US20050080444A1 - Transesophageal gastric reduction device, system and method - Google Patents

Abstract

A gastric reduction system and method provides for transesophageal formation of a gastric reduction pouch of the stomach. The system includes an expandable structure which may be placed in a stomach and expanded to occupy a fractional volume of the stomach. An evacuator is then fed through the expandable structure and utilized to deflate the stomach and draw the stomach to and around the expandable structure to form the gastric reduction pouch. A self-deploying fastener is then deployed to maintain the gastric reduction pouch.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention is generally directed to a therapy for treating obesity. The present invention is more particularly directed to a transesophageal gastric reduction device, system, and method for performing gastric reduction surgery while minimizing surgical invasion.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Obesity is a complex chronic disease involving environment, genetic, physiologic, metabolic, behavioral and psychological components. It is the second leading cause of preventable death in the United States.
• Obesity affects nearly one-third of the adult American population (approximately 60 million). The number of overweight and obese Americans has continued to increase since 1960. The trend is not slowing down. Today, 64.5% of adult Americans are categorized as being overweight or obese. Each year, obesity causes at least 300,000 excess deaths in the United States, and healthcare costs of American adults with obesity amounted to approximately $100,000,000,000 (100 billion dollars).
• Obesity is not limited to the United States but is increasing worldwide. It is increasing worldwide in both developing and developed countries and is thought to be caused by environmental and behavioral changes resulting from economic development, modernization, and urbanization. Obesity is increasing in children as well. It is believed that the true health consequences of obesity have not yet become totally apparent.
• Obesity is currently treated by dietary therapy, physical activity, behavioral therapy, drug therapy, and combinations thereof. Dietary therapy involves instruction on how to adjust a diet to reduce the number of calories eaten. Physical activity strategies include use of aerobic exercise, brisk walking, jogging, cycling, and swimming. Behavioral therapy involves changing diet and physical activity patterns and habits to new behaviors that promote weight loss. Drug therapy is most often used only in conjunction with appropriate lifestyle modifications.
• One last treatment for obesity is surgery. Surgery is a treatment option which is generally reserved for persons with severe obesity and those who are morbidly obese. In addition, surgery is not generally performed until other methods of weight loss have been attempted and have been found to be ineffective. Persons who are severely obese are generally unable to physically perform routine daily activities, whether work-related or family functions and have a severely impaired quality of life due to the severity of their obesity.
• Most obesity surgeries involve making changes to the stomach and/or small intestines. Currently, there are two types of obesity surgery: (1) restrictive; and (2) combined restrictive and malabsorptive. Operative procedures have been developed for each type of surgery. Each type of surgery has its own risks and side effects.
• In restrictive surgery, bands or staples are used to create food intake restriction. The bands or staples are surgically placed near the top of the stomach to section off a portion that is often called a stomach pouch. A small outlet, about the size of a pencil eraser, is left at the bottom of the stomach pouch. Since the outlet is small, food stays in the pouch longer and the feeling of fullness lasts for a longer time. Current operative procedures for restrictive surgery include vertical banded gastroplasty, gastric banding, and laparoscopic gastric banding. In vertical banded gastroplasty, a stomach pouch is surgically created. In gastric banding, a band is used to create the stomach pouch. In laparoscopic gastric banding, a less invasive procedure, smaller incisions are made to apply the band. The band is inflatable and may be adjusted over time.
• Each of the foregoing therapies for severe obesity has its risks and side effects. Each is invasive surgery and hence exhibits the risks commonly associated with all surgical procedures. Complications may include leaking of stomach juices into the abdomen, injury to the spleen, band slippage, erosion of the band, breakdown of the staple line, and stomach pouch stretching from overeating.
• However, reductive surgery has proven successful. About 80% of patients lose some weight and 30% reach a normal weight. Hence, the benefits of gastric reduction surgery are generally believed to outweigh the attendant risks and potential complications.
• The present invention is directed to an alternative device, system, and method for achieving gastric reduction. As will be seen hereinafter, the device, system, and method do not require surgical incisions and is thus less invasive than previous reduction therapies.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The invention generally provides a gastric reduction device comprising an expandable structure placeable in a stomach which, when expanded, occupies a portion of the stomach and an evacuator that deflates the stomach around the expandable structure to form a gastric reduction pouch. The expandable structure is preferably placeable in the stomach immediately adjacent and distal to an esophageal orifice associated with the stomach.
• The expandable structure may comprise a balloon. The evacuator may extend distally from the expandable member and terminate within the stomach.
• The device may further comprise a fastener that maintains the gastric reduction pouch. The fastener is preferably arranged to inwardly fold stomach tissue to fasten serosa tissue to serosa tissue of the stomach. The fastener may comprise a cylindrically shaped member having opposed ends and tissue engaging arms radially extending from each of the opposed ends.
• The device may further comprise an endoscope that extends through the expandable member. The expandable member preferably forms a spherically shaped ring when expanded. The spherically shaped ring may include an axial passageway permitting the evacuator to extend through the passageway.
• The present invention still further provides a gastric reduction system comprising an expandable structure, placeable in a stomach, and, when expanded, occupying a fractional volume of the stomach. The system further includes an evacuator that deflates the stomach and draws the stomach to and around the expandable member to form a gastric reduction pouch with stomach tissue and a fastener that is operable to maintain the gastric reduction pouch. The fastener may be carried by the evacuator.
• The present invention still further provides a method comprising the steps of positioning an expandable structure in a stomach of a patient, expanding the expandable structure to occupy a portion of the stomach, and drawing the stomach around the expandable structure to form a gastric reduction pouch. The positioning step may include placing the expandable structure immediately distal to an esophageal orifice associated with the stomach. The expandable structure may comprise a balloon and the expanding step may include inflating the balloon.
• The deflating step may include evacuating the stomach. To this end, an evacuator may be fed into the stomach. The evacuator may be fed into the stomach through the expandable structure.
• The method may further include the step of maintaining the gastric reduction pouch. Maintaining the gastric reduction pouch may include inwardly folding stomach tissue to contact serosa tissue to serosa tissue to form a stoma. The inwardly folded stomach tissue may be fastened together.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The features of the present invention which are believed to be novel are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention, together with further features and advantages thereof, may best be understood by making reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in the several figures of which like reference numerals identify identical elements, and wherein:
• FIG. 1 is a front cross-sectional view of the esophageal-gastro-intestinal tract from a lower portion of the esophagus to the duodenum;
• FIG. 2 is a perspective view with portions cut away of a device embodying the present invention;
• FIG. 3 is a perspective view with portions cut away of the device ofFIG. 2 illustrating partial deployment of a fastener in accordance with the present invention;
• FIG. 4 is a perspective view with portions cut away of the device ofFIG. 2 with the fastener in a further stage of deployment;
• FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an esophagus and stomach with a device embodying the present invention in an initial stage of gastric reduction therapy in accordance with the present invention;
• FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view similar toFIG. 5 of the device in a further stage of the therapy;
• FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view similar toFIG. 5 of the device delivering a fastener in a still further stage of the therapy;
• FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view similar toFIG. 5 of the device and fastener in a final stage of the therapy; and
• FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view similar toFIG. 5 after completion of the therapy and removal of the device embodying the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• FIG. 1 is a front cross-sectional view of the esophageal-gastro-intestinal tract40 from a lower portion of theesophagus41 to theduodenum42. Thestomach43 is characterized by the greater curvature44 on the anatomical left side and thelesser curvature45 on the anatomical right side. The tissue of the outer surfaces of those curvatures is referred to in the art as serosa tissue. As will be seen subsequently, the nature of the serosa tissue is used to advantage for its ability to bond to like serosa tissue. The fundus46 of the greater curvature44 forms the superior portion of thestomach43, and traps gas and air bubbles for burping. Theesophageal tract41 enters thestomach43 at anesophageal orifice58 below the superior portion of the fundus46, forming acardiac notch47 and an acute angle with respect to the fundus46 known as the Angle of His57. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES)48 is a discriminating sphincter able to distinguish between burping gas, liquids, and solids, and works in conjunction with the fundus46 to burp. The gastroesophageal flap valve (GEFV)49 includes a moveable portion and an opposing more stationary portion. The moveable portion of theGEFV49 is an approximately 180 degree, semicircular, gastroesophageal flap50 (alternatively referred to as a “normal moveable flap” or “moveable flap”) formed of tissue at the intersection between theesophagus41 and thestomach43. The opposing more stationary portion of theGEFV49 comprises a portion of thelesser curvature45 of thestomach43 adjacent to its junction with theesophagus41. Thegastroesophageal flap50 of theGEFV49 principally comprises tissue adjacent to the fundus46 portion of thestomach43, is about 4 to 5 cm long (51) at it longest portion, and the length may taper at its anterior and posterior ends. Thegastroesophageal flap50 is partially held against thelesser curvature45 portion of thestomach43 by the pressure differential between thestomach43 and the thorax, and partially by the resiliency and the anatomical structure of theGEFV49, thus providing the valving function. TheGEFV49 is similar to a flutter valve, with thegastroesophageal flap50 being flexible and closeable against the other more stationary side.
• The esophageal tract is controlled by an upper esophageal sphincter (UES) near the mouth for swallowing, and by the LES48 and theGEFV49 at the stomach. The normal anti-reflux barrier is primarily formed by the LES48 and theGEFV49 acting in concert to allow food and liquid to enter the stomach, and to considerably resist reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus48 past thegastroesophageal tissue junction52. Tissue aboral of thegastroesophageal tissue junction52 is generally considered part of the stomach because the tissue protected from stomach acid by its own protective mechanisms. Tissue oral of thegastroesophageal junction52 is generally considered part of the esophagus and it is not protected from injury by prolonged exposure to stomach acid. At thegastroesophageal junction52, the juncture of the stomach and esophageal tissues form a zigzag line, which is sometimes referred to as the “Z-line.” For the purposes of these specifications, including the claims, “stomach” means the tissue aboral of thegastroesophageal junction52.
• FIG. 2 shows adevice60 embodying the present invention. As will be seen hereinafter, thedevice60 permits transesophageal gastric reduction for treating severe obesity. Thedevice60 generally includes anexpandable structure70 and anevacuator80. Shown further inFIG. 2 is afastener90 which thedevice60 delivers to maintain a formed gastric reduction pouch.
• Theexpandable structure70, in accordance with this embodiment, takes the form of an inflatable ring-shapedballoon72 which is integrally formed on and carried by anouter catheter74. The ring-shapedballoon72 andcatheter74 define anaxial passageway76. The balloon may be a compliant balloon formed of latex or polyurethane, for example. It may alternatively be a non-compliant balloon formed of polyethylene. A non-compliant balloon may be preferred as it maintains a fixed shape and size once totally inflated rendering the size of the balloon is rendered predictable.
• Theevacuator80, in accordance with this embodiment, comprises anendoscope82 which includes alight source84, a viewer86, and a working channel88. Endoscopes of this type are well known in the art. The working channel88 is employed for evacuating the stomach once thedevice60 is in place within the stomach and theballoon72 has been inflated. This will become more apparent subsequently.
• As will be noted inFIG. 2, theevacuator80 extends through theexpandable structure70. More specifically, theendoscope82 may be advanced through theaxial passageway76 to terminate distal to theexpandable structure70 to facilitate the evacuation of the stomach. Thefastener90 may be carried by theendoscope82 and also advanced through theaxial passageway76 along theendoscope82 by atubular pusher100.
• Thefastener90 is preferably formed of a shape memory material such as Nitinol or a shape memory plastic, for example, so as to be self-deploying when advanced past thedistal end78 of thecatheter74. It alternatively may be formed of stainless steel but would then require forced expansion as, for example, a balloon as is well known in the art.FIG. 3 illustrates thefastener90 during an initial stage of its deployment. Thefastener90 prior to its deployment takes the form of a cylindrically shapedmember92 having opposed ends from which first and second sets of tissue engaging arms radially extend after deployment. As will be noted inFIG. 3, a first set oftissue engaging arms93 are radially extending from thecylindrical member92 as thefastener90 is advanced by thecatheter100 past thedistal end78 of thecatheter74. Upon further displacement of thefastener90 as illustrated in FIG.4, the cylindrical center portion of thecylindrical member92 is exposed. This forms a channel through which ingested food may pass out of the gastric reduction pouch after it is formed and maintained by thefastener90.
• Referring now toFIG. 5, it illustrates an initial stage of forming the gastric reduction pouch in accordance with the present invention. Here it will be seen that theexpandable structure70 has been advanced through theesophagus41 on thecatheter74 so that it is placed in the stomach immediately adjacent and distal to theesophageal orifice58. After the expandable member is positioned adjacent theesophageal orifice58, theendoscope82 is advanced through the axial passageway of thecatheter74 andexpandable structure70 until it is distal to thecatheter74 andexpandable structure70 within thestomach43.
• After theexpandable structure70 andendoscope82 are placed in thestomach43 as illustrated inFIG. 5, theexpandable structure70 is expanded to define the size and shape of the gastric reduction pouch to be formed. In accordance with this preferred embodiment, theexpandable structure70 comprises aballoon72 which may be inflated as illustrated inFIG. 6. Here it may be seen that theballoon72 has been inflated and occupies a fraction or portion of thestomach43. Theballoon72 may be inflated through a lumen (not shown) in thecatheter74 in a manner well known in the art.
• After theballoon72 has been expanded to its desired size, thestomach43 is evacuated through the working channel of theendoscope82 to cause the stomach to be drawn around theballoon72.
• Once the stomach tissue has been drawn around theballoon72, thefastener90 is then advanced down theendoscope82 by thepusher100 for deploying thefastener90. As shown inFIG. 7, thefastener90 is partially deployed with the first set oftissue engaging arms93 radially extending from thecylindrical body92 of thefastener90. Upon further advancement of thefastener90 as illustrated inFIG. 8, the second set oftissue engaging arms95 are released from thecatheter74 to radially extend from thecylindrical body92 of thefastener90.
• The shape memory of thefastener90 may be used to advantage by which the opposed sets of radially extendingtissue engaging arms93 and95 together with the drawing of the stomach around theballoon72 inwardly folds the outer surfaces of thestomach43 to cause contact between adjacent outer surfaces of the stomach about thecylindrical body92 of thefastener90. The outer surface of the stomach comprises serosa tissue which develops a bond after contacting like tissue within a short period of time. This bond between the outer surfaces of the contacting stomach tissue will assist thefastener90 in maintaining the gastric reduction pouch thus formed.
• Once thefastener90 has been fully deployed as illustrated inFIG. 8, the assembly anddevice60 is removed from the stomach. This may be achieved by first drawing thepusher100 out of thecatheter74. Then, theballoon72 may be deflated permitting theballoon72 andcatheter74 to be withdrawn from the stomach on theendoscope82. Lastly, theendoscope82 may be withdrawn through thefastener90, through the gastric reduction pouch formed by the assembly anddevice60, and theesophagus41. This leaves the esophageal-gastro-intestinal tract40 in a condition as illustrated inFIG. 9. Here it may be seen that thegastric reduction pouch110 has been formed between theesophagus41 and the remainingstomach43. Thefastener90 may remain in place to maintain thegastric reduction pouch110. Thegastric reduction pouch110 presents a smaller volume to accommodate ingested food thus providing the patient with an earlier sense of being full and a longer time of feeling full.
• As will be noted from the foregoing, the process of forming thegastric reduction pouch110 with thedevice60 embodying the present invention has been performed in a transesophageal manner without the need of any surgical incisions. Hence, the therapy contemplated herein is much less invasive than previous therapies for providing gastric reduction therapy. All of the advantages of gastric reduction therapy are available while substantially reducing the risks attendant to general surgery.
• While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, modifications may be made, and it is therefore intended in the appended claims to cover all such changes and modifications which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims (34)

1. A gastric reduction device comprising:

an expandable structure, placeable in a stomach, the expandable structure, when expanded, occupying a portion of the stomach; and

an evacuator that deflates the stomach around the expandable structure to form a gastric reduction pouch.

2. The device ofclaim 1 wherein the expandable structure is placeable in the stomach immediately adjacent and distal to an esophageal orifice associated with the stomach.

3. The device ofclaim 1 wherein the expandable structure comprises a balloon.

4. The device ofclaim 1 wherein the expandable structure is an inflatable structure.

5. The device ofclaim 4 wherein the inflatable structure is a compliant balloon.

6. The device ofclaim 4 wherein the inflatable structure is a non-compliant balloon.

7. The device ofclaim 1 wherein the evacuator extends distally from the expandable member and terminates within the stomach.

8. The device ofclaim 1 further comprising a fastener that maintains the gastric reduction pouch.

9. The device ofclaim 8 wherein the fastener inwardly folds stomach tissue to fasten serosa tissue to serosa tissue of the stomach.

10. The device ofclaim 8 wherein the fastener comprises a cylindrically shaped member having opposed ends and tissue engaging arms radially extending from each of the opposed ends.

11. The device ofclaim 1 further comprising an endoscope that extends through the expandable member.

12. The device ofclaim 1 wherein the expandable member forms a spherically shaped ring when expanded.

13. The device ofclaim 12 wherein the spherically shaped ring includes an axial passageway and wherein the evacuator extends through the passageway.

14. A gastric reduction system, comprising:

an expandable structure, placeable in a stomach and, when expanded, occupying a fractional volume of the stomach;

an evacuator that deflates the stomach and draws the stomach to and around the expandable structure to form a gastric reduction pouch with stomach tissue; and

a fastener that is operable to maintain the gastric reduction pouch.

15. The system ofclaim 14 wherein the expandable structure is placeable in the stomach immediately adjacent and distal to an esophageal orifice associated with the stomach.

16. The system ofclaim 14 wherein the expandable structure comprises a balloon.

17. The device ofclaim 14 wherein the expandable structure is an inflatable structure.

18. The device ofclaim 17 wherein the inflatable structure is a compliant balloon.

19. The device ofclaim 17 wherein the inflatable structure is a non-compliant balloon.

20. The system ofclaim 14 wherein the evacuator extends distally from the expandable member and terminates within the stomach.

21. The system ofclaim 14 wherein the fastener inwardly folds stomach tissue to fasten serosa tissue to serosa tissue of the stomach.

22. The system ofclaim 21 wherein the fastener comprises a cylindrically shaped member having opposed ends and tissue engaging arms radially extending from each of the opposed ends.

23. The system ofclaim 21 wherein the fastener is carried by the evacuator.

24. The system ofclaim 14 further comprising an endoscope that extends through the expandable member.

25. The system ofclaim 14 wherein the expandable member forms a spherically shaped ring when expanded.

26. The system ofclaim 25 wherein the spherically shaped ring includes an axial passageway and wherein the evacuator extends through the passageway.

27. A method comprising:

positioning an expandable structure in a stomach of a patient;

expanding the expandable structure to occupy a portion of the stomach; and

drawing the stomach around the expanded expandable structure to form a gastric reduction pouch.

28. The method ofclaim 27 wherein the positioning step includes placing the expandable structure immediately distal to an esophageal orifice associated with the stomach.

29. The method ofclaim 27 wherein the expandable structure comprises a balloon and wherein the expanding step includes inflating the balloon.

30. The method ofclaim 27 wherein the deflating step includes evacuating the stomach.

31. The method ofclaim 27 wherein the deflating step includes feeding an evacuator into the stomach and evacuating the stomach.

32. The method ofclaim 27 including the further step of maintaining the gastric reduction pouch.

33. The method ofclaim 32 wherein the maintaining step includes inwardly folding stomach tissue to contact serosa tissue to serosa tissue to form a stomach.

34. The method ofclaim 33 wherein the maintaining step further includes fastening the inwardly folded stomach tissue together.

Images