US20050033133A1 - Implantable chip medical diagnostic device for bodily fluids - Google Patents

Abstract

An implantable microchip that is attached to a source of bodily fluids such as a vein, capillary, small artery or other fluid source such as lymph fluid or urine where the fluid flows through the microchip. The microchip can contain a micro-laboratory with reagent sources and micro-canal test chambers. The microchip can contain a readout mechanism where test data is command and/or readout to an external unit. Test results can be detected with an on-chip fluorescence or light detector or an external detector.

Description

• This application is related to and claims priority from U.S. provisional application 60/493,057 filed Aug. 6, 2003 and hereby incorporates that application by reference.
BACKGROUND
• 1. Field of the Invention
• The present invention relates generally to the field of medical diagnostics and more particularly to an implantable medical diagnostic chip device.
• 2. Description of the Prior Art
• It is known in the art to implant small electronic devices in the body. An example would be a pacemaker. It is also known to produce micro chemical analyzers on chips that have the capability to perform complex chemical or DNA analysis. In fact, it is know to provide capacity for reagents, reaction chambers and flow control totally on chips. Biochips with a quarter of a centimeter surface area that contain around a million canals with diameters of around 10 micrometers and lengths of around one half millimeter are known in the art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to a medical diagnostic device that contains at least one chip component attached to a human or animal body where at least one human bodily fluid passes through said chip component, and the chip component performs tests on the bodily fluid. Normally, the microchip device is implanted in a human or animal body. This implantation can be under the skin or deeper in the body. Many times the bodily fluid of interest is blood. An example of an application of the present invention could be in an implanted blood glucose monitor. The microchip device is normally attached to its source of fluid, such as a vein or small blood vessel by grafting or otherwise attaching the vessel so that the fluid flows through the microchip device. An alternate mode is to only sample the fluid without the fluid flowing through the microchip. The preferred mode is to have the fluid flow through the chip. The microchip device normally communicates the result of at least one test to a point outside said human body, usually some sort of collection wand or other device. The microchip device can contain a power supply which can be a battery or a power supply that is recharged from a point outside body.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
• FIG. 1A shows a top view of an implantable microchip
• FIG. 1bshows a detail view of the blood channel of the chip of Fig.
• FIG. 2 shows a possible implantation and reading of a microchip.
• FIG. 3A shows details of chip reagent plumbing and a possible detector.
• FIG. 3B shows details of blood draw into micro-channels.
• FIG. 4A shows a readout device.
• FIG. 4B shows a section of the readout device ofFIG. 4A.
• The present invention has been described by certain figures. The scope of the present invention is not limited to what is shown in these figures.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to a microchip chemical analysis laboratory that can be mounted on the body or implanted in the body (possibly under the skin) that is totally self-contained and which is integrally connected to the body in such a way that a bodily fluid such as blood, lymph fluid, urine or other bodily fluid continually flows through the chip.
• A common application of the present invention would be the semi-continuous or periodic monitoring of blood for glucose level for diabetes. It is very important to a diabetic to know the glucose level very frequently. Current methods require finger pricks or other methods of drawing blood. These pricks are painful, subject to infection and just plain undesirable. A micro-chip laboratory could be implanted just under the skin (or on the skin, or internally) and attached to a capillary, vein, or small artery so that blood continuously flows into and through the chip. Whenever, a glucose reading was desired, it could be performed by diverting a small amount of the blood into a test area, usually a small channel or canal, and combining this blood with a small amount of the proper reagent. A chemical or light detector could be used to read out the device. The waste blood/reagent could be stored on the chip until a possible change-out occurred. A chip with a million test canals could perform a million tests before having to be changed out. An alternative would be to discharge the waste back into the bloodstream if the reagent/blood combination was harmless. While this particular example involved blood, the same principle applies to any other bodily fluid.
• Such a chip could be controlled by a resident microcontroller so that tests were performed periodically or on demand. The chip laboratory could communicate with the outside world by radio or light. The preferred method is to use a light beam that is shined onto a special liquid crystal or other surface that reflects/absorbs a specific amount of light at a particular wavelength to report the reading (in this example, glucose concentration). Alternate means of communications could be by radio, light or other wireless techniques and micro-electronics that sends and receives using known communications techniques such as pulse code modulation, phase modulation, polarization or by changing any other property of an incident or internally generated electromagnetic wave or light. Light could be internally generated by micro-LED's or by any other light generating means.
• The chip laboratory including its controller and communication centers could be powered in a variety of ways. In particular, the micro-chip could contain a battery or be powered exactly like a pacemaker. However, it is also possible to replenish energy from outside the body (into an internally storage unit such as a capacitor or re-chargeable battery) with a light or radio wave where energy is taken from the incoming wave to charge the internal power source.
• The micro-chip laboratory could be grafted or attached to a capillary, vein, small artery, a source of lymph fluid, or onto a source of urine so that tests could be performed periodically or on demand. Care would have to be taken (using techniques known in the art) to prevent clogging of the fluid interface or clotting of blood in the case of a capillary. It is known in the art how to graft blood vessels and other bodily fluid sources. Urine could be tapped by a tiny graft through the bladder or urethra or tube from the kidney. Lymph fluid could be tapped by grafting the device into a lymph canal.
• While the micro-chip could be used on urine or lymph fluid, or on any bodily fluid (spinal fluid for example), the most likely and preferred bodily fluid is blood. There are many diseases besides diabetes where it is important to perform some sort of blood chemistry. The chip laboratory could be specially configured to perform one or more blood tests as desired.
• Reagents could be stored on the chip in larger reservoirs as is known in the art. The chip would be replaced when the reagent(s) were depleted or when all the test cells had been used. The concept of many redundant test cells on the chip is important to the present invention because it is generally undesirable to discharge waste materials back into the body (although that is an alternate mode of operation of the present invention). With many different test cells designed to perform the same test (or several different tests), each test cell would be used only once.
• As previously discussed, detection of the test results could be read-out with a light beam (such as might be supplied by a laser). With a plurality of similar test cells, the micro-controller (or nano-controller) would choose one for the current test. The chosen cell would be filled with fluid from that passing through one or more main chip channels, and the correct reagents would be nano-pumped into the chosen cell. After the reaction was complete, the cell could be read-out with either a chemical detector, or by putting light directly into the cell and measuring reflection or fluorescence. After the read-out was complete, the cell could be “killed” to further read-outs by adding an additional reagent that caused the response to stop. In that manner, all used cells would be “dead” in the sense that they simply contained waste matter, but would not further read-out.
• There are many other read-out and detection methods known in the art including micro fiber optic sensors, chemical and electrical sensors, wave-guides with attached chemical or biological tags, and many other sensor/read-out means. It is contemplated that new read-out means will be developed in the future. All such detection and read-out means are within the scope of the present invention.
• Turning toFIG. 1A, a plan view of an embodiment of the present invention is seen. The entire laboratory is mounted on animplantable chip1 that is powered by apower source2. Thepower source2 can be a battery such as in a pacemaker or could be a device that derives power from an external light beam or electromagnetic or sound wave.Reservoirs3 containing reagents are located on the chip and can deliver test quantities tomicro-canals6. A fluid pipe7 (to pass the desired bodily fluid such as blood through the device passes the length of the device. Any configuration of thisfluid pipe7 is within the scope of the present invention. The fluid pipe (or pipes) has anoptional end coupling4 on each end that allows grafting or otherwise coupling to a body fluid vessel such as a small vein. The chip also contains aprocessor5 that can be any special or standard microcontroller. Thisprocessor5 controls the entire operation of the device for all testing and readout. Micro-valves10 control reagent flow into themicro-canals6.FIG. 1A also shows anoptional radio transceiver12 and anRF antenna12. Generally communications with radio would use microwave frequencies and hence very small antenna structures.
• FIG. 1B shows the chip ofFIG. 1A with only thefluid pipe9, theend couplings4 and a tap-offvalve9 that takes fluid out of the pipe and routes it into a micro-channel.FIG. 1B also shows a body fluid vessel such as ablood vessel8 attached to thefluid pipe7 or endcouplings4. Theend couplings4 are entirely optional and can be used to make grafting or attachment easier.
• Turning toFIG. 2, themicrochip1 is seen implanted beneath the skin on ahuman leg13. Themicrochip1 can be mounted or implanted anywhere on a human body, wherever the desired fluid to be tested is available.FIG. 2 also shows a possible readout process where awand device14 is brought near the surface of the body where themicrochip1 is implanted, and abeam15 of light or electromagnetic energy is directed into the implant. The implant can respond with the required data or be commanded to run a test. An optional readout method is to equip the microchip itself with an optical readout such as a liquid crystal or an LED lamp that could signal. Any means of readout of the implanted microchip is within the scope of the present invention.
• FIG. 3A shows details of reagent plumbing on thechip1.Reagent cells3 contain pure stock reagent for tests and are piped throughmicro-plumbing16 into a valve/multiplex unit10 that can select the proper reagent and also route it to only the currently used micro-canal. As previously stated, it is possible to have over a million micro-canals6, each of which can be a test chamber, on a single chip. Due to complexity of reagent routing, it is possible that in some cases, reagent might be simultaneously routed to multiple canals.FIG. 3A also shows an optional optical source ordetector17 that is used for readout. On method of doing this is to use fluorescent chemicals whose light is picked up by thedetector17. An alternate method is to use a photo-excitation technique where a light source (possibly located behind the micro-canals) excites the canals, and light is picked up with an optical detector on the front.
• It is not necessary to report final results, although this is the preferred method of operating the invention; rather, raw measurement data such as voltage or current could be reported with data reduction and final result computation taking place in the receiving device or in a computer.
• FIG. 3B shows a detail of the fluid tap-off9 from thefluid pipe7 where the incoming fluid is routed to the proper micro-channel by means of afluid router18. Any means or method of fluid routing is within the scope of the present invention. Normally, the processor5 (shown inFIG. 1A) can command fluid to be sampled by a particular micro-canal.
• FIGS. 4A-4B show areadout wand14 that is one of many optional ways of reading data out of the implanted microchip. In this example, the wand resembles a flashlight and containsbatteries18. Acircuit board19 that is possibly equipped with a processor causes a light orradio transceiver20 to send out an interrogation to the implanted microchip. The answer, either raw or final data is read back, and the result is either directly displayed on an LCD or other type ofdisplay17 or is computed and then displayed. In this example, testing and readout takes place when thewand14 is brought near the implanted microchip, and abutton16 is pressed.
• An alternate method of evaluating tests is to externally shine light onto the microchip whereby the currently used test channel is excited and then externally picking up radiated or reflected light. It is also possible to externally pick up fluorescence. This optional arrangement eliminates the need to have a detector on the
• A diabetic, perhaps not feeling well, wanting to immediately access blood sugar levels could bring thewand14 near the implanted microchip (as shown inFIG. 2), press thebutton16, and have a readout within seconds. The command could cause the implanted microchip to run a real-time test (at that time), or to report data from a last periodic test. An alternate mode could be to have the microchip take periodic readings and in addition, take instant or real-time readings on command.

Claims (20)

1. A medical diagnostic device comprising:

at least one chip component attached to a human or animal body;

at least one human bodily fluid passing through said chip component, said chip component performing tests on said bodily fluid.

2. The medical diagnostic device ofclaim 1 wherein said device is implanted in a human body.

3. The medical diagnostic device ofclaim 2 wherein said device is implanted under the skin.

4. The medical diagnostic device ofclaim 1 wherein said bodily fluid is blood.

5. The medical diagnostic device ofclaim 1 further comprising attaching a blood vessel to said device.

6. The medical diagnostic device ofclaim 5 wherein blood flows continuously through said device.

7. The medical diagnostic device ofclaim 1 wherein said device communicates the result of at least one test to a point outside said human body.

8. The medical diagnostic device ofclaim 1 wherein said device contains a power supply that is recharged from a point outside said human body.

9. An implantable medical test device comprising:

a plurality of attachment points for attaching said device to a source of bodily fluid wherein said fluid passes through said device, said device being attached to a human or animal body;

a plurality of test chambers on said device wherein said bodily fluid is tested according to predetermined test criteria;

at least one reagent supply on said device wherein said reagent supply supplies test reagent to said test chambers;

at least one communications module on said device whereby test results can be communicated outside said device.

10. The medical device ofclaim 9 further comprising micro-valves for routing said reagent to said test chambers.

11. The medical device ofclaim 9 wherein said predetermined test criteria include a blood glucose test.

12. The medical device ofclaim 9 further comprising a readout device separate from said implantable medical device, whereby said readout device reads test results from said implantable device.

13. A method of running in-vitro tests on bodily fluids comprising:

implanting a microchip in a human or animal body;

connecting said microchip to a source of bodily fluid so that said bodily fluid flows through said microchip;

sampling said bodily fluid into a test chamber on said microchip;

testing said bodily fluid according to a predetermined test criteria;

reading out test results of said testing to a device external to the body.

14. The method ofclaim 13 wherein said bodily fluid is blood.

15. The method ofclaim 13 wherein said predetermined test criteria includes testing for blood glucose level.

16. The method ofclaim 13 wherein said microchip contains a plurality of test chambers.

17. The method ofclaim 13 wherein said microchip contains at least one test reagent reservoir.

18. The method ofclaim 13 wherein said reading out of said test results is by means of light.

19. The method ofclaim 13 wherein said reading out of said test results is by means of electromagnetic energy.

20. The method ofclaim 17 wherein test reagent from said reagent reservoir is routed to said test chambers via micro-valves.

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