive IgG protein conjugate exhibits far better durability. Further, relative to the protein conjugate coupled with albumin instead of IgG, the inventive protein conjugate showed markedly higher durability. These results suggest that the inventive protein conjugate can be effectively used for preparing a sustained formulation of a protein drug. The present findings, that the inventive protein conjugates exhibit markedly higher in-blood stability and longer MRT than previously reported PEG binding protein or albumin protein conjugate for a wide range of proteins including the G-CSF derivative having a point mutation, strongly suggests that such effect of increasing the in-blood stability and durability observed for the inventive protein conjugate would also be realized for any other biologically active peptides.
• The half-life of hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate (Example 7) prepared using 10 kDa PEG as a non-peptide polymer was measured by the same method described above to be 14.7 hr, which is slightly higher than that of hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate using 3.4 kDa PEG (13.9 hr). The appearance molecular weight and in-blood half-lives observed for those prepared using PEG having different functional groups, e.g., succinimidyl propionate or N-hydroxysuccinimidyl groups, were similar to those prepared using PEG having aldehyde groups.
TEST EXAMPLE 3Measurement of in vivo Activity
• (1) Comparison of in vivo Activity of hGH Protein Conjugates
• In vivo activities of the hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate, 40 kD PEG-hGH complex and hGH-PEG-albumin conjugate were measured by using rat node lymphoma cell line Nb2 (European Collection of Cell Cultures, ECCC #97041101) that undergo hGH dependent mitosis as follows.
• Nb2 cells were cultivated in Fisher's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.075% NaCO₃, 0.05 mM 2-mercaptoethanol and 2 mM glutamine. The cells were incubated for additional 24 hours in the same medium without 10% FBS. After about 2×10⁵cells per well were added to a 96-well plate, various dilutions of hGH-PEG-IgG, 40 kDa PEG-hGH, hGH-PEG-albumin and a control (National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, NIBSC) were added to each well and the plates were incubated for 48 hours at 37° C. in a CO₂incubator. To measure the extent of cell growth (the number of cells existed in each well), 25 μl of cell titer 96 Aqueous One Solution (Promega, USA) was added to each well and incubated for 4 hours at 37° C. Absorbance at 490 nm was measured to calculate the titer of each sample, and the calculated titers as shown in Table 7.

  TABLE 7
  In vitro activity analysis of hGH

  			Relative activity
  		Specific activity*	to wild-type hGH
  	Conc. (ng/ml)	(U/mg)	(%)

  Wild-type hGH	100	2.71E+0.6	100
  Control (NIBSC)	100	2.58E+0.6	95.2
  HGH-40K PEG	100	0.206E+0.6	7.6
  HGH-PEG-	100	0.141E+0.6	5.2
  albumin
  hGH-PEG-IgG	100	0.86E+0.6	31.7
  *specific activity = 1/ED50× 106
  (ED50: the amount of protein representing 50% of the maximum cell growth)

• As can be seen from Table 7, all samples used in the experiments have in vitro activity. In addition, the in vitro activity of PEG modified hGH complex was lower than that of the unmodified hGH. In case of interferon, it was reported that 12 kDa PEG and 40 kDa PEG conjugates with IFNs showed activities which were only about 25% and 7% of the wild-type, respectively (P. Bailon et al.,Bioconjugate Chem.12:196-202, 2001). The larger the molecular weight of PEG increases, the lower the in vitro activity of PEG complex decreases. The in vitro activity of 40 kDa PEG modified hGH complex was only about 7% of wild-type hGH, and the hGH-PEG-albumin conjugate also showed a very low in vitro activity of about 5.3% of the wild-type. However, in case of conjugating IgG with the hGH-PEG complex, its relative activity was significantly enhanced to 30% or more of the wild-type. These results suggest that the inventive protein conjugates have both higher in vivo activity as well as prolonged in-blood half-life. In case of the IgG protein conjugates of the present invention, the increased protein activity is believed to be due to the increased in-blood stability caused by conjugation with IgG which plays the role of preserving the binding affinity to a receptor, and the non-peptidic polymer providing a spatial room. Such effect is expected to occur for IgG protein conjugates of any other biologically active proteins.
• (2) Comparison of in vivo Activity of IFN α Protein Conjugates
• To compare the in vivo activity of IFN α protein conjugates, anti-viral activity of IFN α-PEG-IgG complex (Example 3), 40 kDa PEG-IFN α conjugate (Comparative Example 1) and IFN α-PEG-albumin conjugate (Comparative Example 2) were measured by a cell culture biopsy method using Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells (MDBK cells; ATCC CCL-22) saturated with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). IFN α 2b having no PEG modification (NIBSC IFN) was employed as a control.
• MDBK cells were cultured in MEM (minimum essential medium, JBI) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂incubator. Samples and a control (NIBSC IFN) were diluted with the same culture medium to a constant concentration, and 100 μl of each dilution was added to 96-well plate. 100 μl of the cultured cell solution was added to each well, and the microplate was incubated at 37° C. for about 1 hr in a 5% CO₂incubator. After an hour, 50 μl of VSV having a viral concentration of 5˜7×10³PFU was added to each well, and further incubated for 16 to 20 hours at 37° C. under 5% CO₂. Wells containing only cells and virus without samples or the control were employed as a negative control, and wells containing only cells without added viruses, as a positive control.
• To remove the culture medium and to stain living cells, 100 μl of a neutral red solution was added to each well and further incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours in a 5% CO₂incubator. After removing the supernatant by aspirating, the extraction solution (100 μl g of a mixture of 100% ethanol and 1% acetate (1:1)) was added to each well. The stained cells were resuspended in the extraction solution with shaking and the absorbance at 540 nm was measured. ED₅₀representing 50% of the maximum cell growth was calculated by regarding the cell growth of the positive control as 100% relative to the cell growth of the negative control.

  TABLE 8
  In vitro activity analysis of IFN α

  			Relative activity
  	Concentration		to wild-type IFN
  	(ng/ml)	ED50 (IU/mg)	(%)

  Wild-type IFN α	100	4.24E+0.8	100
  IFN α-40K PEG	100	2.04E+0.7	4.8
  IFN α-PEG-	100	2.21E+0.7	5.2
  albumin
  IFN α-PEG-IgG	100	4.75E+0.7	11.2

• As shown in Table 8, the activity of PEG modified IFN complex was lower than that of unmodified IFN. Especially, the in-blood stability increased as the molecular weight of PEG moiety increased, but the relative activity gradually decreased. A 40 kDa PEG modified IFN complex showed a very low in vitro activity corresponding to about 4.8% of the wild-type activity. As mentioned above, there was a previous report that 12 kDa PEG and 40 kDa PEG conjugated IFNs showed about 25% and 7% in vitro activity of the wild-type, respectively (P. Bailon et al.,Bioconjugate Chem.12:196-202, 2001). Namely, since if the molecular weight of PEG increases, the blood half-life increases but its pharmaceutical effect suddenly decreases, there has been a need to develop a substance having improved pharmaceutical activity and prolonged half-life. The IFN α-PEG-albumin conjugate also showed a very low in vitro activity corresponding to only about 5.2% of the wild-type. However, in case of modifying IFN α with IgG (IFN α-PEG-IgG conjugate), the relative activity increased to 11.2% of the wild-type. These results show that the inventive IgG protein conjugate exhibits high in vivo activity together with prolonged half-life.
• (3) Comparison of in vivo Activity of G-CSF Protein Conjugates
• The in vivo activities of wild-type G-CSF (Filgrastim),¹⁷Ser-G-CSF derivative, 20 kDa PEG-G-CSF complex (Neulasta, USA), 40 kDa PEG-¹⁷S-G-CSF derivative complex,¹⁷Ser-G-CSF derivative-PEG-albumin conjugate and¹⁷S-G-CSF derivative-PEG-IgG conjugate were measured.
• First, human myelogenous originated cells, HL-60 (ATCC CCL-240, Promyelocytic leukemia patient/36 yr old Caucasian female) cells, were cultivated in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS, and the number of cells were adjusted to about 2.2×10⁵cells/ml. DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide, culture grade/SIGMA) was added to the cells to a concentration of 1.25% (v/v). 90 μl of the DMSO treated culture solution having about 2×10⁴suspended cells per well was added to 96-well plate (Coming/low evaporation 96 well plate) and incubated at 37° C. for 72 hours in a 5% CO₂incubator.
• The concentration of each sample was determined by using a G-CSF ELISA kit (R & D Systems, USA), and each sample was diluted with RPMI1640 medium at a proper ratio to a concentration of 10 μg/ml. The resulting solution was subjected to 19 cycles of sequential half dilution with RPMI1640 medium.
• 10 μl of each sample prepared above was added to each well having HL-60 cells on cultivation, and the concentration was reduced by half from 1000 ng/ml. The microplates treated with protein samples were further incubated at 37° C. for 72 hour.
• To examine the extent of cell growth after the incubation, the number of cells were determined by measuring absorbance at 670 nm using CellTiter96™ (Promega, USA).

  TABLE 9
  In vitro activity analysis of G-CSF derivative

  		Relative activity
  	ED50 (IU/ml)	to G-CSF (%)

  	Wild-type G-CSF	0.30	100
  	(Filgrastim)
  	17Ser-G-CSF derivative	0.26	115
  	20K-PEG-G-CSF	1.20	25
  	(Neulasta)
  	17Ser-G-CSF derivative-	10.0	<10.0
  	40K PEG
  	17Ser-G-CSF derivative-	1.30	23.0
  	PEG-albumin
  	17Ser-G-CSF derivative-	0.43	69.0
  	PEG-IgG

• As can be seen from Table 9, the IgG protein conjugate of¹⁷Ser-G-CSF derivative having an amino acid modification showed an effect similar to that observed for the protein conjugate of the wild-type. It has been already confirmed that the¹⁷Ser-G-CSF derivative modified with PEG shows a longer half-life but a lower activity than the unmodified (Korean Patent Application No. 2003-17867). Specially, while the in-blood stability of PEG modified¹⁷Ser-G-CSF derivative increased as the molecular weight of the PEG moiety increased, its relative activity gradually decreased. 40 kDa PEG modified¹⁷Ser-G-CSF derivative complex showed a very low in vitro activity corresponding to about 10% of the wild-type. Namely, as the molecular weight of PEG increases, the in-blood half-life increases but its pharmaceutical effect suddenly decreases, there has been a need to develop a substance having improved pharmaceutical activity and prolonged half-life. Meanwhile, the¹⁷Ser-G-CSF derivative modified with albumin showed a relatively low in vitro activity corresponding to only about 23% of the wild-type. However, in case of modifying¹⁷Ser-G-CSF derivative with IgG (¹⁷Ser-G-CSF-PEG-IgG conjugate), its relative activity increased in a level which is 69% or more of the wild-type. These results show that the inventive IgG protein conjugate exhibits high in vivo activity together with prolonged half-life.
TEST EXAMPLE 4Measurement of in vivo Activity in Animal Model
• (1) Comparison of in vivo Activity of hGH Protein Conjugates
• 10 hypsectomized Sprague Dawley rats (5-week old, SLC, USA) were employed for each group in a body weight gaining test to measure the in vivo activities of hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate, hGH-40K PEG complex and wild-type hGH. A solvent control, wild-type hGH, hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate and hGH-40K PEG complex were subcutaneously injected into the rat's back of the shoulder using a 26 G syringe (1 ml, Korea Vaccine Co., Ltd.) according to the administration schedule and dose described in Table 10. Rats' weights were measured before the injection and 16 hours after the injection. Rats were sacrificed with ether 24 hours after the final injection, and the presence of pituitary gland was examined with the naked eye to exclude the rats having observable residual pituitary gland from the result.

  TABLE 10
  Condition for in vivo activity test of hGH in animal model

  		Average
  		daily	Total
  		dose	amount of	Administration
  Group	Drug	(day)	administration	schedule
  1	Solvent	—	PRS (0.5 ml)	Once/day,
  	control			Daily administration
  				for 12days
  2	Wild-type	30 μg	360 mIU	Once/day,
  	hGH		(30 μg/time)	Daily administration
  				for 12days
  3	hGH-40K	30 μg	360 mIU	Once/6 days,
  	PEG		(180 μg/time)	Twice administration
  4	hGH-PEG-	30 μg	360 mIU	Once/6 days,
  	IgG		(180 μg/time)	Twice administration
  5	hGH-PEG-	10μg	120 mIU	Once/6 days,
  	IgG		(60 μg/time)	Twice administration

• The change in the weight after the administration of each sample was showed inFIG. 8. Since the wild-type hGH used as a standard (control) must be administered everyday to maintain its in vivo activity, it was administered once a day for 12 days, and accordingly, rats inGroup 1 gained in weight during the administration. In rats inGroup 2 administered with the hGH-40 kDa PEG complex once a week, gained weight continuously till 3 days after the administration, and the rate of increase slowed down thereafter. Theses results coincided with the expectation based on the results of Test Examples 1 and 2 that the hGH-PEG complex showed far longer half-life and higher in vivo activity than the wild-type hGH. Especially, the effect generated by administering hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate once a week in an amount corresponding to a third of the wild-type dose equal or better than daily administration of the wild-type. This means that the in vivo activity of hGH-PEG-IgG conjugate is more than 3-fold higher than that of the wild-type.
• (2) Comparison of in vivo Activity of G-CSF Derivative Protein Conjugates
• In order to examine the effect of the inventive protein conjugates with¹⁷Ser-G-CSF having a substitution of 17^thamino acid by serine, the in vivo activities of wild-type G-CSF, a commercially available 20 kDa PEG-G-CSF complex and¹⁷Ser-G-CSF-PEG-IgG conjugate were compared. The¹⁷Ser-G-CSF-PEG-IgG conjugate of the present invention was dissolved in a solvent comprising 20 mM sodium phosphate, 1% glycine and 0.25% mannitol (pH 7.0). Wild-type methionyl G-CSF complex (Filgrastim, Amgen, USA) and 20 kDa PEG modified G-CSF (Neulasta, Amgen, USA) dissolved in the same solvent were employed as a comparative group. Female 7-week-old ICR mice were purchased from Samtaco Bio (Korea) and subjected to an acclimation period for a week before the experiment. At the beginning of the experiment, the weight of ICR mice were in the range of 30˜35 g. They were allowed to freely ingest formula feed (Samyang Corporation, Korea) and water during the acclimation and experiment, and kept in a cage under the condition of 22±3° C., 55±5% of relative humidity, 1˜12 times/hr ventilation, 150˜200 lux of illumination intensity and a daily lighting cycle of 12 hrs light/12 hrs dark. Each experimental group consisted of 5 mice, and a complex anticancer agent and each sample were administered to the mice according to the administration schedule and dose described in Table 11. Neutropenia animal model was prepared by injecting once a mixture of 130 mg/kg of cyclohexamide (CPA; Sigma, USA), 4.5 mg/kg of doxorubicin (DXR; Sigma, USA) and 1 mg/kg of vincristin (VCR, Sigma, USA) into the abdominal cavity of ICR mice. No treatment group did not receive the anticancer agent administration and show no reduction of neutrophil. The solvent control is the group which was administered with anticancer agent to reduce the number of neutrophil and with adjuvant only instead of a drug sample. The wild-type G-CSF was subcutaneously injected at a dose of 100 μg/kg/day around 10 a.m. everyday from the first day till the fifth day after the anticancer agent administration. The¹⁷S-G-CSF-IgG and 20 kDa PEG-G-CSF complexes (Neulasta, Amgen, USA) were injected once at the first day after the anticancer agent administration at a dose of 1,000 μg/kg that corresponds to a dose for five days when a twofold amount of the wild-type dose was regarded as a daily dose (200 μg/kg/day). 0.3˜0.5 ml of blood was taken from mice's orvital vein atday 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 after the anticancer agent administration. Blood collection was performed around 4 p.m., 6 hours after the injection of a drug sample. The numbers of white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC) and platelet were measured using an automatic hematocyte counter. In addition, a blood spread specimen was prepared and subjected to Giemsa staining. Each hematocyte was differentially calculated to obtain the ratio of neutrophil, and then, the number of neutrophil was calculated byformula 2 based on the ratio of neutrophil.
  the number of neutrophil (cells/mm³)=total number ofWBC(cells/mm³)×the ratio of neutrophil (%)×1/100   <Formula 2>
• To examine the statistical significance of the values observed for the no treatment group, solvent control group and¹⁷S-G-CSF derivative PEG-IgG group, statistical analysis was performed about the number of hematocyte and weight of each group using Student's t-test.

  TABLE 11
  Condition of in vivo activity test of increasing the number of neutrophil in
  animal model

  		Average	Total amount
  		daily dose	of	Administration
  Group	Drug	(kg/day)	administration	schedule
  1	No treatment	—	PRS (0.5 ml)	Once/day,
  				Daily administration
  				for 5days
  2	Solvent	—	PRS (0.5 ml)	Once/day,
  	control			Daily administration
  				for 5days
  3	Wild-type G-	100 μg	500 μg/kg/5	Once/day,
  	CSF		times	Daily administration
  	(Filgrastim)			for 5days
  4	20K PEG-G-	200 μg	1,000 μg/kg/	Once administration
  	CSF		time
  	(Neulasta)
  5	17S-G-CSF	200 μg	1,000 μg/kg/	Once administration
  	derivative		time
  	PEG-IgG

• The recovery of neutrophil after the administration of each sample is shown inFIG. 9. When the wild-type G-CSF used as a standard was injected everyday for 5 days, the number of neutrophil gradually increased during the administration and finally reached a maximum atday 5. While the 20 kDa PEG-G-CSF complex administered once at twofold amount of the daily dose showed only two-thirds of the in vivo activity observed for the daily administration of wild-type G-CSF, the¹⁷S-G-CSF derivative-PEG-IgG conjugate exhibited an activity which was 3-fold higher than the in vivo activity of 20 kDa PEG-G-CSF complex. Further, the inventive protein conjugate generated two-fold higher effect for recovering neutrophil than daily administration of G-CSF, which coincided with the expectation based on the result that the¹⁷S-G-CSF derivative-PEG-IgG conjugate had significantly longer in-blood half-life and higher in vivo activity than the wild-type. These results show that the same effect of the inventive protein conjugate caused by covalently binding IgG to PEG can be expected of a protein derivative having an amino acid modification as well as the wild-type.

Claims (47)

1. A protein conjugate comprising i) a physiologically active polypeptide, ii) a non-peptidic polymer, and iii) an immunoglobulin, which are covalently linked to one another, and having a prolonged in vivo half-life of the physiologically active polypeptide.

2. The protein conjugate according toclaim 1, wherein the non-peptidic polymer has two reactive groups at both ends, through which the polymer is covalently linked to the physiologically active polypeptide and the immunoglobulin.

3. The protein conjugate according toclaim 2, wherein the immunoglobulin is covalently linked to at least two complexes of the physiologically active polypeptide and the non-peptidic polymer.

4. The protein conjugate according toclaim 1, wherein the immunoglobulin is selected from the group consisting of IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgM and a mixture thereof.

5. The protein conjugate according toclaim 4, wherein the immunoglobulin is selected from the group consisting of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 and a mixture thereof.

6. The protein conjugate according toclaim 4, wherein the immunoglobulin is a human immunoglobulin.

7. The protein conjugate according toclaim 2, wherein the reactive group of the non-peptidic polymer is selected from the group consisting of aldehyde, propion aldehyde, maleimide and succinamide derivative.

8. The protein conjugate according toclaim 7, wherein the succinamide derivative is succinimidyl propionate, succinimidyl carboxymethyl, hydroxy succinimidyl or succinimidyl carbonate.

9. The protein conjugate according toclaim 7, wherein the non-peptidic polymer has aldehyde groups at both ends.

10. The protein conjugate according toclaim 1, wherein the non-peptidic polymer is covalently linked at the ends thereof to the amino terminal, lysine residue, histidine residue or cysteine residue of the immunoglobulin and the amino terminal, lysine residue, hisitidine residue or cysteine residue of the physiologically active polypeptide, respectively.

11. The protein conjugate according toclaim 1, wherein the non-peptidic polymer is selected form the group consisting of poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol), ethylene glycol-propylene glycol copolymer, polyoxyethylated polyol, polyvinyl alcohol, polysaccharide, dextran, polyvinyl ethyl ether, poly(lactic-glycolic acid), biodegradable polymer, lipid polymer, chitin, hyaluronic acids, and a mixture thereof.

12. The protein conjugate according toclaim 11, wherein the non-peptidic polymer is poly(ethylene glycol).

13. The protein conjugate according toclaim 1, wherein the physiologically active polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of hormone, cytokine, enzyme, antibody, growth hormone, transcription regulatory factor, blood factor, vaccine, structure protein, ligand protein and receptor.

14. The protein conjugate according toclaim 13, wherein the physiologically active polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of human growth hormone, growth hormone releasing hormone, growth hormone releasing peptide, interferons, colony stimulating factor, interleukins, glucocerebrosidae, macrophage activating factor, macrophage peptide, B cell factor, T cell factor, protein A, suppressive factor of allergy, cell necrosis glycoprotein, immunotoxin, lymphotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, tumor inhibitory factor, transforming growth factor, alpha-1 antitrypsin, albumin, apolipoprotein-E, erythropoietin, hyper-glycosylated erythropoietin, factor VII, factor VIII, factor IX, plaminogen activator, urokinase, streptokinase, protein C, C-reactive protein, renin inhibitor, collagenase inhibitor, superoxide dismutase, platelet derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, osteogenic growth factor, osteogenesis stimulating protein, calcitonin, insulin, atriopeptin, cartilage inducing factor, connective tissue activator protein, follicle stimulating hormone, leutinizing hormone, FSH releasing hormone, nerve growth factor, parathyroid hormone, relaxin, secretin, somatomedin, insulin-like growth factor, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, glucagon, cholecystokinin, pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin releasing peptide, corticotrophin releasing, thyroid stimulating hormone, monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibody, antibody derivatives including [Fab]′, [Fab]′2 and scFv, and virus-derived vaccine antigen.

15. The protein conjugate according toclaim 14, wherein the physiologically active polypeptide is human growth hormone, interferon-alpha, granulocyte colony stimulating factor or erythropoietin.

16. A method for preparing the protein conjugate ofclaim 1, comprising

(a) covalently linking at least one physiologically active polypeptide, at least one immunoglobulin with at least one non-peptidic polymer having reactive groups at both ends; and

(b) isolating a protein conjugate comprising essentially the active polypeptide, the immunoglobulin and the non-peptidic polymer, which are linked covalently.

17. The method according toclaim 16, wherein step (a) further comprises:

(a1) covalently coupling one end of the non-peptidic polymer with either an immunoglobulin or a physiologically active polypeptide;

(a2) isolating from the resulting reaction mixture a complex comprising the non-peptidic polymer coupled with the immunoglobulin or the physiologically active polypeptide; and

(a3) covalently coupling the free end of the non-peptidic polymer of the complex with the immunoglobulin or physiologically active polypeptide, to produce a protein conjugate comprising the physiologically active polypeptide, the non-peptidic polymer and the immunoglobulin, which are covalently interlinked.

18. The method according toclaim 17, wherein the molar ratio of the physiologically active polypeptide to the non-peptidic polymer in step (a1) ranges from 1:2.5 to 1:5.

19. The method according toclaim 17, wherein the molar ratio of the immunoglobulin to the non-peptidic polymer in step (a1) ranges from 1:5 to 1:10.

20. The method according toclaim 17, wherein the molar ratio of the complex obtained in step (a2) to physiologically active polypeptide or immunoglobulin in step(a3) ranges from 1:1 to 1:3.

21. The method according toclaim 17, wherein steps (a1) and (a3) are performed in the presence of a reducing agent.

22. The method according toclaim 21, wherein the reducing agent is sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium borohydride, dimethylamine borate or pyridine borate.

23. A pharmaceutical composition having a prolonged half-life of a physiologically active polypeptide, which comprises a protein conjugate ofclaim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

24. A method for prolonging the in vivo half-life of a physiologically active polypeptide, which comprises the step of covalently linking a non-peptidic polymer having reactive groups at both ends with a physiologically active polypeptide and an immunoglobulin.

25. The method according toclaim 24, wherein the immunoglobulin is covalently linked to at least two complexes of the physiologically active polypeptide and the non-peptidic polymer.

26. The method according toclaim 24, wherein the immunoglobulin is selected from the group consisting of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgM and a mixture thereof.

27. The method according toclaim 26, wherein the immunoglobulin is a human immunoglobulin.

28. The method according toclaim 24, wherein the reactive group of the non-peptidic polymer is selected from the group consisting of aldehyde, propion aldehyde, maleimide and succinamide derivative.

29. The method according toclaim 24, wherein the non-peptidic polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol), ethylene glycol-propylene glycol copolymer, polyoxyethylated polol, polyvinyl alcohol, polysaccharide, dextran, polyvinyl ethyl ether, poly(lactic-glycolic acid), biodegradable polymer, lipid polymer, chitin, hyaluronic acids, and a mixture thereof.

30. The method according toclaim 29, wherein the non-peptidic polymer is poly(ethylene glycol).

31. The method according toclaim 24, wherein the physiologically active polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of hormone, cytokine, enzyme, antibody, growth hormone, transcription regulatory factor, blood factor, vaccine, structural protein, ligand protein and receptor.

32. The method according toclaim 31, wherein the physiologically active polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of human growth hormone, growth hormone releasing hormone, growth hormone releasing peptide, interferons, colony stimulating factor, interleukins, glucocerebrosidae, macrophage activating factor, macrophage peptide, B cell factor, T cell factor, protein A, suppressive factor of allergy, cell necrosis glycoprotein, immunotoxin, lymphotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, tumor inhibitory factor, transforming growth factor, alpha-1 antitrypsin, albumin, apolipoprotein-E, erythropoietin, hyper-glycosylated erythropoietin, factor VII, factor VIII, factor IX, plasminogen activator, urokinase, streptokinase, protein C, C-reactive protein, renin inhibitor, collagenase inhibitor, superoxide dismutase, platelet derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, osteogenic growth factor, osteogenesis stimulating protein, calcitonin, insulin, atriopeptin, cartilage inducing factor, connective tissue activator protein, follicle stimulating hormone, leutinizing hormone, FSH releasing hormone, nerve growth factor, parathyroid hormone, relaxin, secretin, somatomedin, insulin-like growth factor, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, glucagon, cholecystokinin, pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin releasing peptide, corticotropin releasing factor, thyroid stimulating hormone, monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibody, antibody derivatives including [Fab]′, [Fab]′2, and scFv, and virus-derived vaccine antigen.

33. The method according toclaim 32, wherein the physiologically active polypeptide is human growth hormone, interferon-alpha, granulocyte colony stimulating factor or erythropoietin.

34. A pharmaceutical composition having a prolonged half-life of a physiologically active polypeptide, which comprises a protein conjugate ofclaim 2 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

35. A pharmaceutical composition having a prolonged half-life of a physiologically active polypeptide, which comprises a protein conjugate ofclaim 3 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

36. A pharmaceutical composition having a prolonged half-life of a physiologically active polypeptide, which comprises a protein conjugate ofclaim 4 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

37. A pharmaceutical composition having a prolonged half-life of a physiologically active polypeptide, which comprises a protein conjugate ofclaim 5 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

38. A pharmaceutical composition having a prolonged half-life of a physiologically active polypeptide, which comprises a protein conjugate ofclaim 6 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

39. A pharmaceutical composition having a prolonged half-life of a physiologically active polypeptide, which comprises a protein conjugate ofclaim 7 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

40. A pharmaceutical composition having a prolonged half-life of a physiologically active polypeptide, which comprises a protein conjugate ofclaim 8 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

41. A pharmaceutical composition having a prolonged half-life of a physiologically active polypeptide, which comprises a protein conjugate ofclaim 9 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

42. A pharmaceutical composition having a prolonged half-life of a physiologically active polypeptide, which comprises a protein conjugate ofclaim 10 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

43. A pharmaceutical composition having a prolonged half-life of a physiologically active polypeptide, which comprises a protein conjugate ofclaim 11 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

44. A pharmaceutical composition having a prolonged half-life of a physiologically active polypeptide, which comprises a protein conjugate ofclaim 12 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

45. A pharmaceutical composition having a prolonged half-life of a physiologically active polypeptide, which comprises a protein conjugate ofclaim 13 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

46. A pharmaceutical composition having a prolonged half-life of a physiologically active polypeptide, which comprises a protein conjugate ofclaim 14 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

47. A pharmaceutical composition having a prolonged half-life of a physiologically active polypeptide, which comprises a protein conjugate ofclaim 15 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

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