US20050140932A1 - Compound polarization beam splitters - Google Patents

Abstract

A compound polarization beam splitter (33) for use with a reflective, polarization-modulating, imaging device (10), e.g., a LCoS device, is provided. The compound PBS has: (a) an input prism (20); (b) an output prism (30), and (c) a polarizer (13), which is located between the two prisms (20,30) and which may be a wire grid polarizer (13a) or a multi-layer reflective polarizer (13b). Polarized illumination light (11) enters the input prism (20) through a first surface (21) and undergoes total internal reflection at a second surface (22) before being reflected from the polarizer (13) and polarization-modulated at the imaging device (10). The polarizer's tilt angle (β) is less than 45°, which reduces astigmatism and the required back working distance of the system's projection lens (74).

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PROVISIONAL APPLICATION
• This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/822,397, filed Apr. 12, 2004, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10,374,221, filed Feb. 25, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,719,426, which claims the benefit under 35 USC §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/361,190, filed Feb. 28, 2002. The contents of these patent applications are incorporated herein in their entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• This invention relates to optical assemblies (optical units) for the effective polarization separation of light. The assemblies can be used with, for example, reflective liquid crystal on silicon devices (LCOS devices).
• More specifically, the invention relates to polarization separation devices known as polarization beam splitters (also referred to in the art as “polarized beam splitters,” “polarizing beam splitters,” or simply “PBSs”) and, in particular, to polarization beam splitters for use in image projection systems which employ one or more reflective, polarization-modulating, imaging devices.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• A. Image Projection Systems
• Image projection systems are used to form an image of an object, such as a display panel, on a viewing screen. Such systems can be of the front projection or rear projection type, depending on whether the viewer and the object are on the same side of the screen (front projection) or on opposite sides of the screen (rear projection).
• FIG. 1 shows in simplified form the basic components of animage projection system77 for use with a microdisplay imaging device (also known in the art as a “digital light valve” or a “pixelized imaging device”). In this figure,70 is an illumination system, which comprises alight source71 andillumination optics72 which transfer some of the light from the light source towards the screen,73 is the imaging device, and74 is a projection lens which forms an enlarged image of the imaging device onviewing screen75.
• For ease of presentation,FIG. 1 shows the components of the system in a linear arrangement. For a reflective imaging device of the type with which the present invention is concerned, the illumination system will be arranged so that light from that system reflects off of the imaging device, i.e., the light impinges on the front of the imaging device as opposed to the back of the device as shown inFIG. 1. Also, as shown inFIGS. 2 and 3, for a reflective imaging device which operates by modulating (changing) the polarization of portions of the illumination light (referred to herein as a “reflective, polarization-modulating, imaging device”), a polarization beam splitter (PBS) will be located in front of the imaging device and will receiveillumination light11, e.g., S-polarized light, from the illumination system and will provideimaging light12, e.g., P-polarized light, to the projection lens.
• For front projection systems, the viewer will be on the left side ofscreen75 inFIG. 1, while for rear projection systems, the viewer will be on the right side of the screen. For rear projection systems housed in a cabinet, one or more mirrors are often used between the projection lens and the screen to fold the optical path and thus reduce the system's overall size.
• Image projection systems preferably employ a single projection lens which forms an image of: (1) a single imaging device which produces, either sequentially or simultaneously, the red, green, and blue components of the final image; or (2) three imaging devices, one for red light, a second for green light, and a third for blue light. Rather than using one or three imaging devices, some image projection systems have used two or up to six imagers. Also, for certain applications, e.g., large image rear projection systems, multiple projection lenses are used, with each lens and its associated imaging device(s) producing a portion of the overall image.
• B. Polarization Beam Splitters
• FIG. 2 shows a conventional layout for an image projection system employing apolarization beam splitter60 of the MacNeille cube type. See, for example, E. Stupp and M. Brennesholtz, “Reflective polarizer technology,”Projection Displays,1999, p. 129-133. As shown in this figure, the polarization beam splitter (PBS) consists of two optically cemented right-angle prisms61 and62. Thediagonal63 of the splitter has a dielectric coating that reflects S-polarized light and transmits P-polarized light.
• As can be seen inFIG. 2, after reflecting off of the diagonal of the MacNeille-type PBS, S-polarizedlight14 from the illumination system reachesreflective imaging device10, e.g., a LCoS device, where it is polarization modulated. The modulatedlight15 is P-polarized and thus passes throughdiagonal63 and on to the projection lens to form the desired image. Non-modulated light (not shown inFIG. 2), which is still S-polarized, reflects from the diagonal and is returned to the illumination system.
• The main problem with using a MacNeille-type PBS in image projection systems is the depolarization of transmitted light that is caused by skew-ray effects. This is a purely geometrical phenomenon and is described in Miyatake, U.S. Pat. No. 5,327,270, which issued on Jul. 5, 1994, and is entitled “Polarizing Beam Splitter Apparatus and Light Valve Image Projection System.”
• This depolarized light reduces the contrast of the system. In accordance with the Miyatake patent, compensation of the skew-ray depolarization requires an additional quarter-wave plate (i.e.,plate64 inFIG. 2), which adds cost, requires precision alignment, and restricts the range of operating temperatures. Other disclosures of the use of compensating plates in projection systems employing reflective, polarization-modulating, imaging devices can be found in Ootaki, U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,593, Schmidt et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,854, and Bryars, U.S. Pat. No. 5,986,815.
• Another type of PBS is the wire grid polarizer. See, for example, Perkins et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,122,103, which issued on Sep. 19, 2000, and is entitled “Broadband Wire Grid Polarizer for Visible Spectrum.” This optical component does not suffer from skew-ray depolarization, and also has a very high polarization extinguish ratio. In addition, the component works over a large temperature range and can withstand a high light intensity. Awire grid polarizer13acan be used with reflective, polarization-modulating, imaging devices, e.g., LCoS devices, in accordance with the component layouts shown schematically inFIGS. 3A and 3B. Unfortunately, both of these layouts suffer from optical problems.
• The optical problem associated with the layout ofFIG. 3A is that there is a tilted plano-parallel plate in the imaging optical path. The plate is the glass substrate (thickness greater than 0.5 mm) that supports the wire grid structure. Currently, a technological limitation in the process that creates the wire grid structure makes the use of a thinner substrate difficult. A glass substrate 0.5 mm thick, tilted at 45 degrees creates astigmatism of −0.135 mm. See Warren J. Smith,Modern Optical Engineering,2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1990, page 99. The typical depth of focus of a projection lens used with a LCoS device is ±0.025 mm (for an f-number (F_No) of 2.8). Therefore, the layout ofFIG. 3A has unacceptable image quality due to astigmatism that is 2.5-3 times larger than the depth of focus.
• In the layout ofFIG. 3B, the light passes through the tilted glass substrate in the illumination path, where astigmatism is not critical. In this case, the image quality in the imaging path depends on the flatness of the wire grid substrate. Acceptable image quality requires the surface flatness to be about 1 fringe per inch or better. The best wire grid polarizers available today have a flatness of about 3 fringes per inch. There are also two other problems associated with the layout ofFIG. 3B: (1) temperature deformation and (2) wire grid structure protection.
• Typically, a LCoS projector is assembled and aligned at room temperature, but the operational temperature in the area of the LCoS (where the wire grid PBS is located) is 45-55 degrees Celsius. This elevated temperature can create deformation of the wire grid substrate, which will degrade the image quality on the screen.
• As to the protection problem, the wire grid structure should be protected from environmental dust, humidity, mechanical scratches, etc., which will reduce the polarization properties of the PBS. But any kind of protective window applied in front of the grid structure in the configuration ofFIG. 3B will essentially reintroduce a plano-parallel plate into the imaging path, which will create astigmatism as discussed above.
• Another known type of PBS is a multi-layer reflective polarizer. See, for example, Jonza, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,247, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. See also Private Line Report on Projection Display, Volume 7, No. 11, Jul. 20, 2001, pages 6-8.
• Like wire grid polarizers, multi-layer reflective polarizers fall into the general class of Cartesian polarizers in that the polarization of the separate beams is referenced to the invariant, generally orthogonal, principal axes of the polarizer so that, in contrast with a MacNeille-type PBS, the polarization of the separate beams is substantially independent of the angle of incidence of the beams. See Bruzzone et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,486,997, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• FIG. 3C schematically shows a layout for using a multi-layerreflective polarizer13bwith a reflective, polarization-modulating,imaging device10, e.g., a LCoS device. Multi-layer reflective polarizers are relatively thick components and, as shown inFIG. 3C, are tilted at an angle of 45 degrees.
• The thickness of this component in combination with the difference in refractive index between the component and the surroundingglass prisms51 and52 creates astigmatism, which degrades the display's image quality. For example, a multi-layer reflective polarizer can have a thickness and index of refraction of 0.25 millimeters and 1.54, respectively, while the index of refraction ofprisms51 and52, when composed of PBH-56 glass, is approximately 1.85. When tilted at 45°, such an arrangement creates astigmatism of approximately 0.2 mm. To correct this astigmatism, a plano-parallel plate50 (astigmatism corrector) having a high index of refraction (e.g., approximately 1.93 for PBH-71 glass) can be used next to the multi-layer reflective polarizer as shown inFIG. 3C. However, the use of such an astigmatism corrector significantly increases the cost of the PBS.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• In view of the foregoing, there exists a need in the art for polarization beam splitters which have some and preferably all of the following properties:
• • (1) the PBS is easy to manufacture and does not require thin or ultra-flat substrates;
  • (2) the PBS is environmentally protected;
  • (3) the PBS is not subject to deformation at elevated temperatures; and
  • (4) the PBS does not introduce substantial levels of astigmatism into the image light.
• As an additional fifth property, the optical path through the PBS for imaging light is preferably short so that the projection lens which forms the ultimate image can have a shorter back focal length and thus a simpler and less expensive construction.
• To satisfy this need in the art, the invention provides polarization beam splitters for use with reflective, polarization-modulating, imaging panels which have some and preferably all of the above five features.
• In particular, in accordance with a first aspect, the invention provides an image projection system (77) comprising:
• • (I) an illumination system (70) which produces polarized illumination light (11) having a first polarization direction (preferably, S-polarization);
  • (II) a reflective imaging device (10) which receives polarized illumination light (11) and produces modulated reflected light by changing the polarization direction of selected portions of the received light to a second polarization direction (preferably, P-polarization);
  • (III) a projection lens (74); and
  • (IV) a prism assembly (33) which comprises an input prism (20), an output prism (30), and a polarizer (13) between the input (20) and output (30) prisms,
  • wherein:
    • (A) the input prism (20) comprises:
      • (i) a first surface (21) which receives polarized illumination light (11) from the illumination system (70);
      • (ii) a second surface (22) which provides polarized illumination light (11) to the imaging device (10) and receives modulated reflected light from the imaging device (10); and
      • (iii) a third surface (23) which faces the output prism (30);
    • (B) the output prism (30) comprises:
      • (i) a first surface (31) which faces the input prism (20) and is parallel to the third surface (23) of the input prism (20); and
      • (ii) a second surface (32) which provides light to the projection lens (74) to form a projected image; and
    • (C) the polarizer (13):
      • (i) is between the third surface (23) of the input prism (20) and the first surface (31) of the output prism (30); and
      • (ii) reflects light having the first polarization direction and transmits light having the second polarization direction;
        wherein the polarized illumination light (11) has an optical path which comprises:
  • (i) inward transmission through the first surface (21) of the input prism (20);
  • (ii) total internal reflection at the second surface (22) of the input prism (20);
  • (iii) outward transmission through the third surface (23) of the input prism (20);
  • (iv) reflection from the polarizer (13);
  • (v) inward transmission through the third surface (23) of the input prism (20); and
  • (vi) outward transmission through the second surface (22) of the input prism (20).
• In accordance with a second aspect, the invention provides a prism assembly (33) which comprises an input prism (20), an output prism (30), and a polarizer (13) between the input (20) and output (30) prisms, where:
• • (A) the input prism (20) comprises:
    • (i) a first surface (21) which is configured and arranged to receive polarized illumination light (11) from an illumination system (70);
    • (ii) a second surface (22) which is configured and arranged to provide polarized illumination light (11) to an imaging device (10) and to receive modulated reflected light from the imaging device (10); and
    • (iii) a third surface (23) which faces the output prism (30);
  • (B) the output prism (30) comprises:
    • (i) a first surface (31) which faces the input prism (20) and is parallel to the third surface (23) of the input prism (20); and
    • (ii) a second surface (32) which is configured and arranged to provide light to a projection lens (74) to form a projected image; and
  • (C) the polarizer (13):
    • (i) is between the third surface (23) of the input prism (20) and the first surface (31) of the output prism (30); and
    • (ii) reflects light having a first polarization direction and transmits light having a second polarization direction;
      wherein the polarized illumination light (11) has an optical path which comprises:
  • (i) inward transmission through the first surface (21) of the input prism (20);
  • (ii) total internal reflection at the second surface (22) of the input prism (20);
  • (iii) outward transmission through the third surface (23) of the input prism (20);
  • (iv) reflection from the polarizer (13);
  • (v) inward transmission through the third surface (23) of the input prism (20); and
  • (vi) outward transmission through the second surface (22) of the input prism (20).
• In accordance with a third aspect, the invention provides a method for producing an image using a polarizer (13) which reflects light of a first polarization (preferably, S-polarization) and transmits light of a second polarization (preferably P-polarization), said method comprising in order:
• • (1) providing polarized illumination light (11) having a first polarization direction (preferably, S-polarization);
  • (2) introducing the polarized illumination light into a prism (20) having a plurality of surfaces (21,22,23);
  • (3) changing the direction of the polarized illumination light through total internal reflection at one of the prism's surfaces (22);
  • (4) reflecting the polarized illumination light from the polarizer (13);
  • (5) modulating the polarization of the polarized illumination light at a reflective imaging device (10) by changing the polarization of selected portions of that light to the second polarization, said selected portions comprising the light which forms the image; and
  • (6) transmitting the selected portions through the polarizer (13) and to a projection lens (74) to form the image.
• In accordance with a fourth aspect, the invention provides a method for producing an image using a polarizer (13) which reflects light of a first polarization (preferably, S-polarization) and transmits light of a second polarization (P-polarization), said method comprising in order:
• • (1) providing polarized illumination light having the second polarization direction (e.g.,imaging light12 propagated in the opposite direction inFIG. 6);
  • (2) transmitting the polarized illumination light through the polarizer (13);
  • (3) modulating the polarization of the polarized illumination light at a reflective imaging device (10) by changing the polarization of selected portions of that light to the first polarization, said selected portions comprising the light which forms the image;
  • (4) reflecting the selected portions having the first polarization from the polarizer (13) to form image light (e.g.,illumination light11 propagated in the opposite direction inFIG. 6);
  • (5) introducing the image light into a prism (20) having a plurality of surfaces (21,22,23);
  • (6) changing the direction of the image light through total internal reflection at one of the prism's surfaces (22); and
  • (7) transmitting the image light to a projection lens (74) to form the image.
• In accordance with each of these aspects of the invention, the polarizer is preferably either a wire grid polarizer (13a) or a multi-layer reflective polarizer (13b).
• The reference numbers used in the above summaries of the various aspects of the invention are only for the convenience of the reader and are not intended to and should not be interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention. More generally, it is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely exemplary of the invention, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the invention.
• Additional features and advantages of the invention are set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the invention as described herein. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the basic components of an image projection system employing a microdisplay imaging device.
• FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing of an optical layout for an image projection system employing a reflective, polarization-modulating, imaging device and a conventional PBS of the MacNeille cube type.
• FIG. 3A is a schematic drawing of a first optical layout for an image projection system employing a reflective, polarization-modulating, imaging device and a wire grid PBS.
• FIG. 3B is a schematic drawing of a second optical layout for an image projection system employing a reflective, polarization-modulating, imaging device and a wire grid PBS.
• FIG. 3C is a schematic drawing of an optical layout for an image projection system employing a reflective, polarization-modulating, imaging device and a multi-layer reflective polarizer.
• FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing of a compound polarization beam splitter (PBS) assembly of the present invention.
• FIG. 5A is a schematic drawing showing a wire grid polarizer at a first position in the compound PBS assembly ofFIG. 4.
• FIG. 5B is a schematic drawing showing a wire grid polarizer at a second position in the compound PBS assembly ofFIG. 4.
• FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing in which light rays have been traced through the compound PBS assembly ofFIG. 4.
• FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing in which light rays have been traced through a compound PBS assembly of the invention which includes an additional fold in the illumination path beyond those ofFIG. 4.
• FIG. 8 is a schematic drawing illustrating the calculation of β_min.
• FIG. 9 is a schematic drawing illustrating the calculation of β_max.
• In the above drawings, like reference numbers designate like or corresponding parts throughout the several views. The elements to which the reference numbers generally correspond are set forth in Table 1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• As discussed above, the present invention relates to a prism assembly which utilizes the excellent polarization properties of Cartesian polarizers, including wire grid polarizers and multi-layer reflective polarizers, and can be used with, for example, a LCoS-based projection system with the following advantages:
• • (1) no special requirements are imposed on the wire grid substrate, specifically, no thickness restrictions and no need for ultra-flatness;
  • (2) complete environmental protection is provided for the wire grid structure;
  • (3) there is no potential for deformation of the polarizer at elevated temperatures;
  • (4) in the case of multi-layer reflective polarizers, the system has significantly reduced astigmatism thus reducing or eliminating the need for an astigmatism corrector; and
  • (5) the imaging optical path inside of the prism assembly has reduced length compared to conventional PBSs.
• In broadest terms, the invention is a compound prism consisting of twoprisms20 and30, e.g., two glass prisms, and apolarizer13, e.g., a wire grid polarizer or a multi-layer reflective polarizer, as shown inFIG. 4.
• Beginning with the case of a wire grid polarizer, as shown inFIG. 5A,wire grid polarizer13acan be optically cemented to the long side31 (i.e., first surface) ofoutput prism30 with the grid structure facing away fromprism30.Output prism30 is then positioned so that there is asmall air gap40 between surface23 (i.e., the third surface) ofinput prism20 and the wire grid structure. This could be accomplished using a thin spacer between the wire grid andsurface23 to guarantee the desired clearance.
• The air gap betweensurface23 and the wire grid structure is preferably less that 100 microns, which is small enough that the astigmatism it causes does not degrade the image quality. Most preferably, the air gap is less than 50 microns. The spacer that creates this air gap can be a double-sided adhesive film or a layer of material deposited in vacuum or any other type of mechanical layer to provide a uniform thickness for this gap. Glass beads suspended in an adhesive can also be used as the spacer. The spacer can be continuous along all edges of the wire grid polarizer to provide environmental insulation (isolation) of the air gap. Alternatively, this environmental insulation (isolation) can be provided by paint or a mechanical film applied around the air gap on the outside surfaces of the compound prism.
• Raytracing through the compound prism is shown inFIG. 6. Polarized light11 (S-polarization) from the illumination system entersprism assembly33 through surface21 (the first surface) ofinput prism20, experiences total internal reflection (TIR) from surface22 (the second surface) of that prism, and then reaches the polarizer. The wire grid structure reflects S polarization towards the LCoS (or other polarizing, reflective, pixelized imaging device) as shown. Light reflected from the “off” pixels of the LCoS has the same polarization and goes backwards into the illumination system. Light reflected from the “on” pixels changes polarization upon reflection and passes through the polarizer into the projection lens. The same light paths and polarization changes occur for the multi-layer reflective polarizer embodiments of the invention discussed below.
• To minimize scattering and/or reflection, the non-optical surfaces of the input and/or output prisms can be tilted and/or moved outward from their positions shown inFIG. 6. For example, the left hand face ofoutput prism30 can be rotated in a clockwise direction inFIG. 6 and moved outward by extendingsurface31 so as to minimize the scattering and/or reflection of imaging light passing through this prism.
• With reference toFIGS. 8 and 9, angle β ofprism20 should be chosen to be between β_minand β_maxwhich can be determined as follows:
• (1) Angle β_minshould provide total internal reflection fromsurface22 ofprism20 for all rays within a given aperture.FIG. 8 shows the marginal ray that has the smallest angle of incidence onsurface22 ofprism20. If that ray undergoes total internal reflection it means that all rays within aperture ±γ will have TIR. FromFIG. 8 it can be found that:
  β=0.5·(γ+α)
  • where:
    • γ=sin⁻¹(1/(2·n₁·F_No)),
    • α=sin⁻¹(1/n₁),
    • n₁is the index of refraction ofprism20, and
    • F_Nois the f-number of the projection lens.
  • Accordingly, if β≧0.5·(γ+α), then all rays within aperture ±γ will undergo total internal reflection atsurface22.
• (2) Angle β_maxis chosen to prevent total internal reflection fromsurface23 ofprism20 for all rays within a given aperture. The marginal ray, which should be taken into consideration, is shown inFIG. 9. If angle (β+γ) is less than the angle of TIR, then all rays within the given aperture will pass throughsurface23 and will interact with the wire grid structure of the polarizer. Accordingly, to avoid total internal reflection atsurface23 for all rays within aperture ±γ, the following relationship should be satisfied:
  β≦α−γ.
• The following numerical example illustrates the calculation of β_minand β_maxfor a representative prism material and projection lens f-number:
• • (1) material of prism: glass SF2, n=1.65222, angle of TIR=37.25°;
  • (2) aperture in air of ±10° which corresponds to γ=±6.03° in glass;
  • (3) the smallest value for angle β_minwhen angle α is equal to the TIR angle is:
    β_min=0.5x(6.03+37.25)=21.64°
  • (4) the largest value for angle β_maxwhen the angle (β+γ) is equal to the TIR angle is:
    β_max=37.25−6.02=31.22°
• From a practical point of view it is better to have angle β smaller because it leads to lower levels of astigmatism when a multi-layer reflective polarizer having a low index of refraction compared to that ofprisms20 and30 is used (see below).
• In the above calculations, the aperture angle of ±10° in air is based on the typical f-number (2.8) for optical systems employing LCoS devices. Other aperture angles can, of course, be used for LCoS systems. Similarly, the same or different aperture angles can be used for other systems employing polarizing, reflective, pixelized imaging devices other than LCoS devices.
• It is important to understand thatsurface21 of the prism20 (seeFIG. 4) is the mirror reflection ofsurface23 fromsurface22. In the illumination optical path,prism20 works as a plano-parallel plate and does not create any distortion of the illumination beam. It is also important to understand that surfaces32 and22 are parallel to each other so that there is no beam distortion in the imaging light path. These considerations also apply to the multi-layer reflective polarizer embodiments of the invention discussed below.
• Prism20 is preferably made of a low birefringence material to maintain the polarization contrast of the system. Special glasses (e.g., SF57, PBH56) with low photo-elastic constants can be used or a less expensive glass (such as SF2) can be used in combination with an annealing process to reduce internal stresses.Prism30 can also be made of special glass or an annealed glass, but can be made of other, less expensive, glasses if desired since the polarization state of the light which passes through this prism is not important. Again, these considerations also apply to the multi-layer reflective polarizer embodiments of the invention discussed below.
• A prism assembly having a wire grid polarizer positioned as inFIG. 5A was prepared and tested and found to exhibit a contrast level of approximately 200:1. To achieve higher contrast levels, phase control/anti-reflection coatings can be used onsurface23 to compensate for the depolarization of light and associated phase shift produced by this tilted glass/air interface. The use of such coatings in connection with the Philips-type prisms used with LCoS imagers has previously been described. See, for example, Yamamoto et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,594,591. See also Keens, U.S. Pat. No. 4,948,228 and the Essential Macleod software program available from the Thin Film Center, Tucson, Ariz.
• The contrast can also be improved by employing phase control coatings onTIR surface22. Again, these coatings can be of the type previously disclosed for use with Philips-type prisms. Table2 sets forth the refractive indices and thickness of a suitable phase control coating for use with PBH-56 glass (the substrate) and a β angle of 21°. Similar coatings can be used with other glasses and prism angles.
• In addition to these coatings, enhanced contrast can be achieved by movingwire gird polarizer13ato surface23 ofprism20, as shown inFIG. 5B. The wire grid structure in this case will faceair gap40, which is now adjacent toprism30, rather thanprism20 as inFIG. 5A. The same approaches discussed above in connection withFIG. 5A can be used to produceair gap40 for theFIG. 5B configuration and to environmentally isolate that gap once formed.
• By using an index matching optical cement between the substrate ofwire grid polarizer13aandprism20, the interface between the polarizer andprism20 can be made invisible for the embodiment ofFIG. 5B. In this way, the depolarization that occurs when polarized light passes through a tilted interface is avoided. Even residual stress in the wire grid substrate is not critical because this substrate is thin and birefringence induced by this residual stress is not significant. It should be noted that when the interface between the polarizer and prism is made invisible, the considerations regarding TIR at this interface, i.e., the considerations leading to the calculation of β_max, no longer apply and thus β only needs to be greater than or equal to 0.5·(γ+α). However, as discussed above, β is preferably kept as small as possible, e.g., just above β_min.
• Although the foregoing discussion has been in terms of a wire grid polarizer, it should be noted that the compound prism structure of the invention can be used with other types of polarizers. In particular, the compound prism structure can be used with polarizing birefringence films such as those manufactured by the 3M Company. Examples of polarizing beam splitters using such films can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,486,997, U.S. patent Publication No. 2003 0016334, PCT Patent Publication No. WO 02/102,087, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/878,559, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/159,694, the contents of each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
• When such a multi-layer reflective polarizer is used, it replaces the wire grid and its substrate. More specifically, the film is mounted betweenprism20 andprism30 ofFIG. 4. For this embodiment,air gap40 shown inFIG. 5 is eliminated and thus the film (or optical cement used to mount the film) touches both surface23 ofprism20 andsurface31prism30. Because the air gap is eliminated, the locations of the illumination system and the projection lens shown inFIG. 6 can be readily interchanged for this embodiment (see the fourth general aspect of the invention set forth in the Summary of the Invention). As discussed above, the illumination system is preferably designed to produce S-polarized light and thus for both the wire grid and the polarizing film embodiments, the grid or film, as the case may be, is oriented so that it reflects S-polarization from the illumination system, i.e., it is oriented to produce the raytracing ofFIG. 6 for S-polarizedillumination light11.
• As with the wire grid polarizer embodiments, an optical cement is used to mount the multi-layer reflective polarizer toprisms20 and30. Where there is a significant difference between the refractive index of the prism glass and the refractive index of the polymer film(s) making up the multi-layer reflective polarizer, the diagonal surfaces ofprism20 andprism30 should have matching anti-reflection (AR) coatings to minimize Fresnel reflections.
• As with the wire grid polarizer embodiments,TIR surface22 preferably includes a phase control coating to compensate for the phase shift which occurs when polarized light undergoes total internal reflection. As with theFIG. 5B wire grid embodiment of the invention, only the β_minlimitation applies to the multi-layer reflective polarizer embodiments since the interface between the multi-layer reflective polarizer andprism20 is preferably made optically invisible.
• The value of having β as small as possible to minimize astigmatism effects introduced by a multi-layer reflective polarizer is illustrated by the following numerical example:
• • Material forprisms20 and30—PBH-56 (n_d=1.8414);
  • Multi-layer reflective polarizer—3M Cartesian polarizing film (n_d=1.545, thickness 0.37 mm);
  • LCoS imager dimensions—10.55×18.76 mm;
  • Effective f-number of projection lens—2.0.
• Table 3 shows the axial astigmatism produced by a tilted plane-parallel plate of index 1.545 in a surrounding media of index 1.8414. The last row of the table shows the minimum thickness along the imaging light path for a given angle of the prism diagonal, and the last column gives reference data for a conventional PBS with a 45° diagonal.
• As can be seen in this table, smaller values of the diagonal tilt, i.e., smaller values of β, result in significantly smaller levels of axial astigmatism. Although the minimum thickness increases somewhat at the smaller β values, it is still well below the thickness required when a conventional 45° PBS is used.
• The contrast achieved by some polarizers, including multi-layer reflective polarizers, depends on the angle at which incident light impinges on the polarizer. If the angle of incidence becomes too small, contrast can drop below acceptable levels, e.g., below 1000:1. This drop off is generally color dependent with, for example, the greatest reduction in contrast occurring for short wavelength light, i.e., blue light. Accordingly, although small values of β are preferred, β should not be made so small that the contrast of the system becomes unacceptable. Preferably, β should satisfy the following relationship:
  β≧γ+θ,
  where γ is as defined above and θ is the minimum angle of incidence that provides a contrast of 1000:1.
• To compensate for residual astigmatism induced by the tilted media of the compound prism, i.e., the materials comprising the polarizer and any other materials located betweenprisms20 and30,surface32 ofprism30 and/orsurface22 ofprism20 can have a cylindrical shape.
• FIG. 7 shows an alternate embodiment of the invention in which the compound prism can have an additional reflective surface24 (the fourth surface) to fold the illumination beam. In this case,first surface21 is a portion ofsecond surface22, as shown inFIG. 7. Alternatively, the additional fold can be arranged in an orthogonal direction to the plane ofFIG. 7 for the case where the incoming illumination beam is in the plane of the imaging device and perpendicular to the imaging beam.
• Although specific embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated, it is to be understood that a variety of modifications which do not depart from the scope and spirit of the invention will be evident to persons of ordinary skill in the art from the foregoing disclosure.

  	TABLE 1
  	Number	Element
  	10	reflective, polarization-modulating,imaging
  		device
  	11	light fromillumination system
  	12	light toprojection lens
  	13	Cartesian polarizer
  	13a	wire gridCartesian polarizer
  	13b	multi-layer reflective Cartesian polarizer
  	14	S-polarized light
  	15	P-polarizedlight
  	20	input prism
  	21	first surface ofinput prism
  	22	second surface ofinput prism
  	23	third surface ofinput prism
  	24	fourth surface ofinput prism
  	30	output prism
  	31	first surface ofoutput prism
  	32	second surface ofoutput prism
  	33	prism assembly
  	40	air gap
  	50	astigmatism corrector
  	51	prism
  	52	prism
  	60	conventional PBS
  	61	right angle prism
  	62	right angle prism
  	63	PBS diagonal
  	64	quarter wave plate
  	65	clean-uppolarizer
  	70	illumination system
  	71	light source
  	72	illumination optics
  	73	microdisplay imaging device
  	74	projection lens
  	75	viewing screen
  	77	image projection system

• TABLE 2
  	Refractive	Thickness
  Layer	Index	(nanometers)

  Substrate	1.842
  1	1.4648	24.49
  2	2.3443	19.31
  3	1.4648	51.75
  4	2.3443	19.65
  5	1.4648	204.14
  6	2.3443	27.13
  7	1.4648	2.62
  8	2.3443	82.86
  9	1.4648	195.83
  10	2.3443	19.24
  11	1.4648	108.44
  Air	1

• 	TABLE 3
  	diagonal tilt (degrees)

  	22	25	30	45

  axial astigmatism (mm)	0.020	0.028	0.049	0.323
  minimum thickness (mm)	13	12.6	9.8	15

Claims (28)

1. A projection system, comprising:

an imaging device capable of modulating an illumination light beam to produce modulated light; and

a prism unit proximate the imaging device, the prism unit comprising a first prism, a second prism and a reflective polarizer disposed between the first and second prisms, the first prism having a first face facing the imaging device and a second face facing the second prism, the prism unit arranged and configured so that the modulated light from the imaging device passes through the first and second faces of the first prism to the reflective polarizer, modulated light incident at the reflective polarizer in a first polarization state being transmitted through the reflective polarizer as image light, the image light passing successively through first and second faces of the second prism, and modulated light incident at the reflective polarizer in a second polarization state orthogonal to the first polarization state from the imaging device being reflected back into the first prism by the reflective polarizer and being totally internally reflected by at least one side of the first prism.

2. A system as recited inclaim 1, wherein the light reflected by the reflective polarizer layer is totally internally reflected at the first face of the first prism.

3. A system as recited inclaim 2, wherein, after being totally internally reflected at the first face, the totally internally reflected light is totally internally reflected at a third face of the first prism and exits out of the first face of the first prism.

4. A system as recited inclaim 2, wherein, after being totally internally reflected at the first side, the totally internally reflected light exits the first prism through a third face.

5. A system as recited inclaim 1, wherein the reflective polarizer is a multi-layer reflective polarizer.

6. A system as recited inclaim 1, wherein the reflective polarizer is a wire grid polarizer.

7. A system as recited inclaim 1, wherein the first face of the first prism and the second face of the second prism are substantially parallel.

8. A system as recited inclaim 1, further comprising a projection lens arranged to project the image light transmitted through the reflective polarizer and the second prism.

9. A system as recited inclaim 1, wherein an internal angle, β, between the first and second faces of the first prism is not less than β_min, where β_min=0.5.(γ+α), where γ=sin⁻¹(½.n₁.F_no) and α=sin⁻¹(1/n₁), F_nobeing the f-number of the illumination light and n₁being the refractive index of the first prism.

10. A system as recited inclaim 8, wherein the value of β is not more than β_max, where β_max=α−γ.

11. A method of separating a modulated light beam into two beams, comprising:

modulating a light beam;

passing the modulated light beam through a first prism;

transmitting a first portion of the modulated light beam, in a first polarization state, after passing through the first prism;

reflecting a second portion of the modulated light beam, in a second polarization state orthogonal to the first polarization state, after passing through the first prism; and

totally internally reflecting the second portion of the modulated light beam within the first prism.

12. A method as recited inclaim 11, wherein passing the modulated light beam through the first prism comprises passing the modulated light beam successively through first and second faces of the first prism, and totally internally reflecting the second portion of the modulated light beam comprises totally internally reflecting the second portion of the modulated light beam at the first face of the first prism.

13. A method as recited inclaim 12, further comprising totally internally reflecting the second portion of the modulated light beam at a third face of the first prism after totally internally reflecting the second portion of the modulated light beam at the first face of the first prism, and then extracting the second portion of the modulated light beam through the first face of the first prism.

14. A method as recited inclaim 12, further comprising extracting the second portion of the modulated light beam through a third face of the first prism after totally internally reflecting the second portion of the modulated light beam at the first face if the first prism.

15. A method as recited inclaim 11, wherein reflecting the second portion of the modulated light beam comprises reflecting the second portion of the modulated light beam with a multi-layer reflective polarizer.

16. A method as recited inclaim 11, wherein reflecting the second portion of the modulated light beam comprises reflecting the second portion of the modulated light beam with a wire grid polarizer.

17. A method as recited inclaim 11, further comprising transmitting the first portion of the modulated light beam through a second prism having an output face parallel to an input face of the first prism.

18. A method as recited inclaim 11, further comprising projecting the first portion of the modulated light beam to a screen.

19. An optical system, comprising:

an imaging device capable of polarization modulating an illumination light beam to produce a modulated light beam;

a reflective polarizer; and

a first prism disposed between the imaging device and the reflective polarizer, the first prism having a first side and a second side non-parallel to the first side, the first side facing the imaging device and the second side facing the reflective polarizer;

wherein the modulated light beam passes from the imaging device, through the first and second sides of the first prism to the reflective polarizer, a first portion of the modulated light beam in a first polarization state being transmitted through the reflective polarizer and a second portion of the modulated light beam, in a second polarization state orthogonal to the first polarization state, is reflected by the reflective polarizer through the first prism to the first side.

20. A system as recited inclaim 19, wherein the light in the second polarization state reflected to the first side of the first prism is totally internally reflected at the first side of the first prism towards a third side of the first prism.

21. A system as recited inclaim 20, wherein the light totally internally reflected at the first side of the first prism exits the first prism through the third side of the first prism.

22. A system as recited inclaim 20, wherein the light totally internally reflected at the first side of the first prism totally internally reflects at the third side of the first prism and exits the first prism through the first side.

23. A system as recited inclaim 19, wherein the reflective polarizer is a multi-layer reflective polarizer.

24. A system as recited inclaim 19, wherein the reflective polarizer is a wire grid polarizer.

25. A system as recited inclaim 19, further comprising a second prism, the reflective polarizer positioned between the first and second prisms, the second prism having a first side facing the reflective polarizer, the first side of the second polarizer being substantially parallel to the second side of the first prism.

26. A system as recited inclaim 19, further comprising a projection lens arranged to project the light transmitted through the reflective polarizer.

27. A system as recited inclaim 19, wherein an internal angle, β, between the first and second sides of the first prism is not less than β_min, where β_min=0.5.(γ+α), where γ=sin⁻¹(½.n₁.F_no) and α=sin⁻¹(1/n₁), F_nobeing the f-number of the illumination light beam and n₁being the refractive index of the first prism.

28. A system as recited inclaim 27, wherein the value of β is not more than β_max, where β_max=α−γ.

Images