US20050083878A1

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Publication number: US20050083878A1
Application number: US11/003,081
Authority: US
Inventors: Ephraim Zehavi
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2001-04-12
Filing date: 2004-12-04
Publication date: 2005-04-21
Also published as: US20020040383A1; WO2002084926A3; US6928123B2; WO2002084926A2

Abstract

Apparatus for customer service includes at least one wireless communication terminal, adapted to be deployed at a first location in a facility that is visited by customers, so as to receive digital data over a wireless link from a portable device carried by at least one of the customers in a vicinity of the terminal. A service center, at a second location, which is not in the vicinity of the at least one wireless communication terminal, is in communication with the terminal so as to receive the digital data therefrom and to generate a permanent record of the data for delivery to the at least one of the customers.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/197,984, filed Apr. 17, 2000, and is a continuation application of non-provisional U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/835,284, entitled “Wireless Network with Enhanced Data Rate”, filed Apr. 12, 2001, by Ephraim Zehavi, and is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to wireless data communications, and specifically to high-speed wireless local area networks.

BACKGROUND

Wireless local area networks (WLANs) are gaining in popularity, and new applications are being developed. The original WLAN standards, such as “Bluetooth” and IEEE 802.11, were designed to enable communications at 1-2 Mbps in a band around 2.4 GHz. More recently, IEEE working groups have defined the 802.11a and 802.11b extensions to the original standard, in order to enable higher data rates. The 802.11a standard envisions data rates over 20 Mbps over short distances in a 5 GHz band, while 802.11b defines data rates up to 11 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band. For 11 Mbps operation, the 802.11b standard uses complementary code keying (CCK) or quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) with packet binary convolutional coding (PBCC). These modulation schemes are further described in the IEEE 802.11b standard, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Recently the IEEE 802.11 working group has called for proposals to extend the 802.11b standard data rates still further, to 22 Mbps and above. One proposal that has been put forth, by Kodak and Motorola, is based on a wideband binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) scheme, with a bandwidth of up to 28 MHz. While this proposal in itself can be implemented in a straightforward way, using analog signal processing, it is not compatible with existing, lower-rate receivers or with Bluetooth protocols. Furthermore, it will typically enable high data-rate communication only over very short distances, on the order of 2 m.

Convolutional coding, as mentioned above, is widely used in communication applications to reduce the bit error rate (BER) in signals sent over noisy channels. Pragmatic trellis coded modulation (PTCM) is a particularly useful type of convolutional coding, which has the advantages of reduced computation load and efficient implementation in VLSI devices. PTCM encoders and decoders are capable of handling different modulation techniques, such as binary phase shift keying (BPSK), QPSK, 8-PSK and 16-PSK (referred to collectively as M-PSK techniques). An exemplary trellis encoder and decoder based on PTCM are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,881, whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of some aspects of the present invention to provide improved devices and methods for high-speed wireless data communications, and particularly to provide devices capable of reaching data rates above 11 Mbps while maintaining downward-compatibility with the IEEE 802.11b standard.

It is a further object of some aspects of the present invention to provide improved methods and systems for conveying electronic images and other large data files over WLANs.

In preferred embodiments of the present invention, a high-speed wireless modem operates at an enhanced data rate by transmitting and receiving multiple bits of data per symbol, preferably using M-PSK modulation, most preferably together with PTCM. The modem automatically adjusts the number of bits per symbol upon initiation of communication over a wireless link, based on the quality of the link and the capabilities of the device with which it is communicating. The modem thus maintains compatibility with existing equipment that operates at lower bit-per-symbol rates. The increased number of bits per symbol is preferably facilitated by the use of a covering function, which rotates the M-PSK symbols in a pseudo-random fashion in order to reduce the effects of interference in demodulating received signals.

In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the modem is compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard, and operates at 11 Msps (million symbols per second). Preferably, the modem uses 8-PSK to transmit and receive data at 2 or 3 bits of data per symbol, thus achieving a data rate of 22 or 33 Mbps, unlike devices based on the current standard, which can operate at no more than 1 bit per symbol. These enhanced data rates are achieved with minimal modification to the standard, and without restricting the transmission range of the modem relative to existing devices.

In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the enhanced data rate (EDR) of the modem is used for transmitting electronic images from a portable digital camera to a storage or processing facility. In one such embodiment, one or more wireless service points, having EDR-capable modems, are deployed in a store or other commercial establishment. A customer, who wishes to have a hard copy, such as photographic prints, or other permanent record made of images stored in his or her digital camera, brings the camera within range of one of the service points. The camera establishes a wireless link with the service point and transmits the image data over the link to the service point, preferably at 22 or 33 Mbps. The service point then conveys the images, preferably via WLAN, to a service center, where the prints (or other media) are produced. The customer stops by the service center later, typically upon exiting the store, to pick up the prints.

Although these preferred embodiments relate specifically to transmission of digital images in a commercial environment, it will be appreciated that the principles of the present invention can similarly be used in other applications and services in which large volumes of data must be transferred over wireless networks at high speed.

There is therefore provided, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, apparatus for customer service, including: at least one wireless communication terminal, adapted to be deployed at a first location in a facility that is visited by customers, so as to receive digital data over a wireless link from a portable device carried by at least one of the customers in a vicinity of the terminal; and a service center, at a second location, which is not in the vicinity of the at least one wireless communication terminal, and in communication with the terminal so as to receive the digital data therefrom and to generate a permanent record of the data for delivery to the at least one of the customers.

In a preferred embodiment, the digital data include one or more digital images, the portable device includes a digital camera, and the permanent record includes a hard copy of one or more of the images. Typically, the facility includes a commercial establishment, and wherein the first location is in a shopping area of the establishment, while the second location is near an exit from the establishment.

In a further preferred embodiment, the wireless link belongs to a wireless local area network deployed in the facility. Preferably, the wireless communication terminal is adapted to receive the data at a rate substantially in excess of 11 Mbps. Most preferably, the wireless communication terminal is further adapted to transmit and receive at a rate of 11 Mbps or less substantially in accordance with IEEE standard 802.11, and to receive the data at the rate substantially in excess of 11 Mbps when requested to do so by the portable device. Further preferably, the wireless communication terminal is adapted to receive the data at a symbol rate substantially equal to 11 million symbols per second. Optionally, the communication between the wireless communication terminal and the service center takes place at a rate of 11 Mbps or less.

There is also provided, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a method for customer service, including: receiving digital data at a first location in a facility over a wireless link from a portable device carried by a customer in a vicinity of the first location; transferring the digital data to a second location in the facility, which is not in the vicinity of the first location; generating a permanent record of the data at the second location; and delivering the permanent record to the customer.

There is additionally provided, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a high-speed transmitter for digital data having a variable data rate, the transmitter including: a convolutional encoder, adapted to generate, for each group of k input bits in the bitstream, n coded output bits, such that k and n are integers, n equal to or greater than k, and at least one of k and n is variable responsive to the variable data rate of the transmitter; and a modulator, coupled to map the output bits generated by the encoder to a constellation of M symbols for transmission by the transmitter, M an integer, which is variable responsive to the variable data rate of the transmitter.

Preferably, for a given rate RS of transmission of the symbols by the transmitter, the variable data rate Rb is given by Rb=Rs*log2(M)*Rc, wherein Rc is a code rate equal to kin. Further preferably, the rate of transmission of the symbols is substantially fixed at a standard rate, which most preferably is substantially equal to 11 million symbols per second.

Preferably, the constellation includes a phase-shift-keyed constellation of order M. Most preferably, after mapping the output bits to the symbols, the modulator is adapted to rotate a phase of the symbols in accordance with a pseudo-random cover function.

Additionally or alternative, the encoder includes a sequence of delay stages coupled to receive the input bits in a serial stream, and a plurality of adders, which are coupled to receive the input bits from the delay stages and to add the input bits together so as to generate at least two of the coded output bits in parallel. Preferably, the modulator is configured to select the coded output bits from the encoder to be mapped to each of the symbols responsive to the variable data rate.

There is further provided, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a method for variable-rate, high-speed transmission of digital data, including: specifying a first bit rate at which the data are to be transmitted by a transmitter; applying convolutional encoding to the data so as to generate, for each group of k input bits in the bitstream, n coded output bits, such that k and n are integers, n equal to or greater than k; modulating the output bits to generate a constellation of M symbols, M a variable integer, for transmission of the modulated data at a given symbol rate and at the first bit rate; specifying a second bit rate at which the data are to be transmitted, different from the first bit rate; and changing a value of at least one of k, n and M, so that after applying the convolutional encoding and modulating the output bits using the changed value, the transmitter transmits the modulated data at the given symbol rate and at the second bit rate.

The present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments thereof, taken together with the drawings in which:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates a system, based on a WLAN, for providing hard copies of digital images, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a flow chart that schematically illustrates a method for transferring digital images and producing hard copies in the system ofFIG. 1, inaccordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart that schematically illustrates a method for transmitting data at an enhanced data rate over a wireless connection, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates a system, based on a WLAN, for providing hard copies of digital images, in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates elements of a wireless transmitter, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates details of a convolutional encoder used in the transmitter ofFIG. 5, in accordance with a preferred embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a polar plot illustrating an 8-PSK modulation scheme, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 8 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates elements of a wireless receiver in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates asystem20 for providing hard copies of digital images, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.System20 is typically deployed in a commercial establishment, such as a department store or shopping mall, and enables customers to submit their digital images via aWLAN22 at multiple points in the establishment, while they are shopping. The customers then pick up their hard copies (or other media that they have requested, such as photo-CDs) when they are ready to check out of the establishment.

WLAN

22 preferably operates in accordance with the IEEE 802.11b standard, as described hereinabove, at a rate of 11 Mbps. Because of the large volume of data contained in digital images, however, one or more high-speed service points24 are deployed in the establishment. The service points are equipped with wireless modems, as described herein below, which are capable of operating at an enhanced data rate (EDR).

Most preferably, the EDR is at least 22 Mbps. Service points24 are designed to serve cameras28 (or other user devices) that are similarly equipped with wireless modems, preferably modems that are also capable of EDR operation.

A customer wishing to submit images for hard copying positions his or hercamera28, with the images stored in the camera memory, within a prescribed range of one of service points24. Preferably, the prescribed range is at least 10 m. When the customer actuates an appropriate control on the camera, the camera makes contact with the service point and negotiates an optimal data rate.

The data rate depends on the capabilities of the camera and its modem, proximity to the service point, and noise conditions in the area of the service point. When possible,cameras28 communicate withservice points24 at the EDR, as indicated bybroad arrows30. In this way, the customer's images are transferred rapidly to the service point, and the customer is freed to continue with his or her shopping. On the other hand, when EDR is not possible, the camera may communicate with the service point at a normal rate, such as 5.5 or 11 Mbps, as indicated bythin arrows26.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart that schematically illustrates a process by which images are transferred by the customer to aservice center32 insystem20 for hard copying, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. At an uploadstep40, a client device, in thiscase camera28, uploads one or more image files from its memory toservice point24. Details of this step are shown inFIG. 3 and described with reference thereto. When the upload is complete, the service point signals the customer that the camera can be taken away.

At atransfer step42, the service point passes the image files overWLAN22 to aservice center32.Step42 may overlap in time withstep40. Since the customer is released at the end ofstep40, however, the amount of time taken to transfer the images to the service center atstep42 is generally not critical. The WLAN may therefore operate at a standard IEEE 802.11b rate, such as 11 Mbps, rather than at the EDR prevailing between the camera and the service point. Alternatively,WLAN22 may also operate at the EDR. Further alternatively, the WLAN in the embodiment ofFIG. 1 may be replaced by a wired network.

Service center

32 receives and processes the image files at ahard copy step44. Typically, the service center produces photographic prints or, alternatively, other media, such as a photo-CD. The finished hard copies are held at acustomer service site34, which is preferably at or adjacent to the service center. The customer goes tosite34 at apickup step46, typically when he or she is done shopping and is ready to leave the establishment, and picks up the finished hard copies. The customer is thus able to enjoy the advantage of high-quality hard copies of electronic images, with virtually no time spent waiting for the images to be transferred and only a single stop required at the customer service site to pick them up.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart that schematically illustrates details of image uploadstep40, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Communications betweenservice point24 and the client device (camera28) are preferably built on a master-slave model, with the service point acting as the master. To initiate the data upload, the client device passes a request toservice point24 to begin EDR service, at arequest step50. This step is preferably carried out by communicating at the minimum standard bandwidth of 1 MHz, most preferably in accordance with Bluetooth networking protocols. (The IEEE 802.11 standards specify only the physical layer[PHY] and a media access control [MAC] sublayer for wireless communications.

Bluetooth specifies higher-level protocols, as well, which can operate over IEEE 802.11.) In response to the client request,service point24 allocates time slots in which the client device can transmit the image data, at anallocation step52. The time slots are preferably allocated based on the same model as is used for Bluetooth time slot allocation, so that EDR transmission can co-exist with low-bandwidth Bluetooth communications. The service point informs the client device of its time slot allocation in a Bluetooth-standard message. This message is preferably sent to the client at a different frequency from the client message atstep50, in accordance with the Bluetooth protocol.

At anEDR transmission step54, the client begins transmitting the image files or other data at the enhanced data rate. A large bandwidth, preferably up to 28 MHz, is allocated for this transmission. Most preferably, the client device encodes multiple bits per symbol, at the 11 Msps rate provided by 802.11b, so that the transmission atstep54 takes place at 22 or 33 Mbps. The frequency of transmission is preferably held steady atstep54, as opposed to the above-mentioned frequency hopping that is used at

steps

50 and52. Upon completion of the transmission,service point24 informs theclient camera28 that all of the data have been received in good order, at anacknowledgment step56. This step preferably returns to using Bluetooth protocols, at the reduced 1 MHz bandwidth.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates analternative system60 for providing hard copies of digital images, in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, a high-speed WLAN62 is itself adapted for EDR operation.Cameras28 and other end devices are thus able to connect toWLAN62 at substantially any point in an area that the WLAN serves, so as to transfer their digital images or other data directly toservice center32 at data rates of 22 Mbps and above. Alternatively, assuming the WLAN to be downward-compatible to the existing data rates of IEEE 802.11b, transmission at 11 Mbps and below is also possible. Aside from these differences, the methods ofFIGS. 2 and 3 are similarly applicable insystem60.

System

60 may also include service points24, enabling users to communicate alternatively with the service points or directly with high-speed WLAN62.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates elements of awireless transmitter70 for use in an EDR modem, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The elements oftransmitter70 shown in the figure are preferably implemented on a single VLSI chip. This transmitter is appropriate for use as part of a modem incameras28 and service points24, as well as in other equipment that uses EDR service. A receiver suitable for communicating withtransmitter70 is described hereinbelow with reference toFIG. 8.

Transmitter

70 comprises aconvolutional encoder72, which applies pragmatic trellis coded modulation (PTCM) to encode the data. Details ofencoder72 are shown inFIG. 6 and described with reference thereto. The encoder outputs a stream of two-, three- or four-bit symbols, depending on the data rate of transmission. These symbols are interleaved by aninterleaver74. Alternatively, the bits output by the encoder are interleaved, without regard to the symbols. Optionally, an outer code, such as a Reed-Solomon code, is added to the data in order to enhance the reliability of the transmission.

The interleaved stream of symbols is modulated by a configurable M-PSK modulator76. The configuration of the modulator is varied depending on the data rate at whichtransmitter70 is to operate, as shown in the following table:

TABLE I


Data rate (Mbps)	Modulation

1	Differential BPSK
2	Differential QPSK
5.5	CCK or BPSK/PBCC
11	CCK or QPSK/PBCC
>11	QPSK, 8PSK or 16PSK

The modulation schemes for 1-11 Mbps are dictated by the 802.11b standard. The M-PSK schemes used above 11 Mbps enable data to be transmitted at these high bit rates, by sending multiple bits/symbol at the standard symbol rate of 11 Msps. Generally speaking, a wide range of different data rates Rb can be achieved at the fixed symbol rate RS by varying the order of modulation M and the code rate Rc, as given by the equation Rb=RS*log2(M)*Rc. Exemplary values are shown in Table II:

TABLE II


Rb (Mbps)	M	RS (Ms	Code Rate	Technique

11	4	11	½	Regular Code
14.67	4	11	⅔	Punctured
16.5	4	11	¾	Punctured
22	4	11	1	Punctured
16.5	8	11	½	Regular Code
22	8	11	⅔	Punctured
24.75	8	11	¾	Punctured
27.5	8	11	⅚	Punctured
33	8	11	1	Punctured
22	16	11	½	Regular code
29.67	16	11	⅔	Punctured
33	16	11	¾	Punctured
36.67	16	11	⅚	Punctured
44	16	11	1	Punctured

FIG. 6 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates details ofconvolutional encoder72, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The input serial bitstream received bytransmitter70 is converted to two-bit parallel form by a serial/parallel converter80. The actual encoding is then performed by a finite impulse response (FIR)filter82. In this embodiment, the filter includes six delay stages84 and two

adders

86 and88.Filter82 implements a 64-state,rate 1/2 convolution code giving two output bits Yo and Y1 for each input bit, with a generator matrix G=[D6+D5+D3+D2+1, D6+D3+D2+D1+1]. Alternatively, other convolution schemes may be used, as are known in the art.

Together withmodulator76,encoder72 is configurable depending on the data rate that is chosen. For example:

- At 5.5 Mbps with BPSK modulation, each pair of bits Yo and Y1 is taken serially so as to produce two BPSK symbols, at 1/2 input bit/symbol. Transmitting these symbols at the standard rate of 11 Msps gives the 5.5 Mbps data rate.
- At 11 Mbps with QPSK modulation, each pair (Yo, Y1) is used to generate a single symbol.
- At 22 Mbps,encoder72 can operate as a PTCM encoder with a 2/3 rate, i.e., for each two successive input bits, one is fed to filter82, to generate outputs Yo and Y1rand the next is passed through directly to Y2. The triplet of output bits (Yo, Y1rY2) is used to generate a single 8PSK symbol, giving two input bits/symbol. Alternatively, certain bits in outputs Yo and Y1 may be punctured, as is known in the art, after which the symbols are interleaved and mapped to 8PSK.
- At 33 Mbps, the input data are mapped directly tomodulator76, without convolutional encoding, so as to generate 8PSK symbols with three input bits/symbol. Alternative configurations ofencoder72 will be apparent to those skilled in the art. By the same token, 16PSK could be used to transmit 4 bits/symbol (with appropriate modification to the design of encoder72), thus yielding a data rates up to 44 Mbps, as long as the quality of the transmission channel is suitable.

FIG. 7 is a polar plot illustrating an 8PSK constellation that is used inmodulator76, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. For each point in the constellation, the corresponding triplet of output bits (for 22 or 33 Mbps operation) is marked in the format (Y2rY1, Yo). Preferably, the modulator applies a cover function to the output symbols, in the form of a pseudo-random phase rotation that is applied to each symbol in the output sequence. For example, the cover function may be determined based on a pseudo-random bit sequence, running at three times the symbol rate. Each successive group of three bits then determines the phase rotation to be applied to the next output symbol.

The pattern of phase rotations is known to the receiver, enabling the receiver to apply the appropriate inverse rotation before demodulating the symbols. The variable rotation of the signal from the transmitter means that the phase of any jamming signal affecting the receiver is effectively randomized. Furthermore, when multiple networks are operating simultaneously, as in the environment of system20 (FIG. 1), for example, mutual interference between the networks is also randomized, since the cover functions are not synchronized with one another. The use of the cover function thus enhances the data rates that can be achieved environments.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates elements of awireless receiver100 for use in an EDR modem, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. This receiver is designed particularly for use in conjunction with transmitter70 (FIG. 5), but may alternatively be used with wireless transmitters of other types. Radio signals arriving atreceiver100 are amplified, filtered and digitized by an analog front end (AFE)102, as is known in the art. ABluetooth receiver104 is provided for standard, low-rate communications, such as initiation of EDR service atstep50 in the method ofFIG. 3.

Once high-rate service has been established, the digitized samples generated byAFE102 are rotated in phase, in a rotator/buffer106, and are then passed to ademodulator108 for processing. For decoding signals received at standard 802.11b rates, the demodulator preferably comprises a conventional rake anddemodulator block110, as is known in the art. EDR signals, on the other hand, are processed by a M-PSK modem andequalizer block112. This block can also be configured to demodulate standard 802.11b QPSK signals.Block112 is configurable to operate at different orders of modulation, preferably including M=4, 8 and 16. Equalized samples output byblock112 are optionally de-interleaved, as appropriate, by a de-interleaver114. Adecoder116 processes the samples to generate a hard decision output, corresponding to the transmitted bitstream. Preferably,decoder116 comprises a Viterbi decoder, although other types of trellis decoders may also be used, as are known in the art. The bitstream output bydemodulator108 is then passed to aMAC interface118 for higher-level processing.

Although preferred embodiments are described herein in relation to transmission of digital images insystem20 orsystem60, it will be appreciated that systems and devices of these types can be adapted for use in other applications and services in which large volumes of data must be transferred over wireless networks at high speed. Furthermore, although these preferred embodiments make specific use of inventive extensions to the IEEE 802.11 standard, those skilled in the art will understand that the principles of the present invention are not tied to one standard or another and may be applied to other standards and methods for high-speed data transmission. It will thus be appreciated that the preferred embodiments described above are cited by way of example, and that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not disclosed in the prior art.