US20050095714A1 - High throughput preparation of lubricating oil compositions for combinatorial libraries - Google Patents

Abstract

A high throughput preparation of a plurality of different lubricating oil compositions for combinatorial libraries and subsequent high throughput screening for lubricant performance is provided. The methods can advantageously be optimized using combinatorial chemistry, in which a database of combinations of lubricating oil compositions are generated. As market conditions vary and/or product requirements or customer specifications change, conditions suitable for forming desired products can be identified with little or no downtime.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• 1. Technical Field
• The present invention relates generally to high throughput preparation of a plurality of different lubricating oil compositions for combinatorial libraries and subsequent high throughput screening for lubricant performance.
• 2. Description of the Related Art
• The use of a combinatorial approach for materials synthesis is a relatively new area of research aimed at using rapid synthesis and screening methods to build libraries of polymeric, inorganic or solid state materials. For example, advances in reactor technology have empowered chemists and engineers to rapidly produce large libraries of discrete organic molecules in the pursuit of new drug discovery, which have led to the development of a growing branch of research called combinatorial chemistry. Combinatorial chemistry generally refers to methods and materials for creating collections of diverse materials or compounds—commonly known as libraries—and to techniques and instruments for evaluating or screening libraries for desirable properties.
• Presently, research in the lubricant industry involves individually forming candidate lubricating oil compositions and then performing a macro-scale analysis of the candidate compositions by employing a large amount of the candidate to be tested. Additionally, the methods employed for testing each candidate composition require manual operation. This, in turn, significantly reduces the number of compositions that can be tested and identified as leading lubricating oil compositions.
• Drawbacks associated with conventional screening procedures can be seen as follows. For example, governmental and automotive industry pressure towards reducing the phosphorous and sulfur content of lubricating oil compositions used as, for example, passenger car and heavy duty diesel engine oils, is leading to new research to identify oil compositions which can satisfy certain tests such as, for example, oxidation, wear and compatibility tests, while containing low levels of phosphorous and sulfur. In this context, United States Military Standards MIL-L-46152E and the ILSAC Standards defined by the Japanese and United States Automobile Industry Association at present require the phosphorous content of engine oils to be at or below 0.10 wt. % with future phosphorous content being proposed to even lower levels, e.g., 0.08 wt. % by January, 2004 and below 0.05 wt. % by January, 2006. Also, at present, there is no industry standard requirement for sulfur content in engine oils, but it has been proposed that the sulfur content be below 0.2 wt. % by January, 2006. Thus, it would be desirable to decrease the amount of phosphorous and sulfur in lubricating oils still further, thereby meeting future industry standard proposed phosphorous and sulfur contents in the engine oil while still retaining the oxidation or corrosion inhibiting properties and antiwear properties of the higher phosphorous and sulfur content engine oils. In order to accomplish this, a large number of proposed lubricating oil compositions must be tested to determine which compositions may be useful.
• Additionally, similar changes in specifications and changing customer needs also drive reformulation efforts in other lubricant applications such as, for example, transmission fluids, hydraulic fluids, gear oils, marine cylinder oils, compressor oils, refrigeration lubricants and the like.
• However, as stated above, present research in the lubricant industry does not allow for reformulation to occur in an expeditious manner. As such, there exists a need in the art for a more efficient, economical and systematic approach for the preparation of lubricating oil compositions and screening of such compositions for information correlating to the actual useful properties of the compositions.
• Accordingly, it would be desirable to rapidly prepare a plurality of sample candidate lubricating oil compositions utilizing small amounts of each sample. In this manner, a high throughput preparation and subsequent screening of a vast number of diverse compositions can be achieved to identify leading lubricating oil compositions.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• A method for preparing a vast number of diverse lubricating oil compositions and system therefor is provided herein. Accordingly, in one embodiment of the present invention a method for preparing a plurality of different lubricant oil formulations is provided comprising the steps of (a) providing a major amount of (i) at least one base oil of lubricating viscosity and (ii) a minor amount of at least one lubricating oil additive for combination to formulate a lubricating oil composition; (b) providing a plurality of test reservoirs; (c) combining, under program control, the major amount of the at least one base oil of lubricating viscosity and the at least one lubricating oil additive in varying percentage compositions to provide a plurality of different lubricating oil composition samples; and, (d) containing each of the different lubricating oil composition samples in the plurality of test reservoirs.
• In a second embodiment of the present invention, a system for preparing a plurality of lubricant oil compositions, under program control, is provided comprising (a) a supply of at least one base oil of lubricating viscosity; (b) a supply of at least one lubricating oil additive; (c) a plurality of test reservoirs; (d) means for combining selected quantities of the at least one base oil of lubricating viscosity with selected quantities of the at least one lubricating oil additive to form a plurality of different lubricating oil composition samples; and, (e) means for dispensing each lubricating oil composition sample in a respective test reservoir.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• Various embodiments are described below with reference to the drawings wherein:
• FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system for preparing a plurality of different lubricating oil compositions; and,
• FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a dispensing system of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)
• The invention is directed to the high throughput preparation of a plurality of different lubricating oil composition samples for subsequent testing for lubricant performance properties. The expression “high throughput” as used herein shall be understood to mean that a relatively large number of different lubricating oil compositions can be rapidly prepared and analyzed. In general, varying quantities of at least one base oil of lubricating viscosity and at least one lubricating oil additive are introduced in respective test reservoirs so that each reservoir contains a different lubricating oil composition. The procedure is advantageously accomplished under program control and is automatically controlled by, for example, a microprocessor or other computer control device. The expression “program control” as used herein shall be understood to mean the equipment used herein in providing the plurality of lubricating oil compositions is automated and controlled by a microprocessor or other computer control device.
• The lubricating oil compositions for use in the high throughput preparation method of this invention include as a first component a major amount of base oil of lubricating viscosity, e.g., an amount of greater than 50 wt. %, preferably greater than about 70 wt. %, more preferably from about 80 to about 99.5 wt. % and most preferably from about 85 to about 98 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. The expression “base oil” as used herein shall be understood to mean a base stock or blend of base stocks which is a lubricant component that is produced by a single manufacturer to the same specifications (independent of feed source or manufacturer's location); that meets the same manufacturer's specification; and that is identified by a unique formula, product identification number, or both. The base oil for use herein can be any presently known or later-discovered base oil of lubricating viscosity used in formulating lubricating oil compositions for any and all such applications, e.g., engine oils, marine cylinder oils, functional fluids such as hydraulic oils, gear oils, transmission fluids, etc. Additonally, the base oils for use herein can optionally contain viscosity index improvers, e.g., polymeric alkylmethacrylates; olefinic copolymers, e.g., an ethylene-propylene copolymer or a styrene-butadiene copolymer; and the like and mixtures thereof. As one skilled in the art would readily appreciate, the viscosity of the base oil is dependent upon the application. Accordingly, the viscosity of a base oil for use herein will ordinarily range from about 2 to about 2000 centistokes (cSt) at 100° Centigrade (C). Generally, individually the base oils used as engine oils will have a kinematic viscosity range at 100° C. of about 2 cSt to about 30 cSt, preferably about 3 cSt to about 16 cSt, and most preferably about 4 cSt to about 12 cSt and will be selected or blended depending on the desired end use and the additives in the finished oil to give the desired grade of engine oil, e.g., a lubricating oil composition having an SAE Viscosity Grade of 0W, 0W-20, 0W-30, 0W-40, 0W-50, 0W-60, 5W, 5W-20, 5W-30, 5W-40, 5W-50, 5W-60, 10W, 10W-20, 10W-30, 10W-40, 10W-50, 15W, 15W-20, 15W-30 or 15W-40. Oils used as gear oils can have viscosities ranging from about 2 cSt to about 2000 cSt at 100° C.
• Base stocks may be manufactured using a variety of different processes including, but not limited to, distillation, solvent refining, hydrogen processing, oligomerization, esterification, and rerefining. Rerefined stock shall be substantially free from materials introduced through manufacturing, contamination, or previous use. The base oil of the lubricating oil compositions of this invention may be any natural or synthetic lubricating base oil. Suitable hydrocarbon synthetic oils include, but are not limited to, oils prepared from the polymerization of ethylene or from the polymerization of 1-olefins to provide polymers such as polyalphaolefin or PAO oils, or from hydrocarbon synthesis procedures using carbon monoxide and hydrogen gases such as in a Fisher-Tropsch process. For example, a suitable base oil is one that comprises little, if any, heavy fraction; e.g., little, if any, lube oil fraction of viscosity 20 cSt or higher at 100° C.
• The base oil may be derived from natural lubricating oils, synthetic lubricating oils or mixtures thereof. Suitable base oil includes base stocks obtained by isomerization of synthetic wax and slack wax, as well as hydrocracked base stocks produced by hydrocracking (rather than solvent extracting) the aromatic and polar components of the crude. Suitable base oils include those in all API categories I, II, III, IV and V as defined in API Publication 1509, 14th Edition, Addendum I, December 1998. Group IV base oils are polyalphaolefins (PAO). Group V base oils include all other base oils not included in Group I, II, III, or IV. Although Group II, III and IV base oils are preferred for use in this invention, these preferred base oils may be prepared by combining one or more of Group I, II, III, IV and V base stocks or base oils.
• Useful natural oils include mineral lubricating oils such as, for example, liquid petroleum oils, solvent-treated or acid-treated mineral lubricating oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic types, oils derived from coal or shale, animal oils, vegetable oils (e.g., rapeseed oils, castor oils and lard oil), and the like.
• Useful synthetic lubricating oils include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbon oils and halo-substituted hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins, e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene-isobutylene copolymers, chlorinated polybutylenes, poly(1-hexenes), poly(1-octenes), poly(1-decenes), and the like and mixtures thereof; alkylbenzenes such as dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di(2-ethylhexyl)-benzenes, and the like; polyphenyls such as biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenyls, and the like; alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and the derivative, analogs and homologs thereof and the like.
• Other useful synthetic lubricating oils include, but are not limited to, oils made by polymerizing olefins of less than 5 carbon atoms such as ethylene, propylene, butylenes, isobutene, pentene, and mixtures thereof. Methods of preparing such polymer oils are well known to those skilled in the art.
• Additional useful synthetic hydrocarbon oils include liquid polymers of alpha olefins having the proper viscosity. Especially useful synthetic hydrocarbon oils are the hydrogenated liquid oligomers of C₆to C₁₂alpha olefins such as, for example, 1-decene trimer.
• Another class of useful synthetic lubricating oils include, but are not limited to, alkylene oxide polymers, i.e., homopolymers, interpolymers, and derivatives thereof where the terminal hydroxyl groups have been modified by, for example, esterification or etherification. These oils are exemplified by the oils prepared through polymerization of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, the alkyl and phenyl ethers of these polyoxyalkylene polymers (e.g., methyl poly propylene glycol ether having an average molecular weight of 1,000, diphenyl ether of polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 500-1000, diethyl ether of polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of 1,000-1,500, etc.) or mono- and polycarboxylic esters thereof such as, for example, the acetic esters, mixed C₃-C₈fatty acid esters, or the C₁₃oxo acid diester of tetraethylene glycol.
• Yet another class of useful synthetic lubricating oils include, but are not limited to, the esters of dicarboxylic acids e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids, alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acids, alkyl malonic acids, alkenyl malonic acids, etc., with a variety of alcohols, e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol, etc. Specific examples of these esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid and the like.
• Esters useful as synthetic oils also include, but are not limited to, those made from carboxylic acids having from about 5 to about 12 carbon atoms with alcohols, e.g., methanol, ethanol, etc., polyols and polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, and the like.
• Silicon-based oils such as, for example, polyalkyl-, polyaryl-, polyalkoxy- or polyaryloxy-siloxane oils and silicate oils, comprise another useful class of synthetic lubricating oils. Specific examples of these include, but are not limited to, tetraethyl silicate, tetra-isopropyl silicate, tetra-(2-ethylhexyl) silicate, tetra-(4-methyl-hexyl)silicate, tetra-(p-tert-butylphenyl)silicate, hexyl-(4-methyl-2-pentoxy)disiloxane, poly(methyl)siloxanes, poly(methylphenyl)siloxanes, and the like. Still yet other useful synthetic lubricating oils include, but are not limited to, liquid esters of phosphorous containing acids, e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, diethyl ester of decane phosphionic acid, etc., polymeric tetrahydrofurans and the like.
• The lubricating oil may be derived from unrefined, refined and rerefined oils, either natural, synthetic or mixtures of two or more of any of these of the type disclosed hereinabove. Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source (e.g., coal, shale, or tar sands bitumen) without further purification or treatment. Examples of unrefined oils include, but are not limited to, a shale oil obtained directly from retorting operations, a petroleum oil obtained directly from distillation or an ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process, each of which is then used without further treatment. Refined oils are similar to the unrefined oils except they have been further treated in one or more purification steps to improve one or more properties. These purification techniques are known to those of skill in the art and include, for example, solvent extractions, secondary distillation, acid or base extraction, filtration, percolation, hydrotreating, dewaxing, etc. Rerefined oils are obtained by treating used oils in processes similar to those used to obtain refined oils. Such rerefined oils are also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oils and often are additionally processed by techniques directed to removal of spent additives and oil breakdown products.
• Lubricating oil base stocks derived from the hydroisomerization of wax may also be used, either alone or in combination with the aforesaid natural and/or synthetic base stocks. Such wax isomerate oil is produced by the hydroisomerization of natural or synthetic waxes or mixtures thereof over a hydroisomerization catalyst.
• Natural waxes are typically the slack waxes recovered by the solvent dewaxing of mineral oils; synthetic waxes are typically the wax produced by the Fischer-Tropsch process.
• The second component of the lubricating oil compositions for use herein is at least one lubricating oil additive. Such additives can be any presently known or later-discovered additive used in formulating lubricating oil compositions. The lubricating oil additives for use herein include, but are not limited to, antioxidants, anti-wear agents, detergents such as metal detergents, rust inhibitors, dehazing agents, demulsifying agents, metal deactivating agents, friction modifiers, pour point depressants, antifoaming agents, co-solvents, package compatibilisers, corrosion-inhibitors, ashless dispersants, dyes, extreme pressure agents and the like and mixtures thereof. Greases will require the addition of appropriate thickeners. A variety of the additives are known and commercially available. These additives, or their analogous compounds, can be employed for the preparation of the various lubricating oil compositions herein.
• Alternatively, the lubricating oil additive(s) can further contain a diluent oil to form an additive concentrate. These concentrates usually include at least from about 90 wt. % to about 10 wt. % and preferably from about 90 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, of a diluent oil and from about 10 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, preferably from about 10 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, of the foregoing additive(s). Suitable diluents for the concentrates include any inert diluent, preferably an oil of lubricating viscosity such as, for example, a base oil as described hereinbelow, so that the concentrate may be readily mixed with lubricating oils to prepare lubricating oil compositions. Suitable lubricating oils that may be used as diluents can be any oil of lubricating viscosity.
• Examples of antioxidants include, but are not limited to, aminic types, e.g., diphenylamine, phenyl-alpha-napthyl-amine, N,N-di(alkylphenyl) amines; and alkylated phenylene-diamines; phenolics such as, for example, BHT, sterically hindered alkyl phenols such as 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(2-octyl-3-propanoic) phenol; sulfur-containing materials, e.g., sulfurized olefins or esters and the like and mixtures thereof.
• Examples of antiwear agents include, but are not limited to, zinc dialkyldithiophosphates and zinc diaryldithiophosphates, e.g., those described in an article by Born et al. entitled “Relationship between Chemical Structure and Effectiveness of Some Metallic Dialkyl- and Diaryl-dithiophosphates in Different Lubricated Mechanisms”, appearing in Lubrication Science 4-2 January 1992, see for example pages 97-100; aryl phosphates and phosphites, sulfur-containing esters, phosphosulfur compounds, metal or ash-free dithiocarbamates, xanthates, alkyl sulfides and the like and mixtures thereof.
• Examples of detergents include, but are not limited to, overbased or neutral detergents such as sulfonate detergents, e.g., those made from alkyl benzene and fuming sulfuric acid; phenates (high overbased or low overbased), high overbased phenate stearates, phenolates, salicylates, phosphonates, thiophosphonates, ionic surfactants and the like and mixtures thereof. Low overbased metal sulfonates typically have a total base number (TBN) of from about 0 to about 30 and preferably from about 10 to about 25. Low overbased metal sulfonates and neutral metal sulfonates are well known in the art.
• Examples of rust inhibitors include, but are not limited to, nonionic polyoxyalkylene agents, e.g., polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene higher alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylene octyl stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitol monostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, and polyethylene glycol monooleate; stearic acid and other fatty acids; dicarboxylic acids; metal soaps; fatty acid amine salts; metal salts of heavy sulfonic acid; partial carboxylic acid ester of polyhydric alcohol; phosphoric esters; (short-chain) alkenyl succinic acids; partial esters thereof and nitrogen-containing derivatives thereof; synthetic alkarylsulfonates, e.g., metal dinonylnaphthalene sulfonates; and the like and mixtures thereof.
• Examples of friction modifiers include, but are not limited to, alkoxylated fatty amines; borated fatty epoxides; fatty phosphites, fatty epoxides, fatty amines, borated alkoxylated fatty amines, metal salts of fatty acids, fatty acid amides, glycerol esters, borated glycerol esters; and fatty imidazolines as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,696, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein; friction modifiers obtained from a reaction product of a C₄to C₇₅, preferably a C₆to C₂₄, and most preferably a C₆to C₂₀, fatty acid ester and a nitrogen-containing compound selected from the group consisting of ammonia, and an alkanolamine, e.g., those disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 10/402,170, filed Mar. 28, 2003, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein, and the like and mixtures thereof.
• Examples of antifoaming agents include, but are not limited to, polymers of alkyl methacrylate; polymers of dimethylsilicone and the like and mixtures thereof.
• Examples of ashless dispersants include, but are not limited to, polyalkylene succinic anhydrides; non-nitrogen containing derivatives of a polyalkylene succinic anhydride; a basic nitrogen compound selected from the group consisting of succinimides, carboxylic acid amides, hydrocarbyl monoamines, hydrocarbyl polyamines, Mannich bases, phosphonoamides, thiophosphonamides and phosphoramides; thiazoles, e.g., 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, mercaptobenzothiazoles and derivatives thereof; triazoles, e.g., alkyltriazoles and benzotriazoles; copolymers which contain a carboxylate ester with one or more additional polar function, including amine, amide, imine, imide, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and the like, e.g., products prepared by copolymerization of long chain alkyl acrylates or methacrylates with monomers of the above function; and the like and mixtures thereof. The derivatives of these dispersants, e.g., borated dispersants such as borated succinimides, may also be used. Preferably, the dispersants are polyalkylene succinimides derived from animation of polyalkylene succinic anhydrides with polyalkylene polyamine.
• If desired, prior to dispensing the at least one base oil and at least one lubricating oil additive to provide the compositions herein, as discussed hereinbelow, it can be advantageous to conduct molecular modeling of proposed compounds for use in the compositions (i.e., formulations) to determine which compounds may provide potential leading candidate compositions. For example, calculations can be carried out involving such factors as, for example, transition states, bond lengths, bond angles, dipole moment, hydrophobicity, etc, of the compounds. Accordingly, the proposed compounds can be screened to determine, for example, which compounds may perform poorly in an oxidation inhibition process due to a poor ability to trap intermediate peroxides. This can be carried out using known software such as, for example, Quantum Mechanics available from Accelrys (San Diego, Calif.).
• Software for the design of test libraries can be used to design the original compound test libraries based on input from the foregoing experimental program(s). This software can be used to efficiently design test libraries that cover the desired experimental space and utilize statistical experimental design methods. Other software can then be used to analyze the data from the experiments and correlate that data with the structure of the compounds and/or compound treatment conditions and/or reaction conditions. Such correlations are often referred to as QSAR software (Quantitative Structure Activity Relations) available from Accelrys (San Diego, Calif.). Such QSAR programs can then be used by the software to design subsequent compound test libraries for further screening.
• The use of such QSAR programs can add to the efficiency of screening. As more data is collected, these QSAR programs can become more efficient at developing compounds libraries with increased probability for finding desirable compounds. For example, the compounds analyzed can be formulated into various lubricating oil compositions, as decribed hereinbelow, and then further analyzed by way of, for example, regression and analysis technologies, using known software, e.g., C²-QSAR available from Accelrys (San Diego, Calif.). In this manner, validation of the data obtained from the molecular modeling can be achieved and then this data can also be stored in a data collector. In this way, new compounds, conceived by one skilled in the art can be checked by the QSAR software to predict their activity prior to their actual synthesis. Additionally, such software tools may be utilized to prioritize a list of possible compounds being considered for synthesis in such a way that one skilled in the art will have a higher probability for success.
• Referring now toFIG. 1, asystem100 is shown for preparing a plurality of test samples.Vessel110 contains a supply of the foregoing base oils of lubricatingviscosity B. Vessel120 contains a supply of additive A, which can be any of the foregoing additives useful for modifying the properties of the base oil so as to provide a lubricating oil composition suitable for the intended use or application. As one skilled in the art would readily appreciate, one or more ofvessels110 andvessels120 can be used when dispensing more than one base oil and one additive, respectively.
• Tubular line111 is a conduit for communicating the base oil B tonozzle portion113, from which it can be dispensed into a selected test reservoir, as described below. The amount of base oil dispensed is determined bymetering pump112, which can be computer controlled.
• Tubular line121 is a conduit for communicating lubricating oil additive A tonozzle portion123, from which it can be dispensed into a selected test reservoir, as described below. The amount of base oil dispensed is determined bymetering pump122, which also can be computer controlled. Computer programs and systems for automatically metering predetermined amounts of materials in accordance with a preselected program control are known in the art and can be used herein.
• Nozzles113 and123 are preferably in close proximity so that base oil B and additive A can be simultaneously dispensed in a test reservoir. Alternatively, base oil B and additive A can be sequentially added to the test reservoir. Thenozzles113 and123 can comprise a multichannel pipette or one or more syringe needles.
• Thevessels110 and120 can be under pressure. Optionally, more than two vessels can be employed. Metering pumps suitable for use in the invention are known and commercially available. In the event that highly viscous lubricant base stock or additives are used, thevessels110 and120 and/or thetubular lines111 and121, metering pumps112 and122, and/ornozzles113 and123 can be heated to facilitate fluid flow therethrough.
• Thetest frame130 includes ablock131 of inert material (e.g., glass, ceramic, metal) having a plurality ofrecesses132 for receiving the dispensed base oil and additives. The recesses provide test reservoirs wherein each reservoir contains a lubricating oil of a different and predetermined composition, i.e., the percentage and/or type of base oil and/or additives in each composition will vary from one reservoir to another. Optionally, the reservoirs can be individual receptacles (e.g., test tubes) mounted upon a rack, instead of being recesses in a block. While five reservoirs, i.e., recesses132a,132b,132c,132d,132e, are illustrated inFIG. 1, any number of reservoirs can be employed. For example, a 10×10 array of reservoirs would accommodate100 different lubricating oil formulation samples. It is also contemplated that liners (not shown), e.g., glass or metal such as aluminum, can be inserted intorecesses132a,132b,132c,132d,132eprior to depositing the lubricating oil components.
• The individual reservoirs are adapted to hold relatively small amounts of lubricating oil samples. The sample size in each reservoir can be no more than about 20 ml, preferably no more than about 15 ml, more preferably no more than about 10 ml and yet more preferably no more than about 5 ml.
• Thetest frame130 and dispensingnozzles113 and123 are movable relative to one another. Although manual movement of the apparatus by an equipment operator is within the purview of the invention, robotic mechanisms with programmable movement are preferred. In one embodiment thetest frame130 is mounted upon a slidable carriage movable in a lateral and/or vertical direction so as to sequentially position a selected recess under the dispensingnozzles113 and123. In another embodiment, thenozzles113 and123, and optionally thevessels110 and120, are slidably movable laterally and/or vertically to accomplish positioning of thenozzles113 and123.
• In a testing procedure,vessels110 and120 are filled with the selected lubricant base oil and additive(s), respectively. The apparatus ofsystem100 is moved such that dispensingnozzles113 and123 are positioned above and in alignment withrecess132a. A metered amount of base oil B and a metered amount of additive A are simultaneously dispensed intorecess132a. The dispensingnozzles113 and123 are thereafter repositioned to be in alignment with thenext recess132band the metered amounts of additive A and/or base oil B are changed in accordance with a predetermined schedule of variation such that the lubricating oil inrecess132bhas a different percentage composition of additive than that inrecess132a. The pattern is repeated as thenozzles113 and123 are sequentially aligned with thesuccessive recesses132c,132d, and132eso that each recess has a predetermined composition of lubricating oil.
• The components A and B are preferably combined in the reservoirs by mixing, for example, by agitation of theframe131, static mixing, individual stirring of the contents of the reservoirs (mechanical or magnetic stirring) or by bubbling the reservoir with a gas, e.g., nitrogen.
• Optionally, base oil B and additive(s) A can be combined prior to dispensing into the respective reservoirs. For example, a single dispensing nozzle having a mixing chamber can be used, wherein base oil B and additive(s) A are metered into the mixing chamber and then dispensed through the nozzle into the reservoir.
• Referring now toFIG. 2, asystem200 for combining and dispensing a lubricating oil composition is schematically illustrated which employs asingle nozzle assembly210 having anelongated injector portion211 and a mixingchamber212. The end ofinjector portion211 includes anopening216 through which the lubricating oil composition is ejected into the selected test reservoir.
• Aconduit202 conveys a quantity of base oil B through ametering apparatus201 and into mixingchamber212.Conduit204 carries a first additive A-1 throughmetering apparatus203 and into mixingchamber212.Conduit206 carries a second additive A-2 throughmetering apparatus205 and into mixingchamber212. As one skilled in the art would readily appreciate, while only two additive components A-1 and A-2 are shown, it should be understood that any number of different additives can be individually metered into thenozzle assembly210. Themetering apparatus201,203, and205 are each automatically controlled bycontrol system250 which preferably includes a microprocessor with the appropriate programming andcontrol connections251,252 and253 for communicating control signals to the respective metering apparatus.Control connections251,252 and253 can be, for example, electrical, optical, pneumatic, or fluidic. Thecontrol system250 determines the composition of the lubricating oil in the mixingchamber212 by regulating the amounts of the respective lubrication oil components (i.e., base oil B, and additives A-1, A-2, etc.) metered into thenozzle assembly210.
• Preferably theconduits202,204, and206 are terminated with oneway valves207,208, and209, respectively, to prevent backflow of the mixing chamber contents in the event that pressure in the mixingchamber212 exceeds the pressure in the conduits.
• The lubricating oil components can be mixed together by various means. For example, mixingunit213 can be a rotary impeller, or, more preferably, an ultrasonic probe. Optionally, baffles215 can be incorporated intonozzle assembly210 for static mixing of the components as they flow through the nozzle assembly.
• In the event that high viscosity components are being mixed, a heating unit such ascoiled resistance heater218 can be used to raise the temperature of the components and thereby lower their viscosity to improve fluid flow. Heating units can alternatively be convection units (e.g., hot air blowers), radiant coils, or conduction heaters, and can be used to heat any part of thesystem200 including the component supplies (B, A-1, A-2), the conduits (202,204,206), the metering apparatus (201,203,205), the mixingchamber212, and/or the injector portion211 (as shown).
• The contents of the mixingchamber212 can be moved throughinjector portion211 by, for example, applying pressure from a pressure source P such as compressed gas. As mentioned above, one-way valves207,208, and209 prevent backflow of the contents into theconduits202,204, and206 if the pressure within the mixingchamber212 exceeds the pressure within the conduits. Alternatively, the lubricant base oil and additive sources B, A-1 and A-2 can be pressurized and/or themetering apparatus201,203 and205 can provide pumping pressure to move the materials through the system.
• The procedure described above provides an array of samples of varying compositions which can be compiled in a data collector, e.g., microprocessor, to provide a combinatorial lubricating oil composition library. The array of samples can then be screened with respect to selected properties and categorized in the combinatorial lubricating oil composition library. For example, the plurality of different lubricating oil compositions can be subjected to further automated or manual screening tests, e.g., storage stability tests, oxidation tests, wear tests, etc., for information correlating to the actual useful properties of the compositions to determine their efficacy. The results of each of the tests can then be compiled in the database as stated above to provide the combinatorial lubricating oil composition library. Alternatively, the system may be electrically connected to a signal data collector comprising a computer microprocessor for system operation and control to collect the data from the various tests over an extended period of time to compile the combinatorial lubricating oil composition library.
• While the above description contains many specifics, these specifics should not be construed as limitations of the invention, but merely as exemplifications of preferred embodiments thereof. Those skilled in the art will envision many other embodiments within the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the claims appended hereto.

Claims (37)

1. A method for preparing a plurality of different lubricant oil formulations comprising:

a) providing a major amount of at least one base oil of lubricating viscosity and a minor amount of at least one lubricating oil additive for combination to formulate a lubricating oil composition;

b) providing a plurality of test reservoirs;

c) combining, under program control, the major amount base oil of lubricating viscosity and lubricating oil additive in varying percentage compositions to provide a plurality of different lubricating oil composition samples; and,

d) containing each of the different lubricating oil composition samples in the plurality of test reservoirs.

2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the test reservoirs comprise recesses in a unitary body.

3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the test reservoirs comprise individual receptacles.

4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the combining step (c) is performed within each respective test reservoir.

5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the combining step (c) is performed outside of the test reservoirs.

6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the combining step (c) comprises metering predetermined respective amounts of the base oil of lubricating viscosity and the lubricating oil additive, the metering being automatically controlled by a computer controller.

7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the combining step (c) includes mixing of the base oil of lubricating viscosity and the lubricating oil additive.

8. The method ofclaim 7, wherein the mixing is accomplished by static mixing.

9. The method ofclaim 7, wherein the mixing is accomplished by agitation.

10. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the agitation comprises mechanical stirring.

11. The method ofclaim 10, wherein the agitation comprises ultrasonic agitation.

12. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising the step of heating the base oil of lubricating viscosity or lubricating oil additive or both.

13. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the base oil of lubricating viscosity is a natural or synthetic oil.

14. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the lubricating oil additive is selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, anti-wear agents, detergents, rust inhibitors, dehazing agents, demulsifying agents, metal deactivating agents, friction modifiers, pour point depressants, antifoaming agents, co-solvents, package compatibilisers, corrosion-inhibitors, ashless dispersants, dyes, extreme pressure agents and mixtures thereof.

15. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the plurality of lubricating oil compositions includes at least five samples.

16. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the plurality lubricating oil compositions includes at least 100 samples.

17. The method ofclaim 1, wherein each of the lubricating oil composition samples has a volume of no more than about 20 ml.

18. The method ofclaim 1, wherein each of the lubricating oil composition samples has a volume of no more than about 15 ml.

19. The method ofclaim 1, wherein each of the lubricating oil composition samples has a volume of no more than about 10 ml.

20. The method ofclaim 1, wherein each of the lubricating oil composition samples has a volume of no more than about 5 ml.

21. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising analyzing the plurality of lubricating oil compositions.

22. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising storing information regarding the identity of the lubricating oil compositions in the plurality of combinations of lubricating oil compositions in a database.

23. A system for preparing a plurality of lubricant oil formulations, under program control, which comprises:

a) a supply of at least one base oil of lubricating viscosity;

b) a supply of at least one lubricating oil additive;

c) a plurality of test reservoirs;

d) means for combining selected quantities of the at least one base oil of lubricating viscosity with selected quantities of the at least one lubricating oil additive to form a plurality of lubricating oil composition samples; and,

e) means for dispensing each lubricating oil composition sample in a respective test reservoir.

24. The system ofclaim 23, wherein the base oil of lubricating viscosity is a natural or synthetic oil.

25. The system ofclaim 23, wherein the lubricating oil additive is selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, anti-wear agents, detergents, rust inhibitors, dehazing agents, demulsifying agents, metal deactivating agents, friction modifiers, pour point depressants, antifoaming agents, co-solvents, package compatibilisers, corrosion-inhibitors, ashless dispersants, dyes, extreme pressure agents and mixtures thereof.

26. The system ofclaim 23, wherein the test reservoirs comprise recesses in a unitary body.

27. The system ofclaim 23, wherein the test reservoirs comprise a plurality of individual receptacles.

28. The system ofclaim 23, further comprising a computer controller for automatically controlling said means for combining and means for dispensing.

29. The system ofclaim 23, wherein said means for dispensing and said plurality of test reservoirs are movable relative to each other.

30. The system ofclaim 23, further comprising a computer controlled metering apparatus for metering selected quantities of the base oil and additive for mixing to provide the lubricant oil samples.

31. The system ofclaim 23, wherein the means for combining comprises a mixer.

32. The system ofclaim 31, wherein the mixer is a baffle-containing static mixer.

33. The system ofclaim 31, wherein the mixer is a mechanical stirrer.

34. The system ofclaim 31, wherein the mixer is an ultrasonic mixer.

35. The system ofclaim 23, further comprising a heater.

36. The system ofclaim 23, wherein the means for dispensing includes a mixing chamber and a nozzle extending from the mixing chamber, the nozzle terminating in an outlet opening through which the lubricant oil composition samples are rejected.

37. The system ofclaim 36, further including means to pressurize the mixing chamber to eject the lubricating oil composition samples.

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