US20050075965A1 - Securities market and market maker activity tracking system and method - Google Patents

Abstract

A method, system and computer program to monitor securities market activity to seek out imbalances in market activity that could lead to a price change in a particular security. Level 1 and/or level 2 data is analyzed to track the activity of market makers and to derive indicators of momentary upward or downward price pressure. The indicators associated with each selected security can be displayed to a user.

Description

RELATED APPLICATION DATA
• This application claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/911,772, filed Jul. 24, 2001 and from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/167,950, filed Jun. 12, 2002, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
• The present invention generally relates to real time monitoring and analysis of securities market activity, and, more particularly, to a system and method of tracking and analyzing market maker activity on a dynamic basis for a plurality of securities.
BACKGROUND ART
• In a securities market, shares of stock in corporations (and options thereon), commodity futures (and options thereon), currencies and the like are traded over a common system or exchange. Other traded items can include, but are not limited to, indices and mutual funds. For simplicity, however, the following discussion will be limited to the purchase and sale of corporate stock. Within the exchange, traders buy and sell securities using bids and offers (also referred to as asks). More specifically, market makers who are selling securities transmit “offers” (or prices) and volumes (or associated volumes) at which they will sell various securities, and market makers who are buying securities transmit “bids” (or prices) and volumes (or associated volumes) at which they will buy various securities. Sellers attempt to sell at the highest possible price and buyers attempt to buy at the lowest possible price. The “inside market” represents the best price for sellers and buyers and respectively is comprised of the lowest ask (also known as the inside ask price orlevel 1 ask) and the highest bid (also known as the inside bid price orlevel 1 bid).
• To maximize the profit taken from the securities market, traders would like certain information to determine what moment is advantageous to sell or buy a particular security. Traditionally, traders have tracked information derived from the “floor” of exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASDAQ), the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the like. This information can be transmitted electronically in near real time (i.e., almost simultaneously with actual market activity) to computer workstations for traders to view and analyze.
• The information presently available to traders includes “level 1” information and “level 2” information.Level 1 information for a particular security typically includes, but may not be limited to, the current trade value (i.e., last trade), the current trade volume, the total volume of shares traded during the trading session, the price to earnings (P/E) ratio, the previous trading day's closing value, the present day's opening value, the high and low values for the day and for the previous 52 weeks, the change from the prior closing value, the lowest ask (inside ask), the highest bid (inside bid), the earnings per share, the market capitalization, the dividend paid per share, the dividend yield, news items and articles, and so forth. Also available are records of historical performance, which can be displayed graphically on a trade by trade basis or over periods of time ranging from fractions of seconds to years. Also available are statistics for an entire exchange, such as total volume of shares traded and statistics for calculated market indices, such as the Dow-Jones Industrial Average (“The DOW”), the NASDAQ Composite, the Standard and Poor's 500 (“S&P 500”), the Russell 2000, sector indices, etc.
• Level 2 information for a particular security typically includes each market maker having an open (or active) bid or ask, the time when the bid or ask was placed (also referred to respectively as bid time and ask time), size of the bid or ask (i.e., number of shares, often reported in lots of 100) and price of the ask or bid.
• Many traders are interested in short term upward or downward price movements for selected securities. Predicting upward and downward price movement is often carried out by observinglevel 2 information for trends made by market makers as they offer and bid shares of various securities. Typically,level 2 information for one to three securities will be displayed on a computer monitor and this information is intently watched by the trader. The number of securities an individual can track in this manner is limited by the memory and cognitive ability of the individual to assimilate up to tens or hundreds of dynamically updated items of information per security per second. As a result, most traders can only effectively track one security at a time. More skilled traders may be able to track several securities at a time. Nevertheless, this technique is physically and mentally taxing on the trader. In addition, while a trader is tracking one or two securities, a purchase or sell opportunity for a different, untracked security may have been missed.
• At least one attempt to automate the analysis oflevel 2 information has been made. As discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,297,032, market depth for a watch list of securities is displayed by identifying the total number of market makers on the inside market for respective bid and offer quotes for each watch list security along with arrows to indicate whether the number of market makers at these prices is increasing, staying the same or decreasing. However, this system does not provide adequate information for a trader to make a decision as to the appropriateness of purchasing or selling a particular security.
• Accordingly, there exists a need in the art for a more sophisticated securities and market maker activity tracking system than the prior art provides.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• According to one aspect of the invention, the invention is a method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks. The method includes the steps of receiving a dynamically updated datastream containing level 1 andlevel 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, thelevel 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and thelevel 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and analyzing the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes summing the volume of each active bid associated with each selected security and summing the volume of each active ask associated with each selected security.
• According to another aspect of the invention, the invention is a method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks. The method includes the steps of receiving a dynamically updated datastream containing level 1 andlevel 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, thelevel 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and thelevel 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and analyzing the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes determining whether a bid placed by any of the market makers has a value higher than, the same as or lower than the previous bid placed by the same market maker and determining whether an ask placed by any of the market makers has a value higher than, the same as or lower than the previous ask placed by the same market maker.
• According to another aspect of the invention, the invention is a method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks. The method includes the steps of receiving a dynamically updated datastream containing level 1 andlevel 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, thelevel 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and thelevel 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and analyzing the data stream to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for a selected market maker and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes identifying each security from a selected set of securities for which the selected market maker has at least one of an active bid or an active ask, and for the selected market maker generating a list of the identified securities along with an indication of the market maker's bid volume and ask volume for the identified securities.
• According to yet another aspect of the invention, the invention is a method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks. The method includes the steps of receiving a dynamically updated datastream containing level 1 andlevel 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, thelevel 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and thelevel 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and analyzing the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes determining the combined bid volume and ask volume for each market maker for each selected security from the selected set of securities.
• According to still another aspect of the invention, the invention is a method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks. The method including the steps of receiving a dynamically updated datastream containing level 1 andlevel 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, thelevel 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and thelevel 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and analyzing the data stream to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each market maker and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes for each market maker, summing the bid volume of each active bid of each market maker for a selected set of securities and summing the ask volume of each active ask of each market maker for a selected set of securities.
• According to another aspect of the invention, the invention is a method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks. The method includes the steps of receiving a dynamically updated datastream containing level 1 andlevel 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, thelevel 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and thelevel 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and analyzing the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes for each selected security and over a specified time period, determining a bid persistence statistic and an ask persistence statistic for each market maker, the bid persistence statistic determined by calculating the approximate portion of the specified time period that the market maker has had one or more bids being equal to or higher than alevel 1 bid for the security, and the ask persistence statistic determined by calculating the approximate portion of the specified time period that the market has had one or more asks being equal to or lower than alevel 1 ask for the security.
• According to an additional aspect of the invention, the invention is a method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks. The method including the steps of receiving a dynamically updated datastream containing level 1 andlevel 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, thelevel 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and thelevel 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and dynamically filtering the data stream, including for each selected security from a selected set of securities, discarding bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value and discarding asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus the selected threshold percentage of the last trade value.
• According to yet another aspect of the invention, the invention is a method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks. The method including the steps of receiving a dynamically updated datastream containing level 1 andlevel 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, thelevel 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and thelevel 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; analyzing the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a set of statistics from thelevel 2 data indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream; and dynamically sorting a displayed order of the set of statistics based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.
• According to another aspect of the invention, the invention is a method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks. The method includes the steps of receiving a dynamically updated datastream containing level 1 andlevel 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, thelevel 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and thelevel 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and analyzing the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a set of statistics from thelevel 2 data indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream. The statistic is charted over a period of time for one of the selected securities in a chart.
• According to another aspect of the invention, the invention is a method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks. The method includes the steps of receiving a dynamically updated datastream containing level 1 andlevel 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, thelevel 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and thelevel 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and analyzing the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a set of statistics indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream. The method also includes the steps of grouping the bids by price to generate a series of bid groups, each bid price group but one containing bids of the same price for the bid price group, the remaining bid price group containing all bids having a price more than a specified number of price changes away from an inside bid price; summing the volume of bids in each bid price group and summing the number of bids in each bid price group; displaying the total volume for each bid price group and the number of bids in each bid price group; grouping the asks by price to generate a series of ask price groups, each ask price group but one containing asks of the same price for the ask price group, the remaining ask price groups containing all asks having a price more than a specified number of price changes away from an inside ask price; summing the volume of asks in each ask price group and summing the number of asks in each ask price group; and displaying the total volume for each price group and the number of asks in each ask price group.
• According to one aspect of the invention, a method of tracking a plurality of symbols (each symbol can stand for a particular stock, option, future, index, etc.) relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange. The method includes receiving a dynamically updated datastream containing level 1 data relating to the plurality of symbols traded over the at least one exchange, thelevel 1 data including at least the last trade price of each symbol; and analyzing the data stream for a set of symbols to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each symbol from the set of symbols and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes counting the number of times each symbol achieves a new intra-session high and counting the number of times each symbol achieves a new intra-session low.
• According to another aspect of the invention, a method of tracking a plurality of symbols relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange. The method includes receiving a dynamically updated datastream containing level 1 data relating to the plurality of symbols traded over the at least one exchange, thelevel 1 data including at least the last trade price of each symbol; and analyzing the data stream for a set of symbols to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each symbol from the set of symbols and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes determining a relationship between each trade price and at least one of an intra-session high and an intra-session low, the relationship indicative of how close the last trade value is to at least one of the intra-session high and the intra-session low value.
• According to yet another aspect of the invention, a method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks. The method includes receiving a dynamically updated datastream containing level 1 andlevel 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, thelevel 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and thelevel 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask volume, an ask time, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; for a selected security, displaying at least some of the bid prices and associated market maker identifiers on a display in an order according to bid price and displaying at least some of the ask prices and associated market maker identifiers on the display in an order according to ask price; and for a selected market maker, visually emphasizing at least one of a displayed bid price or a displayed ask price.
• According to still another aspect of the invention, a method of tracking activity of a particular market maker relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market maker places bids and asks. The method includes receiving a dynamically updated datastream containing level 1 andlevel 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, thelevel 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and thelevel 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and identifying each security from a selected set of securities for which the market maker has at least one of an active bid or an active ask; displaying a list of the identified securities along with an indication of the market maker's bid price and ask price; and visually emphasizing any bid price and any ask price for which the market maker has the inside bid and the inside ask respectively.
• According to another aspect of the invention, a system for tracking a plurality of symbols relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange. The system includes a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated datastream containing level 1 data relating to the plurality of symbols traded over the at least one exchange, thelevel 1 data including at least the last trade price of each symbol; and a processor for executing logic to analyze the data stream for a set of symbols to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each symbol from the set of symbols and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes counting the number of times each symbol achieves a new intra-session high and counting the number of times each symbol achieves a new intra-session low.
• According to yet another aspect of the invention, a system of tracking a plurality of symbols relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange. The system includes a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated datastream containing level 1 data relating to the plurality of symbols traded over the at least one exchange, thelevel 1 data including at least the last trade price of each symbol; and a processor for executing logic to analyze the data stream for a set of symbols to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each symbol from the set of symbols and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes determining a relationship between each trade price and at least one of an intra-session high and an intra-session low, the relationship indicative of how close the last trade value is to at least one of the intra-session high and the intra-session low value.
• According to still another aspect of the invention, a system for tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks. The system includes a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated datastream containing level 1 andlevel 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, thelevel 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and thelevel 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask volume, an ask time, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and a display for displaying, for a selected security, at least some of the prices and associated market maker identifiers on a display in an order according to bid price and displaying at least some of the ask prices and associated market maker identifiers on the display in an order according to ask price, wherein, for a selected market maker, at least one of a displayed bid price or a displayed ask price is visually emphasized.
• According to one more aspect of the invention, a system of tracking activity of a market maker relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market maker places bids and asks. The system includes a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated datastream containing level 1 andlevel 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, thelevel 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and thelevel 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; a processor for executing logic to identify each security from a selected set of securities for which the market maker has at least one of an active bid or an active ask; and a display for displaying a list of the identified securities along with an indication of the market maker's bid price and ask price, wherein any bid price and any ask price for which the market maker has the inside bid and the inside ask respectively is visually emphasized.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
• These and further features of the present invention will be apparent with reference to the following description and drawings, wherein:
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a securities and market maker activity tracking system according to the present invention;
• FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a screen shot of displayed information generated by the system ofFIG. 1;
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram of alevel 1 andlevel 2 information display window;
• FIG. 4A is a block diagram of an analysis result window in a watch list mode;
• FIG. 4B is a block diagram of the analysis result window in a market maker's book mode;
• FIG. 4C is a block diagram of the analysis result window in a market stocks mode;
• FIG. 4D is a block diagram of the analysis result window in a market players mode;
• FIG. 4E is a block diagram of the analysis result window in an insider mode;
• FIG. 5A is a block diagram of a chart window;
• FIG. 5B is a block diagram of a zoom chart window;
• FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an alert window;
• FIGS. 7A to7D illustrate an exemplary architecture for a securities and market maker activity tracking system software tool according to the present invention;
• FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the analysis result window in the market maker's book mode having an inside bid/ask action feature turned on;
• FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the analysis result window in the count mode and the rank mode sorted by descending high count;
• FIG. 10 is a block diagram of the analysis result window in the count mode and the rank mode sorted by descending rank value; and
• FIG. 11 is a block diagram of the securities and market maker activity trading system in a distributed embodiment.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTIONIntroduction
• In the detailed description which follows, identical components have been given the same reference numerals, regardless of whether they are shown in different embodiments of the present invention. To illustrate the present invention in a clear and concise manner, the drawings may not necessarily be to scale and certain features may be shown in somewhat schematic form.
• The present invention relates to a system and associated methods of tracking securities traded over a common market. The system and associated methods assist a user to track and analyze the activity of market makers involved in the purchase and sale of the traded securities. In doing so, the system and associated methods observes market maker activity for trends, or indicators, potentially leading to short term (i.e., a limited duration of time) upward or downward price movement in at least one security. The system and methods use sets of dynamically updated items of information relating to market maker activity and statistics derived therefrom to present the user with information regarding the activity of marker makers involved in the purchase and sale of the traded securities.
• The system utilizeslevel 1 andlevel 2 information to derive indicators of short term upward or downward price pressure for a plurality of securities selected by a user. Thelevel 2 information is filtered by a set oflevel 2 filters to derive a corresponding number oflevel 2 data sets. Indicators of upward or downward price pressure are derived from each of thelevel 2 data sets for each of a plurality of securities. The filters adapt themselves dynamically to current market conditions and will be described in greater detail below.
• The information displayed to the user, including the calculated statistics, is dynamically sorted so that with each screen refresh, the displayed information is ordered appropriately for the display method selected by the user.
• The system and corresponding methods have at least seven operational modes, including a watch list mode, a market maker's book mode, a market stocks mode, a market player's mode, an insider mode, a count mode and a rank mode. Each of these modes will be described in great detail below.
• Briefly, in the watch list mode, the user is presented with bid and ask volume information for a select group of securities and with buy and sell pressure for the selected group of securities.
• In the market maker's book mode, the user is presented with information regarding the securities for which a selected market maker has active bids and asks.
• In the market stocks mode, the user is presented with information relating to the securities for which there is heavy bid and ask volume on a market maker by market maker basis.
• In the market player's mode, the user is presented with information regarding cumulated activity on a market maker by market maker basis.
• In the insider mode, the user is presented with information regarding the market makers who have been positioned at the inside market for the greatest amount of time on a security by security basis.
• In the count mode, the user is presented with information regarding the number of new intra-trading session (sometimes referred to as intra-day) highs and/or new intra-trading session lows on a symbol by symbol basis.
• In the rank mode, the user is presented with information regarding the relationship between a last trade price for a symbol and the intra-trading session high and low for the symbol.
• The system can be programmed with alert thresholds that are tripped by data values contained within thelevel 1 orlevel 2 data stream or tripped by calculated statistics. If an alert is tripped, the user will be notified by the system.
Securities and Market Maker Activity Tracking System Overview
• Referring toFIG. 1, a block diagram of a securities and market makeractivity tracking system10, orsystem10, according to the present invention is illustrated. As used herein, the term “security” (or “securities”) is intended to include, but is not limited to, shares of stocks in corporations (or options thereon), corporate or government bonds, commodity futures (or options thereon), currencies, options, indicies, mutual funds, and the all other items traded over a common system or exchange. The term security can also include indices, such as for example, “the Dow”, “the NASDAQ composite”, a sector index or indicator and so forth. The term “symbol” (or “symbols”) includes securities and indices. Briefly, thesystem10 is a computer tool having a graphical user interface to assist a securities trader in analyzing information from security markets for opportune times to purchase or sell a particular security. Although the invention has application in tracking and analyzing securities of any type, the following discussion relates to the tracking and analysis of information related to the trading of shares of corporate stock on an exchange or exchanges.
• More specifically, the activity of market makers (i.e., placement of bids and asks) is analyzed. Many of the modes of operation described herein are geared to seek out temporary, typically short term (i.e., lasting from several seconds to perhaps as long a several hours), imbalances in individual or collective market maker activity that could lead to a price change in a particular security or index. These imbalances are also referred to as upward or downward price pressures and may last for few seconds, minutes or hours depending on market conditions.
• Thesystem10 includes acomputer system12, which can include multiple computers that can be located remotely from each other. However, in the illustrated embodiment ofFIG. 1, thecomputer system12 includes a single computer. Thecomputer system12 has one ormore processors14 for executing instructions, usually in the form of computer code, to carry out a specified logic routine. Thecomputer system12 has amemory16 for storing data, software, logic routine instructions, computer programs, files, operating system instructions, and the like. Thememory16 can comprise several devices and includes, for example, volatile and non-volatile memory components. Volatile memory components typically do not retain data values upon a loss of power. Non-volatile memory components retain data upon a loss of power. Thus, thememory16 can include, for example, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), hard disks, floppy disks, compact disks (including, but not limited to, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, and CD-RW), tapes, and/or other memory components, plus associated drives and players for these memory types. In a multiple computer embodiment, theprocessor14 can be multiple processors on one or more machines linked together locally or remotely. The software described herein can be broken-up so that different parts can be executed by different computers located locally or remotely from each other.
• Theprocessor14 and thememory16 are coupled to alocal interface18. Thelocal interface18 can be, for example, a data bus with an accompanying control bus, or a network between a processor and/or processors and/or memory or memories. Thecomputer system12 has avideo interface20, a number of input interfaces22, amodem24 and/or a data transceiver interface device25 (themodem24, thedata receiver25 and any other device for receiving and/or transmitting data are also referred to herein as a receiver, a receiving means and/or a transceiver), a number ofoutput interfaces26, each being coupled to thelocal interface18.
• Thesystem10 has adisplay28 coupled to thelocal interface18 via thevideo interface20. Although shown as a single cathode ray tube (CRT) type display, multiple displays can be used. Also, the display device can alternatively be, for example, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, an electro-luminescent display, indicator lights, or light emitting diodes (LEDs). In addition, thesystem10 has several input devices including, but not limited to, akeyboard30, amouse32, amicrophone34, a digital camera (not shown) and a scanner (not shown), each being coupled to thelocal interface18 via the input interfaces22. Themodem24 and/ordata receiver25 can be coupled to anexternal network38 enabling thecomputer system12 to send and receive data signals, voice signals, video signals and the like via theexternal network38 as is well known in the art. Theexternal network38 may be, for example, the Internet, a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), a direct data link, or other similar network or communications link, including wireless networks. Themodem24 and/or thedata receiver25 can be coupled to receive data from asatellite transceiver39, co-axial cable, fiber optic cable, etc. It is noted that thesystem10 can be accessed and used by a remote user via theexternal network38 andmodem24. Thesystem10 can also include output devices coupled to thelocal interface18 via the output interfaces26, such asaudio speakers40, aprinter42, and the like.
• Thecomputer system12 is programmed to display and execute a securities tracking software tool in graphical user interface (GUI) format. Alternatively, thecomputer system12 has logic stored in thememory16 capable of being executed to display and function as the securities tracking software tool.
• In one embodiment of the invention, a server receives alevel 1 andlevel 2 data stream and analyzes the data stream to produce statistics as described herein. The server outputs a data set, including the statistics, to a client terminal over a network or communications link. The client can further process the data sent and generate displays of data to a user.
• With additional reference toFIG. 2, and an exemplary GUI display screen50 (or screen shot), generated by thesecurities tracking system10 and displayed on thedisplay28 is illustrated. Thedisplay screen50 displays information to a user of thesecurities tracking system10. This information is intended to assist the user in deciding which securities to purchase or sell and when to make those purchases and sales. Thedisplay screen50 includes a number of regions for displaying various sets of information and includes anaction menu window52, alevel 1 andlevel 2information display window54, ananalysis result window56, achart window58, and analert window60. Theexemplary display screen50 includes drop-downmenus62 as are known in the art for allowing the user to select various features and functions of thesecurities tracking system10.
• It is noted that theGUI display screen50 can also include multiple windows that are open simultaneously. For example, thewindows54,56,58 and/or60 can be displayed in their own window boxes. In addition, multiple instances of a window can be opened. For example, multipleanalysis result windows56 can be opened to display, on a dynamically updated basis, various groups of data and/or statistics, even if the windows are used to display information relating to the same mode, different modes or combinations of modes (e.g., the watch list mode, the market makers book mode, etc.). Each window is sizable to the user's desire.
• Theaction menu window52 includes function buttons which can be selected by the user by moving a mouse-controlled cursor to the button and pressing a mouse button to select the button displayed on thedisplay screen50. In addition,keyboard30 actions and/or voice commands can be used to select various functions and control thesystem10. Upon selecting the button, menu item, icon or function (or other command entry mechanism), thesecurities tracking system10 carries out logic to invoke a corresponding action.
• An exemplary button is adata button66 for establishing a communications link via themodem24 ordata receiver25 to alevel 1 andlevel 2 information data service provider or to a centrally located server as described in greater detail below with respect toFIG. 11. Upon establishing such a communications link, thesecurities tracking system10 receives various items of information concerning securities traded at selected exchanges. For example, the user may elect to receive information for securities traded at the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASDAQ). For the NASDAQ, there are about 8,000 securities, each being traded and having associated therewith items oflevel 1 information. This information is updated in real time or near real time (i.e., almost simultaneously with actual market activity) by the data service provider broadcasting signals to thesecurities tracking system10. For example, each time a last trade value and volume for any security on the exchange changes, the data service provider will transmit the most recent traded value, trade volume, and trade time for the security to thesecurities tracking system10.
• Similarly, for securities listed on the NASDAQ,level 2 information is provided from the data service provider to thesecurities tracking system10. It is noted that at the time of filing the present application for Letters Patent,NYSE level 2 information is generally not available. However, the concepts and inventions described herein will have equal application tolevel 2 type information from any exchange, including the NYSE.Level 2 information includes each market maker with an open bid or ask for any security listed on the exchange being tracked. Thelevel 2 information includes the time that the ask or bid was placed (also referred to respectively as an ask time and a bid time), the size of the ask or bid in number of shares (often reported in lots of one hundred), and the value of the bid or ask, all of which is transmitted to thesecurities tracking system10 in real time or near real time.
• The total amount of transmittedlevel 2 information will depend on the number of market makers placing bids or asks for any given security at any given time. It has been estimated that betweenlevel 1 andlevel 2 information for NASDAQ, that there are about 400 to about 1,000 items of information which are updated each second. It is also estimated that most of the market activity relates to a small number of securities since certain securities are more widely traded than others. For example, it has been estimated that about 90% of the market activity relates to about 10% of the securities on the NYSE and the NASDAQ. To illustrate this, if one were to track the NASDAQ 50 (i.e., the top 50 securities traded on the NASDAQ), the computer processor capacity needed to track the amount of information being transmitted by the data service provider can be expressed in terms of a variable such as X. In contrast, if one were to track the NASDAQ 150 (i.e., the top 150 securities traded on the NASDAQ), which includes three times the number of securities of theNASDAQ 50, it has been estimated that the processor capacity required to process the information transmitted by the data service provider would be less than 3× (perhaps about 1.5× to about 2×).
• Theaction menu window52 can also include a watch list set upbutton68 to link the user to a GUI screen for selecting and grouping stocks of particular interest to the user. For example, the user can set up various watch lists containing selected groups of securities, such as high tech companies, pharmaceutical companies, retailers, transportation providers, theNASDAQ 50 or 150, the user's favorite securities, and so forth. Within each watch list, securities are specified by ticker symbol.
• Theaction menu window52 can also include an alert set upbutton70 to link the user to a GUI window for setting up various alerts to be triggered by thelevel 1 andlevel 2 information and by the results of calculated statistics. Specific alerts will be discussed below in more detail, however, the alerts are used to notify the user of market conditions that could influence the user's decision in purchasing or selling a particular security.
• Theaction menu window52 also includesmode selection buttons72 so that the user can select what type of information is displayed in theanalysis result window56. As will be described in more detail below, theanalysis result window56 can display information in at least seven modes including, a watch list mode (FIG. 4A), a market maker's book mode (FIGS. 4B and 8), a market stocks mode (FIG. 4C), a market players mode (FIG. 4D), an insider mode (FIG. 4E), a count mode (FIG. 9) and a rank mode (FIG. 10). These modes are indicated by icons on thedisplay selection buttons72. In the illustrated example, the watch list mode has a pad of paper indicating a list of items, the market maker's book mode has a notebook icon, the market stocks mode has a stock certificate icon, the market players mode has silhouettes of business people, and the insider mode has a “B/A” (for “bid/ask”) symbol.
• Theaction menu window52 has a drop-down menu74 for use in selecting one of the various watch lists when the watch list display mode is selected or selecting one of the market makers when the market maker's book mode is selected. General market statistics, market indices and the like can be displayed in amarket statistics window76 as illustrated or in a market quote window separate from the windows shown as being displayed inFIG. 2.
• Theaction menu window52 also includes alevel 2 filter selection drop-down menu78 for allowing the user to select a filtration level (or threshold) for the displayed information. Briefly, thelevel 2 filter is used by thesecurities tracking system10 to disregard market maker activity that is more than a selected price percentage away from the last reported trade price of each security. This allows the user to confine analysis of market maker activity to those bids and asks that are close to the current market price of each security. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that by monitoring and analyzing market maker activity that is close to the current market price, only the most relevant items of information will be observed and be factored into any decision on purchasing or selling stock in a security. Example filtration thresholds, expressed as percentages, include 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%. However, the filter percentage can be defined by the user and need not be an integer (e.g., 2.5%). Filters can also be based on a fixed distance (or distances) away from the last reported trade price, such as, for example, {fraction (5/16)} of a point, ⅝ of a point, 3 cents, 1 cent, etc. In addition, the filter can be turned off so that no data relating to market activity is excluded. In one embodiment of thesystem10, the incoming data stream is filtered at each possible filtration percentage (including preprogrammed percentages and user defined percentages) regardless of a filtration level selected by the user for displayed data. Corresponding data sets are derived for each of those filtration percentages. The data sets are stored for display as historical market maker activity or for immediate presentation if the user selects a different filtration level for displayed data.
• The operation of the filter is dynamic to actively stay current with current market price. As an example of filter operation, if the last reported trade in a stock took place at $20.00 and thelevel 2 filter for displayed information was set to 1%, then all market maker bids below $19.80 (twenty cents being 1% of $20.00) and asks above $20.20 will be disregarded when displaying data in theinformation display window54, when calculating information to be displayed in theanalysis result window56 and/or when generating and displaying alerts. Using the foregoing example, if the next reported ask for the stock is $20.10, thesecurities tracking system10 will use the reported ask of $20.10 and then dynamically update the statistics displayed on thedisplay screen50 and determine if the updated statistics trigger any of the alerts set by the user. If, however, the next ask is $20.50, that ask will be disregarded as it is outside the range of data values allowed by the filter parameters. The filter adjusts itself dynamically based on the last trade value. For example, if, the next reported trade in stock moves to $19.90, all bids below $19.70 would be disregarded and all asks above $20.10 would be disregarded. Thesystem10 will filter the incoming data stream in the same manner for every other filter level to generate corresponding data sets. As indicated, the data sets are stored for display as historical market maker activity or for immediate presentation if the user selects a different filtration level for displayed data.
• The selected securities programmed into the watch lists by the user are stored within a database associated with the user. Statistics for each security in the user's database are calculated regardless of whether the particular security is presently displayed on thedisplay screen50. This allows thesecurities tracking system10 to determine if a programmed alert (also referred to herein as an alarm) has been tripped for any of the securities in the user's database. If an alert is tripped, the alert is displayed in thealert window60, as described in more detail below. The user can define more than one database to track various sets of securities. However, in a typical mode of operation, only one database can be used at a time. As indicated above, each database can contain multiple watch lists to sub-divide the securities contained in a user's database. In addition, the same security can be included within more than one watch list contained within a database. The overall number of securities that can be contained in a database and processed by thesecurities tracking system10 is limited only by the processing and memory capabilities of thecomputer system12 being used to execute the securities tracking software tool.
Level 1 andLevel 2 Information Display
• With additional reference toFIG. 3, anexemplary level 1 andlevel 2information display window54 is illustrated. Thewindow54 can be part of theGUI display screen50 or can be a separate window selectively opened by the user. Multiple instances of thewindow54 can be opened to simultaneously follow different stocks.
• Theinformation display window54displays level 1 andlevel 2 information for a selected security. In one embodiment, the security for display in theinformation display window54 can be selected by the user by using mouse actions to select one of the securities identified in theanalysis result window56 or thealert window60. In the illustrated example, Cisco Systems (ticker symbol CSCO) is displayed. Theinformation display window54 includes abasic level 1information window80 displaying selected items oflevel 1 information for the selected security. For example, in the illustrated example, thebasic level 1information window80 contains the last trade value for the security, the change from the previous day's trading close, the value at the commencement of trading for the present trading day, the day's high and low values, the volume of shares exchanged for the trading session so far, the inside bid and the inside ask. Theinformation display window54 also contains atrade list window82 showing the time, price and volume of each trade for the displayed security.
• Theinformation display window54 also has a pair of market maker lists84. A firstmarket maker list84aidentifies market makers by a four character market maker identifier who are placing bids on the displayed security under the heading “MMID” (short for “market maker identifier”). A second market maker list84bshows market makers placing asks on the displayed security. Also displayed in themarket maker list84 is the time of the bid or ask, the size of the bid or ask in share lots of 100, and the bid or ask price. Bids having the same price are grouped together and displayed with a colored background or, as illustrated, a patterned background. Bids below a certain threshold (e.g., four or more price changes away from the highest bid) are grouped together at the bottom of thelist84a. Similarly, asks having the same value are grouped together and displayed with a certain color or patterned background. Asks with a price that is four or more price changes away from the lowest ask are grouped together.
• As an indication of market depth,bar charts86 are provided to give the user an indication of how many market makers have open (or active) bids or asks at various price levels. Thebar charts86 contain generally equally sized blocks having colors or patterns corresponding to those used in the market maker lists84. For each price group, the number of shares being bid or offered is identified followed by the number of market makers at that price point. For example, in the illustratedinformation display window54, two market makers are bidding $14.56 for a total of 800 shares. This information is displayed as “8/2” (for eight hundred shares among two market makers) in the correspondingbar chart86. It is noted that thelevel 2 filter can be applied to the information displayed in the market maker lists84 andbar charts86 and, as a result, bids or asks deemed too far away from the last trade price will be omitted from the market maker lists84 andbar charts86.
• As one skilled in the art will appreciate, the information displayed in theinformation window54 is dynamically updated as data relating to market maker activity is transmitted to thesystem10. The illustratedinformation display window54 ofFIG. 3 only captures an instant of time. The same is true for the data, information and statistics displayed in theanalysis result window56, thealert window60, thechart window58 and so forth. At the time of refreshing thedisplay screen50, the tables84 are dynamically sorted and re-ordered row by row to properly display the data (e.g., place the inside bids at the top of table84afollowed by lower bids in descending price order and place the inside asks at the top of table84bfollowed by higher bids in ascending price order—even if a different order of asks and/or bids were displayed before the refresh). In the illustrated example, the table84ais dynamically sorted by descending bid prices and the table84bis dynamically sorted by ascending ask prices.
• To assist the user to follow the activity of a selected market maker, thesecurities tracking system10 can be provided with a tracker feature. It is not unusual that the tables84aand/or84bcan be used to display the bids and asks of about a hundred market makers for the selected security. Since thewindow54 is updated at a relatively fast rate (e.g., continually or periodically as described below in greater detail) to reflect current market conditions, the rows corresponding to each market maker are subject to relatively rapid change in displayed position. It can become difficult and tiresome for a person to watch the activity of a particular market maker for a particular security in such an environment.
• The tracker feature visually highlights one or more rows of tables84aand/or84bthat are used to display information related to a selected market maker. If the row(s) associated with the selected market maker move upward or downward in the tables84aand84b, that row(s) will remain highlighted to assist the user's eye in following the activity of the selected market relative to the activity of the other market makers.
• In the example ofFIG. 3, the market maker “SMCO” is selected by the user by typing in the SMCO symbol in atracker selection window85. Alternatively, a drop down menu or other selection scheme can be employed. Also, the market maker to be tracked can be selected by mouse action, such as by clicking on the market maker identifier as displayed within any of the windows (e.g.,window56, table84, etc.) discussed herein.
• Thereafter, the tracker feature highlights the bids and asks of the selected market maker. In the example, the rows corresponding to the selected market maker are displayed against a white background to visually stand out from the rest of the rows. The rest of the rows are displayed against colored backgrounds as discussed above and represented in the appended drawing figure as patterned backgrounds. It should be apparent that rows corresponding to the selected market maker need not be displayed in white and that other colors or patterns can be used to effectively contrast the information corresponding to the selected market maker from the information corresponding to the other market makers. In other embodiments, the display of the alphanumeric text displayed on the row(s) associated with the selected market maker can be contrasted from the display of information on other rows.
• As one skilled in the art will appreciate, information transmitted by thelevel 1 andlevel 2 information service provider and received by thesecurities tracking system10 can be in error on occasion.FIG. 3 illustrates at least one such error in the second market maker list84bwhere an ask price of $1.00 is displayed in association with the market maker JPHQ. Depending on thelevel 2 filter selected by the user, this error may be filtered out. However, if thelevel 2 filter is not turned on or if the error falls within the range of values retained after filtration, then the erroneous data value will be displayed on theinformation display window54 and entered into any statistical calculation performed by thesecurities tracking system10.
• Other information can also be filtered from display and entry into the statistical calculations of thesystem10. For example, a crossed market filter can be used to remove bids that are higher than thelevel 1 bid and asks that are lower than thelevel 2 ask. These bids and asks are usually old bids or asks that were not purged. In this manner, thelevel 1 data is used to verify the accuracy of thelevel 2 data. In the foregoing example, if the crossed market filter were turned on, the $1.00 ask by JPHQ would be filtered out.
• Thesecurities tracking system10 tracks the value of each bid and ask for each market maker for each security. The next time a market maker places a bid for the security, thesecurities tracking system10 calculates whether that bid is higher or lower than the market maker's previous bid for that security. If the value is higher, a plus sign is placed in a change column on the firstmarket maker list84a. If the value is lower, a minus sign is placed in the change column. If there is no change from the previous bid, the change column is left blank in the row associated with the market maker. For example, in the firstmarket maker list84athe market maker BTRD has entered a bid of $14.56 which is higher in value than BTRD's previous bid for Cisco Systems. Thus a “+” sign is displayed in the change column for BTRD. Similarly, the next time a market maker places an ask for the security, thesecurities tracking system10 calculates whether that ask is higher or lower than the market maker's previous ask for that security. If the value is higher, a plus sign is placed in a change column on the second market maker list84b. If the value is lower, a minus sign is placed in the change column. If there is no change from the previous ask, the change column is left blank in the row associated with the market maker. For example, the market maker MONT placed an ask of $14.63 which is less than MONT's previous ask for Cisco Systems. Thus, a “−” sign is displayed in the change column for MONT. As will be described in more detail below, these changes are aggregated by thesecurities tracking system10 to indicate upward or downward price pressure for the securities contained in the user's database.
• Theinformation display window54 can also include aninsider aging window88. Information displayed in theinsider aging window88 is linked to the insider mode and will be described in greater detail below.
Analysis Result Window
• Referring back now toFIG. 2, theanalysis result window56 is used to display statistics which are derived from current market activity. It is noted that the statistics are continually updated and resorted based on the incoming data stream and as described in greater detail herein. The statistics are calculated based on theincoming level 1 andlevel 2 data received over the communications link established with thelevel 1 andlevel 2 data service provider. In one embodiment, the displayed information presented on thedisplay screen50 is written to the screen according to a user controlled refresh rate. Refreshing the screen periodically, rather than continuously, reduces burdens on thecomputer system12, thereby enhancing performance of thesecurities tracking system10. Example refresh rates include four times a second, twice a second, once a second, every two seconds, and the like.
• As discussed above, the statistics for display on theanalysis result window56 are derived from the filtered data set as filtered by thelevel 2 filter and the crossed market filter. In addition to thelevel 2 filter and the crossed market filter, a bad data item filter (or bad tick filter) can be used to remove items of information which were erroneously entered by operators of the stock exchange databases and subsequently transmitted by the data service provider to thesecurities tracking system10. The bad data filter can remove items of information which deviate significantly from surrounding price events for the same security. For example, a bid, ask or trade price deviating more than 10% from an average of the last ten similar events can be excluded. Another example of the bad data filter includes a filter which removes any items of price information (i.e., a bid quote, an ask quote or a trade price) which deviate from corresponding recent price information by about a multiple of 10 or 100. Such a data item indicates that a decimal point was erroneously typed in the price information or that a decimal place was omitted. For example, if a particular stock is trading at about $50.00 per share and a bid of $5.00 is received, the filter can remove that data item. Another bad data filter is a filter which removes items of price information which deviate by one integer in a price's dollar, tens or hundreds position. For example, if a security has been trading at about $23.00 a share, a data value of $22.00 a share or $24.00 a share can be disregarded.
Watch List Mode
• With additional reference toFIG. 4A, theanalysis result window56 is illustrated when thesecurities tracking system10 is placed in the watch list mode by the user. In this mode, theanalysis result window56 displays a table56aidentifying each security in the selected watch list. Selective information derived from thelevel 1 andlevel 2 information is displayed in association with each ticker symbol contained in the watch list. This information can include relative volume of bids and asks (column90), an indication of buy or sell pressure (column92), the number of market makers having open bids or asks (column94), the actual volume of bids and asks reported in share lots of 100 (column96), and pressurized volume (column98). It is noted that all displayed statistics are derived from data after application of the user-selectedlevel 2 filter, and/or crossed market filter, refreshed on thedisplay screen50 at a desired refresh rate and dynamically sorted as discussed below.
• To calculate actual volume displayed incolumn96, thesystem10 respectively sums the size of each bid and the size of each ask for all of the filtered market makers having open bids or asks within the filter thresholds for each security. In addition, thesecurities tracking system10 counts the number of market makers having open bids and the number of market makers having open asks within the filter thresholds for display incolumn94. In the illustrated example, Apple Computer (i.e., ticker symbol MPL) has 38 market makers with open bids totaling 9,300 shares of bid volume and has 42 market makers having open asks for an aggregate of 16,000 shares of ask volume.
• The relative volume of bids for each security (column90) is calculated by dividing the actual bid volume by the sum of the actual bid volume and the actual ask volume to arrive at a percentage. Similarly, the relative volume of asks is derived by dividing the actual ask volume by the sum of the actual bid volume and the actual ask volume. This relative volume calculation can indicate whether there is significant purchase or sell pressure for a given security. For example, in the illustrated example, Cisco Systems (ticker symbol CSCO) has 88.4% of the aggregate volume of shares for bid and only 11.6% of the aggregate volume of shares for sale. As a result, the demand for the security heavily outweighs the availability of the security. Therefore, one may speculate that the value of the security should rise. In contrast, in the illustrated example, Worldcom (ticker symbol WCOM) has a relative volume of bids of 17% and a relative volume of asks of 83%, indicating that a significantly greater number of traders desire to sell Worldcom rather than purchase Worldcom. Therefore, one may speculate that the value of the security should fall. In this manner, traders can observe market activity to identify imbalances in market maker activity to identify advantageous moments for the execution of a trade. On the other hand, the information can illustrate to a trader when market activity is relatively balanced for a particular security. For example, Microsoft Corporation (ticker symbol MSFT) has a relative bid volume of 46.8% and a relative ask volume of 53.2%. This may indicate that the price for Microsoft stock, at least at the moment, may be relatively stable. As one of ordinary skill in the art of stock trading will appreciate, these calculations and the other calculations described herein are only indicators and cannot be fully relied upon to predict variations in a security's value. Trading securities is inherently risky and there is never a guarantee of how much money one can make or lose by engaging in such endeavors.
• Thesecurities tracking system10 also displays respective buy and sell pressure values incolumn92. More specifically, thesecurities tracking system10 counts the number of bidding market makers who have increased their bid price (i.e., the number of plus signs inlist84a). This number is reduced by the number of bidding market makers who have decreased their bid price (i.e., the number of minus signs inlist84a). The result is displayed as buy pressure incolumn92. Similarly, thesecurities tracking system10 counts the number of offering market makers who have increased their ask price (i.e., the number of plus signs in list84b). This number is reduced by the number of offering market makers who have decreased their ask price (i.e., the number of minus signs in list84b). The result is displayed as sell pressure incolumn92.
• Alternatively, buy and sell pressure can be expressed in ratio format, or as relative pressure percentages. Relative buy pressure is computed by dividing the buy pressure value by the sum of the buy pressure value and the sell pressure value. The relative sell pressure is calculated by dividing the sell pressure value by the sum of the buy pressure value and the sell pressure value.
• When the buy pressure and the sell pressure are each close to zero (for example, buy/sell pressure of 0/0, 1/2, or −2/−3) the user may speculate that there is very little upward or downward price pressure on the security. However, large positive numerical values for buy and/or sell pressure indicate that the market makers are increasing their bid and ask price for the security. Conversely, large negative buy and/or sell pressure values would indicate that there is downward price pressure for this security as the market makers are lowering their bid and ask values. In situations where buy pressure is a positive number and sell pressure is a negative number, there is an indication that the price differential between bids and asks is narrowing as market makers placing bids are increasing their bid price and market makers offering shares of the security are decreasing their ask price. On the other hand, a negative value for buy pressure and a positive value for sell pressure would indicate a widening of the spread between bids and asks.
• Thesecurities tracking system10 can also display pressurized volume. More specifically, thesecurities tracking system10 sums the bid volume associated with each bid from the bidding market makers who have increased their bid price. This number is reduced by the sum of the bid volume associated with each bid from the bidding market makers who have decreased their bid price. The result is displayed as bid pressurized volume incolumn98. Similarly, thesecurities tracking system10 totals the ask volume associated with each ask from the offering market makers who have increased their price. This number is reduced by the ask volume associated with each ask from the offering market makers who have decreased their ask price. The result is displayed as ask pressurized volume incolumn98.
• The concept of pressurized volume allows the user to determine if a large number of shares being bid and/or offered are moving upward or downward in price. Pressurized volume can also be considered as a weighted indication of buy pressure and/or sell pressure. This weighted indication of buy pressure and/or sell pressure accounts for the volume associated with the bids and asks which have recently changed in price for each associated market maker. The pressurized volume, therefore, indicates to the user when a large volume of shares, either by one market maker or a number of market makers collectively, moves in price. By way of example, a user may not be very interested to know that a few lots of 100 shares offered by a handful of market makers has moved in ask price, but would be interested in knowing if, for example, 50 or more lots of 100 shares being bid or offered moves in price.
• In the illustrated example, actual pressurized volume is illustrated incolumn98. However, additional or alternative methods of indicating pressurized volume are contemplated by the invention. For example, relative pressurized volume can be displayed (i.e., the bid pressurized volume divided by the total pressurized volume and the ask pressurized volume divided by the total pressurized volume and respectively reported as a percentage). In another embodiment, pressurized volume can be reported as a percentage of total bid and/or ask volume (i.e., dividing the bid pressurized volume of the illustrated example by total bid volume for the security and dividing the ask pressurized volume of the illustrated example by total ask volume for the security, and respectively reporting the results as percentages). As another example, bid pressurized volume can be broken down into volume associated with increasing bids and decreasing bids. Similarly, ask pressurized volume can be broken down into increasing asks and decreasing asks. These broken down totals can be reported in a variety of ratio formats as desired by the user.
• The user may visually configure theanalysis result window56 in a number of different ways. For example, some of the columns need not be displayed. In another example, the listed securities can be displayed in an order according to one of the calculated parameters rather than in alphabetical order according to ticker symbol as illustrated. For example, a trader may be interested in showing the security with the most total bid volume first. This can be accomplished by usingkeyboard30 ormouse32 actions to select the bid heading in theactual volume column96. Alternatively, the securities can be displayed by total bid and ask volume, ask volume, total number of market makers, number of market makers with open bids, number of market makers with open asks, by relative bid volume, by relative ask volume, by buy or sell pressure, or by buy or sell pressurized volume. In another embodiment, selected columns can replace one another upon invoking akeyboard30 ormouse32 action. For example, the table56acan show therelative volume column90, themarket maker column94 and theactual volume column96 for each security in the watch list and suppress display of the buy and sellpressure column92 and thepressurized volume column98. Upon invoking thekeyboard30 ormouse32 action (e.g., right clicking on one of the particular columns), the selected column will be replaced by a suppressed column.
• Thesecurities tracking system10 will also update the displayed information using dynamic sorting. With the exception of the chart window58 (described below) most of the information presented to the user is in the form of tables. As indicated, each table can be sorted by selecting the words identified at the top of each column by invoking akeyboard30,mouse32, or voice command. In addition, the tables are periodically refreshed to show information relating to current market activity. The tables and chart(s) can be refreshed continually as new data is received and statistics are calculated. Alternatively, to conservecomputer system12 resources, the tables and chart(s) shown on thedisplay screen50 can be refreshed at periodic intervals such as every quarter second, every half second, every one second, every two seconds, every four seconds, or the like. At the time of refreshing thedisplay screen50, the tables are re-ordered row by row to properly display the data in the manner selected by the user. For example, if the user has selected to view table56aby placing thesecurities tracking system10 in the watch list display mode and the user has selected to display the information in table56aby relative bid volume, at each refresh the stocks will be ordered such that the highest relative bid volume stock will appear first, followed by the second highest relative bid volume stock and so forth (even if a different order of stocks were displayed before the refresh). The user can select to turn off this dynamic sorting feature of the present invention so that updated information will be displayed, but in the row by row order in which the rows were before the refresh.
• In addition to displaying updated statistics of current market activity, thesecurities tracking system10 stores historical statistics relating to market activity for each stock in the user's database. More specifically, this information is stored and can be charted in thechart window58 in various manners discussed below. Briefly, the stored information includes actual bid and ask volume, number of bidding and offering market makers, buy and sell pressure, relative bid and ask volume, and pressurized bid and ask volume (alternatively, certain statistics can be re-calculated as needed from historical records). Historical records are also stored for information described below when thesecurities tracking system10 is placed in the market maker's book mode or the market players mode, the market stocks mode and the index mode. This additional information also includes each bid and ask placed by each market maker for each security so that charts indicating the extent to which a particular market maker is supporting a particular security or sector may be generated. For example, over the course of a period of time it may become clear that a particular market maker has been offering a large number of shares at prices close to the last trade value in order to sell off at least a portion of that market maker's ownership in a particular security. To assist the user in discerning this information, the market maker's activity can be charted in the same chart along with other information, including, for example, actual trade values, actual volume, and/or an average of bid or ask volumes for all market makers for the security.
Market Maker's Book Mode
• Referring now toFIG. 4B, theanalysis result window56 is illustrated when the user places thesystem10 in the market maker's book mode by selecting the book display selection button72 (FIG. 2). The table illustrated inFIG. 4B will be referred to as table56b. While in the market maker's book mode, thesecurities tracking system10 will change the content of the drop-down menu74 to reflect a list of market makers from which the user can select a specific market maker. Table56bwill present information allowing the user to track activity of the selected market maker, or the “market maker's book.”
• The securities for which the selected market maker has an active bid or ask within the filtration thresholds selected by the user will be displayed by ticker symbol in table56b. For each of those securities, the actual volume being bid or offered by the selected market maker will be displayed in anactual volume column100. As illustrated, theactual volume column100 has two sub-columns categorized by bids and asks. These volumes are specific to the selected market maker and are also displayed as relative volumes in arelative volume column102. The relative volume of bids is calculated by dividing the actual bid volume by the sum of the actual bid volume and the actual ask volume. The relative ask volume is calculated by dividing the actual ask volume by the sum of the actual bid volume and the actual ask volume. Also displayed is acolumn104 identifying the market makers bid and ask prices for each security. It is noted that presentlyavailable level 2 information is limited to the best bid and the best offer of each market maker for each security, except for some electronic market makers who make available all of their bids and offers for each stock. Therefore, the information presented in table56bis correspondingly limited. Should information concerning all bids and all offers of each market maker for each security become widely available, thesystem10 can be modified as will be apparent to one skilled in the art to generate statistics relating to all bids and asks in each market maker's book.
• Similar to table56a, the information displayed in table56bcan be sorted by any of the displayed columns or sub-columns. In addition, selected columns can be hidden from view or brought into view by the user. The information can be dynamically sorted as described above so that upon eachdisplay screen50 refresh, the rows will be listed in order according to the present market maker activity. As indicated above, market maker bidding and offering activity is stored by thesystem10 so that the charts relating to market maker activity for a particular security can be displayed. It is also noted that the user can displaylevel 1 andlevel 2 information for a selected security in thelevel 1 andlevel 2information display window54 by selecting the security from the list presented in table56b.
• With additional reference toFIG. 8, a table56b′ presenting information related to the market maker's book is illustrated with an inside bid/ask action feature turned on. In table56b′, the respective bid and ask columns are given contrasting colors, such as green for the bid columns (represented in the drawing figure as light grey with black text) and red for the ask columns (represented in the drawing figure as dark grey with white text). In similar fashion, it is noted that all of the tables displayed in theresult window56 can be displayed with columns and/or rows of differing background colors and/or patterns, and/or differing text colors and/or fonts.
• The inside bid/ask feature highlights the bid prices (column104) for which the market maker is presently the highest bidder for the associated security (i.e., the market maker has the inside bid). Similarly, the inside bid/ask feature also highlights the ask prices (column104) for which the market maker presently has the lowest ask for the associated security (i.e., the market maker has the inside ask). For example, and as illustrated, the bids and asks that are inside bids and asks for the displayed market maker can be displayed with a white background in the appropriate row and column position.
• As an example, the user can readily ascertain that at the instant depicted inFIG. 8, the selected market maker has the highest bid for the securities represented by the following symbols: SEMA, CEFT, FLEX, ORCL, MCLD, SUNW, IMNX, VRTS, TLAB, PSFT and XOXO. The selected market maker also has the lowest ask for the securities represented by the following symbols: SBUX, SHPGY, TMPW, IMNX, ERICY, INTU and TEVA. In the illustrated example, the selected market maker has both the inside bid and inside ask for the security represented by IMNX.
• The inside bid/ask feature visually presents the user with an indication of which stocks the selected market maker is making the best bid/ask. Similar to the tracker feature described above with respect to tables84aand84b, this highlighting feature assists the user in following the activity of a particular market maker. As a result, the user is provided with multidimensional data that can be quickly assimilated to assist the user in making a more informed decision about placing a trade. The inside bid/ask feature could also be used to highlight inside bid volume and ask volume if price was not displayed (e.g., in connection with the display of table56c(FIG. 4C) as discussed below with regard to the market stocks mode).
• In an alternative embodiment of the bid/ask feature, each displayed bid price and ask price incolumn104 can be shown against a background color corresponding to the bid/ask plateau to which the bid/ask belongs. More specifically, with reference back to tables84 ofFIG. 3, each bid and ask is grouped with other bids and asks having the same price and those groupings are shown against different colored backgrounds. Those same background colors (or other background colors or patterns) can be used when displaying bid price and ask price in table56b′ to visually demonstrate the relationship between the displayed bid prices and ask prices to other bid and ask prices from other market makers.
Market Stocks Mode
• Referring now toFIG. 4C, theanalysis result window56 is illustrated when thesystem10 is placed in the market stocks mode. Entry into the market stocks mode can be accomplished by the user selecting the appropriatedisplay selection button72. The table illustrated inFIG. 4C will be referred to as table56c.
• In the market stocks mode, thesystem10 identifies the market maker with the highest combined bid and ask volume for any security in the user's database as within the filtration level selected by the user. It is noted that the bid and ask volume calculations can include all bid/asks for each market maker and for each security that are in the data system and survive the application of the selected filter. For example, a particular market maker may have multiple bids outstanding for a particular security and the data provider may, for example, include the five highest priced bids in the incoming data stream. The resulting volume calculation for that market maker and security can be based on all five of those bids (subject to the application of the filters as described herein). Alternatively, thesystem10 can make volume calculations using only the highest bid and lowest ask for each market maker for each security.
• The market maker identifiers are displayed in aMMID column106. Also displayed incolumn108 for each security is the actual bid and ask volume generated by the identified market maker listed incolumn106. Relative volume is calculated from the values incolumn108 and displayed in arelative volume column100. More specifically, for each security and market maker pair, the market maker's actual bid volume is divided by the sum of the market maker's actual bid volume and actual ask volume to arrive at a relative bid volume and the market maker's actual ask volume is divided by the sum of the market maker's actual bid volume and the actual ask volume to arrive at a relative ask volume.
• In the illustrated example shown inFIG. 4C, the securities have been arranged by total actual volume. That is, the sum of the bids and asks for each reported market maker are totaled and arranged in descending order. It is noted that this total is not shown in the illustrated example, but can be shown if desired. As with tables56aand56b, table56ccan be arranged in various orders by the user selecting one of the various column or subcolumn (e.g., bid or ask) headings. Selecting any of the ticker symbols using a mouse, keyboard or voice command will display the associatedlevel 1 andlevel 2 information for that security in thelevel 1 andlevel 2information display window54. Selecting any of the market maker identifiers incolumn106 using a mouse, keyboard or voice command can be used to display the associated market maker's book (table56b) in theanalysis result window56 or in a separate window. In addition, table56ccan be dynamically sorted with eachdisplay screen50 refresh as described above.
• As indicated above, each security in the user's database can be identified multiple times in table56c. In the illustrated example, ticker symbol SSCC is identified as the fourth and fifth entries in the table. The first entry for SSCC is for the market maker with the fourth highest combined bid and ask volume for any security in the user's database (ARCA with 35,300 shares bid and 100 shares offered for SSCC) and the second entry for SSCC is for the market maker with the fifth highest combined bid and ask volume for any security in the user's database (REDI with 1,000 shares bid and 31,700 shares offered for SSCC).
• As one skilled in the art will appreciate, other display methods for displaying information related to market maker activity in the players display mode is possible. For example, the identified market maker's bid and/or ask price can be listed and thesecurities tracking system10 can identify whether this price is the highest bid or the lowest ask. In another embodiment, table56ccan include one entry for each security and the market maker identifier for the market maker having the highest bid volume and the market maker having the highest ask volume in two separate columns. Similar to the inside bid/ask feature described above in connection withFIG. 8, the inside bid volume (bid volume associated with an inside price) and inside ask volume (ask volume associated with an inside price) could be highlighted.
• The information displayed in table56cassists the user in determining when a particular market maker is attempting to purchase or sell a large amount of shares in a particular security. This information is collected so that charts of historical market maker activity can be generated and displayed.
Market Player's Mode
• Referring now toFIG. 4D, theanalysis result window56 is illustrated when the user places thesystem10 in the market player's mode by selecting the market players selection button72 (FIG. 2). The table illustrated inFIG. 4D will be referred to as table56d. In the market player's mode, thesystem10 separately sums the bid volume and the ask volume for all of the securities for which each market maker has an open ask or an open bid within the filtration level selected by the user. These values are respectively reported incolumn112 of table56d. In the illustrated example, the market makers are listed in order of total volume, that is, the combined bid volume and ask volume associated with each market maker. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, table56dcan be ordered according to any of the other columns or subcolumns (for example, by bid or ask volume). The actual volumes ofcolumn112 are converted to relative volumes in the manner described above and reported incolumn114.
• Thesystem10 will also calculate the buy pressure and sell pressure specific to each market maker. More specifically, thesystem10 will sum the number of bids for which the market maker has increased their price and reduce that number by the number of bids for which the market maker has reduced their price to derive market maker buy pressure total. Similarly, thesystem12 will calculate sell pressure by summing the number of asks for which the market maker has increased their price and reduce that number by the number of asks for which the market maker has reduced their price and display the total as market maker sell pressure. Market maker buy and sell pressure are displayed incolumn116.
• Similarly to table56a, the information displayed in table56dcan be sorted by any of the displayed columns or subcolumns. In addition, selected columns can be hidden from view or brought into view by the user. The information can be dynamically sorted as described above so that upon eachdisplay screen50 refresh, the market makers will be listed in order according to the present market maker activity. As indicated above, the statistics calculated by thesystem10 for table56dcan be stored so that charts related to market maker activity can be displayed. It is noted that the user can display a selected market maker's book (table56b) by selecting the corresponding market maker identifier from the list presented in table56d.
Insider Mode
• Referring now toFIG. 4E, theanalysis result window56 is illustrated when the user places thesystem10 in the insider mode by selecting the corresponding insider button72 (FIG. 2). The table illustrated inFIG. 4E will be referred to as table56e. The insider mode is used to display statistics calculated by thesystem10 which are indicative of a market maker's persistence at the inside market. More specifically, when a market maker desires to add a position, that market maker needs to be one of the most aggressive bidders. Conversely, when a market maker desires to sell a position, the market maker needs to be one of the most aggressive offering market makers for that security. In some situations, a market maker may desire to conceal activity relating to one or more securities by only placing bids or asks of small volumes persistently at or near the inside market. As an example, over the course of three days in theyear 2000, Goldman Sachs sold off a very large position in World Com (ticker symbol WCOM) stock by offering 1,000 or fewer shares at a time at prices that were at or near the lowest ask price. The insider mode is intended to assist in apprising the user of this type of aggressive purchase or sell action by one or more market makers.
• Thesystem10 uses a market maker persistence statistic akin to a moving average, or exponential smoothing, to track market maker presence at the inside market. The persistence statistic is expressed as a percentage and is approximately the percentage of the time a particular market maker has had the most aggressive bid or the most aggressive ask for any particular security over a specified period of time. The persistence statistic can be calculated for any period of time. In the illustrated example,column118 reports the persistence statistic for a three-minute interval by security (column122) and by market maker (column124).Column120 displays the persistence statistic for a fifteen-minute interval for the same security/market maker pairs. In the illustrated example, the securities are sorted by most aggressive bidder based on the three-minute interval period.
• In the illustrated example, Siebel Systems (ticker symbol SEBL) is associated with the market maker most aggressively bidding for any of the stocks over the last three minutes. More specifically, approximately 37.3% of the time the market maker identified by NFSC had the highest bid for Siebel Systems. Over the same three minutes, NFSC had the lowest ask for approximately 0.2% of the time. Over a fifteen-minute interval NFSC had the highest bid for SEBL approximately 11.9% of the time and the lowest ask approximately 0.2% of the time.
• As one skilled in the art will appreciate, there are a number of possible approaches for calculating how long a particular marker maker is at the inside market for any particular security. An exemplary approach involves breaking the time period (e.g., three minutes, fifteen minutes, an hour, a trading session, or the like) into a plurality of segments. Each segment has a known duration, such as a quarter of a second, a half of a second, one second, two seconds, four seconds, or the like. The rate at which the period is broken into segments is referred to herein as an index rate. The index rate can be the same as the refresh rate for refreshing information displayed on thedisplay screen50, but need not be the same as the refresh rate.
• For both bids and asks and for each segment of time, each market maker is given a value of either one or zero for each security in the user's database. On the bid side, a bid value of one is assigned to any market maker for the segment/security if the market maker'slevel 2 bid is equal to or higher than thelevel 1 bid for the security (i.e., the inside market bid). On the ask side, an ask value of one is assigned to any market maker for the segment/security if the market maker'slevel 2 ask is equal to or lower than thelevel 1 ask for the security (i.e., the inside market ask). A bid value of zero is assigned to each market maker for any segment of time for which the market maker does not have alevel 2 bid that is equal to or higher than thelevel 1 bid. An ask value of zero is assigned to each market maker for any segment of time for which the market maker does not have alevel 2 ask that is equal to or lower than thelevel 1 ask for that stock. One skilled in the art will appreciate that more than one market maker can be at the inside market during any given segment, each being assigned an appropriate bid or ask value of one for the segment.
• The bid and ask values for each market maker and each security are tracked over the period of time and can be converted into a percentage by numerically summing all of the bid values assigned to each market maker on a security by security basis and dividing that number by the number of segments in the period and summing all of the ask values assigned to each market maker on a security by security basis and dividing that number by the number of segments in the period.
• According to another embodiment of the invention, an exponentially smoothed persistence percentage is calculated by separately summing each bid or ask according to an exponential average where the current sum of all values (ΣVALc) is calculated according toequation 1 as follows:$\begin{array}{cc}\Sigma \mathrm{VALc}=\left(\Sigma \mathrm{VALp}+\frac{\mathrm{CV}-\Sigma \mathrm{VALp}}{m}\right).& \mathrm{Eq}.1\end{array}$
• Inequation 1, m is the number of segments in the period, CV is the current value assigned to the marker maker and ΣVALp is the prior sum of all values calculated according toequation 1 one segment earlier. The ΣVALc value is multiplied by 100 to arrive at a percentage, that percentage representing the exponential average of the aggregation of each bid or ask value for the market maker for a selected security over the time period of interest. The equation is solved separately for bid and ask values.
• As an example, the index rate is set to assign a bid and ask value every second. Therefore, over a three minute time period, there are 180 segments (three minutes times sixty segments per minute). If a particular market maker has alevel 2 bid at or higher than thehighest level 1 bid for a security for 90 of those segments, the ΣVALc would approach 0.50. If the current value assigned to the market maker is one, indicating that at the current time segment the market maker has a bid equal to or higher than thehighest level 1 bid, the second term of the equation will increase the persistence percentage slightly. In the example, the persistence percentage would be about 50.3%. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, a solution forequation 1 for each market maker, for each stock, for each time period of interest, will be solved for both bids and asks. The solution is an approximation to the percentage of time the market maker spends at the inside market and results in a means of calculating an exponential moving average for the market maker's time spent at the inside market. The resulting persistence statistic can be graphed for the time period or weighted against the volume of the associated bids and asks from the market maker.
• As one skilled in the art will appreciate, other formulas can be used to measure the persistence, or percentage of time, that a market maker has a bid equal to the inside bid or an ask equal to the inside ask.
• As one skilled in the art will appreciate, certain securities that are not widely traded may have one or more market makers continually placing a bid or an ask for the security until a seller or buyer becomes available. This may take a considerable amount of time (e.g., minutes to days) and skew the results prescribed in table56e. Therefore, the user can activate a filter to discard certain securities from the insider mode statistics. The filter disregards securities having a trade volume below a certain threshold. The volume threshold can be the trade volume from the previous trading day or an average traded volume for the security. The threshold is user definable and can be established globally or for selected securities.
• Similar to table56a, the information displayed in table56ecan be sorted by any of the displayed columns or subcolumns. In addition, selected columns can be hidden from view or brought into view by the user. The information can be dynamically sorted as described above so that upon eachdisplay screen50 refresh, the rows will be listed in order according to the present market maker activity. As indicated above, data associated with table56emarket maker bidding and offering activity is stored by thesystem10 so that charts relating to market maker activity for any particular security can be displayed. It is also noted that the user can displaylevel 1 andlevel 2 information for a selected security in thelevel 1 andlevel 2information display window54 by selecting the security from the list presented incolumn122 of table56e. The user can display a market maker's book (table56b) by selecting the market maker identifier incolumn124 of table56e.
Count Mode
• Referring now toFIG. 9, theanalysis result window56 is illustrated when thesecurities tracking system10 is placed in the count mode. In the count mode, theanalysis result window56 displays a table56fidentifying each security tracked by the securities tracking system10 (this may include all securities and indices in all of the user's watch lists or all securities on all exchanges from which data is received—even if the securities and indices are of different type, such as a mix of stocks and futures). Alternatively, the displayed securities can be the securities from a selected watch list. The displayed securities may be limited by one or more filters as discussed below.
• For each displayed security, the information presented in the table56fcan include the price information, such as the last trade value (column300), a rank indicator (column302, discussed in greater detail below with respect to the rank mode) and the intra-session high trade value and low trade value (column304).
• In addition, for each displayed security, the table56fcan include a high count and a low count (respectively,columns306aand306b). The high count represents the number of times during the trading session that the security traded at a new and higher intra-session high price. The low count represents the number of times during the trading session that the security traded at a new and lower intra-session low price. As discussed below, in calculating the high and low counts, the securities tracking system can be configured to ignore new highs and/or lows established during an initial period of trading for the trading session to allow the price for the security to settle near a trading range. The high count and the low count are based onlevel 1 trade price data.
• Since major exchanges are auction markets, buyers and sellers compete with each other to buy and sell securities at desirable prices. At the beginning of a trading session (referred to as an “opening balance” period), trades for each security are made over a range of prices that establish a market value (or “opening balance” price range) for the security. This opening balance price range is bounded by a high price and a low price, and contains all of the other trades in between. Often, an entire session's trades for a security will fall within the opening balance price range. Occasionally, securities may experience a trending day, or a session when the security steadily advances in value or steadily declines in value. During such a session, the security will typically move in the same direction with some regularity and tend to close within five percent of the session's high (or low) trade value.
• Certain traders would like to be able to identify when a security is having a trending day. Also, certain traders may be especially interested when a security trades outside the security's opening balance price range. These factors could assist the trader in deciding when to buy or sell a particular security.
• The high count and the low count may serve as an indicator of trending, or that a particular security has a likelihood of advancing during the course of the trading session or declining during the course of the trading session. Securities having a relatively large high count value tend to be securities that have a likelihood of advancing during the course of the trading session. Securities having a relatively large low count value tend to be securities that have a likelihood of declining during the course of the trading session.
• The count mode is intended to display to the user, on a real time or near real time basis, the number of new intra-session highs and/or new intra-session lows for each displayed security once an opening balance period has elapsed. Since each individual may have a different opinion as to how much time is needed for the market to establish a stable opening balance price range, the opening balance period during which new intra-session highs and new intra-session lows will be disregarded by thesecurities tracking system10 can be defined by the user. The time period during which thesecurities tracking system10 will disregard new intra-session highs and lows will be referred to herein as a count delay interval. Some common count delay intervals can include, for example, zero minutes (i.e., the high count and low count are calculated from the start of the trading session), fifteen minutes, thirty minutes, forty five minutes and sixty minutes.
• Following the count delay interval, thesecurities tracking system10 will, for each security monitored in the count mode, increment a high counter each time the security trades above the trading session's high for the security. Similarly, thesecurities tracking system10 will, for each security monitored in the count mode and following the delay interval, increment a low counter each time the security trades below the trading session's low for the security. It is noted that the trading session's high and low are updated each time a new high and/or low is reached and each trade is compared against the current high and low to determine if the high counter or the low counter should be incremented.
• As an example,FIG. 9 illustrates a list of securities sorted by the securities having the highest numerical high count. In the example, the security represented by the symbol MXIM has established thirty nine new highs for the trading session following the count delay interval. No securities are shown with a low count of greater than zero. However, if the table56fwere sorted by low count or if the user were to scroll down the table56f, the securities that set new lows for the trading session after the count delay interval would appear. As indicated above, sorting the table56fon a desired column can be accomplished by selecting the column. In the illustrated example, the descriptive heading of the selected column is shown in bold text.
• As with the other modes described herein, the table56fdisplaying the high count and the low count can be updated using dynamic sorting. That is, at each screen refresh, the table can be reordered row by row to place the securities in order based on the updated values in the selected column. Also, the columns can be displayed in ascending or descending order.
• As indicated, the securities for which thesecurities tracking system10 maintains the high count and the low count can optionally be filtered. For example, the securities can be filtered based on volume. Liquidity of a security can be a concern to traders when deciding when to place a trade. Should there not be sufficient trading volume in a security, the trader cannot be assured that the trade (buy or sell) will proceed at or near the desired value. The securities tracking system can allow the user to filter out securities from the table56fthat do not exceed a certain liquidity threshold. For example, the volume filter can be based on the previous trading session's traded volume. In one embodiment, thesecurities tracking system10 can be configured to track the high count and the low count for securities that had a total trade volume of greater than a certain number of shares (e.g., 500,000 shares) during the previous session (or trading day). The threshold can be established globally for all securities and/or on a security by security basis.
• As one skilled in the art will appreciate, alternative volume filters can be employed. As another example, the high count and the low count can be maintained for all securities, but only those securities that reach a certain trade volume for the current trading session will be displayed in table56f. As another example, the high count and the low count can be maintained for only those securities that reach a certain trade volume after a predetermined time has elapsed. The predetermined time could be the same as the count delay interval or another time period.
• Another filter that can be used (with or without the volume filter) is a price filter. Securities with a relatively low price (e.g., about $5.00 or less) can have a high transactional cost relative to the total cost of trading that security. Accordingly, thesecurities tracking system10 can be configured to track the high count and the low count for securities having a trade value of over a specified threshold. The specified threshold can be user definable, apply to all securities globally and/or on a security by security basis, and/or can be set against various values (e.g., price at the close of the last session, current trade price, session's high, etc.).
• Other filters, such as a user definable filter, can also be used alone or in conjunction with the foregoing filters, to reduce the securities tracked in the count mode to a desirable set of securities.
• As previously described, a user may select a security from the security column of table56fto displaylevel 1 andlevel 2 information for the selected security in thelevel 1 andlevel 2information display window54 or in a separate window.
Rank Mode
• With continued reference toFIG. 9 and additional reference toFIG. 10, theanalysis result window56 is illustrated when thesecurities tracking system10 is placed in the rank mode. The rank mode is used to generate a statistic referred to herein as the rank value (or simply, the “rank”). The rank value presents the user with information regarding the relationship between a last trade price for a security and the intra-trading session high and low for the security. It may sometimes be desirable to display the high count and the low count discussed above with respect to the count mode along with the rank value. Accordingly, the table56fcan include each of therank column302, thehigh count column306aand thelow count column306b, as well as any other columns of information considered valuable by the user.
• The rank value is calculated for each security displayed in the table56f. The calculation is made for each trade for each of the displayed securities. For example, the rank value can be calculated for each security tracked by the securities tracking system10 (this may include all securities in all of the user's watch lists or all securities on all exchanges from which data is received—even if the securities are of different type, such as a mix of stocks, futures and/or indices). Alternatively, the displayed securities can be the securities in a selected watch list. The displayed securities may be limited by one or more filters as discussed below.
• In one embodiment, the rank value is a percentage value that is indicative of how far the last trade for the security is away from the session's high and low for the security. The difference between the session's high and the session's low is referred to herein as the “day's range.” As new trading highs and/or lows are established for a security, the day's range will expand.Equation 2 can be used to calculate the rank value.$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{Rank}\mathrm{Value}=\frac{\left(\mathrm{Last}\mathrm{Trade}\mathrm{Value}-\mathrm{Session}\mathrm{Low}\right)}{{\mathrm{Day}}^{\prime }s\mathrm{Range}}& \mathrm{Eq}.2\end{array}$
• For each security, the rank value will be updated as new trade information (trade price, new session high and new session low) is received and processed by thesecurities tracking system10. The rank values can be calculated on a real time basis and displayed on a real time basis or on a near real time basis depending on thedisplay28 refresh options selected by the user.
• In the example ofFIG. 10, the table56fillustrates the securities ordered by the securities' corresponding rank value in descending order. As with the other modes described herein, the table56fcan be updated using dynamic sorting. That is, at each screen refresh, the table can be reordered row by row to place the securities in order based on the updated values in the selected column. Also, the columns can be displayed in ascending or descending order.
• FIG. 10 illustrates a list of securities sorted by the securities having the highest numerical high rank. In the example, the security represented by the symbol ASML has a rank value of one hundred percent, indicating that the last trade was at the session high. As another example, the security represented by the symbol MERQ had a last trade of $39.12 which was about 97.4 percent of the day's range. In addition, MERQ has posted twenty two new highs for the session (as identified incolumn306a). These indicators may assist the user in concluding that the value of the MERQ securities is trending in an upward direction.
• A rank value at or approaching zero would indicate that the stock is at or near its session low. It is noted that if a security trades at a new intra-session low,equation 2 would mathematically result in a zero value. Therefore, by definition, a security trading at a new high would have a rank value of one hundred and a security trading at a new low would have a rank value of zero.
• As a result, the rank can be used to alert the user to when a security reaches a new intra-session high or a new intra-session low as those new highs and/or lows are reached. Although not illustrated, two tables56f(or a single, but split table56f) can be displayed to assist the user in visually following securities that are establishing new highs and securities that are establishing new lows.
• As indicated, the securities for which thesecurities tracking system10 maintains the rank value can optionally be filtered. For example, the securities can be filtered based on volume and/or price in the manners described above for the count mode. Other filters, such as a user definable filter, can also be used alone or in conjunction with the foregoing filters, to reduce the securities tracked in the rank mode to a desirable set of securities.
Insider Aging Window
• Referring back now toFIG. 3, theinsider aging window88 will be described in more detail. The illustrated example of theinsider aging window88 is a three-minute window, however, other time periods or additional time periods can be depicted in the same manner in theinsider aging window88. For the security displayed in theinformation display window54 and for the time period of interest, theinsider aging window88 displays the market makers who have been the most aggressive in placing bids or asks. The market makers are reported by market maker identifier followed by the approximate percentage of the time period (as calculated by the persistence percentage equation) the market maker has been at the inside market over the time period. As with the other tables displaying information to the user, theinsider aging window88 can be displayed using dynamic sorting to appropriately reorder the lists of market makers displayed in theinsider aging window88 based on current market maker activity.
Charting
• Referring now toFIG. 5A, thechart window58 is illustrated in more detail. The illustratedchart window58 shows the values at which a particular security has been traded, the time of those trades and the volume of the trades for a one minute time period. It is noted that when a particular stock is selected from either theanalysis result window56 or thealert window60, a chart corresponding to that stock will be displayed in thechart window58. Therefore, the chart displayed in thechart window58 will usually correspond with the information displayed in thelevel 1 andlevel 2 information displayed in theinformation display window54. However, at certain times, the chart may not correspond to the information displayed in theinformation display window54, such as if thechart window58 is used to display sector indices or a particular market maker's activity. Also, thechart window58 can be displayed in its own sizable window, separate from the exampleGUI display screen50 layout.
• Thechart window58 has afirst menu150 in the form of a drop down box for selecting the type of chart to be displayed, such as actual trading activity as shown in the illustrated example in agraphing subwindow152. Thefirst menu150 also Includes choices to select among graphs of historical information on a securities by securities basis or a market maker by market maker basis. Example graphs include historical collections of data for the values derived for table56adisplayed when thesecurities tracking system10 is placed in the watch list display mode. These graphs can include charts of net volume, relative volume, bid and/or ask volume, net or relative buy and/or sell pressure, net or relative pressurized volume, and so forth. As indicated earlier, additional charts can be constructed based on specific market maker activity. These graphs include graphs of historical information calculated when thesecurities tracking system10 is placed in any of the market maker book mode, the market stocks mode, the market players mode, and the insider mode.
• Asecond menu154 is provided so that the user can select the duration for which the selected information will be displayed. For example, information can be displayed on a tick-by-tick basis, on a minute-by-minute basis, on a five-minute basis or on a ten-minute basis. One skilled in the art will appreciate that other time periods can be charted, such as by hours, days, months, quarters or years. A scroll bar is provided as part of thegraphing sub-window152 to allow the user to view earlier portions of the charts.
• Occasionally, a user may be interested in one particular item of information displayed on a chart. In the illustrated example, there is a price bar which spikes downward at about time index 15:01. The user may be interested in checking this irregularity. Thesecurities tracking system10 includes a zoom feature where the user places themouse cursor156 over the desired item to be zoomed in on by initiating amouse32,keyboard30 or voice command. Upon initiating the command, a zoom chart158 (illustrated inFIG. 5B) is displayed on thedisplay screen50. Thezoom chart158 displays information at the corresponding time index but with greater resolution. More specifically, thesecurities tracking system10 will display a chart corresponding to the chart displayed in thegraphing sub-window152 but at a duration which is one choice smaller from the duration selection made in thesecond menu154 for thegraphing sub-window152. For example, if thegraphing sub-window152 illustrates a five-minute chart, thezoom chart158 will display information surrounding the selected five-minute interval by one-minute increments. The user can repeat this process by clicking at a point in thezoom chart158 to then display asecond zoom chart158 in the form of a tick chart for the selected one-minute interval. In the illustrated embodiment, the chart window illustrated inFIG. 5A shows a one-minute chart and acorresponding zoom chart158 illustrated inFIG. 5B is a tick chart. By zooming in on a portion of a chart, a user can gain insight as to market behavior. In addition, the user can use the zoom feature to identify erroneous data values which may have been transmitted to thesecurities tracking system10. For example, the exemplary downward spiking bar may have been the result of a trade which actually took place at about $18.35 but was erroneously entered at $18.18.
Alerts
• Referring now toFIG. 6, anexample alert window60 is displayed. As indicated above, the alert window contains alerts which are triggered bylevel 1 data,level 2 data or the statistics derived therefrom. The alerts can be programed by the user to be triggered on a global basis, on a per-security basis or on a per-market maker basis. More specifically, global alerts are those which are triggered for any security or market maker upon the presence of a certain condition. For example, the user can specify that an alert is triggered if relative bid volume for any security drops below 10%. An example specific alert is if the relative bid volume (ask volume) for Dell Computers (ticker symbol DELL) goes below 15% (above 85%). Alerts can take a number of forms, such as flashing icons on thedisplay screen50, audio alerts broadcast via thespeaker40 and the addition of the alert to thealert window60. It is noted that thesecurities tracking system10 produces alerts for all items in the user's database and not just the items displayed at any given time on thedisplay screen50.
• The user can select any of the displayed alerts in thealert window60 by invoking anappropriate keyboard30,mouse32 action or voice command. Upon selecting one of the displayed alerts, thelevel 1 andlevel 2information display window54 will showlevel 1 andlevel 2 information for the selected security, and thechart window58 will show a trade history chart for the selected security. In addition, a pop-up menu will appear offering the user choices for taking action with respect to the alert. The menu choices include clearing the alert (i.e., removing the alert from display so that if the alert threshold is crossed again, the alert will be regenerated), resetting the alert (i.e., entering a new alert threshold), and opening an alert programming menu for configuring how the alerts are generated based on calculated statistics. In one embodiment of the invention, if the user does not select the alert and/or take action based upon one of the menu choices, the alert will clear itself automatically on the occurrence of a programmed event. These programmed events can include the expiration of a timer (for example, the alert will be removed from the alert window if it has been displayed for two minutes without otherwise being acted upon by the user) or when the condition generating the alert no longer persists (for example, if relative bid volume for a security falls below 10% and triggers an alert, the alert will be cleared if the relative bid volume goes back above the 10% threshold or some other programmed alert clearing threshold).
• FIG. 6 illustrates some example alerts that can be defined by the user. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, many other types of alerts can be established based on the calculated statistics or based onlevel 1 information and/orlevel 2 information. Alerts are displayed in table format. The illustrated exemplary table contains seven items of information. The order of alerts can be sorted by selecting headings displayed across the top of the table. These headings, as with the headings of the other tables presented in the various windows of thedisplay screen50, can be in “button” format as illustrated inFIG. 6. These exemplary columns include a ticker symbol column, a user defined name for the alert, field column (i.e., the category oflevel 1,level 2 or calculated statistics which generates the alert), a type column (i.e., an identification of how the alert was triggered with respect to the category identified in the field column), a value column (for identifying the threshold value for triggering the alert), a last value column (for identifying the value that triggered the alert) and a time column (for identifying the time at which the alert was generated).
• The first two exemplary alerts illustrated inFIG. 6 are triggered usinglevel 1 information. More specifically, the alerts for JNPR and AAPL were generated based on price (i.e., last trade value), and more particularly the daily high or low, for those particular securities. Respectively, the trade values which triggered those alerts were $33.94 and $21.60. These alerts may be configured by the user to be specific to the particular stocks. For example, if JNPR was trading at about $40.00 per share, the user may have been interested in any significant deviation from that amount. Example alerts that can be configured include the price falling below or rising above specified values (e.g., $36.50 and $45.00 respectively) or a certain percentage deviation in price.
• The next four exemplary alerts illustrate alerts generated based on relative volume. For example, an alert was programmed by the user for Dell Computer (ticker symbol DELL) so that if the relative bid volume dropped below 15% the alert would be triggered. The next three alerts for JNPR, ATHM and MSFT exemplify a globally configured alert to be triggered if any security has a relative volume that falls below 10% or rises above 90%.
• The next two alerts illustrate triggered alerts based on buy pressure (i.e., upward price pressure) or sell price pressure (i.e., downward price pressure). For example, as shown by the alert for SVIN, the user may have configured an alert to be triggered if any security has a buy pressure of 10 or greater and a sell pressure of 10 or greater. As shown for the alert for ROBS, the user may have configured an alert to be triggered if the buy pressure for ROBS is −8 or less and the sell pressure for ROBS is −6 or less.
• As one skilled in the art will appreciate, alerts can be programmed for any data value and can be based on a specific threshold value or deviation (expressed as a number or as a percentage) from a current or specified value. In addition, an alert can be based on multiple parameters. For example, an alert could be configured to detect of a security has a buy/sell pressure of X/Y and a total bid/ask volume of Z shares.
Example Operational Logic
• Referring now toFIGS. 7A to7D, an exemplary architecture, oroperational logic200, for the securities and market maker activity tracking system software tool is illustrated. The illustrated architecture shows operational processing blocks, each one of which may represent a number of subprocesses, routines or applettes. The illustrated architecture is intended to show the functionality and operation of an implementation of the above described logic andsystem10. If embodied in software, each functional block may represent a module, segment, or portion of code that contains one or more executable instructions to implement the specified logic function(s). If embodied in hardware, each functional block may represent a circuit or a number of interconnected circuits to implement the specified logical function(s).
• Although the architecture blocks are shown in a specific order of execution, it is understood that the order of execution may differ from that depicted. For example, the order of execution of two or more blocks may be altered relative to the order shown. Also, two or more blocks shown in succession may be executed concurrently or with partial concurrence. In addition, various blocks may be omitted. It is understood that all such variations are within the scope of the present invention.
• Inprocessing block202, theoperational logic200 will commence a data feed by establishing a communications link with thelevel 1 andlevel 2 data service provider. As indicated above, the data will be received over theexternal network38 or alternative communications device, such as thesatellite receiver39, using the appropriate interface, such as themodem24 ordata transceiver25.
• Inprocessing block204, the securities and market maker activity tracking software tool, or program, is launched. More specifically, the software tool is read from thememory16 or other computer readable medium and executed by theprocessor14.
• Inprocessing block205, theoperational logic200 will retrieve program settings. The program settings include items such aslevel 2 data filtration levels, refresh rates, index rates, index periods, and so forth.
• Inprocessing block206, the program links the user to the database containing user-defined parameters, such as the watch lists populated with securities of interest to the user, user-defined alerts and security information (e.g.,level 1 andlevel 2 information). Should the user not link the program to a database, theoperational logic100 will terminate inprocessing block208. If, however, the user links the software tool to a database inprocessing block206, theoperational logic200 will proceed to processing block210 where the operational logic checks for a security code. If the correct security clearance is made, theoperational logic200 will proceed to processing block212 where the software tool will load the user's database, including the watch lists and associated securities and the alerts to be triggered based on changing market conditions and market maker activity. If a valid security code is not verified inprocessing block210 the user will be afforded the opportunity to input valid security clearance inprocessing block214. If, inprocessing block214, the user does not input valid security clearance information, the software tool will terminate inprocessing block208. Otherwise, theoperational logic200 will proceed toprocessing block212. It should be understood that access to the software tool can be limited by alternative access control techniques, including passwords, biometric scans, and/or digital signatures.
• As one skilled in the art will also recognize, some features and functions are not limited for use with thecomputer system12, but can be accessed by a remotely located system over thenetwork38. More specifically, thecomputer system12 can carry out portions of theoperational logic200 described herein and transmit data and/or calculated values to a remote workstation or remote workstations for display, further processing and/or completing other portions of theoperational logic200.
• Inprocessing block216 the software tool will access the data feed that was commenced inprocessing block202. The data feed may containlevel 1 information,level 2 information, indices information (i.e., the DOW, the NASDAQ composite, theS&P 500, and the like), futures information, options information and currency information. Upon accessing the data feed inprocessing block216, theoperational logic200 will begin to monitor the data feed inprocessing block218. Theprocessing block218 will examine the items of information received over the data feed and pass each item of information to an appropriate subprocess. In the illustrated embodiment, three subprocesses are present corresponding to an indices subprocess220 (FIG. 7B), alevel 1 data subprocess224 (FIG. 7C) and alevel 2 data subprocess238 (FIG. 7D). Other subprocesses can be added for the processing and handling of data feed information relating to futures, options and currencies, but will not be described in detail herein.
• Referring now toFIG. 7B, the indices subprocess220 is illustrated. Processing block218 (FIG. 7A) will pass any information related to an index to the indices subprocess220. Generally, thesystem10 does not perform any detailed calculations based on index data. Therefore, inprocessing block222, theoperational logic200 will update anydisplay screen50 information that has changed based on the index information contained within the data stream on or before thenext display screen50 refresh.
• Referring now toFIG. 7C, thelevel 1 data subprocess224 is illustrated. As items of information relating tolevel 1 data are received, processing block218 (FIG. 7A) will pass these items oflevel 1 information to thelevel 1data subprocess224. Inprocessing block228, thelevel 1 data subprocess224 will determine if the item oflevel 1 information corresponds to any security or alert contained within the user's database or to the information used by the count and/or rank modes. It is noted that subsequent to loading the user's data inprocessing block212, the user may have updated or otherwise changed one or more securities in one or more of the user's watch lists and/or changed the alert parameters processed by thesystem10. Those changes will be considered by processingblock228, and subsequent processing blocks232 to236, when determining if the incoming items oflevel 1 information correspond to items in the user's database. If any item oflevel 1 information does not correspond to an item in the user's database or to the information used by the count or rank modes, that item oflevel 1 information will be discarded inprocessing block230. Otherwise, the items ofincoming level 1 information will be passed to processing block232 where thelevel 1subprocess224 will conduct any appropriate processing of thelevel 1 data items. In addition, thedisplay screen50 windows (such as theinformation display window54, theanalysis result window56 and the chart window58) will be updated based on any new or changedlevel 1 information for the security presently displayed in those windows.
• Inprocessing block234, thelevel 1 data subprocess224 will determine if any alerts based onlevel 1 information (e.g., price of a trade) triggers one of the alerts. If an alert is triggered based onlevel 1 information, that alert will be displayed in thealert window60 or otherwise broadcast to the user. Theprocessing block234 can also be programmed to determine if any triggered alerts should be cleared. As indicated above, alerts can be cleared by appropriate user action, on the expiration of a timer associated with each alert, or if the condition generating the alert is no longer present. If there is an alert or alerts to be cleared, thelevel 1 data subprocess224 will clear the alert and remove it from display inprocessing block234.
• Inprocessing block236, theoperational logic200 will display a chart in thechart window58 according to selections made by the user. Those selections include a bar chart of specified duration or a tick chart as is known in the art. The user may elect to zoom in on one aspect of the chart to call up azoom chart158 having a duration resolution less than the duration resolution displayed in chart152 (FIG. 5A). Using the drop downmenu150, the user can also select other types of charting methods as described in greater detail above to display charts of calculated statistics based on the activity of market makers.
• Referring now toFIG. 7D, thelevel 2 data subprocess238 is illustrated. As items of information relating tolevel 2 data are received, processing block218 (FIG. 7A) will pass these items to thelevel 2data subprocess238. Inprocessing block240, thelevel 2 data subprocess238 will determine if eachincoming level 2 data value corresponds to an item contained within the user's database, including securities contained within the watch list and alerts. If theincoming level 2 data value does not correspond with an item in the user's database, thelevel 2 data item will be discarded inprocessing block242. Otherwise, thelevel 2 data item will be passed toprocessing block244. It is noted that any changes to the user's database since loading of the information contained within the user's database in processing block212 (FIG. 7A) will be considered by processingblock240. Those updates will also be considered for each of the processing blocks244 through256.
• Inprocessing block244, thelevel 2 data subprocess238 will track each item oflevel 2 information received since thelast display screen50 refresh for use in subsequent calculations as described herein. Inprocessing block246, thelevel 2data subsystem238 will apply thelevel 2 filters as described in greater detail above. More specifically, eachlevel 2 filter, as set by default or as set by the user (e.g., 1%, 1.5%, 2%, etc. of the last trade value for each stock), will be applied to thelevel 2 data to filter out bids and asks a specified percentage away from the corresponding security's last trade price to derive corresponding data sets containing the bids and asks placed by the market makers for each security that have been passed by the filter (i.e., not discarded as being outside the filtration level thresholds).
• Inprocessing block248, thelevel 2data subsystem238 will calculate the statistics for the various modes of operation, including the watch list mode, market maker's book mode, the market stocks mode, the market player's mode, and the insider mode, for each data set resulting from the application of each filter inprocessing block248. The statistics calculated inprocessing block248 will be stored inprocessing block250 for subsequent retrieval and display as a chart inwindow58, in theanalysis result window56, and/or in theinformation display window54. It is noted that the statistics are stored along with thelevel 1 data.
• Inprocessing block252, thelevel 2data subsystem238 will determine if any alerts dependent uponlevel 2 statistics are triggered based on the calculated statistics ofprocessing block248 and, if any alerts are tripped,processing block252 will display those alerts in thealert window60 or otherwise notify the user. The generation of alerts can be limited to alerts triggered based on statistics generated from one of the data sets resulting from the application of a filter inprocessing block248.Processing block252 will also determine if there are any previously triggered alerts to be cleared and if so, clear those alerts. As indicated above, alerts may be cleared by appropriate user action, upon the expiration of a timer associated with each alert, or if the condition generating the alert is no longer present.
• Inprocessing block254, thelevel 2 data subprocess dynamically sorts the statistics along with the statistics' associated ticker symbols and market maker identifiers. As described above in greater detail, the dynamic sorting uses the most recently calculated statistics to arrange the displayed items in an order selected by the user. For example, if the user has selected the watch list display mode and to view the displayed information by total volume, thelevel 2 data subprocess238 will arrange the securities in the displayed watch list with the security having the highest combined total of bid volume and ask volume displayed first, the security having the next highest combined total bid and ask volume displayed second, and so forth.
• Inprocessing block256, thelevel 2 data subprocess238 will update the display oflevel 2 data (such as the raw bid and ask data displayed in the information display window54) and any associated calculated statistics (such as the statistics displayed in theanalysis result window56 and the index aging window88) at thenext display screen50 refresh. It is noted that the displayed information is displayed according to the user-selected mode of operation and the selected filtration level for displayed information.
• As one skilled in the art will appreciate, the foregoing architecture for the securities and market maker activity tracking software tool and associatedoperational logic200 is exemplary. Alternative methods of carrying out the logic and methods described herein will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art and is intended to fall within the scopes of the claims appended hereto.
• The logic described herein can be embodied in any computer-readable medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system such as a computer/processor-based system or other system that can fetch or obtain the logic from the computer-readable medium and execute the instructions contained therein. In the context of this document, a “computer-readable medium” can be any medium that can contain, store or maintain logic and/or data for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system. The computer-readable medium can be any one of many physical media such as, for example, electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor media. More specific examples of suitable computer-readable medium would include, but are not limited to, a portable magnetic computer diskette such as a floppy disk, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable, programmable read-only memory (EPROM), or a compact disk (e.g., a CD, a CD-RW, or a DVD-ROM).
Example Distributed Architecture
• As indicated above, portions of the operational logic described herein can be distributed among multiple processors and/or multiple computing systems. With additional reference toFIG. 11, a distributed embodiment of the securities and market makeractivity tracking system10′ is shown. Thesystem10′ includes adata source350, aserver352 and one ormore clients354. In the illustrated embodiment of the distributedsystem10′, theserver352 is responsible for calculating many of the statistics described above. Custom sets of information, including raw data and calculated statistics, can then be transmitted to theclients354 for additional processing and/or display. Theclients354, which can be general purpose computer devices, will typically be used by traders and those interested in observing securities market and market maker activity.
• Thedata source350 transmits a datastream containing level 1 andlevel 2 information for all securities and indices from an exchange or exchanges of interest to theserver352. The data stream can be provided by a data vendor(s) and/or by one or more exchanges. As is known in the art, the data stream can be transmitted over any network interface, including, for example, a dedicated communication connection, the Internet, satellite communication connection and so forth.
• Theserver352, which can be a general computing device, includes logic (e.g., in the form of software) to carry out the operations of adata object356, adata server358 and one ormore socket machines360. The data object356 receives the incoming data stream oflevel 1 andlevel 2 information. The data object356 can retain a master list of all of the symbols tracked by eachclient354 configured to receive information (data and statistics) from theserver352. It is noted that eachclient354 may be interested in receiving information for different sets of symbols, but it is expected that there will be extensive overlapping of the symbols of interest fromclient354 toclient354 as most traders are interested in symbols having high liquidity associated therewith. The symbols of interest to aparticular client354 can be grouped into a client list (the client list can be constructed from the watch lists associated with each client354) and the master list can be constructed from each client list.
• For each symbol in the master list, the data object356 can calculate many of the statistics described herein. Thus, much of the processing Involved with thesystem10′ can be centralized. Thereafter, the data and/or statistics can be transmitted from the data object356 to each of thedata server358 and thesocket machines360. Thedata server358 retains data and/or calculated statistic for historical retrieval if desired by one or more of theclients354 as described below in greater detail. The retained information can include all data and/or statistics from the present trading session and/or historical data and/or statistics from past trading sessions. Thedata server358 can also be responsible for retaining information regarding eachclient354 in the form of a subscriber database, which can include, for example, the client list for eachclient354,client354 access privileges and so forth.
• Thesocket machines360 receives data and statistics from the data object356. In one embodiment, the data and statistics are sent from the data object356 in broadcast fashion to be received by eachsocket machines360 that is “listening” to an output port of the data object356. Therefore, theoverall server352 is scalable by enabling and disablingsocket machines360 on an as needed basis.
• Theclients354 can be configured to log on to thesystem10′ by establishing a communication connection (via a networked communication link or a direct communication link) to one of thesocket machines360 of theserver352. Eachsocket machine360 can establish communication connections withmultiple clients354. Theserver352 can be configured to balance the load of transmitting information (e.g., data and calculated statistics) to thevarious clients354 among the various enabledsocket machines354.
• Thesocket machines360 retransmit the data and statistics received from the data object356 to eachclient354 according to each client's354 client list. In this manner, theclient354 receives data and statistics for only those symbols that are of interest to theclient354. In one embodiment, the information is transmitted from thesocket machines360 to eachclient354 in broadcast format (e.g., theclients354 “listen” for data to be sent from the associatedsocket machine360 without prompting). As one skilled in the art should appreciate, the transmission of limited sets of data and statistics to eachclient354 can reduce the amount of bandwidth consumed by each client/server connection and can reduce the amount of filtering and processing performed by eachclient354 in comparison to a configuration where eachclient354 receives a complete data stream containing information associated with more symbols than of interest to theclient354.
• Upon receipt of the data and statistics from theserver352, each client can perform various processing functions on the data and statistics as described in greater detail above. These processing functions can include, for example, filtering, dynamically sorting, generating alerts, charting, displaying and so forth. Theclient354 can also maintain a database of data and/or statistics for use in generating a display or chart of historical information. The database can include information for the current trading session or multiple days worth of information. Should additional information be desired (information for a time period during which theclient354 was not in communication with the server352) theclient354 can send a query to theserver352 for the desired information. Thesocket machines360 can retain some data for each symbol on the master list (e.g., the current day's trading data and statistics, plus recent historical data and statistics). If the information requested by theclient354 is retained by thesocket machine360, then thesocket machine360 can transmit the information to the requestingclient354. If the requested information is not retained by thesocket machine360, thesocket machine360 can retrieve the desired information from thedata server358 and then transmit the information to the requestingclient354.
CONCLUSION
• Although particular embodiments of the invention have been described in detail, it is understood that the invention is not limited correspondingly in scope, but includes all changes, modifications and equivalents coming within the spirit and terms of the claims appended hereto.

Claims (252)

1. A method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask volume, an ask time, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and

analyzing the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes summing the volume of each active bid associated with each selected security and summing the volume of each active ask associated with each selected security.

2. The method according toclaim 1, wherein the total bid volume for each selected security and the total ask volume for each selected security are converted into relative bid volume and relative ask volume.

3. The method according toclaim 2, further comprising the step of displaying the relative bid volume and relative ask volume.

4. The method according toclaim 1, further comprising the step of displaying the total bid volume and the total ask volume for the selected set of securities in a table.

5. The method according toclaim 4, further comprising the step of dynamically sorting the table based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.

6. The method according toclaim 1, further comprising the steps of summing the total number of market makers having an active bid associated with each selected security and summing the total number of market makers having an active ask associated with each selected security.

7. The method according toclaim 6, further comprising the step of displaying the total number of market makers having an active bid and the total number of market makers having an active ask.

8. The method according toclaim 1, further comprising filtering the data stream, the filtering including discarding bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discarding asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

9. The method according toclaim 8, wherein filtering is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away, and for each selected threshold percentage or fixed price away a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

10. The method according toclaim 1, further comprising the step of storing the statistic derived for each security, the stored statistics adapted for display as historical market maker activity.

11. The method according toclaim 1, wherein the statistics are updated on a periodic basis.

12. The method according toclaim 1, further comprising the step of generating an alert if the statistic for one of the selected securities crosses a threshold value.

13. The method according toclaim 12, wherein the threshold value is globally established for all selected securities from the selected set of securities.

14. The method according toclaim 12, wherein the threshold value is established for a specific security.

15. A method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and

analyzing the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes determining whether a bid placed by any of the market makers has a value higher than, the same as or lower than the previous bid placed by the same market maker and determining whether an ask placed by any of the market makers has a value higher than, the same as or lower than the previous ask placed by the same market maker.

16. The method according toclaim 15, wherein the analyzing step, for each selected security, further includes deriving buy pressure by counting the active bids that have increased in price and reducing the number of bids that have increased in price by the number of active bids that have decreased in price and deriving sell pressure by counting the active asks that have increased in price and reducing the number of asks that have increased in price by the number of active asks that have decreased in price.

17. The method according toclaim 16, wherein the analyzing step, for each selected security, further includes converting buy pressure to relative buy pressure by dividing the buy pressure by the number of market makers having active bids for the security and converting sell pressure to relative sell pressure by dividing the sell pressure by the number of market makers having active asks for the security.

18. The method according toclaim 16, wherein the analyzing step, for each selected security, further includes deriving pressurized bid volume by summing the bid volume for each active bid that has increased in price and subtracting the bid volume for each active bid that has decreased in price, and deriving pressurized ask volume by summing the ask volume for each active ask that has increased in price and subtracting the ask volume for each active ask that has decreased in price.

19. The method according toclaim 16, wherein the step of analyzing further includes summing the volume of each active bid associated with each selected security and summing the volume of each active ask associated with each selected security.

20. The method according toclaim 16, further comprising the step of displaying the buy pressure and the sell pressure for the selected set of securities in a table.

21. The method according toclaim 20, further comprising the step of dynamically sorting the table based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.

22. The method according toclaim 15, wherein the step of analyzing further includes summing the volume of each active bid associated with each selected security and summing the volume of each active ask associated with each selected security.

23. The method according toclaim 22, wherein the total bid volume for each selected security and the total ask volume for each selected security are converted into relative bid volume and relative ask volume.

24. The method according toclaim 15, further comprising the steps of summing the total number of market makers having an active bid associated with each selected security and summing the total number of market makers having an active ask associated with each selected security.

25. The method according toclaim 15, further comprising filtering the data stream, the filtering including discarding bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discarding asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

26. The method according toclaim 25, wherein filtering is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away, and for each selected threshold percentage or fixed price away a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

27. The method according toclaim 15, further comprising the step of storing the statistic derived for each security, the stored statistics adapted for display as historical market maker activity.

28. The method according toclaim 15, wherein the statistics are updated on a periodic basis.

29. The method according toclaim 15, further comprising the step of generating an alert if the statistic for one of the selected securities crosses a threshold value.

30. The method according toclaim 29, wherein the threshold value is globally established for all selected securities from the selected set of securities.

31. The method according toclaim 29, wherein the threshold value is established for a specific security.

32. A method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and

analyzing the data stream to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for a selected market maker and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes identifying each security from a selected set of securities for which the selected market maker has at least one of an active bid or an active ask, and for the selected market maker generating a list of the identified securities along with an indication of the market maker's bid volume and ask volume for the identified securities.

33. The method according toclaim 32, wherein the indication of the market maker's bid volume and ask volume is relative bid volume and relative ask volume.

34. The method according toclaim 32, further comprising the step of displaying the list of identified securities and the indication of the selected market maker's bid volume and ask volume for the identified securities in a table.

35. The method according toclaim 34, further comprising the step of dynamically sorting the table based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.

36. The method according toclaim 32, further comprising filtering the data stream, the filtering including discarding bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discarding asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

37. The method according toclaim 36, wherein filtering is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away, and for each selected threshold percentage or fixed price away a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

38. The method according toclaim 32, further comprising the step of storing the statistic derived for each market maker, the stored statistics adapted for display as historical market maker activity.

39. The method according toclaim 32, wherein the statistics are updated on a periodic basis.

40. The method according toclaim 32, further comprising the step of generating an alert if the statistic for the selected market maker crosses a threshold value.

41. The method according toclaim 40, wherein the threshold value is globally established for all market makers.

42. A method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and

analyzing the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes determining the combined bid volume and ask volume for each market maker for each selected security from the selected set of securities.

43. The method according toclaim 42, wherein the combined bid volume and the combined ask volume are converted into relative bid volume and relative ask volume.

44. The method according toclaim 42, further comprising the step of displaying the securities and market makers by highest combined bid volume and ask volume in a table.

45. The method according toclaim 44, further comprising the step of dynamically sorting the table based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.

46. The method according toclaim 42, further comprising filtering the data stream, the filtering including discarding bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discarding asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

47. The method according toclaim 46, wherein filtering is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away, and for each selected threshold percentage or fixed price away a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

48. The method according toclaim 42, further comprising the step of storing the statistic derived for each security, the stored statistics adapted for display as historical market maker activity.

49. The method according toclaim 42, wherein the statistics are updated on a periodic basis.

50. The method according toclaim 42, further comprising the step of generating an alert if the statistic for one of the selected securities crosses a threshold value.

51. The method according toclaim 50, wherein the threshold value is globally established for all selected securities from the selected set of securities.

52. The method according toclaim 50, wherein the threshold value is established for a specific security.

53. A method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and

analyzing the data stream to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each market maker and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes for each market maker, summing the bid volume of each active bid of each market maker for a selected set of securities and summing the ask volume of each active ask of each market maker for a selected set of securities.

54. The method according toclaim 53, wherein the sum of the bid volume and the sum of the ask volume are converted into relative bid volume and relative ask volume.

55. The method according toclaim 53, wherein the analyzing step further includes:

determining whether a bid placed by any of the market makers has a value higher than, the same as or lower than the previous bid placed by the same market maker for the same security, and determining whether an ask placed by any of the market makers has a value higher than, the same as or lower than the previous ask placed by the same market maker for the same security; and

for each market maker, deriving market maker buy pressure by counting the active bids for the market maker for the selected set of securities that have increased in price and reducing the number of bids that have increased in price by the number of active bids for the market maker for the selected set of securities that have decreased in price and deriving market maker sell pressure by counting the active asks for the market maker for the selected set of securities that have increased in price and reducing the number of asks that have increased in price by the number of active asks for the market maker for the selected set of securities that have decreased in price.

56. The method according toclaim 53, further comprising the step of displaying an indication of the total bid volume and an indication of the total ask volume for each market maker in a table.

57. The method according toclaim 56, further comprising the step of dynamically sorting the table based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.

58. The method according toclaim 53, further comprising filtering the data stream, the filtering including discarding bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discarding asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

59. The method according toclaim 58, wherein filtering is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away, and for each selected threshold percentage or fixed price away a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

60. The method according toclaim 53, further comprising the step of storing the statistic derived for each market maker, the stored statistics adapted for display as historical market maker activity.

61. The method according toclaim 53, wherein the statistics are updated on a periodic basis.

62. The method according toclaim 53, further comprising the step of generating an alert if the statistic for one of the selected market makers crosses a threshold value.

63. The method according toclaim 62, wherein the threshold value is globally established for all market makers.

64. The method according toclaim 62, wherein the threshold value is established for a specific market maker.

65. A method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and

analyzing the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes for each selected security and over a specified time period, determining a bid persistence statistic and an ask persistence statistic for each market maker, the bid persistence statistic determined by calculating the approximate portion of the specified time period that the market maker has had one or more bids being equal to or higher than a level 1 bid for the security, and the ask persistence statistic determined by calculating the approximate portion of the specified time period that the market maker has had one or more asks being equal to or lower than a level 1 ask for the security.

66. The method according toclaim 65, wherein the bid persistence statistic and an ask persistence statistic are respectively calculated by determining the percentage of the time period for which the market maker has had one or more bids equal to or higher than a level 1 bid for the security and determining the percentage of the time period for which the market maker has had one or more asks being equal to or lower than a level 1 ask for the security.

67. The method according toclaim 65, wherein the bid persistence statistic and an ask persistence statistic for each market maker are respectively calculated by:

dividing the specified time period into a plurality of segments;

for each segment and for each security, assigning the market maker a bid value and an ask value of one or zero, a bid value of one being assigned when the market maker has a bid being equal to or higher than a level 1 bid for the security, otherwise a bid value of zero is assigned and an ask value of one being assigned when the market maker has an ask being equal to or lower than a level 1 ask for the security, otherwise an ask value of zero is assigned; and

solving the equation:

$100\left(\Sigma \mathrm{VALp}+\frac{\mathrm{CV}-\Sigma \mathrm{VALp}}{m}\right)$

for both bid values and ask values, wherein ΣVAL_Pis the sum of all values calculated by the equation one segment earlier, m is the number of segments in the time period and CV is the respective current bid value and current ask value assigned to the market maker for the security.

68. The method according toclaim 65, further comprising the step of displaying the bid and ask persistence statistics in a table.

69. The method according toclaim 68, further comprising the step of dynamically sorting the table based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.

70. The method according toclaim 65, further comprising filtering the data stream, the filtering including discarding bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discarding asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

71. The method according toclaim 70, wherein filtering is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away, and for each selected threshold percentage or fixed price away a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

72. The method according toclaim 65, further comprising the step of filtering securities from the selected set of securities that have a trade volume below a volume threshold.

73. The method according toclaim 65, further comprising the step of storing the statistic derived for each security, the stored statistics adapted for display as historical market activity.

74. The method according toclaim 65, wherein the statistics are updated on a periodic basis.

75. The method according toclaim 65, further comprising the step of generating an alert if the statistic for one of the selected securities crosses a threshold value.

76. The method according toclaim 75, wherein the threshold value is globally established for all selected securities within the selected set of securities.

77. The method according toclaim 75, wherein the threshold value is established for a specific security.

78. A method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and

dynamically filtering the data stream, including for each selected security from a selected set of securities, discarding bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away from the last trade value, and discarding asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away from the last trade value.

79. The method according toclaim 78, wherein the filtering step includes discarding bids having a price higher than the last trade value plus the selected threshold percentage of the last trade value and discarding asks having a price lower than the last trade value minus the selected threshold percentage of the last trade value.

80. The method according toclaim 78, wherein the filtering step is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away, and for each selected threshold percentage or fixed price away a corresponding data set is derived.

81. The method according toclaim 80, further comprising the step of analyzing each data set for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

82. The method according toclaim 78, further comprising the step of analyzing the filtered data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive and update a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure.

83. The method according toclaim 78, further comprising the step of crossed market filtering the data stream to exclude bids that are higher than a level 1 bid for an associated security and asks that are lower than a level 1 ask for an associated security.

84. A method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask;

analyzing the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a set of statistics indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream; and

dynamically sorting a displayed order of the set of statistics based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.

85. The method according toclaim 84, further including the step of turning the dynamic sorting off so that a relative display order stays constant but the statistic for each selected security is updated.

86. The method according toclaim 84, further comprising filtering the data stream, the filtering including discarding bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discarding asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

87. The method according toclaim 86, wherein filtering is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away, and for each selected threshold percentage or fixed price away a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

88. The method according toclaim 84, wherein the statistics are updated on a periodic basis.

89. The method according toclaim 88, wherein the statistics are displayed on a display on a periodic basis.

90. A method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask;

analyzing the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a set of statistics from the level 2 data indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream; and

charting the statistic over a period of time for one of the selected securities in a chart.

91. A method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask;

analyzing the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a set of statistics indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream;

grouping the bids by price to generate a series of bid groups, each bid price group but one containing bids of the same price for the bid price group, the remaining bid price group containing all bids having a price more than a specified number of price changes away from an inside bid price;

summing the volume of bids in each bid price group and summing the number of bids in each bid price group;

displaying the total volume for each bid price group and the number of bids in each bid price group;

grouping the asks by price to generate a series of ask price groups, each ask price group but one containing asks of the same price for the ask price group, the remaining ask price group containing all asks having a price more than a specified number of price changes away from an inside ask price;

summing the volume of asks in each ask price group and summing the number of asks in each ask price group; and

displaying the total volume for each price group and the number of asks in each ask price group.

92. The method according toclaim 91, further comprising filtering the data stream, the filtering including discarding bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discarding asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

93. The method according toclaim 92, wherein filtering is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away, and for each selected threshold percentage or fixed price away a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

94. A system for tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the system comprising:

a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask volume, an ask time, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and

a processor for executing logic to analyze the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes summing the volume of each active bid associated with each selected security and summing the volume of each active ask associated with each selected security.

95. The system according toclaim 94, wherein the total bid volume for each selected security and the total ask volume for each selected security are converted into relative bid volume and relative ask volume.

96. The system according toclaim 95, further comprising a display for displaying the relative bid volume and relative ask volume.

97. The system according toclaim 94, further comprising a display for displaying the total bid volume and the total ask volume for the selected set of securities in a table.

98. The system according toclaim 97, wherein the logic dynamically sorts the table based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.

99. The system according toclaim 94, wherein the logic sums the total number of market makers having an active bid associated with each selected security and sums the total number of market makers having an active ask associated with each selected security.

100. The system according toclaim 99, further comprising a display for displaying the total number of market makers having an active bid and the total number of market makers having an active ask.

101. The system according toclaim 94, wherein the logic filters the data stream and, for each selected security, the logic discards bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discards asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

102. The system according toclaim 101, wherein the filter logic is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away and for each selected threshold percentage a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

103. The system according toclaim 94, further comprising a memory for storing the statistic derived for each security, the stored statistics adapted for display as historical market maker activity.

104. The system according toclaim 94, wherein the statistics are updated on a periodic basis.

105. The system according toclaim 94, wherein the logic generates an alert if the statistic for one of the selected securities crosses a threshold value.

106. The system according toclaim 105, wherein the threshold value is globally established for all selected securities from the selected set of securities.

107. The system according toclaim 105, wherein the threshold value is established for a specific security.

108. A system for tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the system comprising:

a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and

a processor for executing logic to analyze the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes determining whether a bid placed by any of the market makers has a value higher than, the same as or lower than the previous bid placed by the same market maker and determining whether an ask placed by any of the market makers has a value higher than, the same as or lower than the previous ask placed by the same market maker.

109. The system according toclaim 108, wherein the logic for each selected security derives buy pressure by counting the active bids that have increased in price and reducing the number of bids that have increased in price by the number of active bids that have decreased in price and derives sell pressure by counting the active asks that have increased in price and reducing the number of asks that have increased in price by the number of active asks that have decreased in price.

110. The system according toclaim 109, wherein the logic for each selected security converts buy pressure to relative buy pressure by dividing the buy pressure by the number of market makers having active bids for the security and converts sell pressure to relative sell pressure by dividing the sell pressure by the number of market makers having active asks for the security.

111. The system according toclaim 109, wherein the logic for each selected security derives pressurized bid volume by summing the bid volume for each active bid that has increased in price and subtracting the bid volume for each active bid that has decreased in price, and derives pressurized ask volume by summing the ask volume for each active ask that has increased in price and subtracting the ask volume for each active ask that has decreased in price.

112. The system according toclaim 109, wherein the logic sums the volume of each active bid associated with each selected security and sums the volume of each active ask associated with each selected security.

113. The system according toclaim 109, further comprising a display for displaying the buy pressure and the sell pressure for the selected set of securities in a table.

114. The system according toclaim 113, wherein the logic dynamically sorts the table based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.

115. The system according toclaim 108, wherein the logic sums the volume of each active bid associated with each selected security and sums the volume of each active ask associated with each selected security.

116. The system according toclaim 115, wherein the total bid volume for each selected security and the total ask volume for each selected security are converted into relative bid volume and relative ask volume.

117. The system according toclaim 108, wherein the logic sums the total number of market makers having an active bid associated with each selected security and sums the total number of market makers having an active ask associated with each selected security.

118. The system according toclaim 108, wherein the logic filters the data stream and, for each selected security, the logic discards bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discards asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

119. The system according toclaim 118, wherein the filter logic is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away and for each selected threshold percentage a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

120. The system according toclaim 108, further comprising a memory for storing the statistic derived for each security, the stored statistics adapted for display as historical market maker activity.

121. The system according toclaim 108, wherein the statistics are updated on a periodic basis.

122. The system according toclaim 108, wherein the logic generates an alert if the statistic for one of the selected securities crosses a threshold value.

123. The system according toclaim 122, wherein the threshold value is globally established for all selected securities from the selected set of securities.

124. The system according toclaim 122, wherein the threshold value is established for a specific security.

125. A system for tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the system comprising:

a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and

a processor for executing logic to analyze the data stream to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for a selected market maker and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes identifying each security from a selected set of securities for which the selected market maker has at least one of an active bid or an active ask, and for the selected market maker generating a list of the identified securities along with an indication of the market maker's bid volume and ask volume for the identified securities.

126. The system according toclaim 125, wherein the indication of the market maker's bid volume and ask volume is relative bid volume and relative ask volume.

127. The system according toclaim 125, further comprising a display for displaying the list of identified securities and the indication of the selected market maker's bid volume and ask volume for the identified securities in a table.

128. The system according toclaim 127, wherein the logic dynamically sorts the table based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.

129. The system according toclaim 125, wherein the logic filters the data stream and, for each selected security, the logic discards bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discards asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

130. The system according toclaim 129, wherein the filter logic is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away and for each selected threshold a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

131. The system according toclaim 125, further comprising a memory for storing the statistic derived for each market maker, the stored statistics adapted for display as historical market maker activity.

132. The system according toclaim 125, wherein the statistics are updated on a periodic basis.

133. The system according toclaim 125, wherein the logic generates an alert if the statistic for the selected market maker crosses a threshold value.

134. The system according toclaim 133, wherein the threshold value is globally established for all market makers.

135. A system of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the system comprising:

a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and

a processor for executing logic to analyze the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes determining the combined bid volume and ask volume for each market maker for each selected security from the selected set of securities.

136. The system according toclaim 135, wherein the combined bid volume and the combined ask volume are converted into relative bid volume and relative ask volume.

137. The system according toclaim 135, further comprising a display for displaying the securities and market makers by highest combined bid volume and ask volume in a table.

138. The system according toclaim 137, wherein the logic dynamically sorts the table based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.

139. The system according toclaim 135, wherein the logic filters the data stream and, for each selected security, the logic discards bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discards asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

140. The system according toclaim 139, wherein the filter logic is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away and for each selected threshold a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

141. The system according toclaim 135, further comprising a memory for storing the statistic derived for each security, the stored statistics adapted for display as historical market maker activity.

142. The system according toclaim 135, wherein the statistics are updated on a periodic basis.

143. The system according toclaim 135, wherein the logic generates an alert if the statistic for one of the selected securities crosses a threshold value.

144. The system according toclaim 143, wherein the threshold value is globally established for all selected securities from the selected set of securities.

145. The system according toclaim 143, wherein the threshold value is established for a specific security.

146. A system for tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the system comprising:

a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and

a processor for executing logic to analyze the data stream to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each market maker and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes for each market maker, summing the bid volume of each active bid of each market maker for a selected set of securities and summing the ask volume of each active ask of each market maker for a selected set of securities.

147. The system according toclaim 146, wherein the sum of the bid volume and the sum of the ask volume are converted into relative bid volume and relative ask volume.

148. The system according toclaim 146, wherein the logic:

determines whether a bid placed by any of the market makers has a value higher than, the same as or lower than the previous bid placed by the same market maker for the same security, and determines whether an ask placed by any of the market makers has a value higher than, the same as or lower than the previous ask placed by the same market maker for the same security; and

for each market maker, derives market maker buy pressure by counting the active bids for the market maker for the selected set of securities that have increased in price and reducing the number of bids that have increased in price by the number of active bids for the market maker for the selected set of securities that have decreased in price and derives market maker sell pressure by counting the active asks for the market maker for the selected set of securities that have increased in price and reducing the number of asks that have increased in price by the number of active asks for the market maker for the selected set of securities that have decreased in price.

149. The system according toclaim 146, further comprising a display for displaying an indication of the total bid volume and an indication of the total ask volume for each market maker in a table.

150. The system according toclaim 149, wherein the logic dynamically sorts the table based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.

151. The system according toclaim 146, wherein the logic filters the data stream and, for each selected security, the logic discards bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discards asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

152. The system according toclaim 151, wherein the filter logic is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away and for each selected threshold a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

153. The system according toclaim 146, further comprising a memory for storing the statistic derived for each market maker, the stored statistics adapted for display as historical market maker activity.

154. The system according toclaim 146, wherein the statistics are updated on a periodic basis.

155. The system according toclaim 146, wherein the logic generates an alert if the statistic for one of the selected market makers crosses a threshold value.

156. The system according toclaim 155, wherein the threshold value is globally established for all market makers.

157. The system according toclaim 155, wherein the threshold value is established for a specific market maker.

158. A system of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the system comprising:

a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and

a processor for executing logic to analyze the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes for each selected security and over a specified time period, determining a bid persistence statistic and an ask persistence statistic for each market maker, the bid persistence statistic determined by calculating the approximate portion of the specified time period that the market maker has had one or more bids being equal to or higher than a level 1 bid for the security, and the ask persistence statistic determined by calculating the approximate portion of the specified time period that the market maker has had one or more asks being equal to or lower than a level 1 ask for the security.

159. The system according toclaim 158, wherein the bid persistence statistic and an ask persistence statistic are respectively calculated by determining the percentage of the time period for which the market maker has had one or more bids equal to or higher than a level 1 bid for the security and determining the percentage of the time period for which the market maker has had one or more asks being equal to or lower than a level 1 ask for the security.

160. The system according toclaim 158, wherein the bid persistence statistic and an ask persistence statistic for each market maker are respectively calculated by:

dividing the specified time period into a plurality of segments;

for each segment and for each security, assigning the market maker a bid value and an ask value of one or zero, a bid value of one being assigned when the market maker has a bid being equal to or higher than a level 1 bid for the security, otherwise a bid value of zero is assigned and an ask value of one being assigned when the market maker has an ask being equal to or lower than a level 1 ask for the security, otherwise an ask value of zero is assigned; and

solving the equation:

$100\left(\Sigma \mathrm{VALp}+\frac{\mathrm{CV}-\Sigma \mathrm{VALp}}{m}\right)$

for both bid values and ask values, wherein ΣVAL_Pis the sum of all values calculated by the equation one segment earlier, m is the number of segments in the time period and CV is the respective current bid value and current ask value assigned to the market maker for the security.

161. The system according toclaim 158, further comprising a display for displaying the bid and ask persistence statistics in a table.

162. The system according toclaim 161, wherein the logic dynamically sorts the table based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.

163. The system according toclaim 158, wherein the logic filters the data stream and, for each selected security, the logic discards bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discards asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

164. The system according toclaim 163, wherein the filter logic is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away and for each selected threshold percentage a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

165. The system according toclaim 158, wherein the logic filters securities from the selected set of securities that have a trade volume below a volume threshold.

166. The system according toclaim 158, further comprising a memory for storing the statistic derived for each security, the stored statistics adapted for display as historical market activity.

167. The system according toclaim 158, wherein the statistics are updated on a periodic basis.

168. The system according toclaim 158, wherein the logic generates an alert if the statistic for one of the selected securities crosses a threshold value.

169. The system according toclaim 168, wherein the threshold value is globally established for all selected securities within the selected set of securities.

170. The system according toclaim 168, wherein the threshold value is established for a specific security.

171. A system for tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the system comprising:

a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and

a processor for executing logic to dynamically filter the data stream and, for each selected security from a selected set of securities, the logic discards bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discards asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

172. The system according toclaim 171, wherein the logic discards bids having a price higher than the last trade value plus the selected threshold percentage of the last trade value and discards asks having a price lower than the last trade value minus the selected threshold percentage of the last trade value.

173. The system according toclaim 171, wherein the filter logic is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away and for each selected threshold a corresponding data set is derived.

174. The system according toclaim 173, wherein the logic analyzes each data set for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

175. The system according toclaim 171, wherein the logic analyzes the filtered data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive and update a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure.

176. The system according toclaim 171, wherein the logic crossed market filters the data stream to exclude bids that are higher than a level 1 bid for an associated security and asks that are lower than a level 1 ask for an associated security.

177. A system for tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the system comprising:

a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask;

a processor for executing logic to analyze the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a set of statistics indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream; and

a display for displaying the set of statistics, the set of statistics being dynamically sorted based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.

178. The system according toclaim 177, wherein the logic to carry out the dynamic sorting can be turned off so that a relative display order stays constant but the statistic for each selected security is updated.

179. The system according toclaim 177, wherein the logic filters the data stream and, for each selected security, the logic discards bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discards asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

180. The system according toclaim 179, wherein the filter logic is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away and for each selected threshold a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

181. The system according toclaim 177, wherein the statistics are updated on a periodic basis.

182. The system according toclaim 181, wherein the statistics are displayed on the display on a periodic basis.

183. A system for tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the system comprising:

a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask;

a processor for executing logic to analyze the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a set of statistics from the level 2 data indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream; and

a display for displaying a chart of the statistic over a period of time for one of the selected securities in a chart.

184. A system for tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, the system comprising:

a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask;

a processor for executing logic to analyze the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a set of statistics indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream; and

the logic including code to:

group the bids by price to generate a series of bid groups, each bid price group but one containing bids of the same price for the bid price group, the remaining bid price group containing all bids having a price more than a specified number of price changes away from an inside bid price;

sum the volume of bids in each bid price group and sum the number of bids in each bid price group;

display the total volume for each bid price group and the number of bids in each bid price group on a display;

group the asks by price to generate a series of ask price groups, each ask price group but one containing asks of the same price for the ask price group, the remaining ask price group containing all asks having a price more than a specified number of price changes away from an inside ask price;

sum the volume of asks in each ask price group and sum the number of asks in each ask price group; and

display the total volume for each price group and the number of asks in each ask price group on the display.

185. The system according toclaim 184, wherein the logic filters the data stream and, for each selected security, the logic discards bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discards asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

186. The system according toclaim 185, wherein the filter logic is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away and for each selected threshold a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

187. A method of tracking a plurality of symbols relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange, comprising:

receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 data relating to the plurality of symbols traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each symbol; and

analyzing the data stream for a set of symbols to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each symbol from the set of symbols and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes counting the number of times each symbol achieves a new intra-session high and counting the number of times each symbol achieves a new intra-session low.

188. The method according toclaim 187, further comprising waiting a specified period of time after the beginning of the session to count the new intra-session highs and new intra-session lows.

189. The method according toclaim 188, further comprising displaying at least some of the new intra-session high counts and associated symbols in a table.

190. The method according toclaim 188, further comprising displaying at least some of the new intra-session low counts and associated symbols in a table.

191. The method according toclaim 187, further comprising displaying at least some symbol identifiers associated with the symbols from the set of symbols and for each symbol identifier displaying an associated value, the associated value selected from the new intra-session high count, the new intra-session low count and combinations thereof.

192. The method according toclaim 191, further comprising dynamically sorting the table based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market activity.

193. The method according toclaim 187, wherein before analyzing, the method further comprises filtering the data stream for each symbol based on volume.

194. The method according toclaim 193, wherein the filtering is based on volume from a prior trading session.

195. The method according toclaim 193, wherein the filtering is based on volume from the current trading session.

196. The method according toclaim 187, wherein before analyzing, the method further comprises filtering the data stream for each symbol based on price.

197. The method according toclaim 187, further including, for each symbol from the set of symbols, determining a relationship between each trade price and at least one of an intra-session high and an intra-session low, the relationship indicative of how close the last trade value is to at least one of the intra-session high and the intra-session low value.

198. The method according toclaim 197, wherein the relationship is determined by solving the equation:

$\frac{\left(\mathrm{Last}\mathrm{Trade}\mathrm{Price}-\mathrm{Intra}\text{-}\mathrm{session}\mathrm{Low}\right)}{{\mathrm{Day}}^{\prime }s\mathrm{Range}}$

wherein the day's range is the intra-session high minus the intra-session low.

199. A method of tracking a plurality of symbols relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange, comprising:

receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 data relating to the plurality of symbols traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each symbol; and

analyzing the data stream for a set of symbols to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each symbol from the set of symbols and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes determining a relationship between each trade price and at least one of an intra-session high and an intra-session low, the relationship indicative of how close the last trade value is to at least one of the intra-session high and the intra-session low.

200. The method according toclaim 199, wherein the relationship is determined by solving the equation:

$\frac{\left(\mathrm{Last}\mathrm{Trade}\mathrm{Price}-\mathrm{Intra}\text{-}\mathrm{session}\mathrm{Low}\right)}{{\mathrm{Day}}^{\prime }s\mathrm{Range}}$

wherein the day's range is the intra-session high minus the intra-session low.

201. The method according toclaim 199, further comprising displaying at least some of the relationship statistics and associated symbol indicators in a table.

202. The method according toclaim 201, further comprising dynamically sorting the table based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.

203. The method according toclaim 199, wherein before analyzing, the method further comprises filtering the data stream for each symbol based on volume.

204. The method according toclaim 203, wherein the filtering is based on volume from a prior trading session.

205. The method according toclaim 203, wherein the filtering is based on volume from the current trading session.

206. The method according toclaim 199, wherein before analyzing, the method further comprises filtering the data stream for each symbol based on price.

207. A method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, comprising:

receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask volume, an ask time, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask;

for a selected security, displaying at least some of the bid prices and associated market maker identifiers on a display in an order according to bid price and displaying at least some of the ask prices and associated market maker identifiers on the display in an order according to ask price; and

for a selected market maker, visually emphasizing at least one of a displayed bid price or a displayed ask price.

208. The method according toclaim 207, further comprising dynamically sorting the displayed bid prices, ask prices and market maker identifiers to reflect current market maker activity.

209. The method according toclaim 207, further comprising filtering the data stream, the filtering including discarding bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discarding asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

210. The method according toclaim 209, wherein filtering is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away, and for each selected threshold percentage or fixed price away a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

211. The method according toclaim 207, further comprising analyzing the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes determining whether a bid placed by any of the market makers has a value higher than, the same as or lower than the previous bid placed by the same market maker and determining whether an ask placed by any of the market makers has a value higher than, the same as or lower than the previous ask placed by the same market maker.

212. A method of tracking activity of a market maker relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market maker places bids and asks, comprising:

receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask;

identifying each security from a selected set of securities for which the market maker has at least one of an active bid or an active ask;

displaying a list of the identified securities along with an indication of the market maker's bid price and ask price; and

visually emphasizing any bid price and any ask price for which the market maker has the inside bid and the inside ask respectively.

213. The method according toclaim 212, further comprising deriving an indication of the market maker's bid volume and ask volume for the identified securities.

214. The method according toclaim 213, wherein the indication of the market maker's bid volume and ask volume is relative bid volume and relative ask volume.

215. The method according toclaim 212, further comprising dynamically sorting the display based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.

216. The method according toclaim 212, wherein before identifying each security, the method further comprises filtering the data stream, the filtering including for each selected security, discarding bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discarding asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

217. The method according toclaim 216, wherein filtering is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away and for each selected threshold percentage or fixed price away a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

218. A method of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, comprising:

receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask;

selecting a set of securities from the plurality of securities;

determining for each selected security an indication of at least one of bid volume and ask volume for each market maker;

displaying the securities and market makers by the indication of at least one of bid volume and ask volume in a table; and

visually emphasizing any displayed indication of bid volume and any displayed indication of ask volume for which the associated market maker respectively has an inside bid price or an inside ask price.

219. The method according toclaim 218, wherein the indication of at least one of bid volume and ask volume is combined bid volume and ask volume.

220. The method according toclaim 218, wherein the combined bid volume and the combined ask volume are converted into relative bid volume and relative ask volume.

221. The method according toclaim 218, further comprising dynamically sorting the display based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.

222. The method according toclaim 218, wherein before determining, the method further comprises filtering the data stream, the filtering including for each selected security, discarding bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discarding asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

223. The method according toclaim 222, wherein filtering is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away and for each selected threshold percentage or fixed price away a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

224. A system for tracking a plurality of symbols relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange, comprising:

a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 data relating to the plurality of symbols traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each symbol; and

a processor for executing logic to analyze the data stream for a set of symbols to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each symbol from the set of symbols and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes counting the number of times each symbol achieves a new intra-session high and counting the number of times each symbol achieves a new intra-session low.

225. The system according toclaim 224, wherein a specified period of time after the beginning of the session is allowed to elapse before counting the new intra-session highs and new intra-session lows.

226. The system according toclaim 225, further comprising a display for displaying at least some of the new intra-session high counts and associated symbols in a table.

227. The system according toclaim 225, further comprising a display for displaying at least some of the new intra-session low counts and associated symbols in a table.

228. The system according toclaim 224, further comprising a display for displaying at least some symbol identifiers associated with the symbols from the set of symbols and for each symbol identifier displaying an associated value, the associated value selected from the new intra-session high count, the new intra-session low count and combinations thereof.

229. The system according toclaim 228, wherein the logic dynamically sorts the table based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market activity.

230. The system according toclaim 224, wherein the logic filters the data stream for each symbol based on techniques selected from volume filtering, pricing filtering and combinations thereof.

231. A system of tracking a plurality of symbols relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange, comprising:

a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 data relating to the plurality of symbols traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each symbol; and

a processor for executing logic to analyze the data stream for a set of symbols to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each symbol from the set of symbols and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes determining a relationship between each trade price and at least one of an intra-session high and an intra-session low, the relationship indicative of how close the last trade value is to at least one of the intra-session high and the intra-session low.

232. The system according toclaim 231, wherein the relationship is determined by solving the equation:

$\frac{\left(\mathrm{Last}\mathrm{Trade}\mathrm{Price}-\mathrm{Intra}\text{-}\mathrm{session}\mathrm{Low}\right)}{{\mathrm{Day}}^{\prime }s\mathrm{Range}}$

wherein the day's range is the intra-session high minus the intra-session low.

233. The system according toclaim 231, further comprising a display for displaying at least some of the relationship statistics and associated symbol indicators in a table.

234. The system according toclaim 233, wherein the logic dynamically sorts the table based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market activity.

235. The system according toclaim 231, wherein the logic filters the data stream for each symbol based on a techniques selected from volume filtering, pricing filtering and combinations thereof.

236. A system for tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, comprising:

a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask volume, an ask time, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask; and

a display for displaying, for a selected security, at least some of the bid prices and associated market maker identifiers on a display in an order according to bid price and displaying at least some of the ask prices and associated market maker identifiers on the display in an order according to ask price, wherein, for a selected market maker, at least one of a displayed bid price or a displayed ask price is visually emphasized.

237. The system according toclaim 236, further comprising a processor for executing logic to dynamically sort the displayed bid prices, ask prices and market maker identifiers to reflect current market maker activity.

238. The system according toclaim 236, further comprising a processor for executing logic to filter the data stream, the filtering including discarding bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discarding asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

239. The system according toclaim 238, wherein the filtering is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away and for each selected threshold percentage or fixed price away a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

240. The system according toclaim 236, further comprising a processor for executing logic to analyze the data stream for a selected set of securities from the plurality of securities to derive a statistic indicative of temporary upward or downward price pressure, the statistic derived for each selected security and updated based on the updated data stream, wherein deriving the statistic includes determining whether a bid placed by any of the market makers has a value higher than, the same as or lower than the previous bid placed by the same market maker and determining whether an ask placed by any of the market makers has a value higher than, the same as or lower than the previous ask placed by the same market maker.

241. A system of tracking activity of a market maker relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market maker places bids and asks, comprising:

a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask;

a processor for executing logic to identify each security from a selected set of securities for which the market maker has at least one of an active bid or an active ask; and

a display for displaying a list of the identified securities along with an indication of the market maker's bid price and ask price, wherein any bid price and any ask price for which the market maker has the inside bid and the inside ask respectively is visually emphasized.

242. The system according toclaim 241, wherein the processor executes logic to derive an indication of the market maker's bid volume and ask volume for the identified securities.

243. The system according toclaim 242, wherein the indication of the market maker's bid volume and ask volume is relative bid volume and relative ask volume.

244. The system according toclaim 241, wherein the logic dynamically sorts the table based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current exchange activity.

245. The system according toclaim 241, wherein the logic filters the data stream, the filtering including for each selected security, discarding bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discarding asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

246. The system according toclaim 245, wherein the filtering is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away and for each selected threshold percentage or fixed price away a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

247. A system of tracking activity of a plurality of market makers relating to securities traded on at least one common exchange where the market makers place bids and asks, comprising:

a receiver for receiving a dynamically updated data stream containing level 1 and level 2 data relating to a plurality of securities traded over the at least one exchange, the level 1 data including at least the last trade price of each security and the level 2 data containing a bid price, a bid time, a bid volume, a security identifier, and a market maker identifier for each bid, and an ask price, an ask time, an ask volume, a security identifier and a market maker identifier for each ask;

a processor for executing logic to determine, for each security from a set of securities from the plurality of securities, an indication of at least one of bid volume and ask volume for each market maker; and

a display for displaying the securities and market makers by the indication of at least one of bid volume and ask volume in a table, wherein any displayed indication of bid volume and any displayed indication of ask volume for which the associated market maker respectively has an inside bid price or an inside ask price is visually emphasized.

248. The system according toclaim 247, wherein the indication of at least one of bid volume and ask volume is combined bid volume and ask volume.

249. The system according toclaim 248, wherein the combined bid volume and the combined ask volume are converted into relative bid volume and relative ask volume.

250. The system according toclaim 247, wherein the logic dynamically sorts the table based on a parameter selected by the user to reflect current market maker activity.

251. The system according toclaim 247, wherein the logic filters the data stream, the filtering including for each selected security, discarding bids having a price lower than the last trade value minus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away, and discarding asks having a price higher than the last trade value plus one of a selected threshold percentage of the last trade value or a fixed price away.

252. The system according toclaim 251, wherein filtering is conducted for a plurality of selected threshold percentages or fixed prices away and for each selected threshold percentage or fixed price away a corresponding data set is derived, the statistic being calculated and updated for each selected security for each data set.

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