US20050008044A1 - Mode-locked multi-mode fiber laser pulse source - Google Patents

Abstract

A laser utilizes a cavity design which allows the stable generation of high peak power pulses from mode-locked multi-mode fiber lasers, greatly extending the peak power limits of conventional mode-locked single-mode fiber lasers. Mode-locking may be induced by insertion of a saturable absorber into the cavity and by inserting one or more mode-filters to ensure the oscillation of the fundamental mode in the multi-mode fiber. The probability of damage of the absorber may be minimized by the insertion of an additional semiconductor optical power limiter into the cavity. To amplify and compress optical pulses in a multi-mode (MM) optical fiber, a single-mode is launched into the MM fiber by matching the modal profile of the fundamental mode of the MM fiber with a diffraction-limited optical mode at the launch end, The fundamental mode is preserved in the MM fiber by minimizing mode-coupling by using relatively short lengths of step-index MM fibers with a few hundred modes and by minimizing fiber perturbations. Doping is confined to the center of the fiber core to preferentially amplify the fundamental mode, to reduce amplified spontaneous emission and to allow gain-guiding of the fundamental mode. Gain-guiding allows for the design of systems with length-dependent and power-dependent diameters of the fundamental mode. To allow pumping with high-power laser diodes, a double-clad amplifier structure is employed. For applications in nonlinear pulse-compression, self phase modulation and dispersion in the optical fibers can be exploited. High-power optical pulses may be linearly compressed using bulk optics dispersive delay lines or by chirped fiber Bragg gratings written directly into the SM or MM optical fiber. High-power cw lasers operating in a single near-diffraction-limited mode may be constructed from MM fibers by incorporating effective mode-filters into the laser cavity. Regenerative fiber amplifiers may be constructed from MM fibers by careful control of the recirculating mode. Higher-power Q-switched fiber lasers may be constructed by exploiting the large energy stored in MM fiber amplifiers.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/424,220 filed Apr. 25, 2003, which is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/785,944 filed Feb. 16, 2001, which is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/199,728 filed Nov. 25, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,275,512 issued Aug. 14, 2001.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to the amplification of single mode light pulses in multi-mode fiber amplifiers, and more particularly to the use of multi-mode amplifying fibers to increase peak pulse power in a mode-locked laser pulse source used for generating ultra-short optical pulses.
• The present invention relates to the use of multi-mode fibers for amplification of laser light in a single-mode amplifier system.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• 1. Background Relating to Optical Amplifiers
• Single-mode rare-earth-doped optical fiber amplifiers have been widely used for over a decade to provide diffraction-limited optical amplification of optical pulses. Because single mode fiber amplifiers generate very low noise levels, do not induce modal dispersion, and are compatible with single mode fiber optic transmission lines, they have been used almost exclusively in telecommunication applications.
• The amplification of high peak-power pulses in a diffraction-limited optical beam in single-mode optical fiber amplifiers is generally limited by the small fiber core size that needs to be employed to ensure single-mode operation of the fiber. In general the onset of nonlinearities such as self-phase modulation lead to severe pulse distortions once the integral of the power level present inside the fiber with the propagation length exceeds a certain limiting value. For a constant peak power P inside the fiber, the tolerable amount of self-phase modulation Φ_nlis given by${\Phi }_{\mathrm{nl}}=\frac{2\pi {\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="n"\; filenames="US20050008044A1-20050113-D00002.png,US20050008044A1-20050113-D00014.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">n</figure-callout>}}_2\mathrm{PL}}{\lambda A}\le 5,$
  where A is the area of the fundamental mode in the fiber, ë is the operation wavelength, L is the fiber length and n₂=3.2×10⁻²⁹m²/W is the nonlinear refractive index in silica optical fibers.
• As an alternative to single-mode amplifiers, amplification in multi-mode optical fibers has been considered. However, in general, amplification experiments in multi-mode optical fibers have led to non-diffraction-limited outputs as well as unacceptable pulse broadening due to modal dispersion, since the launch conditions into the multi-mode optical fiber and mode-coupling in the multi-mode fiber have not been controlled.
• Amplified spontaneous emission in a multi-mode fiber has been reduced by selectively exciting active ions close to the center of the fiber core or by confining the active ions to the center of the fiber core. U.S. Pat. No. 5,187,759, hereby incorporated herein by reference. Since the overlap of the low-order modes in a multi-mode optical fiber is highest with the active ions close to the center of the fiber core, any amplified spontaneous emission will then also be predominantly generated in low-order modes of the multi-mode fiber. As a result, the total amount of amplified spontaneous emission can be reduced in the multi-mode fiber, since no amplified spontaneous emission is generated in high-order modes.
• As an alternative for obtaining high-power pulses, chirped pulse amplification with chirped fiber Bragg gratings has been employed. One of the limitations of this technique is the relative complexity of the set-up.
• More recently, the amplification of pulses to peak powers higher than 10 KW has been achieved in multi-mode fiber amplifiers. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,818,630, entitled Single-Mode Amplifiers and Compressors Based on Multi-Mode Fibers, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, and hereby incorporated herein by reference. As described therein, the peak power limit inherent in single-mode optical fiber amplifiers is avoided by employing the increased area occupied by the fundamental mode within multi-mode fibers. This increased area permits an increase in the energy storage potential of the optical fiber amplifier, allowing higher pulse energies before the onset of undesirable nonlinearities and gain saturation. To accomplish this, that application describes the advantages of concentration of the gain medium in the center of the multi-mode fiber so that the fundamental mode is preferentially amplified. This gain-confinement is utilized to stabilize the fundamental mode in a fiber with a large cross section by gain guiding.
• Additionally, that reference describes the writing of chirped fiber Bragg gratings onto multi-mode fibers with reduced mode-coupling to increase the power limits for linear pulse compression of high-power optical pulses. In that system, double-clad multi-mode fiber amplifiers are pumped with relatively large-area high-power semiconductor lasers. Further, the fundamental mode in the multi-mode fibers is excited by employing efficient mode-filters. By further using multi-mode fibers with low mode-coupling, the propagation of the fundamental mode in multi-mode amplifiers over lengths of several meters can be ensured, allowing the amplification of high-power optical pulses in doped multi-mode fiber amplifiers with core diameters of several tens of microns, while still providing a diffraction limited output beam. That system additionally employed cladding pumping by broad area diode array lasers to conveniently excite multi-mode fiber amplifiers.
• 2. Background Relating to Mode-Locked Lasers
• Both actively mode-locked lasers and passively mode-locked lasers are well known in the laser art. For example, compact mode-locked lasers have been formed as ultra-short pulse sources using single-mode rare-earth-doped fibers. One particularly useful fiber pulse source is based on Kerr-type passive mode-locking. Such pulse sources have been assembled using widely available standard fiber components to provide pulses at the bandwidth limit of rare-earth fiber lasers with GigaHertz repetition rates.
• Semiconductor saturable absorbers have recently found applications in the field of passively mode-locked, ultrashort pulse lasers. These devices are attractive since they are compact, inexpensive, and can be tailored to a wide range of laser wavelengths and pulsewidths. Quantum well and bulk semiconductor saturable absorbers have also been used to mode-lock color center lasers
• A saturable absorber has an intensity-dependent loss l. The single pass loss of a signal of intensity I through a saturable absorber of thickness d may be expressed as
  l−1−exp(−αd)
  in which α is the intensity dependent absorption coefficient given by:
  α(I)−α₀/(1+I/I_SAT)
  Here α₀is the small signal absorption coefficient, which depends upon the material in question. I_SATis the saturation intensity, which is inversely proportional to the lifetime (τ_A) of the absorbing species within the saturable absorber. Thus, saturable absorbers exhibit less loss at higher intensity.
• Because the loss of a saturable absorber is intensity dependent, the pulse width of the laser pulses is shortened as they pass through the saturable absorber. How rapidly the pulse width of the laser pulses is shortened is proportional to |dq₀/dI|, in which q₀is the nonlinear loss:
  q₀=l/(I)−l(I=0)
  l(I=0) is a constant (=1−exp(α₀d)) and is known as the insertion loss. As defined herein, the nonlinear loss q₀of a saturable absorber decreases (becomes more negative) with increasing intensity I. |dq₀/dI| stays essentially constant until I approaches I_SAT, becoming essentially zero in the bleaching regime, i.e., when I>>I_SAT.
• For a saturable absorber to function satisfactorily as a mode-locking element, it should have a lifetime (i.e., the lifetime of the upper state of the absorbing species), insertion loss l(I=0), and nonlinear loss q₀appropriate to the laser. Ideally, the insertion loss should be low to enhance the laser's efficiency, whereas the lifetime and the nonlinear loss q₀should permit self-starting and stable cw mode-locking. The saturable absorber's characteristics, as well as laser cavity parameters such as output coupling fraction, residual loss, and lifetime of the gain medium, all play a role in the evolution of a laser from startup to mode-locking.
• As with single-mode fiber amplifiers, the peak-power of pulses from mode-locked single-mode lasers has been limited by the small fiber core size that has been employed to ensure single-mode operation of the fiber. In addition, in mode-locked single-mode fiber lasers, the round-trip nonlinear phase delay also needs to be limited to around ∂ to prevent the generation of pulses with a very large temporally extended background, generally referred to, as a pedestal. For a standard mode-locked single-mode erbium fiber laser operating at 1.55 μm with a core diameter of 10 μm and a round-trip cavity length of 2 m, corresponding to a pulse repetition rate of 50 MHz, the maximum oscillating peak power is thus about 1 KW.
• The long-term operation of mode-locked single-mode fiber lasers is conveniently ensured by employing an environmentally stable cavity as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,519, entitled Environmentally Stable Passively Mode-locked Fiber Laser Pulse Source, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, and hereby incorporated herein by reference. The laser described in this reference minimizes environmentally induced fluctuations in the polarization state at the output of the single-mode fiber. In the described embodiments, this is accomplished by including a pair of Faraday rotators at opposite ends of the laser cavity to compensate for linear phase drifts between the polarization eigenmodes of the fiber.
• Recently the reliability of high-power single-mode fiber lasers passively mode-locked by saturable absorbers has been greatly improved by implementing non-linear power limiters by insertion of appropriate semiconductor two-photon absorbers into the cavity, which minimizes the peak power of the damaging Q-switched pulses often observed in the start-up of mode-locking and in the presence of misalignments of the cavity. See U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/149,369, filed on Sep. 8, 1998, entitled Resonant Fabry-Perot Semiconductor Saturable Absorbers and Two-Photon Absorption Power Limiters, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, and hereby incorporated herein by reference.
• To increase the pulse energy available from mode-locked single-mode fiber lasers the oscillation of chirped pulses inside the laser cavity has been employed. M. Hofer et al., Opt. Lett., vol. 17, page 807-809. As a consequence the pulses are temporally extended, giving rise to a significant peak power reduction inside the fiber laser. However, the pulses can be temporally compressed down to approximately the bandwidth limit outside the laser cavity. Due to the resulting high peak power, bulk-optic dispersive delay lines have to be used for pulse compression. For neodymium fiber lasers, pulse widths of the order of 100 fs can be obtained.
• The pulse energy from mode-locked single-mode fiber lasers has also been increased by employing chirped fiber gratings. The chirped fiber gratings have a large amount of negative dispersion, broadening the pulses inside the cavity dispersively, which therefore reduces their peak power and also leads to the oscillation of high-energy pulses inside the single-mode fiber lasers.
• See U.S. Pat. No. 5,450,427, entitled Technique for the Generation of Optical Pulses in Mode-Locked Lasers by Dispersive Control of the Oscillation Pulse Width, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,848, entitled Apparatus for Producing Femtosecond and Picosecond Pulses from Fiber Lasers Cladding Pumped with Broad Area Diode Laser Arrays, both of which are assigned to the assignee of the present invention and hereby incorporated herein by reference. In these systems, the generated pulses are bandwidth-limited, though the typical oscillating pulse widths are of the order of a few ps.
• However, though the dispersive broadening of the pulse width oscillating inside a single-mode fiber laser cavity does increase the oscillating pulse energy compared to a ‘standard’ soliton fiber laser, it does not increase the oscillating peak power. The maximum peak power generated with these systems directly from the fiber laser is still limited to around I KW.
• Another highly integratable method for increasing the peak power of mode-locked lasers is based on using chirped periodically poled LiNbO₃(chirped PPLN). Chirped PPLN permits simultaneous pulse compression and frequency doubling of an optically chirped pulse. See U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/845,410, filed on Apr. 25, 1997, entitled Use of Aperiodic Quasi-Phase-Matched Gratings in Ultrashort Pulse Sources, assigned to the assignee of the present application, and hereby incorporated herein by reference. However, for chirped PPLN to produce pulse compression from around 3 ps to 300 fs and frequency doubling with high conversion efficiencies, generally peak powers of the order of several KW are required. Such high peak powers are typically outside the range of mode-locked single-mode erbium fiber lasers.
• Broad area diode laser arrays have been used for pumping of mode-locked single-mode fiber lasers, where very compact cavity designs were possible. The pump light was injected through a V-groove from the side of double-clad fiber, a technique typically referred to as side-pumping. However, such oscillator designs have also suffered from peak power limitations due to the single-mode structure of the oscillator fiber.
• It has also been suggested that a near diffraction-limited output beam can be obtained from a multi-mode fiber laser when keeping the fiber length shorter than 15 mm and selectively providing a maximum amount of feedback for the fundamental mode of the optical fiber. “Efficient laser operation with nearly diffraction-limited output from a diode-pumped heavily Nd-doped multi-mode fiber”,Optics Letters, Vol. 21, pp. 266-268 (1996) hereby incorporated herein by reference. In this technique, however, severe mode-coupling has been a problem, as the employed multi-mode fibers typically support thousands of modes. Also, only an air-gap between the endface of the multi-mode fiber and a laser mirror has been suggested for mode-selection. Hence, only very poor modal discrimination has been obtained, resulting in poor beam quality.
• While the operation of optical amplifiers, especially in the presence of large seed signals, is not very sensitive to the presence of spurious reflections, the stability of mode-locked lasers critically depends on the minimization of spurious reflections. Any stray reflections produce sub-cavities inside an oscillator and result in injection signals for the cw operation of a laser cavity and thus prevent the onset of mode-locking. For solid-state Fabry-Perot cavities a suppression of intra-cavity reflections to a level <<1% (in intensity) is generally believed to be required to enable the onset of mode-locking.
• The intra-cavity reflections that are of concern in standard mode-locked lasers can be thought of as being conceptually equivalent to mode-coupling in multi-mode fibers. Any mode-coupling in multi-mode fibers clearly also produces a sub-cavity with a cw injection signal proportional to the amount of mode-coupling. However, the suppression of mode-coupling to a level of <<I% at any multi-mode fiber discontinuities is very difficult to achieve. Due to optical aberrations, even well -corrected optics typically allow the excitation of the fundamental mode in multi-mode fibers only with maximum efficiency of about 95%. Therefore to date, it has been considered that mode-locking of a multi-mode fiber is impossible and no stable operation of a mode-locked multi-mode fiber laser has yet been demonstrated.
• 3. Description of the Related Art
• Rare-earth-doped optical fibers have long been considered for use as sources of coherent light, as evidenced by U.S. Pat. No. 3,808,549 to Maurer (1974), since their light-guiding properties allow the construction of uniquely simple lasers. However, early work on fiber lasers did not attract considerable attention, because no methods of generating diffraction-limited coherent light were known. Man current applications of lasers benefit greatly from the presence of diffract on limited light.
• Only when it became possible to manufacture single-mode (SM) rare-earth-doped fibers, as reported by Poole et al. in “Fabrication of Low-Loss Optical Fibres Containing Rare-Ear Ions”,Optics Letters, Vol. 22, pp. 737-738 (1985), did the rare-earth-doped optical fiber technology become viable. In this technique, only the fundamental mode of the optical fiber is guided at the lasing wavelength, thus ensuring diffraction-limited output.
• Driven by the needs of optical fiber telecommunications for SM optical fiber amplifiers, nearly all further developments for more than a decade in this area were concentrated on perfecting SM fiber amplifiers. In particular, the motivation for developing SM fiber amplifiers stemmed from the fact that SM fiber amplifiers generate the least amount of noise and they are directly compatible with SM fiber optic transmission lines. SM fiber amplifiers also have the highest optical transmission bandwidths, since, due to the absence of any higher-order modes, modal dispersion is completely eliminated. In general, modal dispersion is the most detrimental effect limiting the transmission bandwidth of multi-mode (MM) optical fibers, since the higher-order modes, in general, have different propagation constants.
• However, in the amplification of short-optical pulses, the use of SM optical fibers is disadvantageous, cause the limited core area limits the saturation energy of the optical fiber and thus the obtainable pulse energy. The saturation energy of a laser amplifier can be expressed as$E_{\mathrm{sat}}=\frac{h\upsilon A}{\sigma },$
  where h is Planck's constant, υ is the optical frequency, a is the stimulated emission cross section and A is the core area. The highest pulse energy generated from a SM optical fiber to date is about 160 μJ (disclosed by Taverner et al. inOptics Letters, Vol. 22, pp. 378-380 (1997), and was obtained from a SM erbium-doped fiber with a core diameter of 15 μm, which is about the largest core diameter that is compatible with SM propagation at 1.55 μm. This result was obtained with a fiber numerical aperture of NA≈0.07. Any further increase in core diameter requires a further lowering of the NA of the fiber and results in an unacceptably high sensitivity to bend-losses.
• As an alternative to SM amplifiers amplification in multi-mode (MM) optical fibers has been considered. See, for example, “Chirped-pulse amplification of ultrashort pulses with a multi-mode Tm:ZBLAN fiber upconversion amplifier” by Yang et al.,Optics Letters, Vol. 20, pp. 1044-1046 (1995). However, in general, amplification experiments in MM optical fibers have led to non-diffraction-limited outputs as well as unacceptable pulse broadening due to modal dispersion, since the launch conditions into the MM optical fiber and mode-coupling in the MM fiber were not controlled.
• It was recently suggested by Griebner et al. in “‘Efficient laser operation with nearly diffraction-limited output from a diode-pumped heavily Nd-doped multi-mode fiber”,Optics Letters, Vol. 21, pp. 266-268 (1996), that a near diffraction-limited output be can be obtained from a MM fiber laser when keeping the fiber length shorter than 15 mm and selectively providing a maximum amount of feedback for the fundamental mode of the optical fiber. In this technique, however, severe ode-coupling was a problem, as the employed MM fibers supported some 10,000 modes. Also, only an air-gap between the endface of the MM fiber and a laser mirror was suggested for mode-selection. Hence, only very poor modal discrimination was obtained, resulting in poor beam quality.
• In U.S. Pat. No. 5,187,759 to DiGiovanni et al., it was suggested that amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in a MM fiber can be reduced by selectively exciting any active ions lose to the center of the fiber core or by confining the active ions to the center of the fiber core. Since the overlap of the low-order modes in a MM optical fiber is highest with the active ions close to the center of the fiber core, any ASE will then also be predominantly generated in low-order modes of the MM fiber. As a result, the total amount of ASE can be greatly reduced in MM fiber, since no ASE is generated in high-order modes. However, DiGiovanni described dopant confinement only with respect to ASE reduction. DiGiovanni did not suggest that, in the presence of mode-scattering, dopant confinement can enhance the beam quality of the fundamental mode of the M fiber under SM excitation. Also, the system of DiGiovanni did not take into account the fact that gain-guiding induced by dopant confinement can in fact effectively guide a fundamental mode in a MM fiber. This further reduces ASE in MM fibers as well as allowing for SM operation.
• In fact, the system of DiGiovanni et al. is not very practical, since it considers a MM signal source, which leads to a non-diffraction-limited output beam. Further, only a single cladding was considered for the doped fiber, which is disadvantageous when trying to couple high-power semi-conductor lasers into the optical fibers. To couple high-power semiconductor lasers into MM fibers, a double-clad structure, as suggested in the above-mentioned patent to Maurer, can be of an advantage.
• To the inventors' knowledge, gain-guiding has not previously been employed in optical fibers. On the other hand, gain-guiding is well known in conventional semiconductor and solid-state lasers. See, for example, “‘Alexandrite-laser-pumped Cr³⁺:Li rAlF₆” by Harter et al.,Optics Letters, Vol. 17, pp. 1512-1514 (1992). Indeed, in SM fibers, gain-guiding is irrelevant due to the strong confinement of the fundamental mode by the wave-guide structure. However, in MM optical fibers., the confinement of the fundamental mode by the waveguide structure becomes comparatively weaker, allowing for gain-guiding to set in. As the core size in a MM fiber becomes larger, light propagation in the fiber structure tends to approximate free-space propagation. Thus, gain-guiding can be expected eventually to be significant, provided mode-coupling can be mad sufficiently small. In addition to providing high pulse energies, MM optical fiber amplifiers can also be used to amplify very high peak power pulses due to their increased fiber cross section compared to SM fiber amplifiers. MM undoped fibers and MM amplifier fibers can also be used for pulse compression as recently disclosed by Fermann et al. in U.S. application Ser. No. 08/789,995 (filed Jan. 28, 1997). However, this work was limited to the use of MM fibers as soliton Raman compressors in conjunction with a nonlinear spectral filtering action to clean-up the spectral profile, which may limit the overall efficiency of the system.
• Compared to pulse compression in SM fibers, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,913,520 to Kafka et al., higher-pulse energies can be obtained in MM fibers due to the increased mode-size of the fiber. In particular, V-values higher than 2.5 and relatively high index differences between core and cladding (i.e. a Δn>0.3%) can be effectively employed. In “Generation of high-energy 10-fs pulses by a new pulse compression technique”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 91, paper DTuR5, Optical Society of America Technical Digest Series, #9, pp. 189-190 (1996), M. Nisoli et al. suggested the use of hollow-core fibers for pulse-compression, as hollow-core fibers allow an increase in the mode size of the fundamental mode. However, hollow-core fibers have an intrinsic transmission loss, they need to be filled with gas, and they need to be kept straight in order to minimize the transmission losses, which makes them highly impractical.
• As an alternative to obtaining high-power pulses, chirped pulse amplification with chirped fiber Bragg gratings may be employed, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,499,134 to Galvanauskas et al. (1996). One of the limitations of this technique is that, in the compression grating, a SM fiber with a limited core area is employed. Higher pulse energies could be obtained by employing chirped fiber Bragg gratings in MM fibers with reduced mode-coupling for pulse compression. Indeed, unchirped fiber Bragg gratings were recently demonstrated in double-mode fibers by Strasser et al. in “Reflective-mode conversion with UV-induced phase gratings in two-mode fiber”,Optical Society of America Conference on Optical Fiber Communication, OFC97, pp. 348-349, (1997). However, these gratings were blazed to allow their use as mode-converters, i.e., to couple the fundamental mode to a higher-order mode. The use of Bragg gratings in pulse-compression calls for an unblazed grating to minimize the excitation of any higher-order modes in reflection.
• It has long been known that a SM signal can be coupled into a MM fiber structure and preserved for propagation lengths of 100s of meters. See, for example, “Pulse Dispersion for Single-Mode Operation of Multi-mode Cladded Optical Fibres”, Gambling et al.,Electron. Lett., Vol. 10, pp. 148-149, (1974) and “Mode conversion coefficients in optical fibers”, Gambling et al.,Applied Optics, Vol. 14, pp. 1538-1542, (1975). However, Gambling et al. found low levels of mode-coupling only in liquid-core fibers. On the other hand, mode-coupling in MM solid-core fibers was found to be severe, allowing for the propagation of a fundamental mode only in mm lengths of fiber. Indeed, as with the work by Griebner et al., Gambling et al. used MM solid-core optical fibers that supported around 10,000 or more modes.
• In related work, Gloge disclosed in “Optical Power Flow in Multi-mode Fibers”, The Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 51, pp. 1767-1783, (1972), the use of MM fibers that supported only 700 modes, where mode-coupling was sufficiently reduced to allow SM propagation over fiber lengths of 10 cm.
• However, it was not shown by Gloge that mode-coupling can be reduced by operating MM fibers at long wavelengths (1.55 μm) and by reducing the total number of modes to less than 700. Also, in this work, the use of MM fibers as amplifiers and the use of the nonlinear properties of MM fibers was not considered.
• The inventors are not aware of any prior art using MM fibers to amplify SM signals where the output remains primarily in the fundamental mode, the primary reason being that amplification in MM fibers is typically not suitable for long-distance signal propagation as employed in the optical telecommunication area. The inventors arc also not aware of any prior art related to pulse compression in multi-mode fibers, where the output remains in the fundamental mode.
• All of the above-mentioned articles, patents and patent applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• This invention overcomes the foregoing difficulties associated with peak power limitations in mode-locked lasers, and provides a mode-locked multi-mode fiber laser.
• This laser utilizes cavity designs which allow the stable generation of high peak power pulses from mode-locked multi-mode fiber lasers, greatly extending the peak power limits of conventional mode-locked single-mode fiber lasers. Mode-locking may be induced by insertion of a saturable absorber into the cavity and by inserting one or more mode-filters to ensure the oscillation of the fundamental mode in the multi-mode fiber. The probability of damage of the absorber may be minimized by the insertion of an additional semiconductor optical power limiter into the cavity. The shortest pulses may also be generated by taking advantage of nonlinear polarization evolution inside the fiber. The long-term stability of the cavity configuration is ensured by employing an environmentally stable cavity. Pump light from a broad-area diode laser may be delivered into the multi-mode fiber by employing a cladding-pumping technique.
• With this invention, a mode-locked fiber laser may be constructed to obtain, for example, 360 fsec near-bandwidth-limited pulses with an average power of 300 mW at a repetition rate of 66.7 MHz. The peak power of these exemplary pulses is estimated to be about 6 KW.
• It is an object of the present invention to increase the energy storage potential in an optical fiber amplifier and to produce peak powers and pulse energies which are higher than those achievable in single-mode (SM) fibers before the onset of undesirable nonlinearities and gain saturation.
• Another object of the present invention is to achieve amplification of the fundamental mode within a multi-mode (MM) fiber while reducing amplified spontaneous emission (ASE).
• A further object of the present invention is to employ gain-guiding within a MM fiber to improve the stability of the fundamental mode.
• Yet another object of the present invention is to compress high peak power pulses into the range of a few psec to a fsec while preserving a near diffraction-limited output.
• To achieve the above objects, the present invention employs a multi-mode (MM) optical fiber in an optical amplification system. According to the present invention, MM optical fibers, i.e., fibers with a V-value greater than approximately 2.5, provide an output in the fundamental mode. This allows the generation of much higher peak powers and pulse energies compared to SM fibers before the onset of undesirable nonlinearities and gain saturation. The increased fiber cross section equally greatly increases the energy storage potential in an optical fiber amplifier. The amplification system of the present invention is useful in applications requiring ultrafast and high-power pulse sources.
• According to one aspect of the present invention, the gain medium is in the center of the MM fiber so that the fundamental mode is preferentially amplified and spontaneous emission is reduced. Further, gain-confinement is used to stabilize the fundamental mode in a fiber with a large cross section by gain guiding.
• According to one embodiment of the present invention, the exploitation of self-phase modulation and other nonlinearities in (rare-earth) doped or undoped MM fibers allows the compression of high peak power pulses into the range of a few fsec while a near diffraction-limited output is pre-served.
• According to another embodiment of the present invention, by writing chirped fiber Bragg gratings into MM optical fibers with reduced mode-coupling, the power limits for linear pulse compression of high-power optical pulses are greatly increased. Further, by employing double-clad MM fiber amplifiers, pumping with relatively large-area high-power semiconductor lasers is made possible.
• According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, the incorporation of efficient mode-filters enables cw lasing in a near diffraction-limited single mode from (rare-earth) doped MM optical fibers.
• According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, MM optical fibers allow the construction of fiber optic regenerative amplifiers and high-power Q-switched lasers. Further, MM optical fibers allow the design of cladding-pumped fiber lasers using dopants with relatively weak absorption cross sections.
• These and other objects and features of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The following description of the preferred embodiments of the invention references the appended drawings, in which like elements bear identical reference numbers throughout.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration showing the construction of a preferred embodiment of the present invention which utilizes end-pumping for injecting pump light into the multi-mode fiber.
• FIG. 2 is a graph showing the typical autocorrelation of pulses generated by the invention ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 3 is a graph showing the typical pulse spectrum generated by the invention ofFIG. 1.
• FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration showing the construction of an alternate preferred embodiment utilizing a side-pumping mechanism for injecting pump light into the multi-mode fiber.
• FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an alternative embodiment which uses a length of positive dispersion fiber to introduce chirped pulses into the cavity.
• FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of an alternative embodiment which uses chirped fiber gratings with negative dispersion in the laser cavity to produce high-energy, near bandwidth-limited pulses.
• FIGS. 7aand7billustrate polarization-maintaining multi-mode fiber cross sections which may be used to construct environmentally stable cavities in the absence of Faraday rotators.
• FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of an alternative embodiment which utilizes one of the fibers illustrated inFIGS. 7aand7b.
• FIGS. 9a,9band9cillustrate the manner is which the fundamental mode of the multi-mode fibers of the present invention may be matched to the mode of a singe mode fiber. These include a bulk optic imaging system, as shown inFIG. 9a, a multi-mode to single-mode splice, as shown inFIG. 9b, and a tapered section of multi-mode fiber, as illustrated inFIG. 9c.
• FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of an alternative embodiment in which a fiber grating is used to predominantly reflect the fundamental mode of a multi-mode fiber.
• FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of an alternative embodiment in which active or active-passive mode-locking is used to mode-lock the multi-mode laser.
• FIG. 12 is a diagrammatic view of a multi-mode fiber amplifier system according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 13 is a graph showing the coupling efficiency of a multi-mode amplifier fiber into a mode-filter fiber as a function of bend-radius of the multi-mode amplifier fiber.
• FIG. 14 is a graph showing the autocorrelation of the amplified pulses from a multi-mode amplifier fiber measured under optimum mode-match conditions.
• FIG. 15 is a graph showing the autocorrelation of the amplified pulses from a multi-mode amplifier fiber measured under non-optimum mode-match conditions.
• FIG. 16 is a block diagram of a multi-mode fiber amplifier system according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 17 is a block diagram of a multi-mode fiber amplifier system according to the third embodiment of the present invention, wherein a pulse compressor is disposed at an output of the multi-mode fiber.
• FIG. 18 is a diagrammatic view of a multi-mode fiber amplifier system according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 19 is a conceptual drawing of a fiber cross section employing a doped multi-mode fiber core and an undoped fiber cladding according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 20 is a diagrammatic view of a multi-mode fiber amplifier system according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention, wherein a fiber regenerative amplifier is constructed from a multi-mode fiber amplifier.
• FIG. 21 is a diagrammatic view of a multi-mode fiber amplifier system according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention, wherein a MM Q-switched fiber laser source is constructed.
• FIG. 22 is a block diagram of a multi-mode fiber amplifier system according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention, wherein a preamplifier is inserted before the multi-mode fiber.
• FIG. 23 is a block diagram of a multi-mode fiber amplifier system according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention, wherein a frequency converter is disposed at an output of the multi-mode fiber.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
• FIG. 1A illustrates the mode-lockedlaser cavity11 of this invention which uses a length of multi-mode amplifyingfiber13 within the cavity to produce ultra-short, high-power optical pulses. As used herein, “ultra-short” means a pulse width below 100 ps. Thefiber13, in the example shown, is a 1.0 m length of non-birefringent Yb³⁺/Er³⁺-doped multi-mode fiber. Typically, a fiber is considered multi-mode when the V-value exceeds 2.41, i.e., when modes in addition to the fundamental mode can propagate in the optical fiber. This fiber is coiled onto a drum with a diameter of 5 cm, though bend diameters as small as 1.5 cm, or even smaller, may be used without inhibiting mode-locking. Due to the Er³⁺ doping, the fiber core in this example has an absorption of approximately 40 dB/m at a wavelength of 1.53 μm. The Yb³⁺ co-doping produces an average absorption of 4.3 dB/m inside the cladding at a wavelength of 980 nm. Thefiber13 has a numerical aperture of 0.20 and a core diameter of 16 μm. The outside diameter of the cladding of thefiber13 is 200 μm. Thefiber13 is coated with a low-index polymer producing a numerical aperture of 0.40 for the cladding. A 10 cm length of single-modeComing Leaf fiber15 is thermally tapered to produce a core diameter of approximately 14 μm to ensure an optimum operation as a mode filter, and this length is fusion spliced onto afirst end17 of themulti-mode fiber13.
• In this exemplary embodiment, thecavity11 is formed between afirst mirror19 and asecond mirror21. It will be recognized that other cavity configurations for recirculating pulses are well known, and may be used. In this example, themirrors19,21 define anoptical axis23 along which the cavity elements are aligned.
• Thecavity11 further includes a pair ofFaraday rotators25,27 to compensate for linear phase drifts between the polarization eigenmodes of the fiber, thereby assuring that the cavity remains environmentally stable. As referenced herein, the phrase “environmentally stable” refers to a pulse source which is substantially immune to a loss of pulse generation due to environmental influences such as temperature drifts and which is, at most, only slightly sensitive to pressure variations. The use of Faraday Rotators for assuring environmental stability is explained in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,519 which has been incorporated by reference herein.
• A polarization beam-splitter29 on theaxis23 of thecavity11 ensures single-polarization operation of thecavity11, and provides theoutput30 from the cavity. A half-wave plate31 and a quarter-wave plate33 are used to introduce linear phase delays within the cavity, providing polarization control to permit optimization of polarization evolution within thecavity11 for mode-locking.
• To induce mode-locking, thecavity11 is formed as a Fabry-Perot cavity by including asaturable absorber35 at the end of the cavity proximate themirror19. Thesaturable absorber35 is preferably grown as a 0.75 μm thick layer of InGaAsP on one surface of a substrate. The band-edge of theInGaAsP saturable absorber39 is preferably chosen to be 1.56 μm, the carrier life-time is typically 5 ps and the saturation energy density is 100 MW/cm².
• In this example, the substrate supporting thesaturable absorber35 comprises high-quality anti-reflection-coatedInP37, with the anti-reflection-coatedsurface39 facing the open end of thecavity11. The InP substrate is transparent to single-photon absorption of the signal light at 1.56 μm, however two photon absorption occurs. This two-photon absorber39 is used as a nonlinear power limiter to protect thesaturable absorber35.
• Themirror19 in this exemplary embodiment is formed by depositing a gold-film onto the surface of theInGaAsP saturable absorber35 opposite the twophoton absorber39. The combined structure of thesaturable absorber35, twophoton absorber37 andmirror19 provides a reflectivity of 50% at 1.56 μm. The surface of the gold-film mirror19 opposite thesaturable absorber35 is attached to asapphire window41 for heat-sinking the combined absorber/mirror assembly.
• The laser beam from thefiber15 is collimated by alens43 and refocused, after rotation by theFaraday rotator25, by alens45 onto the anti-reflection-coatedsurface39 of the two-photon absorber37. The spot size of the laser beam on thesaturable absorber35 may be adjusted by varying the position of thelens45 or by using lenses with different focal lengths. Other focusinglenses47 and49 in thecavity11 aid in better imaging the laser signal onto themulti-mode fiber13.
• Light from a Pumplight source51, such as a laser source, with a wavelength near 980 nm and output power of 5 W, is directed through afiber bundle57 with an outside diameter of 375 μm. This pump light is injected into theend53 of themulti-mode fiber13 opposite the single-mode fiber17. The pump light is coupled into thecavity11 via apump signal injector55, such as a dichroic beam-splitter for 980/1550 nm.Lenses47 and48 are optimized for coupling of the pump power from thefiber bundle57 into the cladding of the multi-mode fiber.
• The M²-value of the beam at theoutput30 of this exemplary embodiment is typically approximately 1.2. Assuming the deterioration of the M²-value is mainly due to imperfect splicing between themulti-mode fiber13 and the single-mode mode-filter fiber15, it can be estimated that the single-mode mode-filter fiber15 excited the fundamental mode of themulti-mode fiber13 with an efficiency of approximately 90%.
• Mode-locking may be obtained by optimizing the focussing of the laser beam on thesaturable absorber35 and by optimizing the orientation of theintra-cavity waveplates31,33 to permit some degree of nonlinear polarization evolution. However, the mode-locked operation of a multi-mode fiber laser system without nonlinear polarization evolution can also be accomplished by minimizing the amount of mode-mixing in themulti-mode fiber13 and by an optimization of thesaturable absorber35.
• The pulses which are generated by the exemplary embodiment ofFIG. 1 will have a repetition rate of 66.7 MHz, with an average output power of 300 mW at a. wavelength of 1.535 μm, giving a pulse energy of 4.5 nJ. A typical autocorrelation of the pulses is shown inFIG. 2. A typical FWHM pulse width of 360 fsec (assuming a sech²pulse shape) is generated. The corresponding pulse spectrum is shown inFIG. 3. The autocorrelation width is within a factor of 1.5 of the bandwidth limit as calculated from the pulse spectrum, which indicates the relatively high quality of the pulses.
• Due to the multi-mode structure of the oscillator, the pulse spectrum is strongly modulated and therefore the autocorrelation displays a significant amount of energy in a pulse pedestal. It can be estimated that the amount of energy in the pedestal is about 50%, which in turn gives a pulse peak power of 6 KW, about 6 times larger than what is typically obtained with single-mode fibers at a similar pulse repetition rate.
• Neglecting the amount of self-phase modulation in one pass through themulti-mode fiber13 and any self-phase modulation in the mode-filter15, and assuming a linear increase of pulse power in themulti-mode fiber13 in the second pass, and assuming an effective fundamental mode area in themulti-mode fiber13 of 133 μm², the nonlinear phase delay in the multi-mode oscillator is calculated from the first equation above as Φ_nl=1.45π, which is close to the expected maximum typical nonlinear delay of passively mode-locked lasers.
• The modulation on the obtained pulse spectrum as well as the amount of generated pedestal is dependent on the alignment of themirror21. Generally, optimized mode-matching of the optical beam back into the fundamental mode of the multi-mode fiber leads to the best laser stability and a reduction in the amount of pedestal and pulse spectrum modulation. For this reason, optimized pulse quality can be obtained by improving the splice between the single-mode filter fiber15 and themulti-mode fiber13. From simple overlap integrals it can be calculated that an optimum tapered section of Coming SMF-28fiber15 will lead to an excitation of the fundamental mode in themulti-mode fiber13 with an efficiency of 99%. Thus any signal in higher-order modes can be reduced to about 1% in an optimized system.
• An alternate embodiment of the invention is illustrated inFIG. 4. As indicated by the identical elements and reference numbers, most of the cavity arrangement in this figure is identical to that shown inFIG. 1. This embodiment provides a highly integratedcavity59 by employing a side-pumping mechanism for injecting pump light into themulti-mode fiber13. A pair offiber couplers61,63, as are well known in the art, inject light from a respective pair offiber bundles65 and67 into the cladding of themulti-mode fiber13. The fiber bundles are similar to bundle57 shown inFIG. 1, and convey light from a pair ofpump sources69 and71, respectively. Alternatively, the fiber bundles65,67 andcouplers61,63 may be replaced with V-groove light injection into the multi-mode fiber cladding in a manner well known in the art. Asaturable absorber73 may comprise theelements35,37,39 and41 shown inFIG. 1, or may be of any other well known design, so long as it provides a high damage threshold.
• In another alternate embodiment of the invention, Illustrated inFIG. 5, thelaser cavity75 includes a positive dispersion element. As WithFIG. 4, like reference numbers inFIG. 5 identify elements described in detail with reference toFIG. 1. In this embodiment, a section of single-modepositive dispersion fiber77 is mounted between thesecond mirror21 and thelens49. In a similar manner, a section of positive dispersion fiber could be spliced onto theend53 of themulti-mode fiber13, or the end of the single-mode mode-filter15 facing thelens43. Positive dispersion fibers typically have a small core area, and may limit the obtainable pulse energy from a laser. The embodiment shown inFIG. 5 serves to reduce the peak power injected into thepositive dispersion fiber77, and thus maximize the pulse energy output. This is accomplished by extracting, at thepolarization beam splitter29, as much as 90-99% of the light energy.
• In the embodiment ofFIG. 5, the total dispersion inside the cavity may be adjusted to be zero to generate high-power pulses with a larger bandwidth. Alternatively, by adjusting the total cavity dispersion to be positive, chirped pulses with significantly increased pulse energies may be generated by the laser.
• The use of two single-mode mode-filter fibers15,77 is also beneficial in simplifying the alignment of the laser. Typically, to minimize modal speckle, broad bandwidth optical signals need to be used for aligning the mode-filter fibers with the multi-mode fiber. The use of two mode-filter fibers15,77 allows the use of amplified spontaneous emission signals generated directly in the multi-mode fiber for an iterative alignment of both mode-filters15,77.
• The chirped pulses generated in thecavity75 with overall positive dispersion may be compressed down to approximately the bandwidth limit at the frequency doubled wavelength by employing chirped periodically poledLiNbO₃79 for sum-frequency generation, in a manner well known in the art. The chirped periodically poledLiNbO₃79 receives the cavity output from thepolarization beam splitter29 through anoptical isolator81. In this case, due to the high power capabilities of multi-mode fiber oscillators, higher frequency-doubling conversion efficiencies occur compared to those experienced with single-mode fiber oscillators. Alternatively, bulk-optics dispersion compensating elements may be used in place of the chirped periodically poledLiNbO₃79 for compressing the chirped pulses down to the bandwidth limit.
• Generally, any nonlinear optical mixing technique such as frequency doubling, Raman generation, four-wave mixing, etc. may be used in place of the chirped periodically poledLiNbO₃79 to frequency convert the output of themulti-mode oscillator fiber13 to a different wavelength. Moreover, the conversion efficiency of these nonlinear optical mixing processes is generally proportional to the light intensity or light intensity squared. Thus, the small residual pedestal present in a multi-mode oscillator would be converted with greatly reduced efficiency compared to the central main pulse and hence much higher quality pulses may be obtained.
• As shown in the alternate embodiment ofFIG. 6, very high-energy optical pulses may also be obtained by inserting a chirped fiber grating such as a Bragg grating83, with negative dispersion, into the cavity85. Such a system typically produces ps length, high-energy, approximately bandwidth-limited pulses. Due to the multi-mode fiber used, much greater peak powers compared to single-mode fiber oscillators are generated. Here the fiber grating83 is inserted after thepolarization beam splitter29 to obtain an environmentally-stable cavity even in the presence of nonpolarization maintainingmulti-mode fiber13.
• In each of the embodiments of this invention, it is advantageous to minimize saturation of themulti-mode fiber amplifier13 by amplified spontaneous emission generated in higher-order modes. This may be accomplished by confining the rare-earth doping centrally within a fraction of the core diameter.
• Polarization-maintaining multi-mode optical fiber may be constructed by using an elliptical fiber core or by attaching stress-producing regions to the multi-mode fiber cladding. Examples of such fiber cross-sections are shown inFIGS. 7aand7b, respectively. Polarization-maintaining multi-mode fiber allows the construction of environmentally stable cavities in the absence of Faraday rotators. An example of such a design is shown inFIG. 8 in this case, the output of thecavity87 is provided by using a partially-reflectingmirror89 at one end of thecavity87, in a manner well known in this art.
• To ensure optimum matching of the fundamental mode of themulti-mode fiber13 to the mode of the single-mode mode-filter fiber15 in each of the embodiments of this invention, either a bulk optic imaging system, a splice between themulti-mode fiber13 and the single-mode fiber15, or a tapered section of themulti-mode fiber13 may be used. For example, themulti-mode fiber13, either in the form shown in one forFIG. 7aandFIG. 7bor in a non-polarization maintaining form may be tapered to an outside diameter of 70 μm. This produces an inside core diameter of 5.6 μm and ensures single mode operation of the multi-mode fiber at the tapered end. By further employing an adiabatic taper, the single-mode of the multi-mode fiber may be excited with nearly 100% efficiency. A graphic representation of the three discussed methods for excitation of the fundamental mode in anmulti-mode fiber13 with a single-mode fiber mode-filter15 is shown inFIGS. 9a,9band9c, respectively. The implementation in a cavity design is not shown separately, but the splice between the single-mode fiber15 and themulti-mode fiber15 shown in any of the disclosed embodiments may be constructed with any of the three alternatives shown in these figures.
• FIG. 10 shows an additional embodiment of the invention. Here, instead of single-mode mode-filter fibers15 as used in the previous embodiments, fiber gratings such as a Bragg grating directly written into themulti-mode fiber13 is used to predominantly reflect the fundamental mode of themulti-mode fiber13. Light from thepump51 is injected through the fiber grating97 to facilitate a particularlysimple cavity design99. Both chirpedfiber gratings97 as well as unchirped gratings can be implemented. Narrow bandwidth (chirped or unchirped) gratings favor the oscillation of pulses with a bandwidth smaller than the grating bandwidth.
• Finally, instead of passive mode-locking, active mode-locking or active-passive mode-locking techniques may be used to mode-lock multi-mode fibers. For example, an active-passive mode-locked system could comprise an optical frequency or amplitude modulator (as the active mode-locking mechanism) in conjunction with nonlinear polarization evolution (as the passive mode-locking mechanism) to produce short optical pulses at a fixed repetition rate without a saturable absorber. A diagram of a mode-lockedmulti-mode fiber13 with a optical mode-lockingmechanism101 is shown inFIG. 11. Also shown is anoptical filter103, which can be used to enhance the performance of the mode-lockedlaser105.
• Generally, the cavity designs described herein are exemplary of the preferred embodiments of this invention. Other variations are obvious from the previous discussions. In particular, optical modulators, optical filters, saturable absorbers and a polarization control elements are conveniently inserted at either cavity end. Equally, output coupling can be extracted at an optical mirror, a polarization beam splitter or also from an optical fiber coupler attached to the single-mode fiber filter15. The pump power may also be coupled into themulti-mode fiber13 from either end of themulti-mode fiber13 or through the side of themulti-mode fiber13 in any of the cavity configurations discussed. Equally, all the discussed cavities may be operated with any amount of dispersion. Chirped and unchirped gratings may be implemented at either cavity end to act as optical filters and also to modify the dispersion characteristics of the cavity.
• FIG. 12 illustrates an amplifier system according to a first embodiment of the present invention. In the example shown inFIG. 12, a femtosecond single-mode (SM)fiber oscillator1010, such as an erbium fiber oscillator, is coupled into a multi-mode (MM)fiber amplifier1012, such as an erbium/ytterbium fiber amplifier. Other examples of suitable MM fiber amplifiers include those doped with Er, Yb, Nd, Tm, Pr or Ho ions. Oscillators suitable for use in this system are described in the above-mentioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/789,995 to Fermann et al.
• A two-lens telescope14 (L1 and L2) is used to match the mode from theoscillator1010 to the fundamental mode of theMM amplifier1012. In addition, the output of the pumpedMM fiber1012 is imaged into a second SM fiber (mode-filter (MF)fiber1016 inFIG. 12) using lenses L3 and L4. Lenses L3 and L5 andbeamsplitter1018 are used to couple the pump light frompump source1020 into the amplifier fiber, as described below.
• In one example of the system arranged according toFIG. 12, theoscillator1010 delivers 300 fsec near bandwidth-limited pulses at a repetition rate of 100 MHz at a wavelength of 1.56 μm with a power level of 14 mW.
• The amplifier fiber12 can be, for example, a double-clad MM erbium/ytterbium amplifier with a core diameter of ≈28 μm and a core numerical aperture of NA=0.19. The inner cladding in this example has a diameter of ≈220 μm and a numerical aperture of NA=0.24. The core is located in the center of the inner cladding. The length of the amplifier is 1.10 m.
• To increase the number of propagating modes in theMM amplifier1012 and for testing purposes, shorter wavelengths such as 780 and 633 nm were also used. In this, a femto-second laser source operating at 780 nm and a cw laser source at 633 nm can be launched into theMM amplifier fiber1012. TheMF fiber1016 can then be replaced with a fiber with a core diameter of 4 μm to ensure SM operation at these two wavelengths.
• The approximate number of modes in the MM amplifier is calculated from its V-value.$\begin{array}{cc}v=\frac{2\pi a}{\lambda }\mathrm{NA},\mathrm{number}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{modes}=\frac{1}{2}{v}^2& \left(1\right)\end{array}$
  where a is the core radius and λ is the signal wavelength. The V-value at 1.55 μm is thus V≈10.8, and the number of modes is hence calculated as ≈58 for the above example. Typically, a fiber is considered MM when the V-value exceeds 2.41, i.e., when modes in addition to the fundamental mode can propagate in the optical fiber.
• For equal excitation of N modes of a MM fiber supporting N modes the maximum coupling efficiency into a SM fiber is given approximately by
  η≈(θ₀/θ_max)²≈1/N,  (2)
  where θ₀≈λ/4a is the divergence half-angle of the fundamental mode of the MM fiber. θ_maxis the maximum divergence half-angle of the outer-most modes of the MM fiber. It is assumed that the output from the MM fiber is linearly polarized which is an appropriate assumption for the excitation of the lowest order modes in the fiber. Under SM excitation of the MM fiber and in the absence of mode-coupling, θ_max(Z)−θ₀independent of fiber length. However, in the presence of mode-coupling θ_maxwill increase, and, as a result, the possible coupling efficiency from the output of the MM fiber into a SM fiber will decrease as η(z)=(θ₀/θ_max(z))². Using the above-mentioned work by Gloge, η(z) can be written as:$\begin{array}{cc}\eta \left(z\right)=\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="\theta "\; filenames="US20050008044A1-20050113-D00002.png,US20050008044A1-20050113-D00003.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\theta </figure-callout>}}_0^2}{4\mathrm{Dz}+{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; label="\theta "\; filenames="US20050008044A1-20050113-D00002.png,US20050008044A1-20050113-D00003.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\theta </figure-callout>}}_0^2}& \left(3\right)\end{array}$
  where D is the mode-coupling coefficient as defined by Gloge. Thus, a measurement of η(z) gives the mode-coupling coefficient D. Equally, from equation (2), a measurement of η gives the approximate number of excited modes of a MM fiber. It is instructive to relate N to the M²-value that is typically used to characterize the quality of near-diffraction-limited optical beams. It may be shown that N≈{square root}{square root over (M²)}. According to the present invention, a low level of mode-coupling is desirable, so that the amplified beam provided at the output of theMM fiber amplifier1012 is substantially in the fundamental mode. Accordingly, an M²-value less than 10 is desirable, with an M²-value less than 4 being preferable, and an M²-value less than 2 being more preferable. Further, the number of modes is preferably in the range of 3 to 3000 and more preferably in the range of 3 to 1000.
• Mode-coupling was measured in a 1.1 m length of unpumped amplifier fiber for the above-described erbium/ytterbium fiber (fiber1), and three commercially available MM-fibers (fiber2,3 and4). The fiber parameters and the mode-coupling coefficient D (in m⁻¹) of these fibers are shown in Table 1.Fibers1,3 and4 are made by the MCVD process;fiber2 is made by a rod-in-tube technique.

  	TABLE 1
  	fiber 1	fiber 2	fiber 3	fiber 4

  NA	0.19	0.36	0.13	0.13
  core diameter (μm)	28	50	50	50
  cladding diameter	200	125	125	250
  (μm)
  number of modules at	58	665	87	87
  1.55 μm
  number of modes at	223
  0.79 μm
  number of modes at	330
  0.63 μm
  D(m−1) at 1.55 μm	<2 × 10−6	8 × 10−4	8 × 10−5	7 × 10−6
  D(m−1) at 0.79μm	4 × 10−6
  D(m−1) at 0.63μm	2 × 10−5
  Lb(mm) at 1.55 μm	1.9	5.3	5.7	5.7
  Lb(mm) at 0.79 μm	3.3
  Lb(mm) at 0.63 μm	4.1
  M2(1 m) at 1.55 μm	1.0	200	5.4	1.25
  M2(1 m) at 0.79 μm	1.2
  M2(1 m) at 0.63 μm	2.6

• The coupling coefficients allow, in turn, the calculation of the expected M²value. In this example, the calculated M²-values were produced after propagation through 1 m ofMM fiber1012. Forfiber1, a good agreement between the calculated and separately measured M²-values was obtained.
• The beat length L_bbetween the fundamental LP₀₁and the next higher-order LP₁₁mode is also given in Table 1. The beat length L_bis defined as the length it takes for the two modes to accumulate a differential phase-shift of 2π along the propagation direction. Assuming a constant scattering power spectrum, for a fixed wavelength, D can be shown to be proportional to L_b⁴.
• See: D. Marcuse, “The Theory of Dielectric Optical Waveguides”, p. 238, Academic Press (1974); Gloge. The longer the beat length, the closer the modes are to being phase-matched and the more power will couple as a function of length. Since, as disclosed by Gloge, mode-coupling is expected to be largest between adjacent modes, it is desirable to use LP₀₁/LP₁₁beat lengths as short as possible to avoid mode-coupling.
• In general, high levels of mode-coupling can be expected from fibers with high scattering loss. This suggests the possibility of low mode-coupling coefficients at long wavelengths in fibers with low scattering loss. As can be seen from Table 1, a dramatic reduction of mode-coupling occurs with increased wavelength infiber1. An acceptable level of mode-coupling is achieved infiber1 down to wavelengths as short as 790 nm. Since the number of modes of an optical fiber depends only on the ratio a/λ, a fiber similar tofiber1 with a core diameter as large as 56 μm can produce acceptable levels of mode-coupling in a 1 m length. Due to the reduction of scattering at longer wavelengths, even larger core diameters are acceptable at longer wavelengths. For example, a MM fiber with a core diameter of 60 μm can amplify pulses with a peak power 16 times larger than possible with SM amplifiers described by Taverner et al. Indeed, acceptable levels of mode coupling were obtained for a specifically designed fiber with a 50 μm core diameter as evident from Table 1 and explained in the following.
• Further, it is clear that, to minimize mode-coupling, step-index MM fibers are more useful than graded-index MM fibers, since the propagation constants in graded-index fibers are very similar, which greatly increases their sensitivity to mode coupling. To minimize mode-coupling, the difference in the propagation constants between fiber modes is preferably maximized.
• Fiber2 was manufactured by a rod-in-tube technique with intrinsic high scattering losses leading to much larger mode-coupling coefficients compared to the MCVD-grownfibers1,3 and4. Also, the mode-coupling coefficients measured infiber2 are similar to results obtained by Gambling et al. and Griebner et al., who also used step-index solid-core fibers manufactured by rod-in-tube techniques. As a consequence, reduced mode-coupling can be expected from directly grown MM fibers employing, for example, MCVD, OVD, PCVD or VAD fiber fabrication techniques.
• As shown in Table 1, the mode-coupling coefficients obtained infiber4 at 1.55 μm are about a factor of 11 smaller than infiber3. This difference is explained by the fact that the outside diameter offiber4 is 250 μm, whereas the outside diameter offiber3 is 125 μm. In general, a thicker fiber is stiffer and less sensitive to bend and micro-bend induced mode-coupling, as evident from Table 1.
• In experiments conducted by the inventors, the lowest mode-coupling coefficients were obtained by longitudinally stretching the optical fibers. For example, the mode-scattering coefficients offiber2 and3 were measured while keeping the fiber under tension and while keeping the fiber straight. The application of tension in short lengths of fibers can be useful in obtaining the best possible mode-quality.
• Mode-coupling was also measured in a configuration where the amplifier fiber (fiber1) was pumped, as shown inFIG. 12. Specifically, the amplifier was pumped at a wave-length of 980 nm contra-directionally with respect to the signal with a launched power up to 3 W from a broad-stripe semiconductor laser with an active area of 1×500 μm, where demagnification was employed to optimize the power coupling into the inner cladding of the MM amplifier fiber. The amplifier was cleaved at an angle of about 8° to eliminate spurious feedback. A signal power up to 100 mW was then extracted from the amplifier system at 1.56 μm.
• The coupling efficiency of theMM amplifier fiber1012 into theMF fiber1016 as a function of bend-radius of theMM amplifier fiber1012 is shown inFIG. 13. For a straight MM amplifier fiber and for a bend-radius of 10 cm, a coupling efficiency up to 94% is obtained into theMF fiber1016, demonstrating that mode-coupling is nearly completely absent in theMM amplifier fiber1012 and that a SM can indeed propagate over lengths of several meters in such fibers. No clear onset of mode-coupling is visible even for a bend-radius of 5 cm, since, even in this case, a coupling efficiency of about 90% from theMM amplifier fiber1012 to theMF fiber1016 is obtained.
• Since the measured coupling efficiencies from theMM amplifier1012 to a SM fiber are nearly the same under unpumped and pumped conditions, it is evident that gain-guiding is relatively weak in this particular amplifier fiber. This observation was also verified by a simple computer model (see below). However, clearly any dopant confinement in the center of the MM amplifier core will predominantly lead to amplification of the fundamental mode. Any light scattered into higher-order modes will experience less gain and, due to the reduced intensity overlap of the higher-order modes with the fundamental mode, low levels of scattered light in higher-order modes will also not saturate the gain of the fundamental mode. Thus, while in the above-described experimental example, the mode-scattering coefficients were so low that any effects due to gain-guiding were not readily observable, in general, gain-guiding plays a role in a MM amplifier system according to the present invention. In addition, the above-mentioned computer model predicts the onset of gain-guiding of the fundamental mode in MM fibers with larger core diameter and/or reduced refractive index differences between the core and cladding.
• As the mode diameter increases, the size of the SM can be determined by the gain profile under small signal conditions, i.e. in the absence of gain saturation. This allows a length-dependent mode size. Initially, under small signal conditions, the mode is confined by gain-guiding. As the gain saturates, gain guiding becomes less relevant and the mode size can increase, limited eventually by the core of the MM fiber. A length-dependent mode size can also be achieved by employing a core size which tapers along the fiber length. This can, for example, be achieved by tapering the outside fiber diameter along the fiber length.
• In the presence of gain-guiding, amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is reduced, as the MM fiber essentially becomes SM. In the presence of gain-guiding, ASE is also guided predominantly in the fundamental mode, rather than in all possible modes of the MM fiber, leading to an improvement in the noise properties of the MM fiber.
• Equally, in the experimental example, dopant-confinement was observed to lead to a significant reduction in the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) levels in the fiber. This was verified by measuring the coupling efficiency of the ASE from theMM amplifier1012 into theMF fiber1016. In this case, no signal light was coupled into theMM amplifier fiber1012. For an ASE power level of 1 mW, a coupling efficiency as high as 15% was measured. A comparison with equation (2) indicates that ASE is generated mainly in about 13 low-order modes (here a factor of two from polarization degeneracy is accounted for), i.e., ASE is generated in only about 20% of the total mode-volume of the amplifier fiber. The large reduction in ASE which was observed not only reduces the noise level in the amplifier; low levels of ASE also allow a reduction of the signal power that is required to saturate the amplifier. To extract the highest energy from an oscillator-amplifier signal pulse source, an operation of the amplifier in saturation is generally preferred.
• The coupling efficiency at 1.55 μμm and at 780 nm from theMM amplifier fiber1012 to theMF fiber1016 was not found to vary when applying small mechanical perturbations to the optical fiber. In a practical optical system, the applied mechanical perturbations are small compared to the perturbations inflicted by a 5 cm bend radius, which indicates that long-term stability of the mode-propagation pattern in such fibers can be achieved.
• TheMM amplifier1012 is polarization preserving for bend-radii as small as 10 cm. To obtain a high-degree of polarization holding, elliptical fiber cores or thermal stresses can be used in such fibers.
• The autocorrelation of the amplified pulses from the MM amplifier fiber1012 (bend radius=10 cm) measured under the condition of optimum mode-match and a condition of non-optimum mode-match are respectively shown inFIGS. 14 and 15. Under non-optimum mode-match, the autocorrelation displays several peaks due to the excitation of higher-order modes, which have different propagation constants. However, under optimum mode-matching conditions, any secondary peaks are suppressed to better than 1%, which indicates the high-quality of the pulses emerging from the MM amplifier fiber.
• In general, the spectrum of the pulses measured at the output of theMM amplifier fiber1012 is more critically dependent on the coupling conditions than the autocorrelation. The reason for this is that the spectral measurement is sensitive to the phase between the fundamental mode and the higher-order modes, i.e., an energy content of higher-order modes of only 1% in the output of the MM fiber leads to a perturbation of the shape of the spectrum by 10%.
• FIG. 16 is a block diagram of a multi-mode fiber amplifier system according to a second embodiment of the present invention. The system includes a near-diffraction limited input beam, a mode-converter1050 and aMM fiber amplifier1052. The near-diffraction limited input beam can be generated from any laser system, which need not be a fiber laser. The near-diffraction limited input beam can contain cw or pulsed radiation. The mode-converter1050 can consist of any type of optical imaging system capable of matching the mode of theMM amplifier1052. For example, a lens system may be employed. Alternatively, a section of tapered fiber may be employed, such that the output mode at the end of the tapered fiber is matched to the mode of theMM amplifier fiber1052. In this case, the mode-converter can be spliced directly to theMM fiber1052 producing a very compact set-up. Any pumping configuration could be employed for the MM amplifier fiber, such as contra- or co-directional pumping with respect to the signal or side-pumping. Equally, the NA of the pump light could be reduced to minimize ASE. In this case, the use of just a single-clad fiber is more advantageous, where the pump light is directed into the fiber core. In general, theMM amplifier1052 can have a single, double or multiple cladding.
• In the case of co-directional pumping, the pump light and the signal light are launched via a dichroic beamsplitter (not shown). The coupling optics are then optimized to simultaneously optimize the coupling of the pump beam and the signal beam.
• A single or a double pass of the signal through theMM fiber1052 is most convenient. In the case of a double-pass configuration, a Faraday rotator mirror can be employed to eliminate polarization drifts in the system. Of course, in a double-pass configuration, after the first pass through the amplifier the coupling of the signal into higher-order modes must be avoided to ensure a near-diffraction limited output.
• Optionally, linear or nonlinear optical elements can be used at the output of the system. Such a system is compatible with any application that has been used in conjunction with conventional laser systems.
• Many nonlinear applications indeed require high peak pulse powers for their efficient operation, which are very difficult to achieve in cladding-pumping SM amplifiers due to the 10s of meters of fiber length that are typically employed in such systems. Even in standard SM optical amplifiers, peak powers greater than 1 kW/amplifier length can rarely be achieved. In contrast, peak powers of ≈15 kW are achievable in a 1.5 m length of double-clad Er/Yb fiber (fiber1 from Table 1) without appreciable non-linear effects, i.e., peak powers greater than 20 kW/amplifier length can be achieved.
• According to the present invention, the use of a MM amplifier is beneficial not only by way of allowing the use of a large core diameter; the use of a MM amplifier also allows a reduction of the ratio cladding/doped core diameter, which minimizes the amplifier length and thus the amplifier non-linearity. However, this leads to the generation of more ASE noise.
• FIG. 17 is a block diagram illustrating a multi-mode fiber amplifier system according to a third embodiment of the present invention. In the system of the third embodiment, high-power optical pulses can be propagated (or amplified) in undoped (or amplifier) MM fibers, such that spectral broadening is obtained to allow for pulse compression of the amplifier output. For applications in nonlinear pulse-compression, optical fibers with either positive (non-soliton-supporting) or negative (soliton-supporting) dispersion can be employed. The power levels in themulti-mode fiber1060 are raised to obtain an appreciable amount of self-phase modulation. The interplay of dispersion and self-phase modulation in the optical fiber can then be used to broaden the spectrum of the optical pulses and to obtain pulse compression.
• When theMM fiber1060 is soliton supporting, higher-order soliton compression may be used to produce short pulses from theMM fiber1060 directly. In general, in the case of positive dispersion (non-soliton supporting) fiber, additional linear or nonlinear pulse-compression components must be used to compress the spectrally broadened optical pulses. In this case, a conventional linear pulse compressor1062 (such as a prism, grating, grism or SM chirped fiber Bragg grating) may be used at the output of the system. Also, chirped periodically poled doubling crystals may be used to obtain a compressed, frequency-doubled pulse. Equally, chirped fiber Bragg gratings may be written into the MMoptical fiber1060 with reduced mode-coupling to reduce the nonlinearities of such structures when applied tolinear pulse compressor1062. The Bragg grating should not be blazed to eliminate the excitation of higher-order modes in reflection.
• FIG. 18 is a diagrammatic view of a system according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 18, a mode-filter1070 is inserted in front of one of the cavity mirrors M1 and M2 to ensure a diffraction-limited output of the system. Themode filter1070 can consist of a standard SM fiber in conjunction with appropriate mode-matching optics. Alternatively, a tapered fiber can be used (as discussed above) to provide for mode-matching. For optimum mode-coupling the efficiency of the laser will be nearly as high as for an all-SM laser. However, the use ofMM amplifier1076 allows for increased design flexibility. Thus, double-clad erbium/ytterbium fibers with different core-cladding ratios can be employed wherever appropriate.
• According to a fifth embodiment, the use of MM fiber allows the design of double-clad fibers with low absorption cross sections. For example, a double-clad Er-doped amplifier fiber may be constructed from MM fibers. Typically Er-doped double-clad fibers are relatively inefficient, since large cladding/core ratios have to be employed in order to absorb pump light from broad area diode lasers while still preserving a SM fiber core. Typically, such a design would involve a Φ_cl=100 μm diameter cladding and a Φ_co=10 μm diameter core. The effective absorption of such a structure is 100 times (=Φ_cl/Φ_co)²smaller than the absorption in a single-clad Er-doped fiber. Thus, 100 times longer fiber amplifier lengths are required in this case. However, by implementing MM Er-doped fiber, the core size can be greatly increased, producing much smaller cladding/core ratios and shorter amplifier lengths which is very beneficial for the design of high-power lasers. Of course, for the design of high-power Er double-clad lasers, cladding diameters even larger than 100 μm can be implemented. A conceptual drawing of a fiber cross section employing a doped MM fiber core and an undoped fiber cladding is shown inFIG. 19. As shown inFIG. 19, the active dopant is confined in a cross section, defined by the dopant profile, substantially smaller than the fiber core, as defined by the refractive index profile. Of course, in such laser system, dopant confinement increases the amplifier length, thus only relatively weak doping confinement is useful.
• According to a sixth embodiment of the present invention, as shown nFIG. 20, a fiber regenerative amplifier may be constructed from aMM fiber amplifier1090. A regenerative amplifier is useful for obtaining mJ energies from MM fiber amplifiers. Due to the limited gain of MM fiber amplifiers, the extraction of mJ energies will typically require several passes through the amplifier, which is facilitated by the regenerative amplifier. As shown inFIG. 20, a fast optical switch (OS)1092 is used to switch the pulses in and out of the regenerative amplifier. A mode-filter1094 can also be included to “clean-up” the fiber mode in the amplification process. The mode-filter1094 can consist of a spatial filter to minimize any nonlinearities in the regenerative amplifier.
• The seed pulse is selected from theoscillator1096 by theoptical switch1092 at the desired repetition rate. TheFaraday rotator1098 and the polarization beam splitter1099 are used to couple the amplified pulse out of the system.
• Either cw or pulsed pumping of the amplifier can be employed.
• According to a seventh embodiment of the present invention shown inFIG. 21, a MM Q-switched fiber laser source is constructed. The large cross-sections possible with MM fibers allow greatly increasing the energy storage compared to a single-mode fiber. As a result, high-power Q-switched pulses may be directly generated from such a system. Typically, these pulses have a duration in the nsec regime. As shown inFIG. 21, a mode-filter10100 can also be included to ensure an optimum mode-quality. Theoptical switch10102 is employed for output coupling and it also serves to modulate the loss (Q) of the cavity defined by the two mirrors M1 and M2 and theMM amplifier10104. Alternatively, the output can be extracted by using a partially transmissive mirror M2.
• According to an eighth embodiment of the present invention shown inFIG. 22, a preamplifier is included in front of the finalMM amplifier fiber10112 to fully saturate theMM amplifier fiber10112 and to reduce the level of ASE in theMM amplifier fiber10112. The preamplifier can be SM and also MM, where it is useful to select the core radius of thepreamplifier fiber10110 to be smaller than the core radius of the finalMM amplifier fiber10112 to minimize the growth of ASE. One isolator (not shown) can be inserted between the laser source and the preamplifier and another isolator (not shown) can be inserted between thepreamplifier10110 and the finalMM amplifier fiber10112 further to reduce ASE. Similarly, narrow band optical filters (not shown) can be included anywhere in the system to reduce ASE. Also, optical switches (not shown) can be used in between the laser source, thepreamplifier10110 and thefinal amplifier10112 to reduce the amount of ASE.
• More than one preamplifier can be used in the system, where isolators and optical filters and optical switches can be used to minimize the amount of generated ASE in the system. Further, nonlinear processes in the preamplifiers and the final MM amplifier can be used for pulse compression.
• According to a ninth embodiment of the present invention shown inFIG. 23, afrequency converter10120 is included downstream of theMM amplifier fiber10122 to frequency convert the output amplified beam. The frequency converter can be a non-linear crystal, such as a periodically-poled or a periodically poled LiNbO₃crystal which frequency doubles the output beam.
• Although several exemplary embodiments have been herein shown and described, those of skill in the art will recognize that many modifications and variations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and it is intended to measure the invention only by the appended claims.

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59. A multi-mode fiber amplifier system providing discrimination between a fundamental mode and undesired higher-order modes, said amplifier system comprising:

a light source for producing a light beam, and

a linear multi-mode fiber amplifier for receiving said light beam and comprising a multi-mode doped optical fiber having a V-number equal to or higher than 2.41 with respect to an input signal, capable of supporting a fundamental mode and higher-order modes, having a radius of curvature such that the higher-order modes of said input signal experience substantially increased bend losses as compared with the fundamental mode of said input signal.

60. An amplifier system according toclaim 59 wherein said fiber comprises a coiled fiber.

61. An amplifier system according toclaim 60 wherein said coiled fiber has a constant radius of curvature.

62. An amplifier system according toclaim 59 wherein said light source comprises a continuous wave light source.

63. An amplifier system according toclaim 59 wherein said light source comprises a pulsed light source.

64. An amplifier system according toclaim 59 wherein said multi-mode optical fiber comprises a double-cladding structure.

65. An amplifier system according toclaim 59 wherein said multi-mode optical fiber comprises a core having a diameter of between 28 microns and 50 microns.

66. An amplifier system according toclaim 59 wherein said multi-mode fiber amplifier has an M²value less than 2.0, where M²=1 denotes diffraction-limited beam quality.

67. An amplifier system according toclaim 59 wherein the fiber amplifier is side pumped.

68. A linear multi-mode fiber amplifier comprising:

a cylindrical support member, and

a doped multi-mode optical fiber having a V-number equal to or higher than 2.4 with respect to an input signal, capable of supporting a fundamental mode and a plurality of higher-order modes, said fiber being wound onto said support with a radius such that said higher-order modes of said input signal experience substantially increased bend loss as compared with the fundamental mode of said input signal.

69. An amplifier system according toclaim 68 wherein said wound fiber has a constant radius of curvature.

70. A multi-mode fiber amplifier according toclaim 68 wherein said multi-mode optical fiber comprises a double-cladding structure.

71. A multi-mode fiber amplifier according toclaim 68 wherein said multi-mode optical fiber comprises a core having a diameter of between 28 μm and 100 μm.

72. A multi-mode fiber amplifier according toclaim 68 wherein said multi-mode fiber amplifier has an M²value less than 2.0, where M²=1 denotes diffraction-limited beam quality.

73. An amplifier system as inclaim 68, further comprising a seed beam having a controlled launch condition for preferential excitation of the fundamental mode.

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