US20050119727A1

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Publication number: US20050119727A1
Application number: US10/750,079
Authority: US
Inventors: Sepehr Fariabi
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1994-07-25
Filing date: 2003-12-31
Publication date: 2005-06-02
Also published as: US6736843B1

Abstract

This invention is directed to an intracorporeal device formed of a high strength Co—Ni—Cr alloy and is particularly suitable for forming a composite product with a pseudoelastic member formed of NiTi alloy. Suitable intracorporeal products include guidewires and stents. The high strength alloy consists essentially of about 28 to about 65% cobalt, about 2 to about 40% nickel, about 5 to about 35% chromium, up to about 12% molybdenum, up to about 20% tungsten, up to about 20% iron and the balance inconsequential amounts of impurities and other alloying constituents, with a preferred alloy composition including about 30 to about 45% cobalt, about 25 to about 37% nickel, about 15 to about 25% chromium and about 5 to about 15% molybdenum. Intravascular devices such as guidewires, stents and the like can be formed of this high strength Co—Ni—Cr alloy.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation application of copending application Ser. No. 8/829,465 filed on Mar. 28, 1997, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 08/280,209 filed on Jul. 25, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,636,641.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of intracorporeal medical devices, and more particularly to elongated intravascular members such as guidewires for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and stents for maintaining body lumen patency after the lumen has been dilated with a balloon.

In PTCA procedures a guiding catheter is percutaneously introduced into the cardiovascular system of a patient in a conventional Seldiger technique and advanced therein until the distal tip of the guiding catheter is seated in the ostium of a desired coronary artery. A guidewire is positioned within an inner lumen of a dialatation catheter and then both the catheter and guidewire are advanced through the guiding catheter to the distal end thereof. The guidewire is first advanced out of the distal end of the guiding catheter into the patient's coronary vasculature until the distal end of the guidewire crosses a lesion to be dilated, then the dilatation catheter having an inflatable balloon on the distal portion thereof is advanced into the patient's coronary anatomy over the previously introduced guidewire until the balloon is properly positioned across the lesion. Once in position across the lesion, the balloon is inflated one or more times to a predetermined size with radiopaque liquid to dilate the stenosis. The balloon is then deflated so that blood flow will resume through the dilated artery and the dilatation catheter and the guidewire can be removed therefrom.

Conventional guidewires for angioplasty and other vascular procedures usually comprise an elongated core member with one or more tapered sections near its distal end and a flexible body such as a helical coil disposed about a distal portion of the core member. A shapeable member, which may be the distal extremity of the core member or a separate shaping ribbon such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,135,503, hereby incorporated into this application by reference, extends through the flexible body and is secured to a rounded plug at the distal end of the flexible body. Torquing means are provided on the proximal end of the core member to rotate, and thereby steer, the guidewire while it is being advanced through a patient's vascular system. The core member is typically formed of stainless steel, although core member formed of pseudoelastic NiTi alloys are described in the literature and have been used to a limited extent in clinical applications.

Further details of guidewires, and devices associated therewith for angioplasty procedures can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,516,972 (Samson); U.S. Pat. No. 4,538,622 (Samson et al); U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,929 (Samson et al.); and copending application Ser. No. 07/994,679 (Abrams et al.) which are incorporated into this application by reference.

Steerable dilatation catheters with fixed, built-in guidewires or guiding members, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,181 (now Re 33,166) are frequently used because they have better pushability than over-the-wire dilatation catheters where the guidewires are slidably disposed within the guidewire lumens of the catheters.

A major requirement for guidewires and other guiding members is that they have sufficient column strength to be pushed through a patient's vascular system or other body lumen without kinking. However, they must also be flexible enough to avoid damaging the blood vessel or other body lumen through which they are advanced. Efforts have been made to improve both the strength and flexibility of guidewires in order to make them more suitable for their intended uses, but these two properties can be diametrically opposed to one another in that an increase in one usually involves a decrease in the other. Efforts to combine a separate relatively stiff proximal section with a relatively flexible distal section frequently result in an abrupt transition at the junction of the proximal and distal section due to material differences.

What has been needed and heretofore unavailable is an elongated intravascular body, such as a guidewire, a stent or the like, which exhibits much higher strength coupled with good ductility than materials currently used to form these types of intravascular devices.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a high strength alloy containing cobalt, nickel, and chromium and particularly to a composite product having a portion formed of the high strength cobalt-nickel-chromium alloy and a portion formed of pseudoelastic alloy such as NiTi alloy.

The product of one embodiment of the invention is an elongated member configured for advancement within a body of lumen and is formed at least in part, of high strength alloy comprising about 28 to about 65% cobalt, about 2 to about 40% nickel, about 5 to about 35% chromium and up to about 12% molybdenum. Other alloying components include up to about 20% tungsten, up to about 20% iron and up to about 3% manganese. The alloy may also contain inconsequential amounts of other alloying constituents, as well as impurities, typically less than 0.5% each. A presently preferred alloy composition for use in the intracorporeal product consists essentially of about 30 to about 45% cobalt, about 25 to about 37% nickel, about 15 to about 25% chromium and about 5 to about 15% molybdenum. As used herein all references to percent composition are weight percent unless otherwise noted. The high strength alloy has ultimate strengths up to and exceeding 300 ksi.

Preferably, the intracorporeal product is formed by first cold working the high strength alloy at least 40% of its original transverse cross-sectional area in a plurality of cold working stages with the cold worked product being intermediate annealed between cold working stages at a temperature between about 600° and 1200° C. Those alloys containing molydenum are age hardenable after cold working and annealing at a temperature between about 400° and about 700° C. For optimum tensile strength properties the aging is conducted at about 550° to about 680° C., particularly when the high strength alloy is combined with other alloys as described hereinafter.

In another embodiment of the invention, the cobalt-nickel-chromium alloy is formed into a composite structure with an NiTi alloy which contains about 25 to about 47% titanium and the balance nickel and up to 10% of one or more additional alloying elements. Such other alloying elements may be selected from the group consisting of up to 3% each of iron, cobalt, platinum, palladium and chromium and up to about 10% copper and vanadium. This alloy preferably has a stable austenite phase at body temperature (about 37° C.) and exhibits pseudoelasticity with a stressed induced transformation of the austenite phase to a martensite phase at body temperature at a stress level well about about 50 ksi, preferably above 70 ksi and in many cases above about 90 ksi. The stress levels causing the complete stress-induced transformation of the austenite phase to the martensite phase results in a strain in the specimen of at least about 4%, preferably over 5%. The region of phase transformation resulting from stress preferably begins when the specimen has been strained about 1 to 2% at the onset of the phase change from austenite to martensite and extends to about 7 to about 9% strain at the completion of the phase change. The stress and strain referred to herein is measured by tensile testing. Other methods for determining the stress-strain relationship, e.g., applying a bending moment to a cantilevered specimen, provide a different relationship from the relationship determined by tensile testing, because the stresses which occur in the specimen during bending are not as uniform as they are in tensile testing. The rate of change in stress during the phase transformation is considerably less than the rate of change thereof either before or after the stress-induced transformation. The stress level is relatively constant within the transformation period.

To form the elongated pseudoelastic NiTi member, the alloy material is first cold worked in a plurality of stages, preferably by drawing, to effect a size reduction of at least about 30% and up to about 70% or more in the original transverse cross section thereof with intermediate annealing between the cold working stages at temperatures between about 600° to about 800° C. for about 5 to about 30 minutes. After the final cold working stage the cold worked product is given a final anneal at a temperature of about 700° C. to generate final properties. Preferably, the cold worked NiTi alloy product is subjected to tension during the final annealing and/or provided with a mechanical straightening followed by thermal treatment to help develop a straight memory. The ultimate tensile strength of the material is well above 200 ksi with an ultimate elongation at failure of about 15%.

In one aspect of the invention the cobalt-nickel-chromium containing alloy and another alloy such as the NiTi alloy described above are cold worked together into a composite product, with both alloys being subjected to the same thermomechanical processing to develop a desirable combination of properties. In particular, a presently preferred thermomechanical processing includes a plurality of drawing steps with a reduction of at least 25% in each cold working stage. The cold worked product is intermediate annealed between cold working stages at a temperature of about 600° C. and 900° C., e.g., about 750° C. with a time at temperature of about 10 to about 15 minutes. The amount of cold work in the last working stage should be at least about 50% and can be as high as 95% or more. However, the actual cold working in the final working stage is usually determined by the elongation or ductility desired in the final product after straightening and aging.

In the above embodiment the elongated Ni—Ti alloy product is an inner member disposed within the inner lumen of an elongated sheath formed of a Co—Ni—Cr—Mo alloy with an appropriate lubricant and then the assembled unit is processed in a series of size reduction steps involving drawing, or other cold working, followed by an intermediate annealing as described above. The annealing may be performed in line with the drawing. The Co—Ni—Cr—Mo alloy sheath and the NiTi alloy inner member should be recrystallization annealed prior to assembly and cold work to provide maximum ductility by maintaining an equiaxed grain structure and minimum grain growth. After the final cold working step, the composite product is heat treated at a temperature between about 500° and 700° C. and preferably between about 550° and 675° C. for about one minute to about four hours to age harden the cladding and provide pseudoelastic characteristics to the inner member. Tension may be applied during the aging treatment to straighten the product while it is being aged and to provide straight memory to the Ni—Ti alloy portion of the composite. For composite products with an inner member formed of alloys other than Ni—Ti alloys, the aging conditions, i.e. the temperature and the time at temperature, may be different than that described above for NiTi alloys.

In an alternative embodiment, the NiTi alloy product and the Co—Ni—Cr alloy product can be first prepared separately to their desired final properties and then combined together by suitable means to form the composite product. For example, after final processing, the Co—Ni—Cr alloy sheath can be heated to expand the inner lumen therein so that an NiTi inner member can be readily inserted therein. After insertion of the NiTi inner member into the inner lumen of the sheath, the latter can be cooled so that it shrink fits about the NiTi inner member. Alternatively, the NiTi inner member can be inserted into the sheath after processing while the sheath is still at elevated temperatures and then cooled to contract the sheath onto the NiTi inner member. Other means for combining the NiTi product and the Co—Ni—Cr product includes the use of an adhesive bond therebetween or a physical connection such as a set screw extending through the sheath into the core member or some other type of mechanical connection. A wide variety of other means for joining the Ni—Ti product and the Co—Ni—Cr are contemplated and will become apparent to those skilled in the art.

The products of the invention exhibit a very high level of tensile strength, yet they have excellent ductility. The age hardened Co—Ni—Cr—Mo alloy can have ultimate tensile strengths above 300 ksi and the NiTi alloys can have ultimate tensile strengths exceeding 200 ksi. These products are biocompatable and are particularly useful in medical devices, which are to be utilized intracorporeally, such as guidewires, stents and the like.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to an expandable stent which is relatively flexible along its longitudinal axis to facilitate delivery through tortuous body lumens, but which is stiff and stable enough radially in an expanded condition to maintain the patency of a body lumen such as an artery when implanted therein.

The stent of the invention generally includes a plurality of radially expandable cylindrical elements which are relatively independent in their ability to expand and to flex relative to one another. The individual radially expandable cylindrical elements of the stent are dimensioned so as to be longitudinally shorter than their own diameters. Interconnecting elements or struts extending between adjacent cylindrical elements provide increased stability and are preferably positioned to prevent warping of the stent upon the extension thereof. The resulting stent structure is a series of radially expandable cylindrical elements which are spaced longitudinally close enough so that small dissections in the wall of a body lumen may be pressed back into position against the luminal wall, but not so close as to compromise the longitudinal flexibility of the stent. The individual cylindrical elements may rotate slightly relative to adjacent cylindrical elements without significant deformation, cumulatively giving a stent which is flexible along its length and about its longitudinal axis but which is still very stiff in the radial direction in order to resist collapse.

The stent embodying features of the invention can be readily delivered to the desired lumenal location by mounting it on an expandable member of a delivery catheter, for example a balloon, and passing the catheter-stent assembly through the body lumen to the implantation site. A variety of means for securing the stent to the expandable member on the catheter for delivery to the desired location are available. It is presently preferred to compress the stent onto the balloon. Other means to secure the stent to the balloon include providing ridges or collars on the inflatable member to restrain lateral movement, or using bioresorbable temporary adhesives.

The presently preferred structure for the expandable cylindrical elements which form the stents of the present invention generally have a circumferential undulating pattern, e.g. serpentine. The transverse cross-section of the undulating component of the cylindrical element is relatively small and preferably has an aspect ratio of about two to one to about 0.5 to one (e.g., the ratio of the height to the width of an undulation). A one to one aspect ratio has been found particularly suitable. The open reticulated structure of the stent allows for the perfusion of blood over a large portion of the arterial wall which can improve the healing and repair of a damaged arterial lining.

The radial expansion of the expandable cylinder deforms the undulating pattern thereof similar to changes in a waveform which result from decreasing the waveform's amplitude and the frequency. Preferably, the undulating patterns of the individual cylindrical structures are in phase with each other in order to prevent the contraction of the stent along its length when it is expanded. The cylindrical structures of the stent are plastically deformed when expanded (except with NiTi alloys) so that the stent will remain in the expanded condition, and, therefore, they must be sufficiently rigid when expanded to prevent the collapse thereof in use. With superelastic NiTi alloys, the expansion occurs when the stress of compression is removed so as to allow the phase transformation from austenite back to martensite and as a result the expansion of the stent.

The elongated elements or members which interconnect adjacent cylindrical elements should have a transverse cross-section similar to the transverse dimensions of the undulating components of the expandable cylindrical elements. The interconnecting elements may be formed in a unitary structure with the expandable cylindrical elements from the same intermediate product, such as a tubular element, or they may be formed independently and connected by suitable means, such as by welding or by mechanically securing the ends of the interconnecting elements to the ends of the expandable cylindrical elements. Preferably, all of the interconnecting elements of a stent are joined at either the peaks or the valleys of the undulating structure of the cylindrical elements which form the stent. In this manner there is no shortening of the stent upon expansion, when measured from the outermost ends of the interconnecting members connected to the cylindrical elements at opposite ends of the stent.

The number and location of elements interconnecting adjacent cylindrical elements can be varied in order to develop the desired longitudinal flexibility in the stent structure both in the unexpanded as well as the expanded condition. These properties are important to minimize alteration of the natural physiology of the body lumen into which the stent is implanted and to maintain the compliance of the body lumen which is internally supported by the stent. Generally, the greater the longitudinal flexibility of the stent, the easier and more safely it can be delivered to the implantation site.

In a presently preferred embodiment of the invention the stent is conveniently and easily formed by coating stainless steel hypotubing with a material resistant to chemical etching, and then removing portions of the coating to expose portions of underlying tubing which are to be removed to develop the desired stent structure. The exposed portions of the tubing are removed by chemically etching from the tubing exterior leaving the coated portion of the tubing material in the desired pattern of the stent structure. The etching process develops smooth openings in the tubing wall without burrs or other artifacts which are characteristic of mechanical or laser machining processes in the small sized products contemplated. Moreover, a computer controlled laser patterning process to remove the chemical resistive coating makes photolithography technology adaptable to the manufacture of these small products. The forming of a mask in the extremely small sizes needed to make the small stents of the invention would be a most difficult task. A plurality of stents can be formed from one length of hypotubing by repeating the stent pattern and providing small webs or tabs to interconnect the stents. After the etching process, the stents can be separated by severing the small webs or tabs which connect them. The stents may further be electrochemically polished in an aqueous solution and treated, if desired by applying a biocompatible coating. These and other advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying exemplary drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an elevational view, partially in section, of a guidewire embodying features of the invention.

FIG. 2 is an elevational view, partially in section, of an alternative guidewire structure embodying features of the invention.

FIG. 3 is an elevational view, partially in section of a stent being expanded by an inflatable balloon on an intravascular catheter within a stenosed region of a patient's artery.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an intravascular stent which may be formed of the alloy composition of the invention.

FIG. 5 is an elevational view, partially in section, of a stent embodying features of the invention which is mounted on a delivery catheter and disposed within a damaged artery.

FIG. 6 is an elevational view, partially in section, similar to that shown inFIG. 1 wherein the stent is expanded within a damaged artery, pressing the damaged lining against the arterial wall.

FIG. 7 is an elevational view, partially in section showing the expanded stent within the artery after withdrawal of the delivery catheter.

FIG. 8 is a plan view of a flattened section of a stent of the invention which illustrates the undulating pattern of the stent shown inFIG. 4.

FIGS. 9 through 12 are perspective views schematically illustrating various configurations of interconnective element placement between the radially expandable cylindrical elements of the stent.

FIG. 13 is a plan view of a flattened section of a stent illustrating an alternate undulating pattern in the expandable cylindrical elements of a stent out of phase.

FIG. 14 is a schematic representation of equipment for selectively removing coating applied to tubing in the manufacturing of the stents of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 illustrates aguidewire10 which includes acore member11 having anouter sheath12 formed of a Co—Ni—Cr alloy and aninner member13 formed of Ni—Ti, ahelical coil14 on the distal end of the core member with a shapingribbon15 extending between the distal end of the core member and arounded plug16 which connects the distal end of the shaping ribbon with the distal end of the helical coil. Thedistal section17 of thecore member11, which is disposed primarily within thecoil14, is tapered to sequentially smaller diameters to provide gradually increasing flexibility along the length of the distal portion of theguidewire10. The taper is formed by removing thesheath12 formed of high strength Co—Ni—Cr alloy which exposes the innerNiTi alloy member13 having moderate strength and substantial flexibility which may then be ground in a conventional manner to one or more smaller diameter sections.

FIG. 2 depicts aguidewire30 with a construction wherein the tapereddistal section31 of the core member32 extends to theplug33 which connects the distal end of the core member to the distal end of thehelical coil34 disposed about the distal section of the core member. Theproximal section35 of the core member32 is of composite construction as in the prior embodiment with asheath36 of high strength Co—Ni—Cr alloy and aninner member37 of a psuedoelastic NiTi alloy. Thehigh strength sheath36 is removed from the core member to form the tapereddistal section31 to increase the flexibility of the distal section of theguidewire30.

The elongated proximal portions of the guidewires are generally about 130 to about 140 cm in length with an outer diameter of about 0.006 to about 0.018 inch for coronary use. Larger diameter guidewires may be employed in peripheral arteries and other body lumens. The lengths of the smaller diameter and tapered sections can range from about 2 to about 20 cm, depending upon the stiffness or flexibility desired in the final product. The helical coil is about 20 to about 45 cm in length, has an outer diameter about the same size as the diameter of the elongated proximal portion, and is made from wire about 0.002 to about 0.003 inch in diameter. The shaping ribbon and the flattened distal section of distal portion have rectangular transverse cross-sections which usually have dimensions of about 0.001 by 0.003 inch. The overall length of a guidewire is typically about 175 cm.

A presently preferred cobalt-nickel containing alloy is commercially available as MP35N from Carpenter Technology Corporation which has a nominal composition of about 35% cobalt, about 35% nickel, about 20% chromium and about 10% molybdenum. Other commercially available alloys include Elgiloy from Elgiloy Limited Partnership and Haynes 188 from Haynes International.

The following example is given to illustrate the method of forming the core member of a guidewire in accordance with the invention. A NiTi alloy rod having a composition of about 55.9% Ni and 44.1% Ti was drawn to a diameter of about 0.06 inch. The as-drawn wire, which was in a cold worked condition (e.g. 50% cold work), was ground or etched to remove tenaceous surface oxides and then annealed at 700° C. for about one hour. A tubular sheath having a nominal composition of 35% Co, 35% Ni, 20% Cr and 10% Mo was formed with an outer diameter of about 0.114 inch and an inner diameter of about 0.068 inch in an annealed condition. The NiTi wire was disposed within the inner lumen of the high strength sheath and the assembly was drawn in a series of five stages with a 50% reduction in area followed by heat treating at 750° C. for 15 minutes in each stage. The fifth stage was followed by a sixth stage which included drawing with a cold work of about 16% followed by heat treating at 750° C. and a seventh stage which included drawing with a cold work of about 50% but with no heat treating. The final cold worked product was aged at temperatures of about 650° for about one minute to develop maximum bending, yield and modulus with minimum spring back.

The composite core member of the invention provides a number of favorable properties and characteristics. The outer sheath of high strength cobalt-nickel alloy provides the necessary stiffness and push and the inner NiTi alloy member provides the desirable distal flexibility. Another advantage of the composite product of the present invention, when utilized as a core member of a guidewire, is that the proximal end of the flexible coil can be soldered or brazed to the Co—Ni—Cr alloy sheath so as to avoid the problems with soldering the coil to a NiTi alloy which is very difficult to bond to by conventional soldering techniques because of the tenaceous oxide which usually forms on the surfaces of titanium containing alloys.

FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate another embodiment of the invention wherein the high strength Co—Ni—Cr alloy is in the form of anintraluminal stent40, which as shown inFIG. 3, is expanded by the balloon of41 ofcatheter42 within astenosis43. After permanent expansion of thestent40 within thebody lumen44, such as a coronary artery, the balloon41 is deflated and thecatheter42 withdrawn. The high strength developed by the Co—Ni—Cr alloy allows the stent to be formed of thinner material, yet provide the radial rigidity to hold the body lumen upon deflation of the balloon. The balloon utilized to expand the stent is similar in many respects to a dilatation balloon used in angioplasty procedures in that it is a generally inelastic balloon formed of a suitable polymeric material such as a high density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate and polyolefin, e.g. Surlyn®. A particularly suitable stent design is disclosed in copending application Ser. No. 08/164,986, filed on Dec. 9, 1993, which is assigned to the present assignee and which is incorporated herein by reference.

Typically the stent has the same outer diameter as the diameter to the hypotubing from which it is made. The wall thickness of the hypotubing and the transverse dimension of any elongate element of the unexpanded stent formed from the hypotubing would be about 0.003 inches (0.0767 mm).

FIG. 4 is an enlarged perspective view of astent50 as shown inFIGS. 3 and 5-7 with one end of the stent shown in an exploded view to illustrate in greater detail the placement of interconnectingelements53 between adjacent radially expandablecylindrical elements52. Each pair of the interconnectingelements53 on one side of acylindrical element52 are preferably placed to achieve maximum flexibility for a stent. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 8 thestent50 has three interconnectingelements53 between adjacent radially expandablecylindrical elements52 which are 120 degrees apart. Each pair of interconnectingelements53 on one end of acylindrical element52 are offset radially 60 degrees from the pair on the other side of the cylindrical element. The alternation of the interconnecting elements results in a stent which is longitudinally flexible in essentially all directions. Various configurations for the placement of interconnecting elements are possible, and several examples are illustrated schematically inFIGS. 9-12. However, as previously mentioned, all of the interconnecting elements of an individual stent should be secured to either the peaks or valleys of the undulating structural elements in order to prevent shortening of the stent during the expansion thereof.

FIG. 5 illustrates astent50 incorporating features of the invention which is mounted onto adelivery catheter51. The stent generally comprises a plurality of radially expandablecylindrical elements52 disposed generally coaxially and interconnected byelements53 disposed between adjacent cylindrical elements. Thedelivery catheter51 has an expandable portion orballoon54 for expanding of thestent50 within anartery55. Theartery55, as shown inFIG. 5, has a dissected lining56 which has occluded a portion of the arterial passageway.

Thedelivery catheter51 onto which thestent50 is mounted, is essentially the same as a conventional balloon dilatation catheter used for angioplasty procedures. Theballoon54 may be formed of suitable material such as polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, nylon and ionomers such as Surlyn® manufactured by the Polymer Products Division of the Du Pont Company. Other polymers may also be used. In order for thestent50 to remain in place on theballoon54 during delivery to the site of the damage within theartery55, thestent50 is compressed onto the balloon. A retractable protective delivery sleeve20 as described in copending application Ser. No. 07/647,464, filed on Apr. 25, 1990 and entitled STENT DELIVERY SYSTEM may be provided to further ensure that the stent stays in place on the expandable portion of thedelivery catheter51 and prevent abrasion of the body lumen by the open surface of thestent50 during delivery to the desired arterial location. Other means for securing thestent50 onto theballoon54 may also be used, such as providing collars or ridges on the ends of the working portion, i.e., the cylindrical portion, of the balloon.

Each radially expandablecylindrical element52 of thestent50 may be independently expanded. Therefore, theballoon54 may be provided with an inflated shape other than cylindrical, e.g., tapered, to facilitate implantation of thestent50 in a variety of body lumen shapes.

In a preferred embodiment, the delivery of thestent50 is accomplished in the following manner. Thestent50 is first mounted onto theinflatable balloon54 on the distal extremity of thedelivery catheter51. Theballoon54 is slightly inflated to secure thestent50 onto the exterior of the balloon. The cathether-stent assembly is introduced within the patient's vasculature in a conventional Seldinger technique through a guiding catheter (not shown). Aguidewire58 is disposed across the damaged arterial section with the detached or dissected lining56 and then the catheter-stent assembly is advanced over aguidewire58 within theartery55 until thestent50 is directly under thedetached lining56. Theballoon54 of the cathether is expanded, expanding thestent50 against theartery55, which is illustrated inFIG. 2. While not shown in the drawing, theartery55 is preferably expanded slightly by the expansion of thestent50 to seat or otherwise fix thestent50 to prevent movement. In some circumstances during the treatment of stenotic portions of an artery, the artery may have to be expanded considerably in order to facilitate passage of blood or other fluid therethrough.

Thestent50 serves to hold open theartery55 after thecatheter51 is withdrawn, as illustrated byFIG. 7. Due to the formation of thestent50 from an elongated tubular member, the undulating component of the cylindrical elements of thestent50 is relatively flat in transverse cross-section, so that when the stent is expanded, the cylindrical elements are pressed into the wall of theartery55 and as a result do not interfere with the blood flow through theartery55. Thecylindrical elements52 of thestent50 which are pressed into the wall ofartery55 will eventually be covered with endothelial cell growth which further minimizes blood flow interference. The undulating portion of thecylindrical sections52 provide good tacking characteristics to prevent stent movement within the artery. Furthermore, the closely spacedcylindrical elements52 at regular intervals provide uniform support for the wall ofartery55, and consequently are well adapted to tack up and hold in place small flaps or dissections in the wall of theartery55 as illustrated inFIGS. 6 and 7.

FIG. 12 illustrates a stent of the present invention wherein three interconnectingelements53 are disposed between radially expandablecylindrical elements52. The interconnectingelements53 are distributed radially around the circumference of the stent at a 120 degree spacing. Disposing four ormore interconnecting elements53 between adjacentcylindrical elements52 will generally give rise to the same considerations discussed above for two and three interconnecting elements.

The properties of thestent50 may also be varied by alteration of the undulating pattern of thecylindrical elements53.FIG. 13 illustrates an alternative stent structure in which the cylindrical elements are in serpentine patterns but out of phase with adjacent cylindrical elements. The particular pattern and how many undulations per unit of length around the circumference of thecylindrical element52, or the amplitude of the undulations, are chosen to fill particular mechanical requirements for the stent such as radial stiffness.

The number of undulations may also be varied to accommodate placement of interconnectingelements53, e.g., at the peaks of the undulations or along the sides of the undulations as shown inFIGS. 8 and 13.

Thestent50 of the present invention can be made in many ways. However, the preferred method of making the stent is to coat a thin-walled tubular member, such as stainless steel hypotubing, with a material which is resistive to chemical etchants, and then to remove portions of the coating to expose the underlying hypotubing which is to be removed but to leave coated portions of the hypotubing in the desired pattern for the stent so that subsequent etching will remove the exposed portions of the metallic tubing, but will leave relatively untouched the portions of the metallic tubing which are to form the stent. The coated portion of the metallic tube is in the desired shape for the stent. An etching process avoids the necessity of removing burrs or slag inherent in conventional or laser machining processes. It is preferred to remove the etchant-resistive material by means of a machine-controlled laser as illustrated schematically inFIG. 14. The stent may be electrochemically polished in an aqueous solution and treated, if desired, by applying a biocompatible coating.

While the present invention has been described herein in terms of certain preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that a variety of modifications and improvements can be made to the present invention without departing from the scope thereof.

Claims

1-36. (canceled)

37. A cylindrically shaped balloon expandable stent configured for use in a coronary artery, comprising:

a plurality of independently expandable and interconnected cylindrical elements formed of an alloy containing cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, and nickel and generally aligned along a common longitudinal axis; and

the stent has a first low profile configuration for delivery and a second radially expanded configuration and is plastically deformable from the first low profile delivery configuration to the second radially expanded configuration, the second radially expanded configuration having a diameter suitable to hold open the coronary artery;

wherein the cylindrical elements of the stent are elastically incompressible to the first low profile delivery configuration without plastic deformation and have an elasticity insufficient to allow expansion from the first low profile delivery configuration to the second radially expanded configuration without plastic deformation.

38. The intracorporeal stent ofclaim 37 wherein the alloy contains about 28% to about 65% cobalt.

39. The intracorporeal stent ofclaim 37 wherein the alloy contains less than about 40% nickel.

40. The intracorporeal stent ofclaim 37 wherein the alloy contains about 5% to about 35% chromium.

41. The intracorporeal stent ofclaim 37 wherein the alloy contains up to about 15% molybdenum.

42. The intracorporeal stent ofclaim 37 wherein the alloy further comprises up to about 20% iron.

43. The intracorporeal stent ofclaim 37 further comprising a plurality of independently expandable cylindrical elements which are interconnected so as to be generally aligned on a common axis.

44. A cylindrically shaped balloon expandable stent configured for use in a coronary artery, comprising:

a plurality of independently expandable and interconnected cylindrical elements generally aligned along a common longitudinal axis and formed from metallic alloy tubular member containing cobalt, chromium, and molybdenum; and

the stent has a first low profile configuration for delivery and a second radially expanded configuration and is plastically deformable from the first low profile delivery configuration to the second radially expanded configuration, the second radially expanded configuration having a diameter suitable to hold open the coronary artery.

45. The intracorporeal member ofclaim 44 wherein the alloy contains cobalt in an amount of about 28% to about 65%.

46. The intracorporeal member ofclaim 44 wherein the alloy further comprises nickel as an alloying element in an amount of less than about 40%.

47. The intracorporeal member ofclaim 44 wherein the alloy contains chromium in an amount of about 5% to about 35%.

48. The intracorporeal member ofclaim 44 wherein the alloy contains molybdenum in an amount of up to about 15%.

49. The intracorporeal member ofclaim 44 wherein the alloy further comprises iron in an amount of up to about 20%.

50. The intracorporeal stent ofclaim 44 wherein the alloy contains about 2 weight percent nickel.

51. A cylindrically shaped balloon expandable stent configured for use in a coronary artery, comprising:

a plurality of independently expandable and interconnected cylindrical elements formed of a metallic alloy containing cobalt, chromium, molybdenum and nickel, the cylindrical elements having a transverse dimension of about 0.003 inch and generally aligned along a common longitudinal axis; and

the stent has first low profile configuration for delivery and a second radially expanded configuration and is plastically deformable from the first low profile delivery configuration to the second radially expanded configuration, the second radially expanded configuration having a diameter suitable to hold open the coronary artery;

wherein the cylindrical elements of the stent have an elasticity insufficient to allow expansion from the first low profile delivery configuration to the second radially expanded configuration without plastic deformation so as to be permanent.

52. A cylindrically shaped balloon-expandable stent for use in a coronary artery, comprising:

an interior chamber configured to receive an expandable member for plastically expanding the stent from a first low profile delivery configuration to a second radially expanded configuration, the second radially expanded configuration having a diameter suitable to hold open the coronary artery; and

the stent having a plurality of independently expandable and interconnected cylindrical elements, each cylindrical element formed from tubular member of an alloy containing cobalt, chromium, molybdenum and nickel, the cylindrical elements having a transverse dimension of about 0.003 inch and generally aligned along a common longitudinal axis.

53. A cylindrically shaped balloon-expandable stent configured for use in a coronary artery, comprising:

the stent has a first low profile configuration for delivery and a second radially expandable configuration and is plastically deformable from the first low profile delivery configuration to the second radially expanded configuration, the second radially expanded configuration having a diameter suitable to hold open the coronary artery;

wherein the cylindrical elements of the stent have an elasticity insufficient to allow expansion from the first low profile delivery configuration to the second radially expanded configuration without plastic deformation so as to be permanent, and the cylindrical elements having an undulating component.

54. The stent ofclaim 53, wherein the undulating component has an electrochemically polished metallic surface.

55. The stent ofclaim 54, further comprising a biocompatible coating on the electrochemically polished metallic surface of the cylindrical elements.

56. The stent ofclaim 53, wherein the alloy contains about 28 to about 65 weight percent cobalt, about 5 to about 35 weight percent chromium, about 2 to about 40 weight percent nickel.

57. The stent ofclaim 56, wherein the alloy further contains molybdenum up to about 15 weight percent.

58. The stent ofclaim 53, wherein the alloy further contains molybdenum up to about 15 weight percent.

59. The stent ofclaim 53, wherein at least one of the cylindrical elements has an undulating component out of phase with the undulating component of at least another one of the cylindrical elements.

60. The stent ofclaim 53, wherein the cross-section of the undulating component of the cylindrical element has an aspect ratio of about one to one.

61. The stent ofclaim 53, wherein the cross-section of the undulating component of the cylindrical element has a height-to-width aspect ratio of about two-to-one.

62. A stent, comprising:

a plurality of independently expandable and interconnected cylindrical elements formed of an alloy containing about 28 to about 65 weight percent cobalt, about 5 to about 35 weight percent chromium, about 2 to about 40 weight percent nickel, and one element from the group consisting of molybdenum and tungsten;

the cylindrical elements being generally aligned along a common longitudinal axis; and

the cylindrical elements having an undulating component which has an electrochemically polished metallic surface;

wherein the stent is plastically deformable from a first low profile delivery configuration to a second radially expanded configuration having a diameter suitable to hold open the coronary artery.

63. The stent ofclaim 62, wherein at least one of the cylindrical elements has an undulating component out of phase with the undulating component of at least another one of the cylindrical elements.

64. The stent ofclaim 62, wherein the cross-section of the undulating component of the cylindrical element has an aspect ratio of about one to one.

65. The stent ofclaim 62, wherein the cross-section of the undulating component of the cylindrical element has a height-to-width aspect ratio of about two-to-one.

66. A stent, comprising:

a plurality of independently expandable and interconnected cylindrical elements formed of an alloy containing about 28 to about 65 weight percent cobalt, about 5 to about 35 weight percent chromium, about 2 to about 40 weight percent nickel, and an amount of molybdenum up to about 15 weight percent;

the cylindrical elements having an undulating component which has an electrochemically polished metallic surface; and

67. The stent ofclaim 66, wherein at least one of the cylindrical elements has an undulating component out of phase with the undulating component of at least another one of the cylindrical elements.

68. The stent ofclaim 66, wherein the alloy has been cold-worked.

69. The stent ofclaim 66, wherein the alloy has been age hardened.

70. The stent ofclaim 66, wherein the cross-section of the undulating component of the cylindrical element has an aspect ratio of about one to one.

71. The stent ofclaim 66, wherein the cross-section of the undulating component of the cylindrical element has a height-to-width aspect ratio of about two-to-one.

72. The stent ofclaim 37, wherein the cylindrical elements have an undulating component with a cross-section having an aspect ratio of about one to one.

73. The stent ofclaim 37, wherein the cylindrical elements have an undulating component with a cross-section having a height-to-width aspect ratio of about two-to-one.

74. The stent ofclaim 37, wherein the cylindrical elements have an undulating component with a cross-section having a height-to-width aspect ratio of about two-to-one to about 0.5-to-one.

75. The stent ofclaim 37, wherein the cylindrical elements have an electrochemically polished metallic surface.

76. The stent ofclaim 74, wherein the alloy has been cold-worked and age hardened.

77. A cylindrically shaped balloon-expandable stent configured for use in a coronary artery, comprising

a plurality of independently expandable and interconnected cylindrical elements generally aligned along a common longitudinal axis and formed of an alloy containing cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, and nickel;

the cylindrical elements having an undulating component with an electrochemically polished metallic surface;

a biocompatible coating on the electrochemically polished metallic surface of the cylindrical elements; and

the stent is plastically deformable from a first low profile configuration to a second radially expanded configuration having a diameter suitable to hold open the coronary artery;

wherein the cylindrical elements of the stent have an elasticity insufficient to allow expansion from the first low profile configuration to the second radially expanded configuration without plastic deformation so as to be permanent.

78. The intracorporeal member ofclaim 44 further comprising undulations being plastically expandable in a blood vessel for deployment therein.

79. The intracorporeal member ofclaim 78 wherein the tubular member has a reticulated tubular structure having bounded openings for blood perfusion.

80. The intracorporeal member ofclaim 79 wherein the reticulated tubular structure has a continuum body made from tubing.

81. The intracorporeal member ofclaim 80 wherein the stent has electrochemically polished tubular internal and external surfaces.

82. A cylindrically shaped balloon expandable stent configured for use in a coronary artery, comprising:

a plurality of independently expandable and interconnected cylindrical elements, the cylindrical elements generally aligned along a common longitudinal axis and formed from metallic alloy containing cobalt, chromium, and molybdenum;

undulations that are plastically expandable in a blood vessel for deployment therein;

the stent having electrochemically polished tubular internal and external surfaces and a reticulated tubular structure having bounded openings for blood perfusion, the reticulated tubular structure having a continuum body made from tubing; and

83. A cylindrically shaped balloon expandable stent configured for use in a coronary artery, comprising:

wherein the stent is formed from a tubular alloy and has a smaller unexpanded diameter before plastic expansion and an expanded diameter upon plastic expansion.

84. A cylindrically shaped balloon expandable stent configured for use in a vessel, comprising:

the stent has a first low profile configuration for delivery and a second radially expanded configuration and is plastically deformable from the first low profile delivery configuration to the second radially expanded configuration, the second radially expanded configuration having a diameter suitable to hold open the vessel;

wherein the stent is formed by cutting voids from a member having a surface and a thickness to form a stent having integrally interconnected struts, the stent being plastically deformable inside a vessel from an unexpanded diameter to an expanded diameter to hold open the vessel.

85. A stent as defined inclaim 84, wherein said member having a surface and a thickness to form a stent is tubular