US20050138792A1 - Method of forming a lead - Google Patents

Abstract

An implantable, substantially isodiametric, low resistance implantable lead having at least one electrode positioned in a stimulation/sensing portion of the lead as well as a method of manufacturing the same. At least the stimulation/sensing portion is unitized through partially surrounding and supporting insulation and conductive element(s) of the stimulation/sensing portion with a fused matrix of material having mechanical properties consistent with a body of the lead.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/760,437, filed Jan. 12, 2001, pending, which is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/299,702, filed Apr. 26, 1999, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,216,045.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to a lead, and in particular, to an implantable lead and a method of manufacturing such lead.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Implantable leads having ring electrodes can be used in a variety of applications, including delivery of electrical stimulation to surrounding tissue, neural or otherwise, as well as measuring electrical energy produced by such tissue. Whether serving in a stimulation capacity or a sensing capacity, such leads are commonly implanted along peripheral nerves, within the epidural or the intrathecal spaces of the spinal column, about the heart, and in the brain.
• Notwithstanding the application, the common requirements for such implantable leads include flexibility, strength, and durability. The extent of such qualities, of course, is dependent upon the nature of the use, for example, temporary or permanent implantation. While material selection and certain construction techniques can be tailored to assist in meeting these prescribed characteristics, an overriding consideration in the design of such leads is achieving at least an isodiametric stimulation/pacing portion thereof.
• The benefits of achieving desired levels of flexibility, strength, and durability are intuitive. The isodiametric characteristic is likely less obvious. Depending upon the application, an isodiametric lead can reduce the potential for damage to the lead during insertion (for example, when a lead is passed through an insertion needle to reach a patient epidural space) and/or placement, improve the ability of the lead to pass through tissue or a vascular system, and is more resistant to being immobilized by tissue growth at a permanent implantation site.
• Differing techniques have been used to produce isodiametric leads. One such technique concerns adhering a plurality of elements (i.e., conductive electrodes, conductive terminals, and spacing insulative tubing material) to produce a generally integral body. Tubing material separates a stimulation/sensing portion (i.e., alternating insulative tubing material and electrodes) from a terminal portion (i.e., alternating insulative tubing material and terminals). The electrodes, terminals, and tubing are independently formed but are intended to be isodiametric. Understandably, dimension variances in any one element can result in a lead having a varying diameter.
• Of further interest, to strengthen the plurality of element interfaces found in the stimulation/sensing portions and terminal portions of these leads, a composition, for example, medical grade epoxy, is injected within an interior of the leads in and about the stimulation/sensing portions and the terminal portions. While this technique does typically effect stabilization and strengthening of these critical regions, the end result can also be that these regions are too rigid and even brittle.
• Other techniques include applying a ring electrode(s) about an exterior surface of insulative tubing that forms the main body of the lead. The insulative tubing may be prepared to receive the electrode, for example, milled to remove an amount of material substantially equal to the material thickness of the ring electrode. Alternatively, the insulative tubing may be unprepared, for example, a ring electrode is simply “crimped” to a diameter substantially equal to the otherwise unadulterated diameter of the tubing.
• For all of the methods described above, a finished lead is still comprised of a plurality of independent components brought together in an effort to form an isodiametric cross-section. Element misalignment, inaccuracies in grinding, variances in electrode material thickness or individual element dimensions, or over/under-crimping could respectively result in at least undesirable variances in lead diameter.
• Accordingly, a need exists for a lead, as well as a method of fabricating such lead, that provides a requisite level of flexibility, strength, and durability, while further providing a true isodiametric body for at least the stimulation/sensing portion of the lead.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• One aspect of the present invention is directed to an implantable lead including a lead body, having a distal end and a proximal end, whereas the lead body is formed of a material having prescribed mechanical properties. Extending from the distal end of the lead body, a first region includes a plurality of electrodes. A first insulative material, having mechanical properties consistent with the material of the lead body, separates adjacent electrodes. Extending from the proximal end of the lead body, a second region includes at least one terminal. A second insulative material, having mechanical properties consistent with the material of the lead body, separates adjacent terminals. A conductor couples each terminal to at least one corresponding electrode of the plurality of electrodes, wherein the conductor(s) extends along an interior passage defined by the lead body, first region, and second region. In addition to the at least one conductor, the interior passage of the first region is substantially filled with a third insulative material having mechanical properties consistent with the material of the lead body:
• Another aspect of the present invention concerns a method of forming a substantially isodiametric lead. Specifically, such lead has a prescribed diameter and includes at least one electrode separated from at least one terminal by a lead body, wherein the at least one electrode is electrically coupled to the at least one terminal by a conductor passing through a passage defined by at least the lead body. The forming steps include assembling the at least one electrode and the at least one terminal relative to the lead body to form an assembly, including connecting the at least one electrode to the at least one terminal via the conductor. The assembly is subjected to an over-molding process that over molds the assembly with a first material to form an intermediate assembly. This first material is compatible with and has mechanical properties consistent with a material of the lead body. Ultimately, the intermediate assembly is processed to remove all material of the intermediate assembly in excess of the prescribed diameter.
• An object of the present invention is to avoid the shortcomings of known leads and manufacturing techniques for the same.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of forming a lead having a true isodiametric body for at least the stimulation/sensing portion of the lead.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide a lead having a true isodiametric body for at least the stimulation/sensing portion of the lead.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide a lead having a low resistance from a terminal to a coupled electrode to reduce energy consumption during system operation.
• Other aspects, objects, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having reference to the following Specification together with the provided drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• In reference to the following figures, like reference numerals and letters indicate corresponding elements:
• FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a multi-electrode lead in accordance with the present invention;
• FIG. 2 is a plan view of another embodiment of a multi-electrode lead in accordance with: the present invention;
• FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the lead ofFIG. 2, taken along line III-III;
• FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a preferred conductor;
• FIG. 5 is a plan view of an assembly of elements on a mandrel used to form a lead in accordance with the present invention;
• FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a transitional element;
• FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an electrode spacer;
• FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a terminal spacer;
• FIG. 9 is a sectional view of a stylet guide;
• FIG. 10 is a sectional view of a cap electrode; and
• FIG. 11 is a schematic representation of one embodiment of an assembly fixture used to assemble a lead in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• Various embodiments, including preferred embodiments, will now be described in detail below with reference to the drawings:
• FIG. 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment ofmulti-electrode lead10. While the leads illustrated and generally discussed here have eight electrodes, lead10 of the present invention may be constructed having any number of electrodes (i.e., one or more):
• Lead10 includes aproximal end12 and adistal end14. Theproximal end12 includes a plurality of electricallyconductive terminals16, and thedistal end14 includes a plurality of electricallyconductive electrodes18. While typically each terminal16 is electrically connected to asingle electrode18 via a conductor20 (FIG. 3), a terminal16 can be connected to two ormore electrodes18.
• Terminals16 andelectrodes18 are preferably formed of a non-corrosive, highly conductive material. Examples of such material include stainless steel, MP35N, platinum, and platinum alloys. In a preferred embodiment,terminals16 andelectrodes18 are formed of a platinum-iridium alloy.
• Spanning betweenelectrodes18 of thedistal end14 andterminals16 of theproximal end12,body22 is formed from a medical grade, substantially inert material, for example, polyurethane, silicone, or the like. While the specific material used forbody22 is not critical to the present invention,body22 must be non-reactive to the environment of the human body, provide a flexible and durable (i.e., fatigue resistant) exterior structure for the components oflead10, and insulateadjacent terminals16 and/orelectrodes18.
• Serving as a sheath,body22 substantially provides the exterior structure that contains the internalized elements oflead10. Specifically,body22 provides an enclosure for eachconductor20 that connects a terminal16 with one ormore electrodes18. Eachconductor20 is formed of a conductive material that exhibits the desired mechanical properties of low resistance, corrosion resistance, flexibility, and strength. For consideration, however, it should be appreciated that in the context of amultiple electrode lead10, a plurality ofconductors20 are required to fit within the interior ofbody22. Accordingly, the cross-sectional area of eachconductor20 is restricted. As but one example, for a lead in accordance with the present invention that has an outer diameter of approximately 0.055 inches,conductor20 could be on the order of approximately 0.0065 inches.
• While stranded bundles of stainless steel, MP35N, platinum, platinum-iridium alloy, drawn-brazed silver (DBS) or the like can be used, the preferred embodiment ofconductors20 utilizes wires formed of multi-strands of drawn-filled tubes (DFT), as illustrated inFIG. 4. Each strand is formed of alow resistance material20aand is encased in ahigh strength material20b(preferably, metal). A selected number of strands (seven, for this example) are wound and coated with aninsulative material20c.With regard to the operating environment of the present invention,insulative material20cprotects theindividual conductors20 ifbody22 were breached during use. Wire formed of multi-strands of drawn-filled tubes to formconductors20, as discussed here, is available from Temp-Flex Cable, Inc. (City, State).
• In addition to providing the requisite strength, flexibility, and resistance to fatigue,conductors20 formed of multi-strands of drawn-filled tubes, in accordance with the preferred embodiment, provide a low resistance alternative to other conventional materials. Specifically, a stranded wire, or even coiled wire, of approximately 60 cm and formed of MP35N or stainless steel or the like would have a measured resistance in excess of 30 ohms. In contrast, for the same length, a wire formed of multi-strands of drawn-filled tubes, as illustrated inFIG. 4, could have a resistance less than 4 ohms. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, eachconductor20, having a length equal to or less than 60 cm, has a resistance of less than 25 ohms. In a more preferred embodiment, eachconductor20, having a length equal to or less than 60 cm, has a resistance equal to or less than 10 ohms. In a most preferred embodiment, eachconductor20, having a length equal to or less than 60 cm, has a resistance of less than 4 ohms.
• As an alternative embodiment,body22 can further encompass stylet tubing24 (FIG. 3).Stylet tubing24 extends from theproximal end12 to a point within a distal portion oflead10; however, in a preferred embodiment,stylet tubing24 extends to capelectrode34. In cooperative reference toFIG. 2,stylet tubing24 operatively receivesstylet100 for purposes of allowing better control overlead10 during placement.
• Lead Assembly
• While the following discussion provides but one example of a sequence of steps to form a lead similar to that illustrated inFIGS. 2 and 3. One having ordinary skill in this art shall appreciate that the following steps may be performed in a differing order or otherwise inconsequentially modified to still yield the present invention. Consequently, such minor variations are still regarded as being within the scope of the present invention and should be construed in such manner.
• Furthermore, for purposes of illustration, the following example includes certain physical dimensions to illustrate the relationship between elements as well as effects of differing processes. Accordingly, the provided physical dimensions are used merely for example and shall not restrict the scope of the present invention.
• The following illustrative example concerns the construction of an eight electrode, epidural lead that accommodates a stylet. One skilled in the art shall appreciate, however, that a lead in accordance with the present invention may have more than or less than eight electrodes and/or have a larger or smaller diameter than the following example and remain within the scope of this disclosure.
• In reference toFIG. 5,stylet tubing24 is positioned overmandrel150.Stylet tubing24 has an outer diameter of approximately 0.02 inches:
• Depending on the quantity ofconductors20 required (e.g., for this illustration, eight) and the size (i.e., diameter) ofsuch conductors20, arranging and securingconductors20 can be problematic when they are being arranged and secured about an element having the dimensions ofstylet tubing24.
• While any number of techniques may be used to achieve such arrangement ofconductors20 relative tostylet tubing24,FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a fixture200 that can assist in this task. Specifically, fixture200 includes firstrotary clamp202,iris204,iris206, secondrotary clamp208, and clamp210. Rotary clamps202 and208 each include a corresponding plurality of conductor clamps203. While not required, it is preferred that the plurality of conductor clamps203 of eachrotary claim202 and208 be positioned within anarbitrary perimeter205, whereasperimeter205 should be equal to or greater than a fully-opened inner diameter of eitheriris204 or206:
• As illustrated,mandrel150, includingstylet tubing24, passes throughirises204 and206 and secondrotary clamp208 and is secured betweenclamps202 and210. Eachconductor20 similarly passes throughirises204 and206 and is secured betweenrespective clamps203 of rotary clamps202 and208.
• Conductors20 secured within fixture200 are prepared for assembly in that a prescribed amount ofinsulative material20cis removed at or about the proximal and distal ends of eachconductor20 to exposeconductive material20aand20b. As will be discussed later, this exposedconductive material20aand20bof the proximal and distal ends of eachconductor20 is eventually joined to anelectrode18 and a terminal16. Accordingly, the exposedconductive material20aand20bis arranged at differing positions relative tostylet tubing24 to accommodate the serial arrangement ofterminals16 andelectrodes18.
• The rotational nature of rotary clamps202 and208 provides unobstructed access to the in-process lead10. Specifically, upon securing asingle conductor20 between opposing (or non-opposing) clamps203, the rotary clamps202 and210 are simply rotated to allow access tounoccupied clamps203.
• When all of theconductors20 are strung betweenclaims202 and208,irises204 and206 are actuated to close and draw conductor(s)20 closely about the outer diameter ofstylet tubing24. When conductor(s)20 are resting against the outer diameter ofstylet tubing24, conductor(s)20 are secured in place. Conductor(s)20 may be secured using adhesive and/or subjected to a force applied through use of a temporary or permanent restraint, for example, one or more crimped collars.
• While the illustration ofFIG. 11 shows but one embodiment of fixture200, one skilled in the art should appreciate that other techniques/structures may be employed to positionconductors20 adjacent an exterior surface ofstylet tubing24. Specifically, clamps203 of eachrotary clamp202 and208 could be moveable along respective radial paths (not shown) that would allow strungconductors20 to be moved from a first position to a second position adjacent the exterior surface ofstylet tubing24. Alternatively,conductors20 could initially be secured to one end ofstylet tubing24 and only4 single iris could be used to draw the unsecured portions ofconductors20 towardstylet tubing24. As yet another alternative, while the various alternatives offered provide some mechanism to control the rate of movement and relative positioning ofconductors20, an operator could simply manipulate the conductor(s)20 to manually position and secure them relative tostylet tubing24.
• Once allconductors20 are secured tostylet tubing24,transitional element26, electrode(s)18, electrode spacer(s)28,outer tubing23, terminal spacer(s)30, terminal(s)16, andstylet guide32 are positioned over, and concentrically arranged with,stylet tubing24. The arrangement of these elements is in accordance with that illustrated inFIG. 5.
• Transitional element26 is illustrated inFIG. 6. As will be discussed later,transitional element26 provides a platform to receive cap electrode34 (FIG. 10).Transitional element26 further provides adurable guide26ato direct a distal end (not shown) ofstylet100 to capelectrode34 viapassage26b.Transitional element26 is preferably formed of a conductive material, for example, the same material used to formelectrodes18.
• Electrode spacer28 is illustrated inFIG. 7. Similarly,terminal spacer30 is illustrated inFIG. 8. Functionally,electrode spacer28 andterminal spacer30 accurately defines a space betweenadjacent electrodes18 andterminals16, respectively.Electrode spacer28 andterminal spacer30 are preferably formed of the same material asouter tubing23. However,spacers28 and30 may be formed of a material that differs from that ofouter tubing23; provided however, any differing material used forelectrode spacer28 and/orterminal spacer30 must be compatible with and possess largely the same mechanical properties (e.g., non-reactive to the environment of the human body, flexible and durable) asouter tubing23. At least for purposes of this example, spacers28, and30 are formed of a polyurethane material, for example, Bionate 75D (Polymer Tech. Group, City, State). As is noted inFIG. 5,spacers28 and30 should have an outer diameter greater thanlead10.
• Outer tubing23separates electrodes18 fromterminals16. In a preferred embodiment,outer tubing23 has a diameter substantially equal to a diameter oflead10. Alternatively,outer tubing23 may have a diameter less thanlead10, or a diameter greater thanlead10. In regard to the latter alternative,outer tubing23 must have a wall thickness greater than a differential between a radius oflead10 and a radius (to the outer diameter) ofouter tubing23. For this particular example,outer tubing23 has a nominal outer diameter of approximate 0.055 inches.
• Stylet guide32 is illustrated inFIG. 9.Stylet guide32 provides an inlet tostylet tubing24.Stylet guide32 is preferably formed of conductive material, for example, the same material used to formelectrodes18.Stylet guide32, as well asterminals16,electrodes18, andtransitional element26, preferably each have an outer diameter equal to or greater than a nominal diameter oflead10. In a more preferred embodiment, these elements each have an outer diameter greater than a nominal diameter oflead10.
• Following the assembly of each of the elements described above,terminals16 andelectrodes18 are joined to theirrespective conductors20. Generally, each terminal16 (and each electrode18) is positioned relative to exposedconductive material20aand20bof aconductor20 and is joined in a manner that facilitates a transfer of electrical energy, for example, resistance weld or laser weld. Once allterminals16 andelectrodes18 are secured,stylet guide32 is secured to aproximal-most terminal16, andtransitional element26 is secured to adistal-most electrode18. Providedtransitional element26 andstylet guide32 are formed a conductive material, these elements may be secured using a process consistent with that used to jointerminals16 andelectrodes18 withconductors20. Otherwise,transitional element26 and stylet guide32 can be joined using an adhesive, cement or the like.
• The completed assembly (FIG. 5) is then over-molded, using well known injection molding techniques, using a material having mechanical properties consistent with a material(s) used to formouter tubing23,electrode spacer28, andterminal spacer30. In a preferred embodiment, the over-molding material and the material ofouter tubing23,electrode spacer28, and terminal28 are the same.
• This process has the beneficial effect of unitizing the element assembly to formlead10. Moreover,electrode spacers28 andterminal spacers30 are placed in a state of flow, which, at least in part, results in a filling of regions betweenterminals16/electrodes18 andstylet guide24. Consequently,terminals16 andelectrodes18 are partially surrounded (i.e., along an interior surface) and supported by a fused matrix of; material. Importantly, aselectrode spacers28 andterminal spacers30 are formed of a material mechanically equivalent to that ofbody22/outer tubing23, the stimulation/sensing portion and terminal portion oflead10 are stabilized and strengthened while also retaining their flexible properties.
• The over-molded assembly (not shown) is then subjected to a grinding process to remove all excess material. In a preferred process, the over-molded assembly is subject to centerless grinding, wherein excessive material, including over-molded material, electrode material, terminal material, and the like, is removed. Pursuant to the described over-molding and grinding of the entire lead assembly, an isodiametric lead is obtained, which is further free of any gaps or voids between insulative material and conductive material that may otherwise exist in conventional devices.
• Following the grinding process,cap electrode34 is affixed totransitional element26 using conventional means, for example, resistance welding, laser welding, or the like.
• While addressed in part above, as the invention has been described herein relative to a number of particularized embodiments, it is understood that modifications of, and alternatives to, these embodiments, such modifications and alternatives realizing the advantages and benefits of this invention, will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having reference to this specification and its drawings. It is contemplated that such modifications and alternatives are within the scope of this invention as subsequently claimed herein, and it is intended that the scope of this invention claimed herein be limited only by the broadest interpretation of the appended claims to which the inventors are legally entitled.

Claims (21)

1.-14. (canceled)

15. An implantable lead comprising:

a distal end having a first electrode and a second electrode;

a proximal end having a first terminal and a second terminal;

a lead body extending between the distal end and the proximal end, the lead body comprising a first insulative material having prescribed mechanical properties;

a second insulative material separating the first terminal and the terminal electrode, the second insulative material having mechanical properties consistent with the first insulative material;

a first conductor coupling the first electrode to the first terminal, and wherein the first conductor extends within the lead body; and

a second conductor coupling the second electrode and the second terminal, and wherein the second conductor extends through the lead body.

16. An implantable lead in accordance withclaim 15 wherein the first insulative material and the second insulative material are the same.

17. An implantable lead in accordance withclaim 15 wherein a third insulative material substantially fills an interior passage region beneath the first electrode, the third insulative material having mechanical properties consistent with the first insulative material and the first insulative material, the second insulative material, and the third insulative material are the same.

18. An implantable lead in accordance withclaim 15 wherein the implantable lead is substantially isodiametric.

19. An implantable lead in accordance withclaim 15 wherein the at least one conductor has a resistance less than 4 ohms for a conductor length equal to or less than 60 cm.

20. An implantable lead in accordance withclaim 19 wherein an outer diameter of the lead body is approximately 0.05 inches.

21. An implantable lead in accordance withclaim 15 wherein the first electrode is joined to the first conductor by a laser weld.

22. An implantable lead comprising:

a distal end having a first electrode and a second electrode;

a proximal end having a first terminal and a second terminal;

a lead body extending between the distal end and the proximal end;

a first insulative material separating the first terminal and the second terminal, the second insulative material having prescribed mechanical properties;

a second insulative material substantially filling a portion of a region of the proximal end, the second insulative material having mechanical properties consistent with the first insulative material;

a first conductor coupled to the first terminal, and wherein the first conductor extends within the lead body; and

a stylet guide extending from the proximal end through the lead body.

23. An implantable lead in accordance withclaim 22 wherein the first insulative material and the second insulative material are the same.

24. An implantable lead in accordance withclaim 22 wherein the lead body comprises a third insulative material, and the first insulative material, the second insulative material, and the third insulative material are the same.

25. An implantable lead in accordance withclaim 22 wherein the implantable lead is substantially isodiametric.

26. An implantable lead in accordance withclaim 22 wherein the at least one conductor has a resistance less than 4 ohms for a conductor length equal to or less than 60 cm.

27. An implantable lead in accordance withclaim 26 wherein an outer diameter of the lead body is approximately 0.05 inches.

28. An implantable lead in accordance withclaim 22 wherein the first electrode is joined to the first conductor by a laser weld.

29. An implantable lead comprising:

a distal end having at least four electrodes;

a proximal end having at least four terminals;

a lead body extending between the distal end and the proximal end;

a first insulative material separating each of the at least four electrodes, the second insulative material having prescribed properties;

a second insulative material substantially filling a portion of regions beneath each of the at least four electrodes, the second insulative material having properties consistent with the first insulative material;

at least a first conductor coupling one of the at least four electrodes to a corresponding one of the at least four terminals, and wherein the first conductor extends within the lead body.

30. An implantable lead comprising:

a distal end having at least eight electrodes;

a proximal end having at least eight terminals;

a lead body extending between the distal end and the proximal end, the lead body comprising a first insulative material having prescribed properties;

a second insulative material separating each of the at least eight electrodes, the second insulative material having properties consistent with the first insulative material;

a third insulative material substantially filling a portion of regions beneath each of the at least eight electrodes, the third insulative material having properties consistent with the first insulative material;

at least a first conductor coupling one of the at least eight electrodes to a corresponding one of the at least eight terminals, and wherein the first conductor extends within the lead body.

31. An implantable lead in accordance withclaim 30 wherein the at least one conductor is joined to the at least one of the eight electrodes by a laser weld.

32. An implantable lead in accordance withclaim 30 wherein the third insulative material is a fused matrix.

33. An implantable lead comprising:

a distal end having a first electrode and a second electrode;

a proximal end having a first terminal and a second terminal;

a lead body extending between the distal end and the proximal end, the lead body comprising a first insulative material having prescribed mechanical properties, and wherein an outer diameter of the lead body is approximately 0.05 inches;

a second insulative material separating the first electrode and the second electrode, the second insulative material having mechanical properties consistent with the first insulative material;

a third insulative material substantially filling a portion of a region beneath the first electrode, the third insulative material having mechanical properties consistent with the first insulative material, and wherein the second insulative material and the third insulative material are the same material;

a first conductor coupling the first electrode to the first terminal, and wherein the first conductor extends through the lead body, and wherein the first conductor has a resistance less than 4 ohms for a conductor length equal to or less than 60, and wherein the first conductor is joined to the first electrode by a laser weld; and

a second conductor coupling the second electrode and the second terminal, wherein the second conductor has a resistance less than 4 ohms for a conductor length equal to or less than 60 cm, and wherein the second conductor is joined to the second electrode by a laser weld, and wherein the second conductor extends through the lead body.

34. An implantable lead in accordance withclaim 33 wherein the implantable lead is substantially isodiametric.

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