US20050119691A1 - Distal protection device and method - Google Patents

Abstract

An emboli capturing system captures emboli in a body lumen. A first elongate member has a proximal end and a distal end. An expandable emboli capturing device is mounted proximate the distal end of the first elongate member, and is movable between a radially expanded position and a radially contracted position. When in the expanded position, the emboli capturing device forms a basket with a proximally opening mouth. A second elongate member has a proximal and a distal end with a lumen extending therebetween. The lumen is sized to slidably receive a portion of the first elongate member. An expandable delivery device is mounted to the distal end of the second elongate member and is movable from a radially retracted position to a radially expanded position. The delivery device has a receiving end configured to receive the emboli capturing device, and retains at least the mouth of the emboli capturing device in a radially retracted position.

Description

• This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending application Ser. No. 08/810,825 filed Mar. 6, 1997 entitled DISTAL PROTECTION DEVICE, and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.
• The following co-pending patent application is hereby incorporated by reference U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/813,794, entitled DISTAL PROTECTION DEVICE which was filed on Mar. 6, 1997, and assigned to the same assignee as the present application.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention deals with an emboli capturing system. More specifically, the present invention deals with an emboli capturing system and method for capturing embolic material in a blood vessel during an atherectomy or thrombectomy procedure.
• Blood vessels can become occluded (blocked) or stenotic (narrowed) in one of a number of ways. For instance, a stenosis may be formed by an atheroma which is typically a harder, calcified substance which forms on the lumen walls of the blood vessel. Also, the stenosis can be formed of a thrombus material which is typically much softer than an atheroma, but can nonetheless cause restricted blood flow in the lumen of the blood vessel. Thrombus formation can be particularly problematic in a saphenous vein graft (SVG).
• Two different procedures have developed to treat a stenotic lesion (stenosis) in vasculature. The first is to deform the stenosis to reduce the restriction within the lumen of the blood vessel. This type of deformation (or dilatation) is typically performed using balloon angioplasty.
• Another method of treating stenotic vasculature is to attempt to completely remove either the entire stenosis, or enough of the stenosis to relieve the restriction in the blood vessel. Removal of the stenotic lesion has been done through the use of radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted via conductors, and through the use of lasers, both of which treatments are meant to ablate (i.e., super heat and vaporize) the stenosis. Removal of the stenosis has also been accomplished using thrombectomy or atherectomy. During thrombectomy and atherectomy, the stenosis is mechanically cut or abraded away from the vessel.
• Certain problems are encountered during thrombectomy and atherectomy. The stenotic debris which is separated from the stenosis is free to flow within the lumen of the vessel. If the debris flows distally, it can occlude distal vasculature and cause significant problems. If it flows proximally, it can enter the circulatory system and form a clot in the neural vasculature, or in the lungs, both of which are highly undesirable.
• Prior attempts to deal with the debris or fragments have included cutting the debris into such small pieces (having a size on the order of a blood cell) that they will not occlude vessels within the vasculature. However, this technique has certain problems. For instance, it is difficult to control the size of the fragments of the stenotic lesion which are severed. Therefore, larger fragments can be severed accidentally. Also, since thrombus is much softer than an atheroma, it tends to break up easier when mechanically engaged by a cutting instrument. Therefore, at the moment that the thrombus is mechanically engaged, there is a danger that it can be dislodged in large fragments which would occlude the vasculature.
• Another attempt to deal with debris severed from a stenosis is to remove the debris, as it is severed, using suction. However, it may be necessary to pull quite a high vacuum in order to remove all of the pieces severed from the stenosis. If a high enough vacuum is not used, all of the severed pieces will not be removed. Further, when a high vacuum is used, this can tend to cause the vasculature to collapse.
• A final technique for dealing with the fragments of the stenosis which are severed during atherectomy is to place a device distal to the stenosis during atherectomy to catch the pieces of the stenosis as they are severed, and to remove those pieces along with the capturing device when the atherectomy procedure is complete. Such capture devices have included expandable filters which are placed distal of the stenosis to capture stenosis fragments. Problems are also associated with this technique. For example, delivery of such devices in a low profile, pre-deployment configuration can be difficult. Further, some devices include complex and cumbersome actuation mechanisms. Also, retrieving such capture devices, after they have captured emboli, can be difficult as well.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• An emboli capturing system captures emboli in a body lumen. A first elongate member has a proximal end and a distal end. An expandable emboli capturing device is mounted proximate the distal end of the first elongate member, and is movable between a radially expanded position and a radially contracted position. When in the expanded position, the emboli capturing device forms a basket with a proximally opening mouth. A second elongate member has a proximal and a distal end with a lumen extending therebetween. The lumen is sized to slidably receive a portion of the first elongate member. An expandable delivery device is mounted to the distal end of the second elongate member and is movable from a radially retracted position to a radially expanded position. The delivery device has a receiving end configured to receive the emboli capturing device, and retains at least the mouth of the emboli capturing device in a radially retracted position.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 shows a distal protection device of the present invention in a deployed position.
• FIG. 2 shows the distal protection device shown inFIG. 1 in a collapsed position.
• FIG. 3 shows an end view of a portion of the distal protection device shown inFIGS. 1 and 2.
• FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of the distal protection device shown inFIGS. 1-3 in the deployed position.
• FIG. 5 shows a second embodiment of the distal protection device according to the present invention in a deployed position.
• FIG. 6 shows an end view of the distal protection device shown inFIG. 5.
• FIG. 7 shows a cross-sectional view of the distal protection device shown inFIGS. 5 and 6 in the collapsed position.
• FIG. 8 shows a third embodiment of a distal protection device according to the present invention in a deployed position.
• FIG. 9 is a side sectional view of an alternate embodiment illustrating how the expandable members of the present invention are attached to a guidewire.
• FIG. 10 is a sectional view taken along section lines10-10 inFIG. 9.
• FIGS. 11A and 11B show a fourth and fifth embodiment, respectively, of a distal protection device according to the present invention in a deployed position.
• FIG. 12 illustrates the operation of a distal protection device in accordance with the present invention.
• FIGS. 13A-17B show additional embodiments of distal protection devices which expand and collapse based on movement of a mechanical actuator.
• FIGS. 18A-18D illustrate an additional embodiment of a distal protection device which is deployed and collapsed using a rolling flap configuration.
• FIG. 19 illustrates another embodiment in accordance with the present invention in which the protection device is deployed using fluid pressure and a movable collar.
• FIGS. 20A and 20B illustrate another aspect of the present invention in which two longitudinally movable members used to deploy the distal protection device are disconnectably locked to one another.
• FIGS. 21A-21C illustrate another embodiment in accordance with the present invention in which the protection device is formed with a shape memory alloy frame and an attached filter or mesh mounted to the frame.
• FIGS. 22A-22C illustrate another embodiment in accordance with the present invention in which the distal protection devices shown inFIGS. 21A-21C are delivered and deployed.
• FIGS. 23A-23E illustrate another embodiment in accordance with the present invention in which the distal protection devices shown inFIGS. 21A-21C are retrieved.
• FIGS. 24A-24C illustrate another embodiment in accordance with the present invention in which the distal protection devices shown inFIGS. 21A-21C are retrieved.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• FIG. 1 illustratesprotection device10 in a deployed position within the lumen of ablood vessel12.Protection device10 preferably includes hollow guidewire14 (or a hypotube having the same general dimensions as a guidewire) having acoil tip16, and a capturingassembly18. Capturingassembly18, in the embodiment shown inFIG. 1, includes an inflatable andexpandable member20 andmesh22.
• An interior ofexpandable member20 is preferably coupled for fluid communication with an inner lumen ofguidewire14 at a distal region ofguidewire14. When deployed,inflatable member20 inflates and expands to the position shown inFIG. 1 such that capturingassembly18 has an outer periphery which approximates the inner periphery oflumen12.
• Mesh22 is preferably formed of woven or braided fibers or wires, or a microporous membrane, or other suitable filtering or netting-type material. In one preferred embodiment,mesh22 is a microporous membrane having holes therein with a diameter of approximately 100 μm.Mesh22 can be disposed relative toinflatable member20 in a number of different ways. For example, mesh22 can be formed of a single generally cone-shaped piece which is secured to the outer or inner periphery ofinflatable member20. Alternatively, mesh22 can be formed as a spiral strip which is secured about the outer or inner periphery ofinflatable member20 filling the gaps between the loops ofinflatable member20. Alternatively, mesh22 can be formed of a number of discrete pieces which are assembled ontoinflatable member20.
• Hollow guidewire14 preferably has avalve24 coupled in a proximal portion thereof. During operation, a syringe is preferably connected to the proximal end ofguidewire14, which preferably includes a fluid hypotube. The syringe is used to pressurize the fluid such that fluid is introduced through the lumen ofhollow guidewire14, throughvalve24, and intoinflatable member20. Upon being inflated,inflatable member20 expands radially outwardly from the outer surface ofguidewire14 and carriesmesh22 into the deployed position shown inFIG. 1. In this way, capturing assembly, or filter assembly,18 is deployed distally ofstenosis26 so thatstenosis26 can be severed and fragmented, and so the fragments fromstenosis26 are carried by blood flow (indicated by arrow28) into the basket or chamber formed by the deployedfilter assembly18.Filter assembly18 is then collapsed and removed fromvessel12 with the fragments ofstenosis26 contained therein.
• FIG. 2 illustratesprotection device10 withfilter assembly18 in the collapsed position. Similar items to those shown inFIG. 1 are similarly numbered.FIG. 2 illustrates thatmesh22 is easily collapsible withinflatable member20. In order to collapsefilter assembly18, fluid is preferably removed frominflatable member20 through the lumen ofhollow guidewire14 and through two-way valve24. This can be done using the syringe to pull a vacuum, or using any other type of suitable fluid removal system.
• Inflatable member20 is preferably formed of a material having some shape memory. Thus, wheninflatable member20 is collapsed, it collapses to approximate the outer diameter ofhollow guidewire14. In one preferred embodiment,inflatable member20 is formed of a resilient, shape memory material such that it is inflated by introducing fluid under pressure through the lumen inhollow guidewire14 intoinflatable member20. When pressure is released from the lumen inhollow guidewire14,inflatable member20 is allowed to force fluid out from the interior thereof through two-way valve24 and to resume its initial collapsed position. Again, this results infilter assembly18 assuming its collapsed position illustrated inFIG. 2.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a view taken from the distal end ofdevice10 withmesh22 removed for clarity.FIG. 3 shows that, wheninflatable member20 is deployed outwardly, mesh22 (when deployed between the loops of inflatable member20) forms a substantially lumen-filling filter which allows blood to flow therethrough, but which provides a mechanism for receiving and retaining stenosis fragments carried intomesh22 by blood flow through the vessel.
• FIG. 3 also shows thatinflatable member20 preferably has aproximal end portion29 which is connected to the outer periphery ofguidewire14. Althoughend29 need not be connected to guidewire14, it is preferably connected using adhesive or any other suitable connection mechanism. By fixedly connectingproximal end portion29 to guidewire14, this increases the stability of thefilter assembly18 upon deployment.
• FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a portion ofprotection device10.FIG. 4 showsprotection device10 withfilter assembly18 in the expanded or deployed position.FIG. 4 also better illustrates thatguidewire14 is hollow and has alongitudinal lumen30 extending therethrough.Longitudinal lumen30 is connected in fluid communication with an interior ofinflatable member20 throughaperture32 which is provided in the wall ofguidewire14.FIG. 4 also shows that, in one preferred embodiment, acore wire34 extends throughlumen30 from a proximal end thereof where it is preferably brazed to a portion of a hypotube which may be connected to the proximal portion ofguidewire14. Thecore wire34 extends to the distal end ofguidewire14 where it is connected tocoil tip16. In one preferred embodiment,coil tip16 is brazed or otherwise welded or suitably connected to the distal portion ofcore wire34.
• FIG. 4 further shows that, in the preferred embodiment,inflatable member20 inflates to a generally helical, conical shape to form a basket opening toward the proximal end ofguidewire14.FIG. 4 further illustrates, in the preferred embodiment,mesh22 has adistal portion38 which is connected to the exterior surface ofguidewire14, at a distal region thereof, through adhesive36 or any other suitable connection mechanism.
• FIG. 5 illustrates a second embodiment of adistal protection device40 in accordance with the present invention.Device40 includeshollow guidewire42,filter assembly44 andcoil tip16.Filter assembly44 includes a plurality ofinflatable struts46 andmesh47. Eachstrut46 has adistal end48 andproximal end50. Inflatable struts46 also have an interior which is coupled in fluid communication, throughdistal end48 thereof, with the lumen inhollow guidewire42.Struts46 are preferably configured such that, upon being inflated, the proximal ends50 deploy radially outwardly away from the outer surface ofhollow guidewire42 to assume a dimension which approximates the inner dimension oflumen58 in which they are inserted.
• Mesh47, as withmesh22 shown inFIG. 1, is deployed either on the outer or inner surface ofinflatable struts46, such that, when theinflatable struts46 are deployed radially outwardly, mesh47 forms a generally conical basket opening toward the proximal end ofhollow guidewire42. As with the embodiment shown inFIG. 1, mesh47 can be applied to either the outer or the inner surface ofstruts46. It can be applied tostruts46 as one unitary conical piece which is adhered about distal ends48 ofstruts46 using adhesive (or about the distal end ofguidewire42 using adhesive) and secured to the surface of thestruts46 also using adhesive. Alternatively, mesh47 can be applied tostruts46 in a plurality of pieces which are individually or simultaneously secured to, and extend between, struts46.
• FIG. 6 is an end view ofdistal protection device40 shown inFIG. 5 taken from the distal end ofdistal protection device40. When struts46 are deployed outwardly, mesh47 forms a substantially lumen-filling filter which allows blood to flow therethrough, but which provides a mechanism for receiving and retaining stenosis fragments from stenosis56 carried intomesh47 by blood flow through the vessel.
• FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a portion ofdistal protection device40 shown inFIGS. 5 and 6.FIG. 7 shows filter assembly44 in the collapsed position in which it approximates the outer diameter ofguidewire42.FIG. 7 also shows that, in the preferred embodiment, the distal ends48 ofstruts46 are in fluid communication with aninner lumen52 inhollow guidewire42 throughapertures54 in the wall ofguidewire42.
• FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of adistal protection device60 in accordance with the present invention.Distal protection device60 is similar to those shown in other figures, and similar items are similarly numbered. However,distal protection device60 includeshollow guidewire63 which has a lumen in fluid communication with an interior of a pair ofinflatable struts62. Inflatable struts62 have aninner surface64 which is generally concave, or hemispherical, or otherwise appropriately shaped such that it extends about a portion of the outer surface ofhollow guidewire63.Mesh portions66 extend between theinflatable struts62 so thatinflatable struts62 andmesh portions66, when deployed outwardly as shown inFIG. 8, form a basket shape which opens toward the proximal end ofhollow guidewire63.
• FIG. 9 illustrates another system for attaching inflatable struts to a hollow guidewire for a distal protection device70 in accordance with the present invention. Distal protection device70 is similar to the distal protection devices shown in the previous figures in that a plurality ofinflatable struts72 are provided and preferably have a mesh portion extending therebetween. For the sake of clarity, the mesh portion is eliminated fromFIG. 9. However, it will be understood that, when deployed, distal protection device70 forms a generally basket-shaped filter assembly which opens toward the proximal end ofhollow guidewire74.
• In the embodiment shown inFIG. 9,hollow guidewire74 has adistal end75 which is open. Anendcap76 is disposed about thedistal end75 ofhollow guidewire74 and defines an internal chamber orpassageway78.Endcap76 has aproximal end80 which has openings therein for receiving the ends ofinflatable struts72. Thus, in order to inflateinflatable struts72, the operator pressurizes fluid within the lumen ofhollow guidewire74 forcing fluid out throughdistal end75 ofhollow guidewire74, throughpassageway78, and intoinflatable struts72. In order to collapse distal protection device70, the operator draws a vacuum which pulls the fluid back out ofinflatable struts72, throughpassageway78 and, if necessary, into the lumen ofhollow guidewire74.
• FIG. 10 is an end view ofendcap76 taken along lines10-10 inFIG. 9.FIG. 10 shows thatproximal end80 ofendcap76 preferably includes a first generallycentral aperture82 for receiving the distal end ofhollow guidewire74.Aperture82 is sized just larger than, or approximating, the outer diameter ofhollow guidewire74 such that it fits snugly over thedistal end75 ofhollow guidewire74.Endcap76 is then fixedly connected to thedistal end75 ofhollow guidewire74 through a friction fit, a suitable adhesive, welding, brazing, or another suitable connection technique.
• FIG. 10 also shows thatproximal end80 ofendcap76 includes a plurality ofapertures84 which are spaced from one another aboutend80.Apertures84 are sized to receive open ends ofinflatable struts72. In the preferred embodiment,inflatable struts72 are secured withinapertures84 using a suitable adhesive, or another suitable connection technique. Also, in the preferred embodiment,spring tip16 is embedded in, or otherwise suitably connected to,endcap76.
• FIGS. 11A and 11B show two other preferred embodiments of a distal protection device in accordance with the present invention.FIG. 11A showsdistal protection device90 which includeshollow guidewire92 having a lumen running therethrough,inflatable member94 andmesh portion96.FIG. 11A shows thatinflatable member94, when inflated, forms a ring about the outer surface ofhollow guidewire92. The ring has aninner periphery98 which is spaced from the outer surface ofhollow guidewire92 substantially about the entire radial periphery ofhollow guidewire92.Mesh portion96 extends between the outer surface ofhollow guide92 and theinner periphery98 ofinflatable member94. Thus, a substantially disc-shaped filter assembly is provided upon deployment ofdistal protection device90. As with the other embodiments, deployment ofdistal protection device90 is accomplished by providing fluid through the inner lumen ofhollow guidewire92 into an interior ofinflatable member94 which is in fluid communication with the inner lumen ofhollow guidewire92.
• In one preferred embodiment, end100 ofinflatable member94 is coupled to acoupling portion102 ofinflatable member94 such that stability is added toinflatable member94, when it is inflated.
• FIG. 11B illustrates anotherdistal protection device104 which includes ahollow guidewire106 and aninflatable member108.Device104 is similar todistal protection device90 except that, rather than having only a single inflatable ring upon deployment ofdistal protection device104, a plurality of generally equal-diameter rings are formed into a helix shape. In the preferred embodiment,distal protection device104 includes amesh sleeve110 which extends about the outer or inner surface of the helix formed byinflatable member108. In one embodiment,mesh sleeve110 is connected to the outer surface ofhollow guidewire106 in aregion112 proximate, but distal of,inflatable member108. In another preferred embodiment, the proximal end ofmesh sleeve110 is connected to the outer perimeter ofinflatable member108. Thus,distal protection device104 forms a generally basket-shaped filter assembly which opens toward a proximal end ofguidewire106.
• As with the other embodiments, bothdistal protection device90 shown inFIG. 11A anddistal protection device104 shown inFIG. 11B are preferably collapsible. Therefore, when collapsed, thedistal protection devices90 and104 preferably have an outer dimension which approximates the outer dimension ofhollow guidewires92 and106, respectively. Further, as with the other embodiments,distal protection devices90 and104 can either be biased in the deployed or collapsed positions, and deployment and collapse can be obtained either by pulling a vacuum, or pressurizing the fluid within the lumen of thehollow guidewires92 and106.
• FIG. 12 illustrates the use of a distal protection device in accordance with the present invention. For the sake of clarity, the present description proceeds with respect todistal protection device10 only.Device10 is shown filtering stenosis fragments from the blood flowing through the lumen ofvessel12.FIG. 12 also shows adilatation device120 which can be any suitable dilatation device for dilating, cutting, fragmenting, or abrading, portions ofstenosis26. In the preferred embodiment,device120 is used in an over-the-wire fashion overhollow guidewire14. Thus,filter assembly18 is first advanced (using guidewire14) distal ofstenosis26. Then, filterassembly18 is deployed outwardly to the expanded position.Dilatation device120 is then advanced overguidewire14 tostenosis26 and is used to fragment or abradestenosis26. The fragments are received within the basket offilter assembly18.Filter assembly18 is then collapsed, and filterassembly18 anddilatation device120 are removed fromvessel12. Alternatively,dilatation device120 can be removed first and filterassembly18 is then removed along withguidewire14.
• It should be noted that the stenosis removal device (or atherectomy catheter)120 used tofragment stenosis26 can be advanced overguidewire14. Therefore, the device according to the present invention is dual functioning in that it captures emboli and serves as a guidewire. The present invention does not require adding an additional device to the procedure. Instead, the present invention simply replaces a conventional guidewire with a multi-functional device.
• FIGS. 13A-17B illustrate embodiments of various distal protection devices wherein deployment and contraction of the distal protection device is accomplished through a mechanical push/pull arrangement.
• FIGS. 13A and 13B illustrate adistal protection device122.FIG. 13A showsdevice122 in an undeployed position andFIG. 13B showsdevice122 in a deployed position.Distal protection device122 includes a slottedNitinol tube124 which has alumen126 extending therethrough.Tube124 has a plurality ofslots128 at a distal region thereof. The distal portion ofslots128 are covered bymesh130 which, in the preferred embodiment, is a flexible microporous membrane.Device122 also preferably includes amandrel132 which extends through theinner lumen126 oftube124 and is attached to the distal end oftube124. In the preferred embodiment,mandrel132 is attached to the distal end oftube124 by an appropriate adhesive, brazing, welding, or another suitable connection technique.Tube124 also has, on its inner periphery in a proximal region thereof, a plurality of lockingprotrusions134.Lock protrusions134 are preferably arranged about a proximalexpandable region136 disposed onmandrel132.
• In order to deploydevice122 into the deployed position shown inFIG. 13B, the operator preferably first advancestube124 distally of the lesion to be fragmented. In the preferred embodiment,tube124 has a size on the order of a guidewire, such as a 0.014 inch outer diameter. Therefore, it easily advances beyond the stenosis to be fragmented. The operator then pushes on the proximal region oftube124 and pulls on the proximal end ofmandrel132. This causes two things to happen. First, this causes the struts formed byslots128 to expand radially outwardly, and carry with them,microporous membrane130. Thus,microporous membrane130 forms a generally basket-shaped filter assembly which opens toward the proximal end oftube124. In addition, proximalexpandable member136 expands and engagesprotrusions134. This locksdevice122 in the deployed and expanded position. In order to move thedevice122 to the collapsed position, the physician simply pushes onmandrel132 and pulls on the proximal end oftube124. This causesdevice122 to return to the undeployed position shown inFIG. 13A.
• It should be noted thatdevice122 can optionally be provided with a stainless steel proximal hypotube attachment. Also, the struts defined byslots128 can be expanded and retracted using a fluid-coupling instead of a mandrel. In other words, the proximal end oftube124 can be coupled to a pressurizable fluid source. By makingslots128 very thin, and pressurizing the fluid, the struts expand outwardly. Further, by pulling vacuum on the pressurizable fluid, the struts collapse.
• FIG. 14A illustratesdistal protection device140 which is similar to that shown inFIGS. 13A and 13B, except that thestruts142 are formed of a metal or polymer material and are completely covered bymesh144.Mesh144 includes two mesh portions,146 and148.Mesh portion146 is proximal ofmesh portion148 ondevice140 and is a relatively loose mesh which will allow stenosis fragments to pass therethrough. By contrast,mesh148 is a fairly tight mesh, or a microporous membrane, (or simplyloose mesh portion146 with a microporous membrane or other suitable filter material bonded or cast or otherwise disposed thereover) which does not allow the fragments to pass therethrough and therefore captures and retains the fragments therein. The mesh portions can provide a memory set which, in the relaxed position, is either deployed or collapsed.
• FIG. 14B illustrates adevice150 which is similar todevice140 shown inFIG. 14A, exceptstruts142 are eliminated and the twomesh portions146′ and148′ are simply joined together at aregion152. Also, the twomesh portions146′ and148′ are not two different discrete mesh portions but are formed of the same braided mesh material wherein the braid simply has a different pitch. The wider pitch inregion146′ provides a looser mesh, whereas the narrower pitch inregion148′ provides a tighter mesh that traps the embolic material.
• FIG. 14C illustrates adistal protection device160 which is similar to that shown inFIG. 14A. However, rather than simply providing a slotted tube,distal protection device160 includes a plurality ofstruts162 on a proximal region thereof and a plurality ofstruts164 on the distal region thereof.Struts162 are spaced further apart thanstruts164 about the periphery ofprotection device160. Therefore, struts162 defineopenings166 which are larger than theopenings168 defined bystruts164 and allow stenosis fragments to pass therethrough. Also, struts164 have secured to the interior surface thereof a filter ormesh portion170. When deployed,filter portion170 forms a substantially basket-shaped filter device opening toward the proximal region oftube172.
• FIG. 15 illustrates the operation of anotherdistal protection device176.Distal protection device176 includes a tube178 and a push/pull wire180. Tube178 has, at the distal end thereof, afilter assembly182.Filter assembly182 includes a plurality of preferably metal struts184 which have a microporous membrane, or othersuitable mesh186 disposed thereon. Tube178 also preferably includesend cap188 and umbrella-like expansion structure190 disposed at a distal region thereof.Expansion structure190 is connected to the distal region of tube178 and to metal struts184 such that, when push/pull wire180 is pulled relative to tube178,expansion member190 exerts a radial, outwardly directed force onstruts184 causing them to expand radially outwardly relative to the outer surface of tube178. This causes microporous membrane or mesh186 to be deployed in a manner opening toward the proximal end of tube178 to catch embolic material.Struts184 can also be formed of an appropriate polymer material.
• FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrate a protection device in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.FIG. 16A illustratesdistal protection device192.Device192 includesguidewire194,actuator wire196, and filterassembly198.Filter assembly198 includes anexpandable ring200, such as an expandable polymer or metal or other elastic material, which has attached thereto mesh202.Mesh202 is also attached to guidewire194 distally ofring200.Actuator wire196 is attached to sleeve orsheath204 which is positioned to fit about the outer periphery ofexpandable ring200, whenexpandable ring200 is in the collapsed position.
• Thus, whensheath204 is moved distally ofexpandable ring200,expandable ring200 has shape memory which causes it to expand into the position shown inFIG. 16A. Alternatively, whensheath204 is pulled proximally by pullingactuator wire196 relative to guidewire194,sheath204 collapsesring200 and holdsring200 in the collapsed position withinsheath204. Manipulatingwires194 and196 relative to one another causesdevice192 to move from the deployed position to the collapsed position, and vice versa.
• FIG. 16B is similar todevice192 except that, instead of having anexpandable ring200 connected at one point to wire194,distal protection device206 includesexpandable member208 which is formed of an elastic coil section ofwire194. Thus,elastic coil section208 has a shape memory which causes it to expand into the generally helical, conical shape shown inFIG. 16B. However, whensheath204 is pulled proximally relative toexpandable member208, this causessheath204 to capture and retainexpandable member208 in a collapsed position. Whensheath204 is again moved distally ofexpandable member208,expandable member208 returns to its expanded position shown inFIG. 163 carrying with it mesh210 into a deployed position. In the preferred embodiment,sheath204 is formed of a suitable polymer material andexpandable member208 andexpandable ring200 are preferably formed of Nitinol.
• FIGS. 17A and 17B illustrate the operation of anotherdistal protection device212.Protection device212 includesguidewire214 andfilter assembly216. In the preferred embodiment,filter assembly216 includes awire braid portion218 which extends from a distal region ofguidewire214 proximally thereof.Braid portion218 is formed of braided filaments or fibers which have a shape memory causing them to form a deployed, basket-shaped filter, such as that shown inFIG. 17A, in the unbiased position.Braided portion218 terminates at its proximal end in a plurality ofeyelets220. One ormore cinch wires222 are preferably threaded througheyelets220. By pushing onguidewire214 and pulling oncinch wires222, the operator is able to cinch closed, and pull proximally, the proximal portion ofmesh218. This causesmesh218 to collapse tightly about the outer surface ofwire214.
• Therefore, during operation, the operator holdsmesh218 in the collapsed position and insertsprotection device212 distally of the desired stenosis. The operator then allowscinch wire222 to move distally relative toguidewire214. This allowsmesh218 to open to the deployed position shown inFIG. 17A which has an outer diameter that approximates the inner diameter of the lumen within which it is disposed.Filter assembly216 is then disposed to capture embolic material from blood flowing therethrough. Once the embolic material is captured, the operator again movescinch wire222 proximally relative to guidewire214 to collapsefilter assembly216 and capture and retain the embolic material infilter assembly216. Thedevice212 is then removed.
• FIG. 17B showsdistal protection device212 except that in the embodiment shown inFIG. 17B,protection device212 is not disposed distally of the stenosis, but rather proximally. This results, for example, in an application where the blood flow is proximal of the stenosis rather than distal. Further, in the embodiment shown inFIG. 17B, guidewire214 is preferably hollow and thecinch wire222 extends through the lumen therein. By pushing onguidewire214, a force is exerted onmesh218 in the distal direction. This causescinch wire222 to tightly close the distal opening infilter assembly216 and to collapsemesh portion218. By contrast, by allowingcinch wire222 to move distal relative tohollow guidewire214,mesh portion218 expands and filterassembly216 is deployed as shown inFIG. 17B.
• FIGS. 18A and 18B illustrate adistal protection device250 in accordance with another aspect of the present invention.Device250 includesinner wire252 andouter tube254. In the preferred embodiment,inner wire252 is a core wire andouter tube254 has alumen256 therein large enough to accommodate longitudinal movement ofinner wire252 therein. Also, in the preferred embodiment,inner wire252 has, coupled to itsdistal end258, aspring tip260.
• Device250 includes expandable mesh orbraid portion262.Expandable portion262 has aproximal end264 which is attached to thedistal end266 oftube254. Also,expandable member262 has adistal end268 which is attached to thedistal end258 ofinner wire252.
• Expandable member262 is preferably a mesh or braided material which is coated with polyurethane. In one preferred embodiment, a distal portion ofexpandable member262 has a tighter mesh than a proximal portion thereof, or has a microporous membrane or other suitable filtering mechanism disposed thereover. In another preferred embodiment,expandable member262 is simply formed of a tighter mesh or braided material which, itself, forms the filter.FIG. 18A illustratesdevice250 in a collapsed, or insertion position wherein the outer diameter ofmesh portion262 closely approximates the outer diameters of eitherinner wire252 orouter tube254.
• FIG. 18B illustratesdevice250 in the deployed position in whichexpandable member262 is radially expanded relative to the collapsed position shown inFIG. 18A. In order to deploydevice250, theouter tube254 is moved distally with respect toinner wire252 such that the distal ends266 and258 ofwires254 and252 move longitudinally toward one another. Relative movement ofends266 and258 toward one another causes the mesh ofexpandable member262 to buckle and fold radially outwardly. Thus, the outer diameter ofexpandable member262 in the deployed position shown inFIG. 18B closely approximates the inner diameter of a vessel within which it is deployed.
• FIG. 18C illustratesdevice250 in a partially collapsed position. InFIG. 18C, thedistal end266 ofouter tube254 and thedistal end258 ofinner wire252 are moved even closer together than they are as shown inFIG. 18B. This causesexpandable mesh portion262 to fold over itself and form a rolling, proximally directedflap270. As longitudinal movement ofinner wire252 proximally with respect toouter tube254 continues,mesh portion262 continues to fold over itself such that the rollingflap portion270 has an outer radial diameter which continues to decrease. In other words,expandable mesh portion262 continues to fold over itself and to collapse over the outer periphery ofouter tube254.
• FIG. 18D illustratesdevice250 in a fully collapsed position in which it retains emboli captured therein. InFIG. 18D, thedistal end266 ofouter tube254 has been advanced as far distally as it can relative to thedistal end258 ofinner wire252. This causesexpandable mesh portion262 to fold all the way over on itself such that it lies against, and closely approximates the outer diameter of,outer tube254.Device250 thus captures any emboli filtered from the vessel within which it was deployed, and can be removed while retaining that embolic material.
• FIG. 19 illustratesdevice280 which depicts a further aspect in accordance with the present invention.Device280 includes outer tube282,core wire284, transition tube286,movable plunger288, expandable member290, fixedcollar292 and bias member294.
• In the preferred embodiment, tube282 comprises a proximal hypotube which is coupled to a plunger that selectively provides fluid under pressure through aninflation lumen296.Inner wire284 is preferably a tapered core wire which terminates at its distal end in aspring coil tip298 and which is coupled at its proximal end300 to transition tube286. Transition tube286 is preferably an outer polymer sleeve either over hypotube282, or simply disposed by itself and coupled to a hypotube282. Transition tube286 is capable of withstanding the inflation pressure provided by the fluid delivered through theinflation lumen296.
• Movable collar288 is preferably slidably engageable with the interior surface of transition tube286 and with the exterior surface ofcore wire284, and is longitudinally movable relative thereto.Slidable collar288 has, attached at its distal end, bias spring294 which is preferably coiled aboutcore wire284 and extends to fixedcollar292.Fixed collar292 is is preferably fixedly attached to the exterior surface of a distal portion ofcore wire284.
• Expandable member290 is preferably formed, at a proximal portion thereof, of either discrete struts, or another suitable frame (such as a loose mesh) which allows blood and embolic material to flow therethrough. Theproximal end302 of expandable member290 is coupled to a distal region ofmovable collar288. The distal portion of expandable member290 is preferably formed of a filtering material which is suitable for allowing blood flow therethrough, but which will capture embolic material being carried by the blood.
• In one preferred embodiment, spring294 is biased to forcecollars288 and292 away from one another. Thus, as spring294 urgescollars288 and292 away from one another,collar288 retracts within transition tube286 pulling expandable member290 into a collapsed position aboutcore wire284. However, in order to deploy collapsible member290 as shown inFIG. 19, the operator preferably actuates a plunger (not shown) which delivers pressurized fluid throughlumen296. The pressurized fluid enters transition tube286 and travels about the outer periphery ofinner core wire284, thus forcingmovable collar288 to move distally alongcore wire284. This overcomes the spring force exerted by spring294 thus causingcollars288 and292 to move toward one another, relatively. This motion causes expandable member290 to buckle and expand outwardly to the deployed position shown inFIG. 19.
• Expandable member290 is collapsed by releasing the pressure applied through lumen296 (i.e., by causing the plunger to move proximally). This allows spring294 to again urgecollars288 and292 away from one another to collapse expandable member290. In an alternative embodiment, the frame supporting expandable member290 is imparted with a memory (such as a heat set, or a thermally responsive material which assumes a memory upon reaching a transition temperature) such that the resting state of the frame supporting expandable member290 is in a collapsed position. This eliminates the need for spring294. The expandable member290, in that preferred embodiment, is expanded using the hydraulic pressure provided by the pressurized fluid introduced throughlumen296, and it is collapsed by simply allowing the memory in expandable member290 to force fluid from transition tube286 back throughlumen296.
• FIGS. 20A and 20B illustrate another aspect in accordance with the present invention. Adevice310 includes amesh portion312 supported by aframe314. Expansion offrame314 to the radially expanded position shown inFIG. 20A is driven by an expandable member, such as a balloon,316 which is coupled toframe314.Balloon316 is coupled to a distal end of adistal hypotube318, which is formed of a suitable material, such as nitinol. It should be noted that the distal tip ofhypotube318 includes aspring tip320.
• Distal hypotube318 is shown coupled to aproximal hypotube322 which has a taperedportion324 therein. In the preferred embodiment,proximal hypotube322 is formed of a suitable material, such as stainless steel. Aplunger326 is longitudinally movable within the lumen of bothproximal hypotube322 anddistal hypotube318.
• Frame314, and consequently meshportion312, are deployed by theoperator moving plunger326 distally within the lumens ofhypotubes318 and322. This causes pressurized fluid to enterballoon316, thereby inflatingballoon316 and driving deployment offrame314 andmesh312. In order to collapseframe314 andmesh312, the operator preferably movesplunger326 proximally within the lumens oftubes318 and322 to withdraw fluid from withinballoon316. Alternatively, mesh312 orframe314 can have a memory set which is either in the inflated or collapsed position such that the operator need only affirmatively moveframe314 and mesh312 to either the deployed or collapsed position, whichever is opposite of the memory set.
• In either case, it is desirable that the operator be able to lockplunger326 in a single longitudinal position relative to hypotubes318 and322. Thus,device310 includes alocking region328.
• FIG. 20B illustrates lockingregion328 in greater detail.FIG. 20B illustrates that, in lockingregion328,plunger326 has a plurality ofgrooves330 formed in the outer radial surface thereof. Also, in accordance with the present invention,FIG. 20B illustrates that one ofhypotubes318 or322 has an inwardly projectingportion332. In one preferred embodiment, inwardly projectingportion332 includes an inwardly extending, deflectable, annular rim which extends inwardly from eitherhypotube318 or322. In another preferred embodiment, the inwardly projectingportion332 includes a plurality of discrete fingers which extend inwardly from one ofhypotubes318 or322 and which are angularly displaced about the interior periphery of thecorresponding hypotube318 or322.
• In operation, as the operator advancesplunger326 distally within the lumens ofhypotubes318 and322, inwardly projectingportion332 rides along the exterior periphery ofplunger326 until it encounters one ofgrooves330. Then, inwardly projectingportion332 snaps into thegroove330 to lockplunger326 longitudinally relative totubes318 and322.
• It should be noted that, in the preferred embodiment, both inwardly projectingportions332 andgrooves330 are formed such that, when gentle pressure is exerted by the operator onplunger326 relative to hypotubes318 and322,projection portions332 follow the contour ofgrooves330 up and out ofgrooves330 so thatplunger326 can again be freely moved within the lumens ofhypotubes318 and322. Thus, the relative interaction between projectingportions332 andgrooves330 provides a ratcheting type of operation whereinplunger326 can be releasably locked into one of a plurality longitudinal positionsrelative hypotubes318 and322, since a plurality ofgrooves330 are provided.Plunger326 can be moved back and forth longitudinally within the lumens ofhypotubes318 and322 in a ratcheting manner and can be locked into one of a plurality of relative longitudinal positions because there are a plurality ofgrooves330 in the exterior ofplunger326. It should also be noted, however, that in another preferred embodiment, a plurality of sets of inwardly projectingportions332 are provided along the inner longitudinal surface ofhypotubes318 and/or322. In that case, only asingle groove330 needs to be formed in the exterior surface ofplunger326; and the same type of ratcheting locking operation is obtained.
• In the preferred embodiment, at least the exterior ofhypotubes318 and322, and preferably the exterior ofplunger326, are tapered. This allowsdevice310 to maintain increased flexibility. It should also be noted that, in the preferred embodiment, hypotubes318 and322 are preferably sized as conventional guidewires.
• FIG. 21A illustrates a protection device in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.FIG. 21A illustratesdistal protection device340.Device340 is similar todevices192 and206 shown inFIGS. 16A and 16B. However, in the preferred embodiment,device340 includes hoop-shapedframe342,filter portion344, andwire346. Hoop-shapedframe342 is preferably a self-expanding frame formed of a wire which includes a shape memory alloy. In a more preferred embodiment hoop-shapedframe342 is formed of a nitinol wire having a diameter in a range of approximately 0.002-0.004 inches.
• Filter portion344 is preferably formed of a polyurethane material having holes therein such that blood flow can pass throughfilter344, but emboli (of a desired size) cannot pass throughfilter344 but are retained therein. In one preferred embodiment,filter material344 is attached to hoop-shapedframe342 with a suitable, commercially available adhesive. In another preferred embodiment,filter344 has a proximal portion thereof folded over hoop-shapedframe342, and the filter material is attached itself either with adhesive, by stitching, or by another suitable connection mechanism, in order to secure it about hoop-shapedframe342. This connection is preferably formed by a suitable adhesive or other suitable connection mechanism.
• Also, the distal end offilter344 is preferably attached about the outer periphery ofwire346,proximate coil tip348 onwire346.
• In one preferred configuration,filter344 is approximately 15 mm in longitudinal length, and has a diameter at its mouth (defined by hoop-shaped frame342) of a conventional size (such as 4.0 mm, 4.5 mm, 5 mm, 5.5 mm, or 6 mm). Of course, any other suitable size can be used as well.
• Also, in the preferred configuration,filter344 is formed of a polyurethane material with the holes laser drilled therein. The holes are preferably approximately 100 μm in diameter. Of course, filter344 can also be a microporous membrane, a wire or polymer braid or mesh, or any other suitable configuration.
• Wire346 is preferably a conventional stainless-steel guidewire having conventional guidewire dimensions. For instance, in one embodiment,wire346 is a solid core wire having an outer diameter of approximately 0.014 inches and an overall length of up to 300 cm. Also, in the preferred embodiment,wire346 has adistal end350, in a regionproximate filter344, which tapers from an outer diameter at its proximal end which is the same as the outer diameter of the remainder ofwire346, to an outer diameter of approximately 0.055 inches at its distal end. Atdistal region350, guidewire346 is preferably formed of stainless steel304.
• Of course, other suitable guidewire dimensions and configurations can also be used. For example guidewires having an outer diameter of approximately 0.018 inches may also be used. For other coronary applications, different dimensions may also be used, such as outer diameters of approximately 0.010-inches to 0.014 inches. Further, it will be appreciated that the particular size ofwire346 will vary with application. Applications involving neural vasculature will require the use of a smaller guidewire, while other applications will require the use of a larger guidewire. Also,wire346 can be replaced by a hollow guidewire, or hypotube of similar, or other suitable dimensions.
• In addition, in order to makewire342,hoop346, or filter344 radiopaque, other materials can be used. For example, radiopaque loaded powder can be used to form a polyurethane sheath which is fitted overwire346 orhoop342, or which is implemented infilter344. Also,hoop342 andwire346 can be gold plated in order to increase radiopacity. Also, marker bands can be used onwire346 or filter344 to increase the radiopacity of the device.
• In operation, hoop342 (and thus filter344) is preferably collapsed to a radially contracted position which more closely approximates the outer diameter ofwire346. Methods of performing this contraction are described later in the specification. Once retracted to a more low profile position,wire346 is manipulated to positionhoop342 and filter344 distal of a restriction to be treated. Then, the restraining force which is used to restrainhoop342 in the predeployment, low profile position is removed, and the superelastic properties of nitinol hoop342 (or the shape memory properties of another shape memory alloy) are utilized in allowinghoop342 to assume its shape memory position. This causeshoop342 to define a substantially lumen filling mouth to filter344 which is positioned distal of the restriction to be treated.
• A suitable dilatation device is then advanced overwire346 and is used to treat the vascular restriction. Emboli which are carried by blood flow distal of the restriction are captured byfilter344. After the dilatation procedure,filter344, along with the emboli retained therein, are retrieved from the vasculature. Various retrieval procedures and devices are described later in the specification.
• By allowing hoop-shapedframe342 to be unattached towire346, and only connected to wire346 through filter344 (or other super structure used to support filter344),wire346 is allowed to substantially float withinhoop342. This configuration provides some advantages. For instance,hoop342 can better follow the vasculature without kinking or prolapsing (i.e., without collapsing upon itself). Thus, certain positioning or repositioning offilter344 can be accomplished with less difficulty.
• FIG. 21B illustrates aprotection device352 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.Protection device352 is similar toprotection device340, and similar items are similarly numbered. However, rather than having simply a hoop-shapedframe342 to supportfilter344, and drivefilter344 into its expanded and deployed position,device352 includesframe354 which includes a hoop-shapedportion356, and a pair oftails358 and360.
• Tails358 and360 extend proximally from hoop-shapedportion356 to anattachment region362. In the preferred embodiment,tails358 and360 are attached to wire346 atattachment region362 by soldering, welding, brazing, adhesive, or any other suitable attachment mechanism. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 21B,attachment sleeve364, formed of a weldable material, is attached at its inner periphery totails358 and360.Sleeve364 is then attached, using welding or brazing, to wire346.
• By providingtails358 and360,frame354 is directly connected towire346. However,tails358 and360 are provided so that the point of attachment offrame354 towire346 is located several millimeters proximal of hoop-shapedportion356. This provides some additional structural integrity to frame354, but still allowsframe354 to substantially float aboutwire346 in the region of hoop-shapedframe portion356.
• FIG. 21C illustrates aprotection device366 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.Protection device366 is similar toprotection devices340 and352 shown inFIGS. 21A and 21B, and similar items are similarly numbered. However,device366 includes hoop-shaped frame368. Frame368 is similar to frame342 shown inFIG. 21A. However, unlikeframe342, hoop368 does not allowwire346 to float freely therein. Instead, hoop368 is directly attached to wire346 atattachment point370. This causes hoop-shaped frame368 and filter344 to reside eccentrically aboutwire346.
• FIGS. 22A-22C illustrate one preferred embodiment for delivering one ofdevices340,352 and366. For the sake of clarity,only device352 is illustrated inFIGS. 22A-22C.
• FIG. 22A illustratesdelivery device372. In the preferred embodiment,delivery device372 includesproximal hub374,shaft376, anddistal retaining section378. Also, in one preferred embodiment,device372 also includesmarker band380. In the preferred embodiment,delivery device372 is similar to a conventional balloon catheter in thatproximal hub374 is a conventional hub, andshaft376 is a conventional balloon catheter shaft. Further,distal retaining section378 is preferably a conventional angioplasty balloon having an inflated diameter of approximately 1.5-2.0 millimeters, but having its distal end cutoff such that thedistal end382 ofballoon378 is open.
• Prior to insertion ofdevice372 into the vasculature, hoop-shapedframe354 is retracted into its low profile deployment position and is withdrawn throughend382 intoballoon378. Then, the distal end ofballoon378 is exposed to heat to heat shrink or heat set the distal end ofballoon378 around the radially retracteddevice352.Device372, includingdevice352, is then inserted in the vasculature either through a preplaced guide catheter, along with a guide catheter, or simply without a guide catheter utilizingcoil tip348.
• In any case, oncedevice372 is properly placed such thatballoon378 is located distal of the restriction to be treated,distal protection device352 is then removed from within heat collapsedballoon378. In one preferred embodiment, the physician simply accomplishes longitudinal movement ofwire346 relative tocatheter376. For instance, the physician may simply holdwire346 longitudinally in place and withdrawcatheter376 proximally relative to wire346 by pulling onhub374. This causesballoon378 to move proximally relative todevice352, and thereby to exposedevice352 to the vasculature.
• FIG. 22B illustrates another preferred embodiment for removingdevice352 from withinballoon378. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 22B,syringe384, which contains fluid, is inserted intocoupling386 inhub374. The physician then introduces pressurized fluid into the lumen ofcatheter376. The pressurized fluid advances down the lumen ofcatheter376 to the distal end where it encounters collapsedballoon378. The pressure exerted onballoon378 by the pressurized fluid causesballoon378 to open radially. Then, the physician withdrawscatheter376 relative todevice352 thereby exposingdevice352 to the vasculature.
• In any case, oncedevice352 is no longer restrained byballoon378,device352 assumes its shape memory position in the vasculature, as illustrated inFIG. 22C. Thus,device352 substantially forms a lumen-filling basket or filter which allows blood to pass distally therethrough, but which retains or captures embolic material carried by the blood flow. The physician then simply removesdevice372 from the vasculature, leavingdevice352 in place during subsequent procedures. In one preferred embodiment,shaft376 includes a predefined slit or score from a region just proximal ofmarker band380 to, or through,hub374. Thus, as the physician removesdevice372, it can be peeled away fromdevice352. Also, or alternatively,device372 can be provided with an aperture inshaft376 near its distal end. The proximal end ofwire346 will thus lie outside ofshaft376.Wire346 can entershaft376 through the aperture and extend through the distal end ofshaft376. This also facilitates easier withdrawal ofdevice372 overwire346.
• FIGS. 23A-23E illustrate one preferred embodiment for retrieving one of thedevices340,352 and366 described inFIGS. 21A-21C. For the sake of clarity,only device352 is illustrated inFIGS. 23A-23E.FIG. 23A illustratesretrieval device388.Retrieval device388 is preferably formed ofproximal shaft390,mesh portion392, andend cap394.Items390,392 and394 preferably each have lumens therein to define a passageway for receivingwire346. Also,wire346 may optionally be provided with an positive stop396 (which can be embodied as a radiopaque marker band).Optional stop396 may also simply be an annular ring attached to wire346 proximate to filter344, or may be any other suitable stop.
• Proximal shaft390 is preferably simply a polymer or nitinol tube sized and configured to track overwire346.End cap394 is also preferably formed to track overwire346, but also contains radiopaque material to serve as a distal marker band forretrieval device388.Mesh392 is preferably a braid or mesh formed of wire or polymer material having sufficient flexibility that it can be deflected as described below.
• Mesh392 preferably has a proximal end coupled toproximal shaft390, by adhesive, welding, or other suitable attachment mechanisms. Mesh392 also preferably includes a distal end connected to endcap394, also by a suitable connection mechanism.
• In order to retrievefilter344, which likely contains embolic material,device388 is inserted in the low profile position shown inFIG. 23A, overwire346, to a positionproximate filter344. Then,device388 is advanced towardfilter344, untilend cap394 abutspositive stop396, or the hoop-shapedframe354. Continued advancement ofproximal shaft390 relative to wire346 causes compression ofmesh392. This results in a radial expansion of an intermediate portion of mesh392 (between the proximal and distal ends of mesh392). The radial expansion ofmesh portion392 is illustrated inFIG. 23B.
• By continuing to advanceproximal shaft390 relative to wire346, the intermediate portion ofmesh392 is configured to bend over on itself such that it is axially displaced towardfilter344, in the direction generally indicated byarrows398 inFIG. 23C. In the preferred embodiment,mesh392 is sized and configured such that, with continued advancement ofproximal shaft390 relative to wire346, this action continues as shown inFIGS. 23D and 23E until the intermediate portion ofmesh392 encompasses at least the mouth offilter344. Also, in the preferred embodiment, the intermediate portion ofmesh392, when driven as described above, engages and contracts the mouth offilter344 to a lower profile position, such as that shown inFIG. 23E. In yet another preferred embodiment,mesh392 is sized and configured to substantially engulf theentire filter344.
• Once at least the mouth offilter344 is encompassed bymesh392,device388, along withdevice352, are simply withdrawn from the vasculature. In one preferred embodiment in which a guide catheter is used,devices388 and352 are simply withdrawn either into the guide catheter and the guide catheter is removed with those devices, simultaneously, ordevices388 and352 are removed from the guide catheter prior to removal of the guide catheter. In another preferred embodiment, in which no guide catheter is used,devices388 and352 are simply removed from the vasculature simultaneously.
• It will also be appreciated, of course, that rather than providingdevice388 with a singleproximal tube390 andend cap394, a second actuation tube or wire can also be provided which is attached to endcap394, and which extends back through the lumen inproximal tube390 and is longitudinally movable relative toproximal shaft390. In that way, the actuation wire or elongate member can be used to pullcap394 closer to the distal portion ofproximal shaft390 in order to accomplish the action illustrated inFIGS. 23A-23E. This feature is also illustrated inFIGS. 18A-18D which illustrate the mesh portion folded proximally rather than distally.
• FIGS. 24A-24C illustrate another preferred embodiment in accordance with the present invention, for retrieving any of thedistal protection devices340,352 or366 shown inFIGS. 21A-21C. For the sake of clarity,only device352 is illustrated inFIGS. 24A-24C.
• FIG. 24A illustratesretrieval device400.Retrieval device400 preferably includesretrieval sheath402,proximal locking device404,dilator sheath405, andnose cone406. In the preferred embodiment,retrieval sheath402 is preferably formed of polyether block amide (PEBAX) material having an outer diameter of approximately six French (i.e., approximately 2 mm) and having a shore D hardness of approximately 40. Also,retrieval sheath402 preferably has a wall thickness of approximately 0.004 inches.Dilator sheath405, andnose cone406, are preferably formed of low density polyethylene, or high density polyethylene.Sheath405 preferably has an outer diameter which is approximately equal to the inner diameter ofsheath402. In addition, the inner diameter ofsheath405 andnose cone406 is preferably just large enough to fit over, and track over,wire346.Nose cone406 preferably has a proximal portion which is either attached to, or formed integrally with,sheath405. The outer diameter of the proximal portion ofnose cone406 is also approximately the same as the outer diameter ofsheath405. However,nose cone406 also preferably has a distal portion which tapers, or reduces along preferably a smooth curve, to an outer diameter which terminates at the inner diameter ofnose cone406.
• Proximal locking device404 is preferably any suitable, and commercially available, locking device which can be configured to lockdilator sheath405 to guidewire346.
• In order to retrievedevice352 from the vasculature,device400 is preferably advanced overguidewire346 to a position shown inFIG. 24B, in which the distal portion ofnose cone406 is closely proximate, or adjacent to, eitheroptional stop396 or the mouth offilter344. Then,proximal locking device404 is actuated to lockdilator sheath405 to wire346 so thatwire346 and dilator sheath405 (as well as nose cone406) can be moved as a unitary piece.
• Next, wire346 (and hencedilator sheath405 and nose cone406) are withdrawn longitudinally relative toretrieval sheath402. This causes the mouth offilter344 to enter within the distal opening inretrieval sheath402. This results indevice352 being positioned relative tosheath402 as shown inFIG. 24C. Of course,wire346,dilator sheath405 andnose cone406 can be withdrawn further intosheath402 such that theentire filter344, andwire tip348, are disposed within the lumen ofsheath402.
• In any case, once at least the mouth offilter344 is withinsheath402,device352 is configured to be removed from the vasculature. This can be accomplished by either removingdilator sheath405,nose cone406 anddevice352 as a unitary piece, leavingsheath402 in place for later removal, or by removingsheath402 with the remainder of the system, either through a guide catheter or simply through the vasculature, simultaneously. Also, where a guide catheter is used,device352 anddevice400 can be removed through the guide catheter leaving the guide catheter in place, or the guide catheter can be removed simultaneously with theother devices352 and400.
• It should be noted that all of the devices according to the present invention can optionally be coated with an antithrombotic material, such as heparin (commercially available under the tradename Duraflow from Baxter), to inhibit clotting.
• Thus, in accordance with one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the superelastic properties of nitinol are used to form a frame at least in the area of the mouth of the distal protection filter. Thus, the distal protection device can be deployed, retrieved, and re-deployed any number of times without incurring plastic deformation. In addition, in other preferred embodiments in accordance with the present invention, various deployment and retrieval techniques and systems are provided which address various problems associated with such systems.
• Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims (20)

1-30. (canceled)

31. An embolic protection device, comprising:

an elongate wire having a proximal end and a distal end; and

a filter eccentrically coupled to the elongate wire proximal the distal end of the elongate wire, the filter including a wire frame defining a proximal opening and a filter mesh coupled to the wire frame;

wherein the filter is movable between an expanded position and a contracted position.

32. The embolic protection device ofclaim 31, wherein the wire frame comprises a radiopaque material.

33. The embolic protection device ofclaim 31, wherein the filter is biased in the expanded position.

34. The embolic protection device ofclaim 31, wherein the filter mesh includes a plurality of filaments.

35. The embolic protection device ofclaim 31, wherein the filter mesh has a generally conical shape.

36. The embolic protection device ofclaim 31, wherein the filter has a proximal end and a distal end, wherein the distal end is coupled to the elongate wire.

37. The embolic protection device ofclaim 31, wherein the filter is eccentrically coupled to the elongate wire such that the proximal opening of the wire frame is disposed to one side of the elongate wire.

38. The embolic protection device ofclaim 31, wherein the elongate wire extends through the filter.

39. The embolic protection device ofclaim 38, wherein the filter includes a distal end coupled to the elongate wire.

40. An embolic protection device, comprising:

an elongate wire having a proximal end and a distal end; and

a generally conical filter element having a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end defining a proximal opening and the distal end defining a generally enclosed end;

wherein the proximal end of the filter element is coupled to the elongate wire such that the proximal opening is not concentric with the elongate wire.

41. The embolic protection device ofclaim 40, wherein the filter element includes a wire loop and a mesh coupled to the wire loop.

42. The embolic protection device ofclaim 41, wherein the wire loop includes a radiopaque material.

43. The embolic protection device ofclaim 41, wherein the mesh includes a plurality of filaments.

44. The embolic protection device ofclaim 40, wherein the distal end of the filter element is coupled to the elongate wire.

45. The embolic protection device ofclaim 40, wherein the filter element is movable between an expanded position and a contracted position.

46. The embolic protection device ofclaim 40, wherein the elongate wire extends through the filter element.

47. An embolic protection device, comprising:

a generally conical filter having a proximal end and a distal end, the filter including a wire frame adjacent the proximal end of the filter defining a proximal opening and a filter mesh coupled to the wire frame; and

an elongate wire having a proximal end and a distal end, the elongate wire extending through the filter and coupled to the wire frame such that the proximal opening of the wire frame is not concentric with the elongate wire.

48. The embolic protection device ofclaim 47, wherein the distal end of the filter is coupled to the elongate wire.

49. The embolic protection device ofclaim 47, wherein the wire frame includes a radiopaque material.

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