US20050148391A1

Movatterモバイル変換

Info

Publication number: US20050148391A1
Application number: US10/749,966
Authority: US
Inventors: Liu Tain
Original assignee: CHEN MARINA LING-KO CHRISTINE YO KO LIU GUI TAIN
Current assignee: CHEN MARINA LING-KO CHRISTINE YO KO LIU GUI TAIN
Priority date: 2004-01-02
Filing date: 2004-01-02
Publication date: 2005-07-07

Abstract

A poker dealing device includes a housing and a card reader. The housing has a receiving cavity for receiving cards, and a dispensing slot communicating with the receiving cavity for allowing the cards to be dispensed therethrough in a one-by-one manner. The card reader is provided at the dispensing slot at a position out of the receiving cavity for reading a card value when the card is dispensed out of the receiving cavity through the dispensing slot. As a result, it is guaranteed that the card values of the cards in the receiving cavity would be kept in a secrete manner until the cards are dispensed out of the receiving cavity through the dispensing slot.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

The present invention is related to a poker dealing device for dispensing playing cards, and more particularly to a poker dealing device capable of automatically reading the value of the playing card that is being dispensed through a dispensing slot of the poker dealing device for further processing for management purposes.

2. Description of Related Arts

Card games have a long history as an entertainment, and many of them are potentially suitable for gambling. Poker, baccarat and blackjack are among the most popular mean of gambling in casinos. In spite of their own rules, they all based on a standard deck of playing cards, which includes fifty-two cards separated into four suits, clubs, spades, hearts and diamonds. The cards are ranked from high to low in the order of Ace, King, Queen, Jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 and 2. Sometimes, more than one deck of cards is used for certain card games. According to the rules, the combination of the plays cards determines who wins and who loses.

In a poker game, each player places an initial bet into the pot before the cards are dealt. The dealer then deals the cards face down around the table to the player for many times until each player has five cards, i.e., a hand. In the course of dealing the cards, the players decide to place bets or withdraw from the game and the winner takes the pot. The values of hands are ranked from high to low in the following order: Royal Flush, Straight Flush, Four of a Kind, Full Hose, Flush, Straight, Three of a Kind, Two Pair and One Pair. Royal Flush is composed of 10, Jack, Queen, King and Ace in the same suit. Straight Flush is composed of five cards in numerical order, all of the same suit. Four of a Kind is composed of four cards of the same numerical rank and another random card. Full House is composed of three cards having the same numerical rank, and two remaining cards also having the same numerical rank. Flush is composed of five cards of the same suit. Straight is composed of five cards in numerical order, regardless of their suits. Three of a Kind is composed of three cards of the same numerical rank, and two random cards that are not a pair. Two Pair is composed of two sets of pairs, and another random card. One pair is composed of one pair and three random cards.

In a Blackjack game, all face cards have a value of 10. Aces have a value of either 1 or 10, and other cards are worth their face value. The dealer deals card to players until they are satisfied. If the total value of the player's cards exceed 21, the player “bust” and loses her bet. If the total value is higher than that of the dealer, the player wins. If the total value is lower than that of the dealer, the player loses. If the player has the same total value as the dealer, it is a push. The dealer must draw cards until she has at least 17 or higher. In other words, if the dealer gets16, she must draw another card.

The goal of Baccarat is to assemble a hand of two or three cards with a point value as close to nine as possible. Usually, the game is played by a banker and player. The banker deals two hands of two cards each, face down. These hands are for the banker plus the dealer's own hand. Other participants at the table may bet on either hand or both to beat the banker's hand. If the player declares “banco”, it means they are betting the total value of the bank's funds and all other bets are withdrawn.

All the abovementioned card games require extensive dealing of cards and lengthened procedure of betting, in which some game participants may be able to gain illegitimate advantages by cheating. In order to make cheating more difficult, nowadays, most casinos are using card dealing shoe to reduce the exposure of the cards to the participant's hands. Traditionally, the card dealing shoe is shaped as an elongated box having a cavity for receiving cards. A chute is disposed in the cavity in a downhill manner and a wedge is placed on the chute pushing the cards received therein against a dispensing slot of card dealing shoe. The dealer slides one card through the dispensing slot at one time and delivers the dispensed card to the players and herself. Because the cards are preserved in the cavity of card dealing shoe, they are protected from tempering by the participants of the card game. Furthermore, the card is dispensed in such a way the each card leaving the card dispensing shoe has its face down on the table. In other words, no one is able to learn the value the dispensed card by a quick glance. Thus, the card dealing shoe reduces the risk of cheating in a card game.

Although the card dealing shoe helps reduce cheating for card games, it is not perfect. Some skillful people may be capable of switching the dealt cards with prepared substitutes and therefore acquires a better hand in violation of the game rules. Sometimes, the cheating is even done by the dealer, who is usually an employee of casino. For example, the dealer may conspire with a player and intentionally commits certain technical faults in dealing the cards. As a general practice, if a round of dealing of cards is faulty, the players of the round can challenge it and may be able to set aside the result of the round. The secret knowledge that a technical fault is committed gives the player an illegitimate advantage that she may be willing to place a big bet because she knows that once she loses, she can challenge the round and has a good chance to successfully set aside the result. These are the forms of cheating that the traditional dealing shoe is not capable of remedying.

A conventional solution to the aforementioned issues can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,582,301 (hereinafter as “the '301 patent”) entitled as “System Including Card Game Dispensing Shoe With Barrier And Scanner, And Enhanced Card Gaming Table Enabling Waging By Remote Bettors.” The patent discloses a game monitoring and display device for a card game, which comprises a shoe including a housing having an outlet slot, and a scanner disposed in the housing to scan each card dispensed through the outlet slot and to generate a scanner signal representative of identity of each card.

Although the '301 patent provides a scanner to the card dealing shoe to scan the cards and therefore allowing a player to participate a card game remotely, it has some drawbacks. The scanner is disposed in the housing of card dealing shoe, so that there is a chance that the card received in the housing would be scanned by the scanner, either accidentally or intentionally. The dealer may have a chance to know the values of the cards before they are dealt out of the card dealing shoe. As a result, there is a light risk of cheating with the card dealing shoe. In order to get the value of the cards, the scanner scans the image first to generate image signals and some circuitry provided within the card dealing shoe processes the image signals for recognition of the values they represent. The image recognition process is time-consuming and computing-resource-demanding. Further, it is not unusual that the results of the image recognition would be incorrect.

In addition to reducing the risk of cheating, the casino may want to collect as much information as possible for card games. Because a card game is basically gambling on probability, by collecting the information the card game for analytical and managerial purposes, the casino may be able to better understand the profitability of the tables on which the card games are played. The collected information also helps the casino to early identify unusually happenings that may indicate managerial problems.

Thus, what is needed is an apparatus and system that is capable of identifying the values of the card dealt in a card game for further processing for management purposes and preventing cheating.

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

An objective of the present invention is to provide a poker dealing device for dispensing playing cards, wherein the poker dealing device is capable of automatically reading the value of the playing card that is being dispensed through a dispensing slot of the poker dealing device in order to prevent cheating in a card game.

An another objective of the present invention is to provide a poker dealing device for dispensing special playing cards having card indicators representing the values of playing card, so as to ease the recognition process for the playing cards when the playing card is being dispensed through a dispensing slot of the poker dealing device.

Another objective of the present invention is to provide a poker dealing device for dispensing playing cards, wherein the poker dealing device is capable of automatically reading the value of the playing card that is being dispensed through a dispensing slot of the poker dealing device for further processing for management purposes.

Another objective of the present invention is to provide a poker dealing device for dispensing playing cards, wherein the poker dealing device is capable of automatically reading the value of the playing card that is being dispensed through a dispensing slot and transmitting signals representing the values of the playing cards dispensed to a remote location for further processing for management purposes.

Another objective of the invention is to provide a card dealing system comprising a central management unit in association with the previously mentioned poker dealing device for recoding and processing the values of the playing cards dispensed for prevention of cheating and better management.

Another objective of the invention is to provide a card dealing system comprising a poker table and card dealing system in association with the previously mentioned poker dealing device for determining the winners and losers and calculating odds and rewards for each player in a card game.

Accordingly, in order to accomplish the above objects, the present invention provides a poker dealing device for dispensing playing cards, each having a face side and a card value provided thereon, wherein the poker dealing device comprises:

- a housing having a receiving cavity for receiving the playing cards, and a dispensing slot communicating with the receiving cavity for allowing the playing cards to be dispensed therethrough in a one-by-one manner; and
- a card reader provided at the dispensing slot at a position out of the receiving cavity for reading the card value of said playing card at a time when the playing card is dispensed out of the receiving cavity through the dispensing slot, so as to guarantee said card values of the playing cards in the receiving cavity in a secrete manner until the playing cards are dispensed out of the receiving cavity through the dispensing slot.

In addition, the present invention also discloses a card dealing system for management and regulation of a card game, comprising: the poker dealing device; a central management for generating a game record regarding the playing cards that have been dealt in the card game, and communication means for communicatively transmitting the card signal from the card reading device to the central management unit in such a manner that the game record is generated at the central management unit based on the card signal read from the card reader with respect to the playing cards dispensed from the poker dealing device in the card game.

These and other objectives, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, the accompanying drawings, and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an exemplary illustration of a card dealing system comprising the poker dealing device, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of the card dealing system that comprises a poker dealing device, central management unit and poker table, according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a top view of the poker dealing device according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a side view of the poker dealing device according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the poker dealing device according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a top view of an exemplary poker table according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Referring toFIG. 1, acard dealing system10 employed in a casino for better managing and regulating a card game, according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention. Thecard dealing system10 comprises apoker dealing device20, acentral management unit30, a computerized device, communication means40 and a poker table50.

Accordingly, the card game is incorporated with at least a deck ofplaying cards202 each having a face side and a card value provided thereon. Each deck ofplaying cards202 includes four sets of face cards and four sets of numerical value cards. Each set of the face cards includes an Ace, a Jack card, a Queen card, and a King card and each of said numerical value cards includes a 2 card, a 3 card, a 4 card, a 5 card, a 6 card, a 7 card, a 8 card, and a 9 card. The four sets of numerical value cards and the four sets of face cards of each deck can also be identified by different face signs to include a SPADE group set, a HEART group set, a CLUB group set, and a DIAMOND group set or other kinds of signs.

Thepoker dealing device20 is capable of dispensing playing cards to the participants, including the players and dealers, of the card game. The participants sit around the poker table50, receive playing cards dealt from the dealer and place bets on the poker table50.

According to the preferred embodiment, thepoker dealing device20 comprises ahousing201 having a receivingcavity207 for receiving theplaying cards202, and adispensing slot203 communicating with the receivingcavity207 for allowing theplaying cards202 to be dispensed therethrough in a one-by-one manner.

Thehousing201 further comprises acircuit chamber209 and adivider204 inclinedly disposed in the receivingcavity207 into acard chamber208 for receiving theplaying cards202 therein. Awedge205 having a slopedfront side210 is slidably placed on thedivider204 behind theplaying cards202 with respect to thedispensing slot203. The gravity of thewedge205 and slope of thedivider204 pushes theplaying cards202 against the dispensingslot203, so as to allow the playing cards being dispensed through the dispensingslot203 in a one-by-one manner, as shown inFIGS. 3 and 4.

Thepoker dealing device20 further comprises a card reading device comprising acard reader21 provided at the dispensingslot203 at a position out of the receivingcavity207 for reading the card value of theplaying card202 at a time when theplaying card202 is dispensed out of the receivingcavity207 through the dispensingslot203, so as to guarantee the card values of theplaying cards202 in the receivingcavity207 in a secrete manner until theplaying cards202 are dispensed out of the receivingcavity207 through the dispensingslot203.

Referring toFIG. 5, thecard reader21 is disposed out of the receivingcavity207 at the front line of dispensingslot203, wherein thecard reader21 is activated only when aplaying card202 moves thereacross. Theplaying cards202 are dispensed with their faces facing down. This arrangement allows thecard reader21 to read theplaying card202 that is dispensing through the dispensingslot203, and theplaying cards202 stored in thecard chamber208 remains secret. As a result, the chance of cheating by a dealer or casino personnel stealthily learns the values of cards received in the receivingcavity207 with thecard reader21. As an alternative, thecard reader21′ may be place at two front sides of dispensingslot203, wherein thecard reader21′ is also activated only when aplaying card202 moves thereacross.

The card reading device further comprises anelectric circuitry206 supported within thecircuit chamber209 of thehousing201 to electrically connect with thecard reader21 for communicating with the computerized device. Theelectric circuitry206 comprises adigital encoder22 encoding a card signal read from thecard reader21 in a digital form and asignal transmitter24 electrically connected to thedigital encoder22 for transmitting the card signal to the computerized device.

The arrangement ofcard reader21 makes sure that only the playing cards that have already been dealt would be read and understood. Thus, there is no risk that the dealer would know the values and suits of all playing cards stored in thecard chamber208 before they are dispensed, so that the public can be sure that the dealer cannot cheat via thecard reader21. Moreover, thepoker dealing device20 is so programmed that the card signals representing the values of the playing cards that are already dealt would not be transmitted until all the cards are dealt for a card game when no one can gain illegitimate advantages by intercepting the transmitted card signals. As a result, the disclosedpoker dealing device20 is able to gain the public's faith in the fairness of card games and eventually make a contribution to the casino's success.

According to preferred embodiment, thecard reader21 is used in association with a card indicator disposed in association with theplaying cards202 for facilitating the card reading of thecard reader21. The card indicator is adapted for forming at the face side of each of theplaying cards202 to represent the card value thereof, wherein the card indicator is positioned aligning with thecard reader21 such that thecard reader21 reads the card indicator when therespective playing card202 is dispensed out of the receivingcavity207 through the dispensingslot203.

Two solutions are provided for the card indicators. According to one solution, the card indicators are embodied as a set of barcode indicators, each of which represents the value and suit of itsrespective playing card202. The card indicator comprises abarcode210 adapted for printing on the face side of each of theplaying cards202 to represent the card valve thereof, wherein thecard reader21 is an optical scanning device reading thebarcode210 of the card indicator on each of theplaying cards202.

Eachbarcode210 is attached on the face side of itsrespective playing card202. When theplaying card202 moves across thecard reader21, it projects a beam to thebarcode210 of the card indicator and receives the reflection of the beam to generate the analog card signal representing the value and suit of theplaying card202.

According to another solution, thecard reader21 communicates with the card indicators by means of magnetic communication, each of which represents the value and suit of its respective playing card. The card indicator comprises a magnetic-sensitive layer211 adapted for attaching on the face side of each of theplaying cards202 to represent the card valve thereof, wherein thecard reader21 is a magnetic-sensor reading the magnetic-sensitive layer211 of the card indicator on each of theplaying cards202.

Each magnetic-sensitive layer211 is disposed between a face layer and a back layer of its respective playing card. When theplaying card202 moves across thecard reader21, it identifies the value and suit represented by the magnetic-sensitive layer211 to generate the analog card signal representing the value and suit of the playing card.

The card indicators ease the process of card reading by avoiding excessive imaging processing. Otherwise, thecard reader21 would have had to catch the whole image data of playing card, and analyze the image data to know what the value and suit of the playing card are. Thus, the card indicators may save the processing time to provide better real-time management, and reduce the manufacturing cost. It is noted that, thecard reader21 can be any traditional image sensor that detects the image of theplaying cards202 to generate image signals for further processing of image recognition.

Thedigital encoder22 comprises an analog/digital converter converting the analog card signal into the digital card signal for purposes of quality of signal communication and ease of data processing. Theelectric circuitry206 further comprises anamplifier23 amplifying the digital card signal as an amplified digital card signal that is more recognizable for a circuitry, and therefore promoting the convenience of signal communication and data processing. The amplified digital card signal has the advantages of less susceptible to noise than an analog signal in the course of signal communication, and compatible for calculation of processors.

Thesignal transmitter24 transmits the amplified digital card signal to a remote location, where thecentral management unit30 locates at the computerized device, for further data processing. The transmission of the amplified digital card signal is in the form of either infrared signal or radio frequency. It is noted that thesignal transmitter24 may transmit the amplified digital card signal by means of wire connection.

Accordingly, thesignal transmitter24 is an infrared transmitting device adapted for sending the card signal as an infrared signal to the computerized device, such that thesignal transmitter24 functions as a wireless communication link for wirelessly communicating the card reading device with the computerized device.

Alternatively, thesignal transmitter24 is a radio frequency transmitting device adapted for sending the card signal as a radio frequency to the computerized device, such that thesignal transmitter24 functions as a wireless communication link for wirelessly communicating the card reading device with the computerized device.

The communication means40 is arranged for communicatively transmitting the card signal from the card reading device to thecentral management unit30 in such a manner that a game record is generated at thecentral management unit30 based on the card signal read from thecard reader21 with respect to theplaying cards202 dispensed from thepoker dealing device20 in the card game.

The communication means40 comprises asignal receiver41 receiving the card signal from thepoker dealing device20 wherein thesignal receiver41 is linked to thecentral management unit30 such that the card signal sent from thepoker dealing device20 is sent to thecentral management unit30 through the communication means40. In other words, the communication means40 is capable of receiving signals from thepoker dealing device20 and transmitting the same to thecentral management unit30 so as to extend the communication range of thecentral management unit30 and thepoker dealing device20.

According to the preferred embodiment, thesignal receiver41 is affixed on the roof of a game room hosting the poker table50 andpoker dealing device20, as shown inFIG. 1. Thesignal receiver41′ can also be placed on the ground of the game room as an alternative of the preferred embodiment.

Accordingly, thesignal receiver41 is embodied as an infrared receiver linked with thecentral management unit30, such that thesignal transmitter24 functions as a wireless communication link between the card reading device and thecentral management unit30 through thesignal receiver41 of the communication means40.

Alternatively, thesignal receiver41 is a radio frequency receiver linked with thecentral management unit30, such that thesignal transmitter24 functions as a wireless communication link between the card reading device and thecentral management unit30 through thesignal receiver41 of the communication means40. It is worth to mention that the communication means40 can be a set of wires connecting the above-mentioned elements together instead of wireless communication.

Thecentral management unit30 is arranged for generating the game record regarding theplaying cards202 that have been dealt in the card game. Thecentral management unit30 comprises asignal receiving link31, acentral processing unit32,data storage medium33, a result display34 and acontrol panel35. Thesignal receiving link31 receives the amplified digital data signal transmitted from thesignal transmitter24 through thesignal receiver41 of the communication means40, and forwards the signal to thecentral processing unit32, which responds to the amplified digital card signal to perform several functions. Accordingly, a game rule is preloaded in thecentral processing unit32 such that the card signal is input into the central processing unit to generate the game record regarding theplaying cards202 that have been dealt in the card game.

The information related to the playing cards is recorded in thedata storage medium23, wherein the records comprise the value and suit of each playing card dealt from thepoker dealing device20, the order of card, the relationship of the card in association with other cards for making up a hand for a particular round of card game, and status of winning and losing for a round of card game.

According to the preferred embodiment, the result display34 displays the game record regarding the status of winning and losing and odds after the round of card game is over. The result display34, which is linked to thecentral processing unit32, selectively shows the records of information regarding theplaying cards202 on a screen according to a predetermined program that is performed by thecentral processing unit32.

Thecontrol panel35 receives input commands of handling the records regarding the value and suit of each playing card dealt from thepoker dealing device20, the order of card, the relationship of the card in association with other cards for making up a hand for a particular round of card game, and status of winning and losing for a round of card game. Some input commands may be converted into digital command signals, which are transmitted by thesignal receiving link31 to a remote place where the card game under the monitor of thecentral management unit30 is going on, so that the dealer may take certain actions to improve or remedy the card game according the input commands.

The association of thepoker dealing device20 with thecentral management unit30 provides certain advantages. Because the value and suit of eachplaying card202 that has been dispensed from thepoker dealing device20 is known by thecentral management unit30, the chance of cheating by secretly switching theplaying card202 is reduced. The records preserved in thedata storage medium33 provides trusted history of every card games as a basis for challenges by the players. This reduces the chance of cheating that the dealer and players conspire to challenge the card games in order to invalidate results of card games. Because the fairness of card games is one of the most important factors contributing to public's faith on the games, the present invention helps to build up public's faith and therefore contributing to the success of a casino that adopts the card dealing system.

As shown inFIGS. 1 and 6, the poker table50 comprises atabletop502 having atop surface506 for dealing theplaying cards202 and placing bets, and supportingmember501 for structurally supporting thetabletop506, wherein a plurality of bettingareas503 are provided on thetabletop502 restricting a bet within one of the bettingareas503.

Accordingly, thebet senor51 detects the bets placed by players and dealer to generate analog bet signals representing the values of the placed bets, as shown inFIG. 2. In this preferred embodiment, thebet sensor51 detects the weight of chips wagered to generate the analog bet signal representing the value of the placed bet. It is noted that other solutions may be adopted for thebet sensor51 to detect the value of the placed bets. For example, thebet sensor51 may detect the magnetic or optical-sensitive indicators provided for chips wagered to generate the analog bet signal representing the value of the placed bet. In other words, the ofbet sensors51 are disposed in association with the bettingareas503 for detecting the placed bets to generate the bet signal representing the values of placed bets. In addition, aconcave portion504 is formed on thetop surface506 oftabletop502 for receiving chips, which may be implemented with optical-sensitive or magnetic indicators for facilitating thebet sensors51 to read the values of placed bets.

As mentioned above, the bet sensors can simply be weight sensors that detect the weight of the chips to determine the value of the placed bets. Agame display55 is provided on thetop surface506 oftabletop502 for showing information generated by the poker table50 and received from thecentral management unit30.

The poker table50 further comprises a seconddigital encoder52, asignal processor53, acontrol unit54,game display55, and asecond signal transmitter56.

The seconddigital encoder52 is embodied as an analog/digital converter converting the analog bet signal into a digital bet signal for convenience of signal communication and data processing. Accordingly, the seconddigital encoder52 can be embodied as thedigital encoder22 of thepoker dealing device20 such that thebet sensor51 is electrically linked to thedigital encoder22 of thepoker dealing device20 to encode the bet signal into the digital form.

Thesignal processor53 responds to the digital bet signal to generate a bet management signal representing information that includes status of winning and losing, odds, and rewards for the placed bet. Thegame display55 is adaptive to selectively display the bet management signal, and thecontrol unit54 is adaptive to receive input commands to direct thesignal processor53 in handling the bet management signal. Thesecond signal transmitter56 is adaptive to transmit the bet management signal to and receive a control signal from thecentral management unit30 through the communication means40 so that thecentral management unit30 and dealer can communicate real-time in the course of the card game.

For example, thecentral processing unit32 ofcentral management unit30 may include a program that calculates the odds and monetary results for winning and losing parties of the card games, and the calculated results may be transmitted from thesignal receiving link31 to thesecond signal transmitter56 and displayed on thegame display55. Thus, the risk of miscalculating of the odds and winning or losing results by the dealer would be reduced. It is worth to mention that thesecond transmitter56 can be embodied as thesignal transmitter24 of thepoker dealing device20 such that thebet senor51 is electrically linked with thesignal transmitter24 of thepoker dealing device20 to transmit the bet signal to thecentral management unit30 so as to minimize the component of the present invention.

In view of the foregoing description, the disclosed poker dealing device has the following advantages. First, the poker dealing device is capable reading the value and suit of a play card that is dispensing through its dispensing slot, so that a record tracking the dealt playing card is therefore available. This reduces the chance of cheating and promotes the public's faith on the card games that adopt the disclosed poker dealing device. Furthermore, the poker dealing device may be used in association with a deck of special playing cards, wherein each playing card has a card indicator representing its value and suit so as to ease the processing of the recognition of cards. The central management unit and poker table make enhanced managerial functions possible, wherein the calculation of status of winning and losing, odds, rewards and placed bets can be down accurately by the central management unit and the related information can be provided to the dealer immediately. Thus, the disclosed card dealing system greatly helps the success of casinos' business.

One skilled in the art will understand that the embodiment of the present invention as shown in the drawings and described above is exemplary only and not intended to be limiting.

It will thus be seen that the objects of the present invention have been fully and effectively accomplished. It embodiments have been shown and described for the purposes of illustrating the functional and structural principles of the present invention and is subject to change without departure from such principles. Therefore, this invention includes all modifications encompassed within the spirit and scope of the following claims.