US20050003403A1 - Polyvalent protein complex - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides for a polyvalent protein complex (PPC) comprising two polypeptide chains generally arranged laterally to one another. Each polypeptide chain typically comprises 3 or 4 “v-regions”, which comprise amino acid sequences capable of forming an antigen binding site when matched with a corresponding v-region on the opposite polypeptide chain. Up to about 6 “v-regions” can be used on each polypeptide chain. The v-regions of each polypeptide chain are connected linearly to one another and may be connected by interspersed linking regions. When arranged in the form of the PPC, the v-regions on each polypeptide chain form individual antigen binding sites.

Description

• This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/464,532, filed Apr. 22, 2003, and 60/525,391, filed Nov. 24, 2003, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates to polyvalent protein complexes, including trivalent bispecific proteins, useful for the treatment and diagnosis of diseases, and to methods of producing such proteins.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Throughout this specification, various patents, published applications and scientific references are cited to describe the state and content of the art. Those disclosures, in their entireties, are hereby incorporated into the present specification by reference.
• The present invention is directed to a novel protein structures, termed a “polyvalent protein complex” or PPC, that comprise three or four antigen binding sites (ABS). These PPC comprise novel properties, such as trivalence and tetravalence, when compared to immunoglobulins and can substitute for immunoglobulins or other engineered antibodies in applications such as diagnosis, detection, and therapy of normal (ectopic) or diseased tissues. These diseased tissues include cancers, infections, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological diseases. Normal tissues can be detected and/or ablated, such as when they are ectopic (misplaced, such as parathyroid, thymus, endometrium) or if they need to be ablated as a therapy measure (e.g., bone marrow ablation in cancer therapies).
• Discrete V_Hand V_Ldomains of antibodies produced by recombinant DNA technology may pair with each other to form a heterodimer (recombinant Fv fragment) with binding capability (U.S. Pat. No. 4,642,334). However, such non-covalently associated molecules are not sufficiently stable under physiological conditions to have any practical use. Cognate V_Hand V_Ldomains can be joined with a peptide linker of appropriate composition and length (usually consisting of more than 12 amino acid residues) to form a single-chain Fv (scFv) with binding activity. Methods of manufacturing scFvs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,132,405. Reduction of the peptide linker length to less than 12 amino acid residues prevents pairing of V_Hand V_Ldomains on the same chain and forces pairing of V_Hand V_Ldomains with complementary domains on other chains, resulting in the formation of functional multimers. Polypeptide chains of V_Hand V_Ldomains joined with linkers between 3 and 12 amino acid residues form predominantly dimers (termed diabodies). With linkers between 0 and 2 amino acid residues, trimers (termed triabody) and tetramers (termed tetrabody) are in favor, but the exact patterns of oligomerization appear to depend on the composition as well as the orientation of V-domains (V_H-linker-V_Lor V_L-linker-V_H), in addition to the linker length. Monospecific diabodies, triabodies, and tetrabodies with multiple valencies have been obtained using peptide linkers consisting of 5 amino acid residues or less. Bispecific diabodies, which are heterodimers of two different polypeptides, each polypeptide consisting of the V_Hdomain from one antibody connected by a short peptide linker to the V_Ldomain of another antibody, have also been made using a dicistronic expression vector that contains in one cistron a recombinant gene construct comprising V_H1-linker-V_L2and in the other cistron a second recombinant gene construct comprising V_H2-linker-V_L1. (Holliger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90: 6444-6448; Atwell et al., Molecular Immunology (1996) 33: 1301-1302; Holligeret al., Nature Biotechnology (1997) 15: 632-631; Helfrich et al., Int. J. Cancer (1998) 76: 232-239; Kipriyanov et al., Int. J. Cancer (1998) 77: 763-772; Holiger et al., Cancer Research (1999) 59: 2909-2916]. More recently, a tetravalent tandem diabody (termed tandab) with dual specificity has also been reported (Cochlovius et al., Cancer Research (2000) 60: 4336-4341]. The bispecific tandab is a dimer of two homologous polypeptides, each containing four variable domains of two different antibodies (V_H1, V_L1, V_H2, V_L2) linked in an orientation to facilitate the formation of two potential binding sites for each of the two different specificities upon self-association.
• Methods of manufacturing monospecific diabodies, monospecific triabodies, monospecific tetrabodies and bispecific diabodies by varying the length of the peptide linker as described above are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,094, U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,242, and WO 98/44001.
• Alternative methods of manufacturing multispecific and multivalent antigen-binding proteins from V_Hand V_Ldomains are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,989,830 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,239,259. Such multivalent and multispecific antigen-binding proteins are obtained by expressing a dicistronic vector which encodes two polypeptide chains, with one polypeptide chain consisting of two or more V_Hdomains (from the same or different antibodies) connected in series by a peptide linker and the other polypeptide chain consisting of complementary V_Ldomains connected in series by a peptide linker.
• Increasing the valency of a binding protein is of interest as it enhances the functional affinity of that protein due to the avidity effect. The increased affinity enables the resulting protein to bind more strongly to target cells. Furthermore, the multivalency may, via crosslinking, induce growth inhibition of target cells (Ghetie, et al, Blood, 97: 1392-8, 2001) or facilitate internalization (Yarden, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 94: 9637, 1990), either property is desirable for an anti-tumor agent. The present invention addresses the continuous need to develop multivalent, multispecific agents for use in therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
• Another area of the present invention is in the field of bio-assays. Virtually every area of biomedical sciences is in need of a system to assay chemical and biochemical reactions and determine the presence and quantity of particular analytes. This need ranges from the basic science research lab, where biochemical pathways are being mapped out and their functions correlated to disease processes, to clinical diagnostics, where patients are routinely monitored for levels of clinically relevant analytes. Other areas include pharmaceutical research, military applications, veterinary, food, and environmental applications. In all of these cases, the presence and quantity of a specific analyte or group of analytes, needs to be determined.
• For analysis in the fields of chemistry, biochemistry, biotechnology, molecular biology and numerous others, it is often useful to detect the presence of one or more molecular structures and measure binding between structures. The molecular structures of interest typically include, but are not limited to, cells, antibodies, antigens, metabolites, proteins, drugs, small molecules, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and other ligands and analytes. In medicine, for example, it is very useful to determine the existence of a cellular constituents such as receptors or cytokines, or antibodies and antigens which serve as markers for various disease processes, which exists naturally in physiological fluids or which has been introduced into the system. Additionally, DNA and RNA analysis is very useful in diagnostics, genetic testing and research, agriculture, and pharmaceutical development. Because of the rapidly advancing state of molecular cell biology and understanding of normal and diseased systems, there exists an increasing need for methods of detection, which do not require labels such as fluorophores or radioisotopes, are quantitative and qualitative, specific to the molecule of interest, highly sensitive and relatively simple to implement.
• Numerous methodologies have been developed over the years to meet the demands of these fields, such as Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA), Radio-Immunoassays (RIA), numerous fluorescence assays, mass spectroscopy, colorimetric assays, gel electrophoresis, as well as a host of more specialized assays. Most of these assay techniques require specialized preparations, especially attaching a label or greatly purifying and amplifying the sample to be tested. To detect a binding event between a ligand and an antiligand, a detectable signal is required which relates to the existence or extension of binding. Usually the signal is provided by a label that is conjugated to either the ligand or antiligand of interest. Physical or chemical effects which produce detectable signals, and for which suitable labels exist, include radioactivity, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, phosphorescence and enzymatic activity to name a few. The label can then be detected by spectrophotometric, radiometric, or optical tracking methods.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• This invention provides a polyvalent protein complex (PPC), a dimer, comprising at least three antigen binding sites (ABS) in a linear array. The invention also provides a fusion PPC, which is a PPC chemically bonded to a second molecule such as a conjugate. It is understood that “fusion PPC” is a subset of all PPC and that references to PPC in this disclosure is also meant to refer to “fusion PPC.”
• The invention also provides a nucleic acid that encodes at least one polypeptide of a PPC. A host cell that comprise the polypeptide is also an embodiment of the invention.
• In addition, the invention also provides a method for reducing a symptom of a disorder, such as a cancer, an infection, a cardiological disorder or an autoimmune disorder by administering a PPC or fusion PPC to a patient.
• Specifically, there is provided a polyvalent protein complex (PPC) containing a first and a second polypeptide chain, where the first polypeptide chain contains a polypeptide sequence represented, by the formula a₁-1₁-a₂-1₂-a₃, where a₁, a₂, and a₃are immunoglobulin variable domains and 1₁and 1₂are peptide linkers, and a₁is N-terminal of a₂, which in turn is N-terminal of a₃, where the second polypeptide chain contains a polypeptide sequence represented by the formula b₁-1₃-b₂-1₄-b₃, where b₁, b₂, and b₃are immunoglobulin variable domains and 1₃and 1₄are peptide linkers, and b₃is N-terminal of b₂, which in turn is N-terminal of b₁, where the first and second polypeptide chain together form a complex containing at least three antigen binding sites, where each of the antigen binding sites contains a variable domain from the first polypeptide chain and a variable domain from the second polypeptide chain, and where each binding site contains an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable domain and an immunoglobulin light chain variable domain.
• Each polypeptide chain may further contain 1-3 additional immunoglobulin variable domains, where each domain is linked via a peptide linker, where the first and second polypeptide chain together form a complex containing 4-6 antigen binding sites, and where each of the antigen binding sites contains a variable domain from the first polypeptide chain and a variable domain from the second polypeptide chain. At least one of the polypeptide chains may further contain an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a toxin, a cytokine, a lymphokine, a enzyme, a growth factor, and an affinity purification tag.
• The complex may contain any of the possible combinations of binding affinities, for example, at least two of the antigen binding sites may have the same binding specificity, each of the antigen binding sites may have a different or the same binding specificity, the antigen binding sites may have at least two different binding specificities, at least 3 of the antigen binding sites may have different binding specificities, at least 4 of the antigen binding sites may have different binding specificities, the complex may contain at least 5 antigen binding sites where at least 5 of the binding sites have different binding specificities, or the complex may contain 6 antigen binding sites each having a different binding specificity. In another example two of the antigen binding sites are specific for epitopes of tumor associated antigens, and the third antigen binding sites is reactive with a targetable construct. In another example, two antigen binding sites are specific for epitopes of tumor associated antigens, and the third antigen binding sites is reactive with a targetable construct, where the epitope on the targetable construct is a hapten. In still another complex, the complex is bound to a first hapten on the construct and the construct further contains a second hapten capable of binding simultaneously to a second polyvalent protein complex.
• In each of these examples, the complex may bind tumor associated antigen, or antigens are selected from the group consisting of antigens associated with carcinomas, melanomas, sarcomas, gliomas, leukemias and lymphomas, such as α-fetoprotein, A3, CA125, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD30, CD33, CD45, CD74, CD80, colon-specific antigen-p (CSAp), EGFR, EGP-1, EGP-2, folate receptor, HER2/neu, HLA-DR, human chorionic gonadrotropin, Ia, IL-2, IL-6, insulin-like growth factor, KS-1, Le(y), MAGE, MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, NCA66, necrosis antigens, PAM-4, placental growth factor, prostatic acid phosphatase PSA, PSMA, S100, T101, TAC, TAG-72, tenascin and/or VEGF.
• In another example, the complex contains at least two tumor antigen binding sites, where both tumor antigen binding sites are specific for CEA and where the third binding site is specific for the hapten, histamine-succinyl-glycine (HSG).
• The polyvalent protein may be BS14HP, or hBS14, which may be bound to IMP 241, orIMP 245
• In another embodiment, any of the complexes described above may be used in a pretargeting method of treating or diagnosing or treating and diagnosing a neoplastic condition by (a) administering to the subject a complex as above, where two antigen binding sites are directed to a tumor associated antigen, and one antigen binding sites is directed to a targetable construct containing a bivalent hapten; (b) optionally, administering to the subject a clearing composition, and allowing the composition to clear the polyvalent complex from circulation; and (c) administering to the subject the targetable construct containing a bivalent hapten, where the targetable construct further contains one or more chelated or chemically bound therapeutic or diagnostic agents.
• The diagnostic agent may be a radionuclide selected from the group consisting of¹⁸F,⁵²Fe,⁶²Cu,⁶⁴Cu,⁶⁷Cu,⁶⁷Ga,⁶⁸Ga,⁸⁶Y,⁸⁹Zr^94mTc,⁹⁴Tc,^99mTc,¹¹¹In,¹²³I,¹²⁴I,¹²⁵I,¹³¹I,^154-158Gd,¹⁷⁷Lu,³²P,¹⁸⁸Re, and⁹⁰Y or a combination thereof, which may be detected, for example, by computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), or positron emission tomography (PET). The application may be for intraoperative diagnosis to identify occult neoplastic tumors. The targetable construct may contain one or more image enhancing agents for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), such as a metal selected from the group consisting of chromium (III), manganese (II), iron (III), iron (II), cobalt (II), nickel (II), copper (II), neodymium (III), samarium (III), ytterbium (III), gadolinium (III), vanadium (II), terbium (III), dysprosium (III), holmium (III) and erbium (III). The targetable construct may contains one or more image enhancing agents for use in ultrasound imaging.
• The targetable construct may be a liposome with a bivalent HSG-peptide covalently attached to the outside surface of the liposome lipid membrane. The liposome may be gas filled.
• The targetable construct may contain one or more radioactive isotopes useful for killing neoplastic cells, such as³²P,³³P,⁴⁷Sc,⁶⁴Cu,⁶⁷Cu,⁶⁷Ga,⁹⁰Y,¹¹¹Ag,₁₁₁In,¹²⁵I,¹³¹I,¹⁴²Pr,¹⁵³Sm,¹⁶¹Tb,¹⁶⁶Dy,¹⁶⁶Ho,¹⁷⁷Lu,¹⁸⁶Re,¹⁸⁸Re,¹⁸⁹Re,²¹²Pb,²¹²Bi,²¹³Bi,²¹¹At,²²³Ra and²²⁵Ac or a combination thereof.
• The pretargeted therapy may be administered prior to, with or after one or more therapeutic agents. The therapeutic agent may be a cytokine or a chemotherapeutic agent, or a colony-stimulating growth factor. The therapeutic agent may be a chemotherapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of taxanes, nitrogen mustards, ethylenimine derivatives, alkyl sulfonates, nitrosoureas, triazenes; folic acid analogs, pyrimidine analogs, purine analogs, vinca alkaloids, antibiotics, enzymes, platinum coordination complexes, substituted urea, methyl hydrazine derivatives, adrenocortical suppressants, and antagonists, or may be selected from the group consisting of steroids, progestins, estrogens, antiestrogens, and androgens. The therapeutic agent may be a chemotherapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of azaribine, bleomycin, bryostatin-1, busulfan, carmustine, chlorambucil, cisplatin, CPT-11, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, dexamethasone, diethylstilbestrol, doxorubicin, ethinyl estradiol, etoposide, fluorouracil, fluoxymesterone, gemcitabine, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, hydroxyurea, L-asparaginase, leucovorin, lomustine, mechlorethamine, medroprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, melphalan, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, methotrexate, mithramycin, mitomycin, mitotane, phenyl butyrate, prednisone, procarbazine, semustine streptozocin, tamoxifen, taxanes, taxol, testosterone propionate, thalidomide, thioguanine, thiotepa, uracil mustard, vinblastine, and vincristine. The therapeutic agent may be a cytokine selected from the group consisting of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, and interferon-gamma, or may be a colony-stimulating growth factor selected from the group consisting of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), erthropoietin and thrombopoietin.
• Also provided is a method of treating a neoplastic disorder in a subject, by administering to the subject a “naked” polyvalent protein complex as described above, where at least one of the antigen binding sites binds to an antigen selected from the group consisting of alpha fetoprotein, A3, CA125, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD30, CD33, CD45, CD74, CD80, colon-specific antigen-p (CSAp), EGFR, EGP-1, EGP-2, folate receptor, HER2/neu, HLA-DR, human chorionic gonadrotropin, Ia, IL-2, IL-6, insulin-like growth factor, KS-1, Le(y), MAGE, MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, NCA66, necrosis antigens, PAM-4, placental growth factor, prostatic acid phosphatase PSA, PSMA, S100, T101, TAC, TAG-72, tenascin and VEGF.
• The neoplastic disorder may be selected from the group consisting of carcinomas, sarcomas, gliomas, lymphomas, leukemias, and melanomas.
• Also provided is a method for treating a B-cell malignancy, or B-cell immune or autoimmune disorder in a subject, containing administering to the subject one or more dosages of a therapeutic composition containing a polyvalent protein complex as described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Also provided is a method for treating a B-cell malignancy, or B-cell immune or autoimmune disorder in a subject, by administering to the subject one or more dosages of a therapeutic composition containing a polyvalent protein complex and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, where each antigen binding site binds a distinct epitope of CD19, CD20 or CD22. The complex may be parenterally administered in a dosage of 20 to 1500 milligrams protein per dose, or 20 to 500 milligrams protein per dose, or 20 to 100 milligrams protein per dose. The subject may receive repeated parenteral dosages of 20 to 100 milligrams protein per dose, or repeated parenteral dosages of 20 to 1500 milligrams protein per dose. In these methods, a sub-fraction of the polyvalent protein complex is labeled with a radioactive isotope, such as³²P,³³P,⁴⁷Sc,⁶⁴Cu,⁶⁷Cu,⁶⁷Ga,⁹⁰Y,¹¹¹Ag,₁₁₁In,¹²⁵I,¹³¹I,¹⁴²Pr,¹⁵³Sm,¹⁶¹Tb,¹⁶⁶Ho,¹⁷⁷Lu,¹⁸⁶Re,¹⁸⁸Re,¹⁸⁹Re,²¹²Pb,²¹²Bi,²¹³Bi,²¹¹At,²²³Ra and²²⁵Ac or a combination thereof.
• Also provided is a method for detecting or diagnosing a B-cell malignancy, or B-cell immune or autoimmune disorder in a subject, by administering to the subject a diagnostic composition containing a polyvalent protein complex as above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, where each antigen binding site binds a distinct epitope of CD19, CD20 or CD22, and where the complex is radiolabeled with a radionuclide selected from the group consisting of¹⁸F,⁵²Fe,⁶²Cu,⁶⁴Cu,⁶⁷Cu,⁶⁷Ga,⁶⁸Ga,⁸⁶Y,⁸⁹Zr^94mTc,⁹⁴Tc,^99mTc,¹¹¹In,¹²³I,¹²⁴I,¹²⁵I,¹³¹I,^154-158Gd,¹⁷⁷Lu,³²P,¹⁸⁸Re, and⁹⁰Y or a combination thereof. Detection may be as described above. The application may be for intraoperative diagnosis to identify occult neoplastic tumors.
• Also provided is a method for detecting or diagnosing a B-cell malignancy, or B-cell immune or autoimmune disorder in a subject, containing administering to the subject a diagnostic composition containing a polyvalent protein complex as above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, where each antigen binding site binds a distinct epitope of CD19, CD20 or CD22, and where the complex is labeled with one or more image enhancing agents for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The image enhancing agent may be as described above
• Also provided is a method of diagnosing a non-neoplastic disease or disorder, by administering to a subject suffering from the disease or disorder a complex as above, where a detectable label is attached to the complex, and where one or more of the antigen binding sites is specific for a marker substance of the disease or disorder. The disease or disorder may be caused by a fungus, such asMicrosporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Sporothrix schenckii, Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, andCandida albican, or a virus, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, rabies virus, influenza virus, hepatitis B virus, Sendai virus, feline leukemia virus, Reo virus, polio virus, human serum parvo-like virus,simian virus 40, respiratory syncytial virus, mouse mammary tumor virus, Varicella-Zoster virus, Dengue virus, rubella virus, measles virus, adenovirus, human T-cell leukemia-viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, murine leukemia virus, mumps virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, Sindbis virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, wart virus and blue tongue virus. The disease or disorder may be caused by a bacterium, such asAnthrax bacillus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Legionella pneumophilia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Pneumococcus, Hemophilis influenzaeB,Treponema pallidum, Lyme diseasespirochetes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium leprae, Brucella abortus, andMycobacterium tuberculosis, or aMycoplasma. The disease or disorder may be caused by a parasite, such as malaria. The disease or disorder may be an autoimmune disease, such as acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, dermatomyositis, Sydenham's chorea, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis, rheumatic fever, polyglandular syndromes, bullous pemphigoid, diabetes mellitus, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, post-streptococcalnephritis, erythema nodosum, Takayasu's arteritis, Addison's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, ulcerative colitis, erythema multiforme, IgA nephropathy, polyarterifis nodosa, ankylosing spondylitis, Goodpasture's syndrome, thromboangitisubiterans, Sjogren's syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, scleroderma, chronic active hepatitis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, polychondritis, parnphigus vulgaris, Wegener's granulomatosis, membranous nephropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, tabes dorsalis, giant cell arteritis/polymyalgia, pernicious anemia, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, psoriasis, and fibrosing alveolitis. The disease or disorder may be myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, or atherosclerotic plaques, or graft rejection, or Alzheimer's disease, or caused by atopic tissue. The disease or disorder may be inflammation caused by accretion of activated granulocytes, monocytes, lymphoid cells or macrophages at the site of inflammation, and where the inflammation is caused by an infectious agent.
• Also provided is a pretargeting method of treating or diagnosing a non-neoplastic disease or disorder in a subject by (a) administering to the subject the polyvalent protein complex ofclaim1, where two antigen binding sites are directed to a marker substance, or marker substances specific for the disorder, and one antigen binding sites is directed to a targetable construct containing a bivalent hapten; (b) optionally administering to the subject a clearing composition, and allowing the composition to clear the polyvalent complex from circulation; and (c) administering to the subject the targetable construct containing a bivalent hapten, where the targetable construct further contains one or more chelated or chemically bound therapeutic or diagnostic agents. The disease or disorder may be as described above.
• Also provided is a method of antibody dependent enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) by; a) administering to a patient with a neoplastic disorder the polyvalent protein complex as above, where the complex contains a covalently attached enzyme capable of activating a prodrug, (b) optionally administering to the subject a clearing composition, and allowing the composition to clear the polyvalent complex from circulation, and (c) administering the prodrug to the patient.
• Also provided are assay and immunostaining methods using one or more polyvalent protein complexes as described above.
• Further provided is an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a first or second polypeptide as described above, and a nucleic acid expression cassette containing such an isolated nucleic acid. Also provided is an episome containing: (a) a first promoter operationally connected to a first nucleic acid encoding a first polypeptide containing a polypeptide chain represented by the formula a₁-1₁-a₂-1₂-a₃, where a₁, a₂, and a₃are immunoglobulin variable domains and 1₁and 1₂are peptide linkers, (b) a second promoter operationally connected to a second nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide containing a second polypeptide chain represented by the formula b₁-1₃-b₂-14-b₃, where b₁, b₂, and b₃are immunoglobulin variable domains and 1₃and 1₄are peptide linkers, where the first and second polypeptide chain together form a complex containing at least three antigen binding sites, where each of the antigen binding sites contains a variable domain from the first polypeptide chain and a variable domain from the second polypeptide chain, where the first nucleic acid and the second nucleic acid are coexpressed when the episome is transformed into a host cell. The episome may be a plasmid or a cosmid. Also provided is a host cell containing a nucleic acid, a expression cassette and/or an episome as described above. The host cell may be, for example,E. coli, yeast, a plant cell and a mammalian cell.
• Also provided are methods of preparing a polyvalent protein complex, containing culturing a host cell as described above. The host cell may be, for example, a murine myeloma cell line. The episome may contain the plasmid is pdHL2.
• Other aspects and advantages of the present invention are described further in the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the present invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 Panel A shows an expression cassette in BS14HP-GAP+vector, which codes for a two species of mRNA synthesized from the constitutive GAP promoters.
• Panel B shows a drawings of the two mature heterologous polypeptides, h679V_H-GGGGS-hMN-14V_K-LEGGGS-hMN-14V_H-6His (Left) and hMN-14V_K-GGGQFM-hMN-14V_H-GGGGS-h679V_K-6His (Right), following cleavage of the α factor signal peptides by Kex2 protease.
• Panel C shows a drawing of a trivalent protein structure formed by the heterodimerization ofpolypeptides 1 and 2 possessing two binding sites for CEA and one for HSG.
• Panel D shows the amino acid sequence and cDNA sequence of EAEAEFM-h679VH-GGGGS-hMN-14VK-LEGGGS-hMN-14VH-6His.
• Panel E shows the amino acid sequence and cDNA sequence of EAEAEF-hMN-14VK-GGGQFM-hMN-14VH-GGGGS-h679VK-6His.
• FIG. 2 depicts the construction of the modifiedPichiaexpression vector pGAPZα+ used for the co-expression of two heterologous polypeptides from the same host cell.
• FIG. 3 shows one of many BIAcore sensorgrams used to evaluate expression of BS14HP in the culture media ofPichia pastorisclones. Following growth to stationary phase, culture media was diluted ten-fold in BIAcore eluent buffer and injected over an HSG-coupled sensorchip. A subsequent injection of WI2 IgG (anti-id to hMN-14) confirmed the bispecificity of the samples.
• FIG. 4 shows a Coomassie blue-stained SDS-PAGE gel of BS14HP. Purified protein samples were subjected to reducing SDS-PAGE on 4-20% polyacrylamide Tris-Glycine gels. 1, 4 and 10 μg were loaded in indicated lanes. Arrows indicate the positions of molecular weight standards.
• FIG. 5 shows the size exclusion HPLC profile of purified BS14HP.
• FIG. 6(a) shows a graphical representation of the results of a competitive ELISA experiment. HRP-conjugated hMN14 IgG (1 nM) was mixed with either BS14HP, BS1.5H (a bispecific diabody, monovalent for CEA and monovalent for HSG, derived from the same variable domains as BS14HP) or hMN14 F(ab′)₂at concentrations ranging from 1-250 nM, prior to incubation in CEA-coated (0.5 μg/well) wells. The % inhibition is plotted vs. nM concentration of sample. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) is given for each and (b) shows the results of SE-HPLC analysis of BS14HP immunoreactivity with CEA.
• FIG. 7 shows a graphical representation of the tumor residence and blood clearance of¹²⁵I, labeled BS14HP in GW39tumor bearing nude mice. The % injected dose/gram (% ID/g) is plotted versus time (hours).
• FIG. 8 shows the biodistribution (A) and tumor/non-tumor ratios after 3 hours (B) of¹¹¹In-IMP-241 in GW-39 tumor bearing mice pretargeted with three bispecific constructs and (C) and tumor/non-tumor ratios after 24 hours. Standard deviations are shown as error bars (A and C) or as ± in parentheses (B).
• FIG. 9 panel A shows the molecular structure of IMP 281, panel B shows the molecular structure if IMP 284, panel C shows the figure of IMP 288.
• FIG. 10 depicts constructs of SV3 construct and ORF1 and ORF2 polypeptide.
• FIG. 11 is a schematic representation of hBS14-pDHL2 expression vector.
• FIG. 12 depicts the results of MTX amplification of hBS14 SP2/0 clone 1H6.
• FIG. 13 depicts the results of SE-HPLC analysis of purified hBS14.
• FIG. 14 depicts the results of SDS-PAGE analysis of purified hBS14.
• FIG. 15 depicts the results of IEF analysis of purified hBS14.
• FIG. 16 depicts the results of BIAcore analysis of hBS14.
• FIG. 17 depicts the results of BIAcore analysis of HSG binding of hBS14 produced in either SP2/0 or YB2/0 cells.
• FIG. 18 shows the structure of thepeptide IMP 291.
• FIG. 19 shows the structure of thepeptide IMP 245.
• FIG. 20 shows the tumor uptake of¹²⁵I-hBS14 and^99mTc-IMP-245 in mice when the hBS14 was given 4 hrs (top panel) or 24 hrs (bottom panel) to clear prior to administration of peptide (Groups I and II respectively).
• FIG. 21 the top panel shows the tumor uptake of¹²⁵I-hBS14 and^99mTc-IMP-245 in mice given 48 hrs to clear the hBS114 prior the administration of the peptide (Group III). The bottom panel shows peptide uptake in imaged mice at 24 hr post-injection.
• FIG. 22 is a table showing percent ID/g and tumor/non-tumor ratios of^99mTc-IMP-245 peptide at 1 h post injection.
• FIG. 23 shows imaging data in mice. The first pair of images shows the location of the tumors in the mice. The second pair of images shows the image at 1 hr post-peptide administration. The third pair of images show imaging data at 3 hrs post-peptide administration. The final pair of images shows the image at 24 hrs post-peptide administration.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• Definitions:
• As used herein, the term “engineered antibody” encompasses all biochemically or recombinately produced functional derivatives of antibodies. A protein is a functional derivative of an antibody if it has at least one antigen binding site (ABS) or a complementarity-determining region (CDR) that when combined with other CDR regions (on the same polypeptide chain or on a different polypeptide chain) can form an ABS. The definition of engineered antibody would include, at least, recombinant antibodies, tagged antibodies, labeled antibodies, Fv fragments, Fab fragments, recombinant (as opposed to natural) multimeric antibodies, single chain antibodies, diabodies, triabodies, tetravalent multimers (dimer of diabodies), pentavalent multimers (dimer of diabody and triabody), hexavalent multimers (dimer of triabodies) and other higher multimeric forms of antibodies.
• As used herein, the term “single-chain antibody (scFv),” refers to engineered antibody constructs prepared by isolating the binding domains (both heavy and light chain) of a binding antibody, and supplying a linking moiety which permits preservation of the binding function. This forms, in essence, a radically abbreviated antibody, having only the variable domain necessary for binding the antigen. Determination and construction of single chain antibodies are described in many prior publications including U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778; Bird et al., Science 242:423 (1988) and Huston et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA85:5879 (1988).
• The term “humanized” means that at least a portion of the framework regions of an immunoglobulin or engineered antibody construct (including the PPC of this invention that comprise an immunoglobulin or engineered antibody) is derived from human immunoglobulin sequences. It should be clear that any method to humanize antibodies or antibody constructs, as for example by variable domain resurfacing as described by Roguska et al., (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 969-973 would be applicable to the PPC of this invention. Alternatively, CDR grafting (also called CDR shuffling) or reshaping as reviewed by Hurle and Gross ((1994) Curr. Opin. Biotech. 5:428-433), can be used. Manipulation of the complementarity-determining regions (CDR) is a way of achieving humanized antibodies. The use of antibody components derived from humanized monoclonal antibodies obviates potential problems associated with the immunogenicity of murine constant regions. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,874,540 and 6,254,868. General techniques for cloning murine immunoglobulin variable domains are described, for example, by the publication of Orlandi et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 86: 3833 (1989). Techniques for producing humanized MAbs are described, for example, by Jones et al., Nature 321: 522 (1986), Riechmann et al., Nature 332: 323 (1988), Verhoeyen et al., Science 239: 1534 (1988), Carter et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 89: 4285 (1992), Sandhu, Crit. Rev. Biotech. 12: 437 (1992), Singer et al., J. Immun. 150: 2844 (1993), Winter & Milstein, Nature 349:293 (1991).
• The terms “recombinant nucleic acid” or “recombinantly produced nucleic acid” refer to nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA which has been isolated from its native or endogenous source and modified either chemically or enzymatically by adding, deleting or altering naturally-occurring flanking or internal nucleotides. Flanking nucleotides are those nucleotides which are either upstream or downstream from the described sequence or sub-sequence of nucleotides, while internal nucleotides are those nucleotides which occur within the described sequence or subsequence.
• The term “recombinant means” refers to techniques where proteins are isolated, the cDNA sequence coding the protein identified and inserted into an expression vector. The vector is then introduced into a cell and the cell expresses the protein. Recombinant means also encompasses the ligation of coding or promoter DNA from different sources into one vector for expression of a PPC, constitutive expression of a protein, or inducible expression of a protein.
• The term “promoter” refers to a DNA sequence which directs the transcription of a structural gene to produce mRNA. Typically, a promoter is located in the 5′ region of a gene, proximal to the start codon of a structural gene. If a promoter is an inducible promoter, then the rate of transcription increases in response to an inducing agent. In contrast, the rate of transcription is not regulated by an inducing agent if the promoter is a constitutive promoter.
• The term “enhancer” refers to a promoter element. An enhancer can increase the efficiency with which a particular gene is transcribed into mRNA irrespective of the distance or orientation of the enhancer relative to the start site of transcription.
• “Complementary DNA (cDNA)” refers to a single-stranded DNA molecule that is formed from an mRNA template by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. Typically, a primer complementary to portions of mRNA is employed for the initiation of reverse transcription. Those skilled in the art also use the term “cDNA” to refer to a double-stranded DNA molecule consisting of such a single-stranded DNA molecule and its complement.
• “Expression” refers to the process by which a polypeptide is produced from a structural gene. The process involves transcription of the gene into mRNA and the translation of such mRNA into polypeptide(s).
• “Cloning vector” refers to a DNA molecule, such as a plasmid, cosmid, phagemid, or bacteriophage, which has the capability of replicating autonomously in a host cell and which is used to transform cells for gene manipulation. Cloning vectors typically contain one or a small number of restriction endonuclease recognition sites at which foreign DNA sequences may be inserted in a determinable fashion without loss of an essential biological function of the vector, as well as a marker gene which is suitable for use in the identification and selection of cells transformed with the cloning vector. Marker genes typically include genes that provide tetracycline resistance or ampicillin resistance.
• “Expression vector” refers to a DNA molecule comprising a cloned structural gene encoding a foreign protein which provides the expression of the foreign protein in a recombinant host. Typically, the expression of the cloned gene is placed under the control of (i.e., operably linked to) certain regulatory sequences such as promoter and enhancer sequences. Promoter sequences may be either constitutive or inducible.
• “Recombinant Host” or “Host cell” refers to a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell which contains either a cloning vector or expression vector. This term is also meant to include those prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells that have been genetically engineered to contain the cloned gene(s) in the chromosome or genome of the host cell. The host cell is not limited to a unicellular organism such asE. coliand yeast. Cells from multicellular organisms such as mammals, insects, and plants are also contemplated as host cells in the context of this invention. For examples of suitable hosts, see Sambrook et al., MOLECULARCLONING: A LABORATORYMANUAL, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989). A mammalian host cell may be of any mammalian origin and include, at least cells of human, bovine, canine, murine,rattus, equine, porcine, feline and non-human primate origin.
• A “tumor-associated antigen” is a protein normally not expressed, or expressed at very low levels, by a normal cell. However, in a neoplastic or preneoplastic cell (a cell predisposed to becoming a cancer cell), the tumor-associated antigen is expressed at a level that is higher than that of a normal cell. The preferred tumor-associated antigens are the ones that are expressed at very high levels in neoplastic and preneoplastic cells but at very low levels or not expressed in normal cells. “Antigens” and “tumor-associated antigens” are well known and include at least α-fetoprotein, A3, A33 (GI cancers, particularly colon cancer), CA125, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD30, CD33, CD45, CD52 (associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other lymphomas), CD74, CD66, CD80, colon-specific antigen-p (CSAp), EGFR, EGP-1, EGP-2, folate receptor, HER2/neu, HLA-DR, human chorionic gonadrotropin, Ia, IL-2, IL-6 (prostate cancer), insulin-like growth factor, KS-1, Le(y), MAGE, MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, necrosis antigens, PAM-4, placental growth factor, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate specific antigen (PSA), PSMA, S100, T101, TAC, TAG-72, tenascin, and VEGF. Furthermore, the ABS of the invention includes, at least, an ABS that binds to an epitope of the above listed antigens. Tumor-associated antigens may be either produced by the tumor cells themselves or by adjacent structures, such as the tumor's vascular endothelium. B-cell, T-cell and other such “lineage” antigens which are present in both normal and malignant cell types may still be useful targets because of a differential expression by or sensitivity of the malignant cells to antibodies against these lineage antigens (e.g., CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22 in normal and malignant B cells). Many other illustrations of tumor-associated antigens are known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., Urban et al., Ann. Rev. Immunol. 10:617 (1992). The list above is illustrative only and cites the cancers most closely associated to the tumor-associated antigen. In most cases, each tumor-associated antigen may have up to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more epitopes.
• Known tumors that are associated with tumor-associated antigens include, at least, carcinomas, melanomas, sarcomas, gliomas, myelomas, leukemias and lymphomas.
• As used herein, an “infectious agent” and “pathogen” denotes both microbes and parasites. A “microbe” includes viruses,bacteria, rickettsia, mycoplasma, protozoa, fungiand like microorganisms. A “parasite” denotes infectious, generally microscopic or very small multicellular invertebrates, or ova or juvenile forms thereof, which are susceptible to antibody-induced clearance or lytic or phagocytic destruction, such asmalarial parasites, spirochetes, and the like. Examples of infectious agents include, for example, a fungus, virus, parasite, bacterium, protozoan, ormycoplasm. The fungus may be from the species ofMicrosporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Ssporothrix schenckii, Cyrptococcus neoformans, Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, orCandida albicans. The virus may be from the species of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, rabies virus, influenza virus, hepatitis B virus, Sendai virus, feline leukemia virus, Reo virus, polio virus, human serum parvo-like virus,simian virus 40, respiratory syncytial virus, mouse mammary tumor virus, Varicella-Zoster virus, Dengue virus, rubella virus, measles virus, adenovirus, human T-cell leukemia viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, murine leukemia virus, mumps virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, Sindbis virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, wart virus and blue tongue virus. The bacterium may be, for example,Anthrax bacillus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Legionella pneumophilia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Pneumococcus, Hemophilis influenzaeB,Treponema pallidum, Lyme diseasespirochetes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium leprae, Brucella abortus, Mycobacterium tuberculosisandTetanus toxin. The parasite may be a helminth or a malarial parasite. The protozoan may bePlasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma rangeli, Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma rhodesiensei, Trypanosoma brucei, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japanicum, Babesia bovis, Elmeria tenella, Onchocerca volvulus, Leishmania tropica, Trichinella spiralis, Onchocerca volvulus, Theileria parva, Taenia hydatigena, Taenia ovis, Taenia saginata, Echinococcus granulosusorMesocestoides corti. The mycoplasma may beMycoplasma arthritidis, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Mycoplasma orale, Mycoplasma arginini, Acholeplasma laidlawii, Mycoplasma salivarum, andMycoplasma pneumoniae. Other examples of infectious agents and pathogens that may be treated by the product (PPC) and methods of this invention are contained in the second and subsequent editions of Davis et al, “Microbiology” (Harper & Row, New York, 1973 and later), and are well known to the ordinary skilled art worker.
• The term “treating” in its various grammatical forms in relation to the present invention refers to preventing, curing, reversing, attenuating, alleviating, minimizing, suppressing or halting the deleterious effects of a disease state, disease progression, disease causative agent (e.g., bacteria or viruses) or other abnormal condition. Because some of the inventive methods involve the physical removal of the etiological agent, the artisan will recognize that they are equally effective in situations where the inventive compound is administered prior to, or simultaneous with, exposure to the etiological agent (prophylactic treatment) and situations where the inventive compounds are administered after (even well after) exposure to the etiological agent.
• Unless otherwise noted, use of the term “antibody” or “immunoglobulin” herein will be understood to include antibody fragments and functional derivatives (i.e., engineered antibody) thereof. Antibodies can be whole immunoglobulin of any class, e.g., IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, or hybrid antibodies with dual or multiple antigen or epitope specificities, or fragments, e.g., F(ab′)₂, F(ab)₂, Fab′, Fab₁and the like, including hybrid fragments. Functional derivatives include engineered antibodies.
• The terms “recombinant protein,” “recombinantly produced protein” or “recombinantly produced immunotoxin” refer to a peptide or protein produced using non-native cells that do not have an endogenous copy of DNA able to express the protein. The cells produce the protein because they have been genetically altered by the introduction of the appropriate nucleic acid sequence. The recombinant protein will not be found in association with proteins and other subcellular components normally associated with the cells producing the protein.
• The term “selective cytotoxic reagent” refers to a compound that when added to a population of different cells, e.g., within an organism, kills one type of cell in the population based on some physical characteristic of the cell, i.e., a surface ligand or marker to which the cytotoxic reagent binds and then becomes internalized.
• The term “surface marker” refers to various constituents, such as a protein, carbohydrate, or glycoprotein, that are present on the surface of a cell. Different types of cells express different cell surface markers and therefore cells can be identified by the presence of a cell surface marker. For example, B cells express CD19, CD20 (See, Ansell et al., J. Clin. Oncology, 20:3885-3890 (2002) and Witzig et al., J. Clin. Oncology 20:2453-2463) and CD22. Thus, the binding of an antibody that recognizes CD19, CD20 or CD22 identifies that cell as a B cell, either normal or malignant. As another example, the B-cell may be a multiple myeloma, in which case the B cells may express the tumor-associated antigen MUC1 or CD74. B cell surface markers may be used for ablation of B cells and B cell tumor-associated antigens may be used to ablate B cell tumors such as the multiple myeloma described above.
• The term “CD22” refers to a lineage-restricted B-cell antigen belonging to the Ig superfamily, is expressed on the surface of many types of malignant B cells, including but not limited to, acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL), chronic B-lymphocytic cells (B-CLL), B lymphoma cells such as Burkitt's, AIDS-associated and follicular lymphomas, and hairy cell leukemias, as well as on normal mature B lymphocytes. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,183,744 and 6,306,393. CD22 is not expressed in early stages of B-cell development, nor is it found on the surface of stem cells or terminal stage plasma cells. Vaickus et al., Crit. Rev. Oncol/Hematol. 11:267-297 (1991). Additionally, no shed antigen is detected in normal human serum or serum from patients with CLL. Li et al., Cell. Immunol. 118:85-99 (1989).
• According to the specific case, the “therapeutically effective amount” of an agent should be determined as being the amount sufficient to improve the symptoms of the patient in need of treatment or at least to partially arrest the disease and its complications. Amounts effective for such use will depend on the severity of the disease and the general state of the patient's health. Single or multiple administrations may be required depending on the dosage and frequency as required and tolerated by the patient.
• As used herein, the term “a method to detect” refers to any assay (including immunoassays and colorimetric assays) known in the art for the measurement of a detectable label. These assays include, at least, assays utilizing biotin and avidin (including streptavidin), ELISA's and immunoprecipitation, immunohistochemical techniques and agglutination assays. A detailed description of these assays is given in WO 96/13590 to Maertens & Stuyver. The term “biological sample” relates to any possible sample taken from an animal (including humans), such as blood (which also encompasses serum and plasma samples), sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, lymph or any possible histological section, and other body fluid. Detection may also include methods of imaging a lesion, such as with immunoscintigraphy, computed tomography (CT), ultrasonography, X-rays, and the like.
• The terms “binding specificity,” “specifically binds to” or “specifically immunoreactive with,” when referring to a protein or ABS of the invention, refers to a binding reaction which is determinative of the presence of the protein or carbohydrate in the presence of a heterogeneous population of proteins and other biologics. Thus, under designated immunoassay conditions, the specified PPC bind to a particular protein or carbohydrate and do not bind in a significant amount to other proteins or carbohydrates present in the sample. Specific binding to a PPC under such conditions may require a PPC selected for its specificity towards a particular protein or carbohydrate. For example, PPCs specific for the CD22 antigen may be selected to provide PPC that are specifically immunoreactive with CD22 protein and not with other proteins. A variety of immunoassay formats may be used to select PPC specifically immunoreactive with a particular protein or carbohydrate. For example, solid-phase ELISA immunoassays are routinely used to select antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a protein or carbohydrate. See Harlow & Lane, Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Publication, New York (1988) for a description of immunoassay formats and conditions that can be used to determine specific immunoreactivity.
• The terms “isolated” or “substantially purified,” when applied to a nucleic acid or protein, denotes that the nucleic acid or protein is essentially free of other cellular components with which it is associated in the natural state. It is preferably in a homogeneous state, although it can be in either a dry or aqueous solution. Purity and homogeneity are typically determined using analytical chemistry techniques such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or high performance liquid chromatography. A protein which is the predominant species present in a preparation is substantially purified.
• The terms “nucleic acid encoding” or “nucleic acid sequence encoding” refer to a nucleic acid which directs the expression of a specific protein or peptide. The nucleic acid sequences include both the DNA strand sequence that is transcribed into RNA and the RNA sequence that is translated into protein. The nucleic acid sequences include both full length nucleic acid sequences as well as shorter sequences derived from the full length sequences. It is understood that a particular nucleic acid sequence includes the degenerate codons of the native sequence or sequences which may be introduced to provide codon preference in a specific host cell. The nucleic acid includes both the sense and antisense strands as either individual single strands or in the duplex form.
• “Pharmaceutical composition” refers to formulations of various preparations. Parenteral formulations are known and are preferred for use in the invention. The formulations containing therapeutically effective amounts of the immunotoxins are either sterile liquid solutions, liquid suspensions or lyophilized versions and optionally contain stabilizers or excipients. Lyophilized compositions are reconstituted with suitable diluents, e.g., water for injection, saline, 0.3% glycine and the like, at a level of about from 0.01 mg/kg of host body weight to 10 mg/kg or more.
• The term “crosslinker” is well known in the art and include at least ABH(21509), AEDP(22101), AMAS(22295), ANB-NOS(21451), APDP(27720), APG(20108), ASBA(21512), BASED(21564), BMB(22331), BMDB(22332), BMH(22330), BMOE(22323), BMPA(22296), BMPH(22297), BMPS(22298), BM[PEO]₃(22336), BM[PEO]₄(22337), BSOCOES(21600), BS3(21580), DFDNB(21525), DMA(20663), DMP(21666), DMS(20700), DPDPB(21702), DSG(20593), DSP(22585), DSS(21555), DST(20589), DTBP(20665), DTME(22335), DTSSP(21578), EDC(22980), EGS(21565), EMCA(22306), EMCH(22106), EMCS(22308), GMBS(22309), HBVS(22334), KMUA(22211), KMUH(22111), LC-SMCC(22362), LC-SPDP(21651), MBS(22311), M2C2H(22303), MPBH(22305), MSA(22605), NHS-ASA(27714), PDPH(22301), PMPI(28100), SADP(21533), SAED(33030), SAND(21549), SANPAH(22600), SASD(27716), SATA(26102), SATP(26100), SBAP(22339), SFAD(27719), SIA(22349), SIAB(22329), SMCC(22360), SMPB(22416), SMPH(22363), SMPT(21558), SPDP(21857), Sulfo-BSOCOES(21556), Sulfo-DST(20591), Sulfo-EGS(21566), Sulfo-EMCS(22307), Sulfo-GMBS(22324), Sulfo-HSAB(21563), Sulfo-KMUS(21111), Sulfo-LC-SPDP(21650), Sulfo-MBS(22312), Sulfo-NHS-LC-ASA(27735), Sulfo-SADP(21553), Sulfo-SANPAH(22589), Sulfo-SIAB(22327), Sulfo-SMCC(22322), Sulfo-SMPB(22317), Sulfo-LC-SMPT(21568), Sulfo-SBED(33033), SVSB(22358), TFCS(22299), THPP(22607), TMEA(33043), and TSAT(33063) (Pierce Chemical, Rockford, Ill. catalog number in parenthesis). See, also U.S. Pat. No. 4,680,338 andprovisional patent application 60/436,359 filed Dec. 24, 2002, for additional linker descriptions.
• The term “chemotherapeutic agent” may be any chemotherapeutic agent known in the art and includes, at least, taxanes, nitrogen mustards, ethylenimine derivatives, alkyl sulfonates, nitrosoureas, triazenes; folic acid analogs, pyrimidine analogs, purine analogs, vinca alkaloids, antibiotics, enzymes, platinum coordination complexes, substituted urea, methyl hydrazine derivatives, adrenocortical suppressants, or antagonists. Specifically, the chemotherapeutic agent may be from the group of steroids, progestins, estrogens, antiestrogens, and androgens. More specifically, the chemotherapeutic agent may be azaribine, bleomycin, bryostatin-1, busulfan, carmustine, celebrex, chlorambucil, cisplatin, CPT-11, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, dexamethasone, diethylstilbestrol, doxorubicin, ethinyl estradiol, etoposide, fluorouracil, fluoxymesterone, gemcitabine, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, hydroxyurea, L-asparaginase, leucovorin, lomustine, mechlorethamine, medroprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, melphalan, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, methotrexate, mithramycin, mitomycin, mitotane, phenyl butyrate, prednisone, procarbazine, semustine streptozocin, tamoxifen, taxanes, taxol, testosterone propionate, thalidomide, thioguanine, thiotepa, uracil mustard, vinblastine, and vincristine.
• The term “cytotoxic agents” includes all known cytotoxic and cytostatic agents. Examples of these agents are listed in Goodman et al., “THE PHARMACOLOGICALBASIS OFTHERAPEUTICS,” Sixth Edition, A. G. Gilman et al, eds./Macmillan Publishing Co. New York, 1980, as well as a more current edition (See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,083,477 and 6,395,276) These agents include, at least the following: antiapoptotic agents, antimetabolites, alkaloids, antimitotic agents, enzyme inhibitors, COX-inhibitors, chemotherapeutic agents; antibiotics, such as dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, bleomycin, mithramycin and mitomycin; enzymes, such as L-asparaginase; platinum coordination complexes, such as cisplatin; substituted urea, such as hydroxyurea; methyl hydrazine derivatives, such as procarbazine; adrenocortical suppressants, such as mitotane; hormones and antagonists, such as adrenocortisteroids (prednisone), progestins (hydroxyprogesterone caproate, medroprogesterone acetate and megestrol acetate), estrogens (diethylstilbestrol and ethinyl estradiol), antiestrogens (tamoxifen), and androgens (testosterone propionate and fluoxymesterone). Other examples of cytotoxic agents include ricin, abrin, ribonuclease, DNase I, Staphylococcal enterotoxin-A, pokeweed antiviral protein, gelonin, diphtherin toxin,Pseudomonas exotoxin, Pseudomonas endotoxinand radionuclides. See, for example, Pastan et al., Cell 47:641 (1986), and Goldenberg, CA—A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 44:43 (1994). Other suitable toxins are known to those of skill in the art.
• Therapeutic agents are as defined in the specification but include at least, an immunoe modulator, an enzyme, a hormone.
• Radionuclide include any radioactive isotope useful for medical diagnostic, therapeutic and imaging methods (i.e., detectable labels). Examples of radionuclides include²²⁵Ac,¹¹¹Ag,⁷²As,⁷⁷As,²¹¹At,¹⁹⁸Au,¹⁹⁹Au,²¹²Bi,²¹³Bi,⁷⁵Br,⁷⁶Br,¹¹C,⁵⁵Co,⁶²Cu,⁶⁷Cu,¹⁶⁶Dy,¹⁶⁹Er,¹⁸F,⁵²Fe,⁵⁹Fe,⁶⁷Ga,⁶⁸Ga,^154-158Gd,¹⁶⁶Ho,¹²⁰I,¹²¹I,¹²³I,¹²⁴I,¹²⁵I,¹³¹I,¹¹⁰In,¹¹¹In,¹⁹⁴Ir,¹⁷⁷Lu,⁵¹Mn,⁹⁹Mn,⁹⁹Mo,¹³N,¹⁵O,³²P,³³P,²¹¹Pb,²¹²Pb,¹⁰⁹Pd,¹⁴⁹Pm,¹⁴²Pr,¹⁴³Pr,²²³Ra,^82mRb,¹⁸⁶Re,¹⁸⁸Re,¹⁸⁹Re,¹⁰⁵Rh,⁴⁷Sc,⁷⁵Se,¹⁵³Sm,⁸³Sr,⁸⁹Sr,¹⁶¹Tb,^94mTc,^99mTc,⁸⁶Y,⁹⁰Y and⁸⁹Zr. Of these radionuclides²²⁵Ac,¹¹¹Ag,⁷⁷As,²¹¹At,¹⁹⁸Au,¹⁹⁹Au,²¹²Bi,²¹³Bi,⁶²Cu,⁶⁴Cu,⁶⁷Cu,¹⁶⁶Dy,¹⁶⁹Er,⁵⁹Fe,⁶⁷Ga,¹⁶⁶Ho,¹²⁵I,¹³¹I,¹¹¹In,¹⁹⁴Ir,¹⁷⁷Lu,⁹⁹Mo,³²P,³³P,²¹¹Pb,²¹²Pb,¹⁰⁹Pd,¹⁴⁹Pm,¹⁴²Pr,¹⁴³Pr,²²³Ra,¹⁸⁶Re,¹⁸⁸Re,¹⁸⁹Re,¹⁰⁵Rh,⁴⁷Sc,⁷⁵Se,¹⁵³Sm,⁸⁹Sr,¹⁶¹Tb and⁹⁰Y are particularly useful as therapeutic radionuclides and therapeutic cations. Further,⁷²As,⁷⁵Br,⁷⁶Br,¹¹C,⁵⁵Co,⁶²Cu,⁶⁴Cu,⁶⁷Cu,¹⁸F,⁵²Fe,⁶⁷Ga,⁶⁸Ga,^154-158Gd,¹²⁰I,¹²³I,¹²⁴I,¹²⁵I,¹³¹I,¹¹⁰In,¹¹¹In,¹⁷⁷Lu,⁵¹Mn,⁵²Mn,¹³N,¹⁵O,³²P,²²³Ra,⁸²Rb,¹⁸⁶Re,¹⁸⁸Re,⁸³Sr,⁹⁴Tc,⁹⁹Tc,⁸⁶Y,⁹⁰Y and⁸⁹Zr are particularly useful as diagnostic radionuclides and diagnostic cations.
• “Antimicrobial agents” are any agents that has a cytotoxic or cytostatic effect on microbes. Antimicrobial agents may be conventionally classified into four main groups, based upon their affecting (1) bacterial cell-wall synthesis, (2) the cytoplasmic membrane, (3) protein synthesis, and (4) nucleic acid synthesis, and often each of these groups can be subdivided into several classes. Reviews of antimicrobial chemotherapy can be found in the chapter by M. P. E. Slack (In: Oxford Textbook of Medicine, Second Ed., Vol. 1, edited by D. J. Weatherall, J. G. G. Lidingham, and D. A. Warrell, pp. 5.35-5.53; Oxford University Press, Oxford/Melbourne/New York, 1987) and in Section XII, Chemotherapy of Microbial Diseases (In: Goodman and Gilman's THEPHARMACOLOGICALBASIS OFTHERAPEUTICS,6th Ed., Goodman et al., Eds., pp. 1080-1248; Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, 1980—and also the 2001 edition). As indicated in these texts, some antimicrobial agents are selective in their toxicity, since they kill or inhibit the microorganism at concentrations that are tolerated by the host (i.e., the drug acts on microbial structures or biosynthetic pathways that differ from those of the host's cells). Other agents are only capable of temporarily inhibiting the growth of the microbe, which may resume growth when the inhibitor is removed. Often, the ability to kill or inhibit a microbe or parasite is a function of the agent's concentration in the body and its fluids.
• Cytokines are known to those of skill in the art and includes, at least, “immune modulators” such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, IL-1, IL-12, IL-18, IL-21, interferon-α, interferon-β, and interferon-γ.
• It is understood that the definitions provided above are not mutually exclusive. For example, one molecule may be a cytotoxic agent, a radionuclide and a detectable label.
• Structure of the Polyvalent Protein Complex (PPC)
• The invention provides for a polyvalent protein complex (PPC) comprising two polypeptide chains generally arranged laterally to one another. Each polypeptide chain typically comprises 3 or 4 “v-regions”, which comprise amino acid sequences capable of forming an antigen binding site when matched with a corresponding v-region on the opposite polypeptide chain. Up to about 6 “v-regions” can be used on each polypeptide chain, however. The v-regions of each polypeptide chain are connected linearly to one another and may be connected by interspersed linking regions. When arranged in the form of the PPC, the v-regions on each polypeptide chain form individual antigen binding sites. Thus, for example, a PPC with 4 antigen binding sites and three linking regions can be depicted as follows:
• • [amino terminus]-a₁-1-a₂-1₂-a₃-1₃-a₄-[carboxyl terminus]
  • [carboxyl terminus]-b₁-1₄-b₂-1₅-b₃-1₆-b₄-[amino terminus]
• As shown here, the first polypeptide comprises 4 v-regions, a₁, a₂, a₃and a₄, connected by three linker regions, 1₁, 1₂and 1₃. The second polypeptide of the PPC comprises 4 corresponding v-regions b₁, b₂, b₃and b₄and three interspersed linker regions, 1₄, 1₅and 1₆. The individual polypeptide chains of the PPC are bound to one another by the complementarity binding of the corresponding v-regions on each chain. Thus, as depicted above, a₁binds to b₁, a₂binds to b₂, a₃binds to b₃, etc. to form the PPC.
• The PPC of the invention can comprise v-regions of various amino acid sequences so long as the arrangement of corresponding v-regions on the two polypeptide chains (i.e., a_nto b_n) provides for an antigen binding site. The binding of the corresponding v-regions forms the individual antigen binding sites of the PPC. A preferred method for forming each antigen binding site on the PPC is to arrange corresponding V_Hand V_Lregions of known antigen binding regions from antibodies or antibody fragments. However the practice of the invention is not limited to incorporation of such known antigen binding regions. If corresponding V_Hand V_Lregions are used, there are no limitations on which of the two v-regions (i.e., a_nor b_n) encode V_Hor V_L. For example, where n=3, any combination of V_Hand V_Llisted below are possible:

  Combination	a1	a2	a3	b1	b2	b3
  1	VH	VH	VH	VL	VL	VL
  2	VH	VH	VL	VL	VL	VH
  3	VH	VL	VH	VL	VH	VL
  4	VL	VH	VH	VH	VL	VL
  5	VH	VL	VL	VL	VH	VH
  6	VL	VH	VL	VH	VL	VH
  7	VL	VL	VH	VH	VH	VL
  8	VL	VL	VL	VH	VH	VH

• As a further example, in the case where there are four V-regions, any of the following are possible.

  Combination	a1	a2	a3	a4	b1	b2	b3	b4

  1	VH	VH	VH	VH	VL	VL	VL	VL
  2	VH	VH	VL	VH	VL	VL	VH	VL
  3	VH	VL	VH	VH	VL	VH	VL	VL
  4	VL	VH	VH	VH	VH	VL	VL	VL
  5	VH	VL	VL	VH	VL	VH	VH	VL
  6	VL	VH	VL	VH	VH	VL	VH	VL
  7	VL	VL	VH	VH	VH	VH	VL	VL
  8	VL	VL	VL	VH	VH	VH	VH	VL
  9	VH	VH	VH	VL	VL	VL	VL	VH
  10	VH	VH	VL	VL	VL	VL	VH	VH
  11	VH	VL	VH	VL	VL	VH	VL	VH
  12	VL	VH	VH	VL	VH	VL	VL	VH
  13	VH	VL	VL	VL	VL	VH	VH	VH
  14	VL	VH	VL	VL	VH	VL	VH	VH
  15	VL	VL	VH	VL	VH	VH	VL	VH
  16	VL	VL	VL	VL	VH	VH	VH	VH

• In one embodiment, one polypeptide of the PPC may be SEQ ID NO:1 (FIG. 1D). In another embodiment, one polypeptide of the PPC may be SEQ ID NO:2 (FIG. 1E). In a preferred embodiment, one polypeptide of the PPC is SEQ ID NO:1 while the other polypeptide is SEQ ID NO:2.
• Because each of the v-regions of the polypeptides of a PPC are independent, each of the antigen binding sites can independently have the same or different affinity or specificity. In separately preferred embodiments, the antigen binding sites of a PPC bind different epitopes or the same epitope. In the practice of this invention, in either such embodiment, it is likely and acceptable that binding affinity for each individual antigen binding site will differ.
• As noted above, a preferred embodiment of the PPC of this invention comprises known V_Hand V_Lsequences for the v-regions. For example, if it is desired for a PPC to have an ABS with the same specificity as a target antibody. The gene for the target antibody may be cloned or the target antibody may be subjected to protein sequencing. Then the V_Hand V_Lsequence of the target antibody may be determined. A nucleic acid construct may be made to coexpress both polypeptides of the PPC in a host where at least one of the PPC's antigen binding sites would comprise the corresponding V_Hand V_Lregions as the target antibody. These antigen binding sites would be expected to have similar, if not identical, antigen binding specificity and affinity with the target antibody. In the practice of this embodiment of the invention, the target antibody may be human, nonhuman or an engineered antibody. Furthermore, the antibody may be any antibody whose sequence is in the public domain.
• Methods of producing a target antibody of any specificity are known in the art. For example, a monoclonal antibody may be made from an antigen. Recombinant antibody libraries expression libraries, which express a repertoire of antibodies on different host cells may be screened. Furthermore, antibodies may be purified and their protein sequences determined using antigen affinity columns.
• In another embodiment of the invention, the V_Hand V_Lregions of the PPC may be derived from a “humanized” monoclonal antibody or from a human antibody. Alternatively, the V_Hand/or V_Lregions may comprise a sequence derived from human antibody fragments isolated from a combinatorial immunoglobulin library. See, for example, Barbas et al., METHODS: A companion to Methods in Enzymology 2: 119 (1991), and Winter et al., Ann. Rev. Immunol. 12: 433 (1994). Cloning and expression vectors that are useful for producing a human immunoglobulin phage library can be obtained, for example, from STRATAGENE Cloning Systems (La Jolla, Calif.).
• The human antibody V_Hor V_Lsequence may be derived from a human monoclonal antibody produced in a mouse. Such antibodies are obtained from transgenic mice that have been “engineered” to produce specific human antibodies in response to antigenic challenge. In this technique, elements of the human heavy and light chain locus are introduced into strains of mice derived from embryonic stem cell lines that contain targeted disruptions of the endogenous heavy chain and light chain loci. The transgenic mice can synthesize human antibodies specific for human antigens, and the mice can be used to produce human antibody-secreting hybridomas. Methods for obtaining human antibodies from transgenic mice are described by Green et al., Nature Genet. 7: 13 (1994), Lonberg et al., Nature 368: 856 (1994), and Taylor et al., Int. Immun. 6: 579 (1994).
• The linker regions may comprise any amino acid sequence that are of sufficient length to allow for arrangement of corresponding v-regions on the individual polypeptide chains of the PPC into antigen binding sites (i.e. a₁/b₁, b₂/a₂, etc.), for example, due to steric constraints. However, the linker sequences should not be so long as to allow two adjacent v-regions on the polypeptide chains to fold back on one another (i.e., a₁/a₂, b₁/b₂, etc.). Typically, linkers longer than 10 amino acids are more likely to demonstrate folding back problems. In a preferred embodiment, the linkers comprise a polypeptide of between 3 to 8 amino acids in length. While any amino acid may be used in the linker, the preferred amino acids are those that are flexible and hydrophilic (e.g., glycine and serine). Examples of such linkers include, for example, the linkers of the invention as shown inFIGS. 1D and 1E. In some embodiments where steric hindrance is not a constraint, the linker regions may be omitted.
• Tagged PPC
• PPCs of the present invention may also be modified in a way to form chimeric molecules (referred to herein as “tagged PPC”) comprising a fusion of a PPC with a “epitope tag” which provides an epitope to which an anti-tag antibody can selectively bind. The epitope tag is generally placed at the amino or carboxyl terminus of the target protein. Provision of the epitope tag enables the target protein to be readily detected, as well as readily purified by affinity purification. Various tag epitopes are well known in the art. Examples include poly-histidine (poly-his) or poly-histidine-glycine (poly-his-gly) tags; the flu HA tag polypeptide and its antibody 12CA5 (see, Field et al. (1988) Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2159); the c-myc tag and the 8F9, 3C7, 6E10, G4, B7 and 9E10 antibodies thereto (see, Evans et al., (1985) Molecular and Cellular Biology, 5:3610); and the Herpes Simplex virus glycoprotein D (gD) tag and its antibody (see, Paborsky et al., (1990) Protein Engineering, 3:547). Other tag polypeptides include the Flag-peptide (see, Elnhauer et al., J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 2001 Oct. 30, 49(1-3), 455-65; Song et al., Int. J. Oncol. 2003 Jan., 22(1)₉₃-8; Werkmeister et al., Biochim. Biophys Acta 1993 May 7, 1157(1): 50-4; Hopp et al. (1988) BioTechnology 6:1204); the KT3 epitope peptide (see, Martine et al. (1992) Science, 255:192); tubulin epitope peptide (see, Skinner (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266:15173); and theT7 gene 10 protein peptide tag (see, Lutz-Freyermuth et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:6393.). It is understood that tagged PPC is a subset of all PPC and any reference to PPC in this disclosure also comprise tagged PPC.
• In one embodiment of the invention, the three or four ABS of a PPC may be specific for an epitope of a tumor-associated antigen. Each ABS of a PPC may be specific for a different tumor-associated antigen. For example, one tumor-associated antigen may be CEA while another tumor associate antigen may be a non-CEA antigen. In another embodiment of the invention, the PPC has at least one ABS specific for an epitope of a hapten. The hapten may be, for example, histamine-succinyl-glycine (HSG).
• In another embodiment of the invention, the PPC is linked, via a chemical bond, to a second molecule. These linkages may be made using a crosslinker. Alternatively, the linkage may be a binding pair such as antigen-antibody, hormone-receptor, drug-receptor, cell surface antigen-lectin, biotin-avidin, substrate/enzyme, peptide-receptor, and complementary nucleic acid strands, hapten-anti-hapten systems and the like. The avidin described includes reduced affinity avidin and reduced immunogenicity avidin as described by U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,405.
• In one embodiment, the PPC may be linked to peptides (which includes proteins) to form a fusion PPC. The linkage may be any linkage that could be used to join two peptides since the PPC is itself comprised of peptides. For example, one method would be to synthesize the fusion PPC in a peptide synthesizer. In this case, the bond would be a peptide bond (also referred to as an amide bond). Another method would be to synthesize or clone a DNA to encode both polypeptides of the fusion PPC. The DNA is placed into an expression vector and transformed into a host cell permanently or transiently. Yet another method would be to use a chemical crosslinker to join two peptides.
• The PPC molecule of the invention may further comprise a “detectable label” such as a “diagnostic agent.” Detectable labels and diagnostic agents may include radiolabels, fluorescent labels, luminescent (chemiluminescent and bioluminescent) labels, positron-emission tomography (PET) labels and SPECT labels. The choice of labels are well known but specific examples are provided below. Methods of detecting labels are generally known and are also described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,595,654, 4,735,210, 4,792,521, 5,364,612, 5,439,665, 5,632,968, 5,697,902, 5,753,206, 6,071,490, 6,120,768, 6,126,916, and 6,187,284. The discussion of various labels in this segment of the disclosure is applicable to all references to labels in this invention.
• Radiolabels may be further classified as therapeutic cations and diagnostic cations. Diagnostic cations may emit particles and/or positrons having 25-10,000 keV. Therapeutic cations may emit particles and/or positrons having 20 to 10,000 keV. Any conventional method of radiolabeling which is suitable for labeling proteins for in vivo use will be generally suitable for labeling the PPC of the invention. Such methods are known to the ordinary skilled artisan and are disclosed inter alia in, e.g., Childs et al., J. Nucl. Med., 26:293 (1985); and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,331,647,4,348,376, 4,361,544, 4,468,457, 4,444,744, 4,624,846, 5,334,708, 5670,132, 5,514,363, 5,976,492, 6,358,489, and 6,440,386. A wide range of labeling techniques are disclosed in Feteanu, “LABELEDANTIBODIES INBIOLOGY ANDMEDICINE”, pages 214-309 (McGraw-Hill Int. Book Co., New York et al, 1978). The introduction of various metal radioiosotopes may be accomplished according to the procedures of Wagner et al., J. Nucl. Med., 20,428 (1979); Sundberg et al, J. Med. Chem., 17, 1304 (1974); and Saha et al. J. Nucl. Med., 6, 542 (1976). Some of these methods describe the use of labeled antibodies. The methods may be used in the present invention by the substitution of PPC of the invention for the antibodies described in these methods.
• The detectable label may be a fluorescent label, a chemiluminescent label, or a biolumincent label. Examples of fluorescent labels include fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, phycoerytherin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, o-phthaldehyde or fluorescamine. Examples of chemiluminescent labels include luminol, isoluminol, an aromatic acridinium ester, an imidazole, an acridinium salt and an oxalate ester. Examples of biolumincent labels include luciferin, luciferase or aequorn.
• The detectable labels may include one or more image enhancing agents. Image enhancing agents are useful for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents are described, for example, in Pykett, Scientific American, 246, 78(1982); Runge et al., Am. J. Radiol., 141, 1209(1983). Examples of compounds useful for MRI image enhancement include complexes of paramagnetic ions, e.g., Gd(III), Eu(III), Dy(III), Pr(III), Pa(IV), Mn(II), Cr(III), Co(III), Fe(III), Cu(II), Ni(II), Ti(III), and V(IV) ions, or radicals, e.g., nitroxides, and these may be further attached to a substrate via a suitable linker. The MRI enhancing agent must be present in sufficient amounts to enable detection by an external camera, using magnetic field strengths which are reasonably attainable and compatible with patient safety and instrumental design. The requirements for such agents are well known in the art for those agents which have their effect upon water molecules in the medium, and are disclosed, inter alia, in, e.g., Pykett, Scientific American, 246:78 (1982); and Runge et al., Am. J. Radiol, 141:1209 (1987).
• The detectable label may comprise one or more radiopaque or contrast agents for X-ray or computed tomography. Radiopaque or contrast agents may be barium, diatrizoate, ethiodized oil, gallium citrate, iocarmic acid, iocetamic acid, iodamide, iodipamide, iodoxamic acid, iogulamide, iohexol, iopamidol, iopanoic acid, ioprocemic acid, iosefamic acid, ioseric acid, iosulamide meglumine, iosemetic acid, iotasul, iotetric acid, iothalamic acid, iotroxic acid, ioxaglic acid, ioxotrizoic acid, ipodate, meglumine, metrizamide, metrizoate, propyliodone, or thallous chloride. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,120,525, 5,128,119, 5,328,679.
• The detectable label may comprise one or more ultrasound contrast agents such as, for example, a liposome (including gas filled liposome) or dextran.
• In addition to the described detectable label, the PPC may comprise a therapeutic agent such as a radionuclide. Other applicable methods for labeling the PPC of this invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,061,641, 5,101,827.
• Additional examples for using radiolabeled antibodies and engineered antibodies for detection or therapy may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,624,846, 5,482,698, 5,525,338, 5,609,846, 5,716,595, 5,728,369, 5,736,119, 5,746,996, 5,772,981, 5,776,093, 5,776,094, 5,776,095, 5,843,397, 5,851,527, 5,958,408, 5,965,131, 6,010,680, 6,077,499, 6,096,289, 6,331,175, 6,361,774, 6,387,350, 6,399,068, and 6,458,933. The PPC of the invention may be substituted for any of the antibodies mentioned in these patents.
• The invention also provides for PPC where at least one ABS of the PPC is specific for an epitope on a cancer associated antigen and at least one ABS is specific for an epitope on a hapten.
• Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a PPC linked to a conjugate (See U.S. Pat. No. 4,824,659 for a description of an antibody conjugate). The linkage may by a crosslinker. The conjugate may be a radionuclide or a cytotoxic agent, a drug, a chemotherapeutic agent, and a radionuclide.
• In another embodiment of the invention, the PPC may have at least one ABS with specificity for an antigen on the surface of effector cells and at least one ABS specific for an antigen on a target cell or a virus. Examples of the first antigen may be an antigen of the surface of T-cells, natural killer cells, granulocytes, monocytes, or macrophages. In this case, the binding of the PPC to these two antigens may result in the killing or the mitotic arrest of the target cell. The following articles make reference to the utility of a polyvalent protein with these characteristics: Takemura et al., Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2002 March; 51(1): 33-44; Kipriyanov et al., J. Immunol. 2002 Jul. 1; 169(1): 137-44; Stockmeyer et al., J. Immunol 2000 Nov. 15; 165(10): 5954-61.
• In another embodiment of the invention, the PPC may have at least one ABS with specificity for an antigen on the surface of a cells and at least one ABS specific for an antigenic substance. Examples of the first antigen may be an antigen of the surface of B-cells, monocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages. In this case, the binding of the PPC to the cell surface antigen and the antigenic substance results in the induction of an immune response to the antigenic substance.
• In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a PPC wherein one of the polypeptides comprise an additional V-region. The V-region may be linked to the other V-regions by an additional linker. This additional V-region may comprise an amino acid sequence of a toxin, a hapten or a detectable moiety. Many examples of toxins, haptens, and detectable moiety are proteins and peptides with known amino acid sequences. Many of these peptides are cited as examples throughout this specification. These amino acid sequences may be used in the V-regions described in this paragraph.
• Bispecific and Multispecific PPC
• The invention provides for methods of using the PPC. In general, any method that require the use of an antibody or engineered antibody (see, e.g., Cao Y and Lam, L. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2003 Feb. 10;55(2): 171-97) may be performed using a PPC with a similar binding affinity and specificity. These methods includes any of the methods described in this disclosure and in the references, patents and patent applications cited therein. Descriptions of specific embodiments are described below.
• Bispecific and multispecific PPC are effective for the recruitment of effector functions and treatment of tumor cells. Multispecificity refers to the ability of a engineered antibody, like the PPCs of the invention, to have multiple ABS where each ABS binds a different epitope. As discussed above, the fusion PPC of the invention may have at least 3 to 10 or more ABS and each ABS may have specificity to a different epitope. Further each different epitope may be on the same or different antigen. Bispecific antibodies have found particular use in recruiting the powerful effector functions of cytotoxic T cells or natural killer (NK) cells. Thus bispecific antibodies have been used to bridge the T cell coreceptor (CD3) (Staerz et al., Nature 314: 628-631, 1985) or FcRIII (CD16) (De Palazzo et al., Cell Immunol. 142: 338-347, 1992) and the cell surface antigen of a target cell to mediate the killing of target cells by cytotoxic T cells or NK cells. In mice, such anti-CD3 bisAbs can inhibit the growth of solid tumors (Titus et al., J. Immunol. 138: 4018-4022, 1987, Garrido et al., Cancer Res. 50: 4227-4232, 1990) or even eradicate lymphoma (Brissinck et al., J. Immunol 147: 4019-4026, 1991); in humans, they have been used against malignant glioma (Brissinck et al., J. Immunol. 147: 4019-4026, 1991). Bispecific antibodies have also been used for ex vivo purging of leukaemia cells from bone marrow (T. Kaneko et al., Blood 81: 1333-1341, 1993). Bispecific antibodies synthesized in vitro have also been used to deliver enzymes, antigens, toxins, radionuclides and cytotoxic drugs to tumor cells (see Bonardi et al., Cancer Res. 53: 187-199 1992). Any of the above method, and any of the methods in the cited references in this disclosure, may be performed using the bispecific PPCs of the invention as a substitute for the multispecific antibody (or functional derivatives) specified in these method.
• The multispecific PPC of the invention may be used for imaging of tumors. Bispecific anti-tumor marker, anti-hapten antibodies have been used to image tumors (J. M. Le Doussal et al. Int. J. Cancer Supplement 7: 58-62, 1992; P. Peltier et al. J. Nucl. Med. 34: 1267-1273 1993; C. Somasundaram et al. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 36: 337-345, 1993; A. Bruynck et al. Br. J. Cancer 67: 436-440, 1993). The method comprises two steps. In the first step, a bispecific antibody is injected and localize to the tumor by binding to a tumor-associated antigen. In the second step, a radioactively labeled hapten is then injected which preferentially localizes to the tumor, by binding to the bispecific antibody, enabling imaging of the tumor. Multispecific PPC of the invention with at least one ABS specific for tumor cells and one ABS specific for the hapten could be used to in place of the bispecific antibody to achieve the same results.
• As another example, the PPC of the invention may be used to deliver cytotoxic drugs to tumor cells, using one binding site to deliver the drug and the other to bind to the tumor, or using systems analogous to that described for the delivery of doxorubicin to tumors by P. A. Trail et al. (Science 261: 212-215, 1993). These authors used an antibody directed to the Lewis Y antigen, covalently linked to doxorubicin, which was internalized into lysosomes and endosomes. The linkage was cleavable in these environments leading to delivery of the drug to these cells. Bivalent PPCs may be particularly useful to increase the avidity of the antibody for the tumor cell. The specificity may be increased by using a bispecific antibody directed against two (or more) different tumor-associated antigen on the same tumor or two (or more) epitopes on the same tumor-associated antigen.
• The multispecific PPCs of the invention may be used to deliver therapeutic agents across the blood brain barrier. In this method, a multispecific PPC with one ABS directed against either FHA, an adhesin of the bacteriumBordetella pertussisor against the natural ligand for the leucocyte adhesion molecule CR3 (E. I Tuomanen et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 7824-7828, 1993) and the other ABS may then be directed against a target to provide the therapeutic function.
• Multivalent PPCs may be particularly useful for imaging purposes for instance when localizing tumors by binding to two different epitopes of a tumor-associated antigen with a radiolabeled PPC. The presence of two ABS for one tumor-associated antigen would give an avidity component which may increase the signal to noise ratio of the detection method.
• The multispecific PPCs of the invention may be used in retargetting of antibodies to a site or antigen for which they have no specificity under normal circumstances. The PPC would possess two ABSs; one ABS is specific for a target site, the other ABS is capable of binding to selected parts of an antibody molecule. In this manner, antibodies with no specificity for the antigen target are brought into proximity with the antigen via the PPC. This principle is advantageous for re-targeting antibodies in the circulation to sites within the body such as tumors and to block inappropriate immune responses exemplified by autoimmune disease and would allow recruitment of effector functions.
• In this way, multispecific PPCs could be used to recruit effector functions through binding to whole antibody chains. One ABS of the PPC would be directed against antigen for therapy and the second arm against whole antibodies for the recruitment of effector functions.
• In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the ABS in a PPC may be specific for an epitope of a tumor-associated antigen. The tumor-associated antigen may be associated with, for example, carcinomas, melanomas, sarcomas, gliomas, leukemias or lymphomas. A tumor-associated antigen may have more than one epitope. For example, a tumor-associated antigen may have at least 1, 2, 3, 4 epitopes. Other target antigens present in more than once cell type and useful in this invention are CD74, HLA-DR, Where the construct contain more than one ABS, the ABS may be specific for epitopes on the same tumor antigen or different tumor antigens. Thus, a PPC with 3 or 4 ABSs may bind from 1 to 3 or 4 of tumor antigens.
• In a preferred embodiment, the ABS of a PPC has the same binding specificity as monoclonal antibody (Mab) Mu-9 andMAb 679. This can be achieved, for example, by using the sequence of the monoclonal antibodies to construct the V_Hand V_Lregions of the PPC.
• In addition, the PPC of the invention may comprise one or more ABS which bind an epitope on a hapten. The hapten may be a histamine-succinyl-glycine (HSG) or indium-DTPA. Naturally, the ABS of the PPC may bind multiple epitopes of one hapten or different epitopes of different haptens. The three or more ABS of a PPC can bind any combination of tumor-associated antigens or haptens without limitation. As an example, one ABS may bind CEA while another ABS may bind a non-CEA tumor-associated antigen. For example, where the number of ABS is equal to N, the number of ABS that binds tumor-associated antigen may range from zero to N. The remainer of the ABS may all bind hapten.
• As the above examples illustrate, the multispecific PPC of the invention may serve as a substitute for multi specific engineered antibodies in any method. These methods includes any of the methods described in this disclosure and in the references, patents and patent applications cited therein. More specific examples of the use of PPC are discussed below.
• Methods for Treating, Diagnosing, and Detecting Disorders
• The invention also provides for methods for treating, diagnosing, and detecting a symptom of a neoplastic disorder by administering any of the PPC of this disclosure with an ABS directed to a cancer associated antigen. The PPC may be administered with one or more therapeutic agents, diagnostic agents, or detecting agents and one or more cytokines. The therapeutic agent may be a chemotherapeutic agent or a combination of chemotherapy agents. The administration of the therapeutic agent or cytokine may be before, during or after the administration of the PPC.
• When more than one therapeutic agents are used, the therapeutic agents may be the same or different, and may be, for example, therapeutic radionuclides, drugs, hormones, hormone antagonists, receptor antagonists, enzymes or proenzymes activated by another agent, autocrines or cytokines. Toxins also can be used in the methods of the present invention. Other therapeutic agents useful in the present invention include anti-DNA, anti-RNA, radiolabeled oligonucleotides, such as anti-sense oligonucleotides, anti-protein and anti-chromatin cytotoxic or antimicrobial agents. Other therapeutic agents are known to those skilled in the art, and the use of such other therapeutic agents in accordance with the present invention is specifically contemplated.
• In a preferred embodiment, the therapeutic agents comprise different isotopes, which are effective over different distances as a result of their individual energy emissions, are used as first and second therapeutic agents. This process achieves more effective treatment of tumors, and is useful in patients presenting with multiple tumors of differing sizes, as in normal clinical circumstances.
• Few of the available isotopes are useful for treating the very smallest tumor deposits and single cells, and a drug or toxin may be a more useful therapeutic agent in these situations. Accordingly, in preferred embodiments of the present invention, isotopes are used in combination with non-isotopic species such as drugs, toxins, and neutron capture agents. Many drugs and toxins are known which have cytotoxic effects on cells, and can be used in connection with the present invention. They are to be found in compendia of drugs and toxins, such as the Merck Index, Goodman and Gilman, and the like, and in the references cited above.
• Drugs that interfere with intracellular protein synthesis can also be used in the methods of the present invention; such drugs are known to those skilled in the art and include puromycin, cycloheximide, and ribonuclease.
• The therapeutic agents may be linked to the PPC. Methods of making linked proteins in which one recombinant protein comprises a cytotoxic agent, therapeutic agent or chemotherapeutic agent also are known to those of skill in the art. These methods can be applied to the PPC of the invention. For example, antibody-Pseudomonasexotoxin A PPCs have been described by Chaudhary et al., Nature 339: 394 (1989), Brinkmann et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 88: 8616 (1991), Batra et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 89: 5867 (1992), Friedman et al., J. Immunol. 150: 3054 (1993), Wels et al., Int. J. Can. 60:137 (1995), Fominaya et al., J. Biol. Chem. 271: 10560 (1996), Kuan et al., Biochemistry 35: 2872 (1996), and Schmidt et al., Int. J. Can. 65: 538 (1996). Antibody-toxin PPCs containing a diphtheria toxin moiety have been described by Kreitman et al., Leukemia 7: 553 (1993), Nicholls et al., J. Biol. Chem. 268: 5302 (1993), Thompson et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270: 28037 (1995), and Vallera et al., Blood 88: 2342 (1996). Deonarain et al., Tumor Targeting 1: 177 (1995), have described an antibody-toxin PPC having an RNase moiety, while Linardou et al., Cell Biophys. 24-25: 243 (1994), produced an antibody-toxin PPC comprising a DNase I component. As a further example, Dohlsten et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 91: 8945 (1994), reported an antibody-toxin PPC comprising Staphylococcal enterotoxin-A. These methods are also applicable for making the PPCs comprising a toxin of the invention. Other suitable cytotoxic agents are listed in the definitions section of this disclosure.
• It is to be understood that any combination of the above described therapeutic agents may be used. For example, a PPC may be conjugated to two or more radioisotopes, or drugs. When a mixture of therapeutic agents is used, a plurality of therapeutic agents are delivered to the tumor sites, thereby enhancing the benefits of the method. The use of mixtures of nuclides has the further advantage that a greater percentage of the injected biotinylated chelates delivers a toxic payload to the tumor target.
• The present invention also contemplates dyes used, for example, in photodynamic therapy, and used in conjunction with appropriate non-ionizing radiation. The use of light and porphyrins in methods of the present invention is also contemplated and their use in cancer therapy has been reviewed (van den Bergh, Chemistry in Britain, 22: 430-437 (1986)).
• The invention also provides for methods of reducing a symptom of a neoplastic disorder in a subject. The subject can be any animal including horses, mice, rats, pigs, bovines, chickens etc. In a preferred embodiment, the animal is a human. In the method, a PPC is administered to a patient displaying a symptom of the neoplastic disorder to reduce the symptom. The neoplastic disorder may be a carcinomas, sarcomas, gliomas, lymhomas, leukemias, melanomas or the like. In a preferred embodiment, the neoplastic disorder is a B-cell malignancy such as indolent forms of B-cell lymphomas, aggressive forms of B-cell lymphomas (including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), chronic lymphatic leukemias, or acute lymphatic leukemias.
• Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for treating B cell malignancies. The method involves administering to a subject having a B cell malignancy one or more dosages of a therapeutic composition which contains a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one PPC of the invention. The B-cell malignancies may be any B-cell malignancy including, at least, carcinomas, sarcomas, gliomas, lymphomas, leukemias, and melanomas. In the method, the PPC may be parenterally administered in a dosage of 20 to 1500 milligrams protein per dose. In a preferred embodiment, the PPC may be administered in a dosage of 20 to 500 milligrams protein per dose. In a most preferred embodiment, the PPC may be parenterally administered in a dosage of 20 to 100 milligrams protein per dose. Any of these dosages may be repeatedly administered to achieve an even higher dosage. As discussed above, the PPC of the invention, including the PPC in the methods of the invention, may be radiolabeled. In administering a PPC that is radiolabeled, the dosage of the radiolabel may be between 15 to 40 mCi. In a preferred embodiment, the dosage is between 10 and 30 mCi. In a more preferred embodiment, the dosage may be between 20 and 30 mCi. In another more preferred embodiment, the dosage may be between 10 and 20 mCi.
• In another embodiment, where a method of the calls for the administration of PPC, the PPC may be administered before, after or concurrently with a chemotherapeutic agent, cytokine, or colony stimulating factor. Specific examples of chemotherapeutic agents and cytokines are enumerated in another section of the specification.
• Any of the methods of the invention, including methods for treating autoimmune disorders and neoplastic disorders may be used to treat disorders such as cardiovascular diseases and inflammation. These disorders include clots, emboli, myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and atherosclerotic plaques. PPCs that are suitable for treating these disorders include those PPCs with an ABS specifc for CD74 (e.g., hLL1), NCA (or -CD66) and NCA90. This would include ABS with the same specificity as hMN3. The diagnostic imaging methods of the invention are particularly adaptable for using the above stated PPC. In particular, the detection methods, diagnostic methods, and the cell ablation methods may be applied to cardiovascular disorders. For example, the detection may be used to detect damaged heart and vascular tissue. The cell ablation methods may be used for targeting diseased heart tissue. Inflammation can be detected or treated with anti-granulocyte (e.g., anti-CD66, anti-CD33, anti-CD45), anti-lymphocyte (anti-B- or anti-T-cell antibodies), and/or anti-monocyte antibodies (e.g., anti-Ia or anti-CD74 antibody).
• In another embodiment of the invention, the treatment methods of the invention can be used in combination with other compounds or techniques for preventing, mitigating or reversing the side effects of cytotoxic agents. Examples of such combinations include, e.g., administration of IL-1 together with a second antibody for rapid clearance, as described. e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,624,846, from 3 to 72 hours after administration of a targeted primary PPC antibody fragment conjugate (with a radioisotope, drug or toxin as the cytotoxic component of the immunoconjugate) or of a non-conjugated drug or toxin, to enhance clearance of the conjugate, drug or toxin from the circulation and to mitigate or reverse myeloid and other hematopoietic toxicity caused by the therapeutic agent. This method is also applicable to the PPC of the invention.
• In another aspect, cancer therapy often involves a combination of more than one tumoricidal agent, e.g., a drug and a radioisotope, or a radioisotope and a Boron-10 agent for neutron-activated therapy, or a drug and a biological response modifier, or a PPC conjugate and a biological response modifier. The cytokine can be integrated into such a therapeutic regimen to maximize the efficacy of each component thereof.
• Similarly, certain antileukemic and antilymphoma antibodies conjugated with radioisotopes that are β or α emitters can induce myeloid and other hematopoietic side effects when these agents are not solely directed to the tumor cells, particularly when the tumor cells are in the circulation and in the blood-forming organs. Concomitant and/or subsequent administration of the hematopoietic cytokine (growth factor, such as colony stimulating factors (e.g., G-CSF and GM-CSF) is preferred to reduce or ameliorate the hematopoietic side effects, while augmenting the anticancer effects.
• In addition to preventing, mitigating or reversing the myelosuppressive or other hematopoietic side effects of the therapy, cytokines such as, e.g., IL-1, can have anticancer effects (Nakamura et al., Gann 77:1734-1739, 1986; Nakata et al., Cancer Res. 48:584-588, 1988), as well as IL-12, and therefore are capable of enhancing the therapeutic effect of the targeted agents when used in combination with these other therapeutic modalities. Thus, another aspect of the present invention is to maximize the antiproliferative activity of the cytokine by conjugating it to the targeting PPC to form a heteroconjugate. Since the cytokines are polypeptides, conjugation to the PPC can be performed using any of the conventional methods for linking polypeptides to antibodies. These include, e.g., use of the heterobifunctional reagent N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP), according to published procedures, e.g., that of Carlsson et al., Biochem. J. 173:723-737, 1978, use of glutaraldehyde, carbodiimide or like condensing and/or linking reagents.
• It is preferable to achieve a high ratio of the cytokine to the PPC without affecting the latter's immunoreactivity and targeting properties. Thus, it may be advantageous to use a carrier for the cytokine and to link a plurality of cytokine molecules to the carrier, which is then linked to the PPC. A particularly effective method for achieving this result is to use the method of Shih et al., PCT/US WO 87/005031, wherein an addend is conjugated to a polymer such as an aminodextran, which is then site-specifically linked to the oxidized carbohydrate portion of a PPC. Depending upon the cytokine and PPC used, 20 to more than 100 cytokine molecules per PPC can be attached without affecting the PPC appreciably, and in somecircumstances 100 to 1,000 molecules of cytokine per PPC molecule can be achieved.
• Use of IL-1 or G-CSF as the cytokine is preferable if a cytokine with antitumor activity is desired to potentiate the targeting PPC's effects, especially if the latter is conjugated with a toxic radioisotope or drug. If the targeting PPC circulates and deposits in other normal organs, such as the bone marrow, then the presence of the cytokine is important to prevent, mitigate or reverse the hematologic side effects that would normally result. Since some of the cytokines have lymphoid effector cell functions for tumor cell killing (e.g., IL-2), the heteroconjugate of this invention provides a multimodal therapy to the target, whether it be a cancer, an infection, or another lesion that is unresponsive to more traditional measures.
• An appropriate dose of the cytokine can be administered prior to, simultaneously with or subsequent to the administration of the therapeutic agent. The object will be to maximize the cytotoxic activity of the agent on the pathological lesion, such as cancer cells or infectious organisms, while minimizing toxicity to the myeloid and other hematopoietic cells. Careful monitoring of the WBC and other blood elements, including but not limited to erythrocyte (red blood cell/RBC) count, thrombocyte (platelet) count, and including a differential WBC analysis to monitor the myloid/lymphoid series, as well as the bone marrow hematological picture during the course of therapy, with particular attention to possible depletion of myeloid lymphoid forms, but also the status of immature erythrocytes, myelocytes, lymphocytes and thrombocytes, will permit optimization of the cytokine treatment. Depending upon which hematologic element is adversely affected, the choice of cytokine and administration schedule can be individualized in each circumstance, including the combination of cytokines, such as IL-1 and IL-3; IL-1 and IL-2; IL-1 and GM-CSF; IL-1, erythropoietin, and platelet growth factor and the like.
• Correlation of the choice of cytokine, singly or in combinations, and doses thereof, to hematotoxicity is important, since each cytokine generally has its effect mostly on particular hematopoietic elements. The following guidelines may be used for choosing cytokines in the methods of the invention. For example, if a cytotoxic agent has both severe myeloid and thrombocytic toxicity, the combination of IL-1 and IL-3 in a 1:1 or 2:1 (or higher) ratio will be advantageous. Thus, reduction in the WBC count to a level below about 2,000 and platelets to a level below about 20,000 can be reversed by administration of from about 1 ug to about 500 ug, preferably 5-100 ug, more preferably about 10 ug of rIL-1 in a single dose, together with or followed by administration of from about 1 ug to about 200 ug, preferably 5-50 ug, more preferably about 5 ug of IL-3. The applications can be repeated, with the reversal of the myeloid and platelet depressions occurring within about 5-20 days, usually about 7 days. The ordinary skilled clinician will appreciate that variations in the timing and dosage of cytokine administration and cytokine combinations and dosages are a function of the cytokine used, the nature of the bone marrow and/or other hematopoietic element depressed, and the nature of the patient (e.g., prior toxicity affecting bone marrow status) and the cytotoxic agent and protocol.
• Examples of autoimmune diseases that could be treated by the methods of the invention include acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, dermatomyositis, Sydenham's chorea, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis, rheumatic fever, polyglandular syndromes, bullous pemphigoid, diabetes mellitus, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, post-streptococcalnephritis, erythema nodosum, Takayasu's arteritis, Addison's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, ulcerative colitis, erythema multiforme, IgA nephropathy, polyarteritis nodosa, ankylosing spondylitis, Goodpasture's syndrome, thromboangitisubiterans, Sjogren's syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, scleroderma, chronic active hepatitis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, polychondritis, pamphigus vulgaris, Wegener's granulomatosis, membranous nephropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, tabes dorsalis, giant cell arteritis/polymyalgia, pemiciousanemia, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, psoriasis, and fibrosing alveolitis.
• The method of treating autoimmune disease may comprise an additional step of administering a secondary antibody or PPC with an ABS specific for an epitope on T-cells, plasma cells, or macrophages or inflammatory cytokines. This additional step may be performed before, during or after the administration the PPC.
• Another major application of the methods and PPCs of the invention is to depress host immunity in certain autoimmune diseases such as, for example, systemic lupus erythematosis, and in patients receiving organ transplants. In these applications, the PPC is associated with cytotoxic drugs. These cytotoxic drugs are similar to those often used in cancer chemotherapy, with the attendant myeloid and other hematopoietic side effects. In addition to these drugs, specific PPCs targeted against these lymphoid cells (particularly T-cell), (e.g., a PPC with an ABS derived from the anti-Tac monoclonal antibody of Uchiyama et al., J. Immunol. 126:1393 and 1398 (1981), which specifically binds to the human IL-2 receptor of activated T-cells) can be conjugated to cytotoxic agents, such as drugs, toxins or radioisotopes, to effect a relatively select killing of these cells involved in organ rejection. For example, a T-cell specific PPC can be conjugated with α, β or γ emitting radioisotope, and this can be administered to the patient prior to undertaking organ transplantation and, if needed, also thereafter.
• In order to effect a high T-cell killing dose without the concomitant limiting side effects to the hematopoietic system, this treatment can be combined with the use of cytokines, according to the present invention. This method is preferred for the long-term survival of many organ transplants, such as the kidney, heart, liver, etc., where a critical period of organ rejection needs to be overcome.
• The dosage level of the cytokine will be a function of the extent of compromise of the hematopoietic cells, correlated generally with the white blood cell (WBC) level in the patient. Periodic monitoring of the WBC and other blood cell counts and adjustment of the rate and frequency of infusion or the dosage of the cytokine administered to achieve a relatively constant level of WBC's will ensure that the patient does not sustain undue marrow toxicity from the therapy. Experience will permit anticipation of WBC lowering and in fusion of the cytokine at a time and in an amount sufficient to substantially prevent WBC-depression. Importantly, this also insures that excessive side effects due to the cytokine itself are not produced, but only such side effects as are necessary to prevent compromise of the patient's myeloid and other hematopoietic cell systems.
• Correlation of cytokine dosage to WBC count suggests that, in general, reduction of WBC count from a normal range of 8-12,000/mm³to a level of about 2,000 can be reversed by administration of from about 1 ug to about 500 ug, preferably 5-100 ug, more preferably about 10 ug of recombinant human IL-1 in a single dose, the reversal of WBC count depression occurring within about 2-12 days, usually about 4 days. The clinician will appreciate that variations in the timing and dosage of cytokine administration as a function of the type of cytokine used, the extent and rate of compromise of the bone marrow and/or other components of the myeloid and/or other hematopoietic elements and the individual characteristics of the patient and the therapy protocol will be possible and often desirable. These can easily be made by the clinician using conventional monitoring techniques and dosimetric principles.
• The methods of the invention, including methods for treating autoimmune disorders and neoplastic disorders may be used to treat disorders such as cardiovascular diseases and inflammation. These disorders include myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and atherosclerotic plaques. PPCs that are suitable for treating these disorders include those PPCs with an ABS specific for CD74 (e.g., hLL1), NCA (or -CD66) and NCA90. This would include ABS with the same specificity as hMN3. The diagnostic imaging methods of the invention are particularly adaptable for using the above stated PPCs. In particular, the detection methods, diagnostic methods, and the cell ablation methods may be applied to cardiovascular disorders. For example, the detection may be used to detect damaged heart and vascular tissue. The cell ablation methods may be used for targeting diseased heart tissue. Inflammation can be detected or treated with anti-granulocyte (e.g., anti-CD66, anti-CD33, anti-CD45), anti-lymphocyte (anti-B- or anti-T-cell antibodies), and/or anti-monocyte antibodies (e.g., anti-Ia or anti-CD74 antibody).
• Any of the methods of the invention, including methods for treating autoimmune disorders and neoplastic disorders may be used to treat disorders such as neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. PPC that are suitable for treating these disorders include those PPC with an ABS specific for the amyloid plaques of Alzheimer patients. The diagnostic imaging methods of the invention are particularly adaptable for using the above stated PPC. In particular, the detection methods, diagnostic methods, and the cell ablation methods may be applied to neurological disorders. For example, the detection may be used to detect damaged brain tissue or brain tissue with amyloid. The cell ablation methods may be used for targeting amyloid. Inflammation can be detected or treated with anti-amyloid PPCs.
• This invention also provides for methods of detecting and diagnosing a diseased tissue or a disease. For example, any of the methods of treatment presented may be performed with a PPC that has a detectable label, such as, for example, a radiolabel. The PPC can be detected after administration to the patient. Thus, any of the treatment methods can be used as detecting methods by the additional step of detecting the PPC after administration to the patient. Furthermore, by using a PPC with a specificity to a known pathogen, diseased cell, tumor associated antigen, disease associated antigen (e.g., amyloid) and the like, the presence of a disease may be diagnosed.
• Methods of Administration
• The preferred route for administration of the invention is parental injection. In parenteral administration, the compositions of this invention will be formulated in a unit dosage injectable form such as a solution, suspension or emulsion, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Such excipients are inherently nontoxic and nontherapeutic. Examples of such excipients are saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution and Hank's solution. Nonaqueous excipients such as fixed oils and ethyl oleate may also be used. A preferred excipient is 5% dextrose in saline. The excipient may contain minor amounts of additives such as substances that enhance isotonicity and chemical stability, including buffers and preservatives. Other methods of administration, such as oral administration are also contemplated.
• The PPC of the present invention may be administered in solution. The pH of the solution should be in the range ofpH 5 to 9.5, preferably pH 6.5 to 7.5. The PPC thereof should be in a solution having a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable buffer such as phosphate, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane-HCl or citrate and the like. Buffer concentrations should be in the range of 1 to 100 mM. The solution of the immunoglobulin may also contain a salt, such as sodium chloride or potassium chloride in a concentration of 50 to 150 mM. An effective amount of a stabilizing agent such as glycerol, albumin, a globulin, a detergent, a gelatin, a protamine or a salt of protamine may also be included and may be added to a solution containing the PPC or to the composition from which the solution is prepared. Systemic administration of the PPC is typically made every two to three days or once a week if a humanized form of the antibody is used as a template for the PPC. Alternatively, daily administration is useful. Usually administration is by either intramuscular injection or intravascular infusion.
• Administration may also be intranasal or by other nonparenteral routes. The PPC may also be administered via microspheres, liposomes or other microparticulate delivery systems placed in certain tissues including blood.
• The PPC may be administered by aerosol to achieve localized delivery to the lungs. This is accomplished by preparing an aqueous aerosol, liposomal preparation or solid particles containing or derivatives thereof. A nonaqueous (e.g., fluorocarbon propellent) suspension could be used. Sonic nebulizers preferably are used in preparing aerosols. Sonic nebulizers minimize exposing the PPC to shear, which can result in degradation of the PPC.
• In general, the dosage of administered PPC will vary depending upon such factors as the patient's age, weight, height, sex, general medical condition and previous medical history. Preferably, a saturating dose of PPC is administered to a patient.
• Typically, it is desirable to provide the recipient with a dosage that is in the range of from about 50 to 500 milligrams of PPC, although a lower or higher dosage also may be administered as circumstances dictate. Examples of dosages include 20 to 1500 milligrams protein per dose, 20 to 500 milligrams protein per dose, 20 to 100 milligrams protein per dose, 20 to 100 milligrams protein per dose, 20 to 1500 milligrams protein per dose. In the embodiments where the PPC of PPC comprise a radio nuclide, the dosage may be measured by millicurries. In that case, the dosage may be between 15 and 40 mCi, 10 and 30 mCi, 20 and 30 mCi, or 10 and 20 mCi.
• A composition is said to be a “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” if its administration can be tolerated by a recipient patient. Sterile phosphate-buffered saline is one example of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Other suitable carriers are well-known to those in the art. See, for example, REMINGTON'SPHARMACEUTICALSCIENCES,19th Ed. (Mack Publishing Co. 1995), and Goodman and Gilman's THE PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS OF THERAPEUTICS (Goodman et al., Eds. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, 1980 and 2001 editions).
• For purposes of therapy, one or more PPCs and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are administered to a patient in a therapeutically effective amount. A combination of one or more PPCs and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is said to be administered in a “therapeutically effective amount” if the amount administered is physiologically significant. An agent is physiologically significant if its presence results in a detectable change in the physiology of a recipient patient. In the present context, an agent is physiologically significant if its presence results in the inhibition of the growth of target cells.
• PPC linked to radionuclide are particularly effective for microbial therapy. After it has been determined that PPC are localized at infectious sites in a subject, higher doses of the labeled PPC, generally from 20 mCi to 150 mCi per dose for I-131, 5 mCi to 30 mCi per dose for Y-90, or 5 mCi to 20 mCi Re-186, each based on a 70 kg patient weight, are injected. Injection may be intravenous, intraarterial, intralymphatic, intrathecal, or intracavitary (i.e., parenterally), and may be repeated. It may be advantageous for some therapies to administer multiple, divided doses of PPC or PPC composite, thus providing higher microbial toxic doses without usually effecting a proportional increase in radiation of normal tissues.
• A variety of radionuclides are useful for therapy, and they may be incorporated into the specific PPC by the labeling techniques discussed above, as well as other conventional techniques well known to the art. Preferred therapeutically effective radionuclides are actinium-225, astatine-211, bismuth-212, yttrium-90, rhenium-186, rhenium-188, copper-67, phosphorus-32, lutetium-177, iodine-131, and iodine-125, although other radionuclides as well as photosensitizing agents are also suitable.
• As discussed above, the PPC may be labeled and the use of a labeled PPC in the methods of the invention is also contemplated. The dosage of the radiolabel may be in the range of between 10 and 60 mCi per dose for yttrium-90. Preferably, between 10 and 50 mCi per dose. Most preferably, between 15 and 40 mCi, or between 20 to 30 mCi per dose or between 10 to 30 mCi per dose of yttrium-90.
• In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the PPC to be administered to a patient suffering from a neoplastic disorder is an PPC comprising at least one ABS specific for an epitope from the appropriate tumor-associated antigen. That is, the PPC can bind one of these tumor-associated antigens at more than one site (epitope). Bispecific and polyspecific immunoglobulin derivative have may uses which are enumerated in WO02082041A2.
• In practicing the methods of the invention the PPC may further comprise any of the additional components described above which includes, at least, toxins, radionuclide, chemotherapeutic agents or antimicrobial agents. In some embodiments of the invention, a chemotherapeutic agent may be physically linked to the PPC. In other embodiments, the chemotherapeutic agent may be unlinked. Unlinked chemotherapeutic agents may be administered before, during, or after the administration of the PPC.
• In another embodiment of the invention, the PPC may be administered before, during, or after administration of a cytokine moiety. Other agents that can be advantageously administered before, during of after the administration of PPC, for any of the methods of the invention, include at least, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, and the like. Other useful agents include a hematopoietic growth factors conjugated to a bispecific antibody.
• The PPC of the invention may be substituted for immunoglobulin used for cancer therapy. It is well known that radioisotopes, drugs, and toxins can be conjugated to antibodies or antibody fragments which specifically bind to markers which are produced by or associated with cancer cells, and that such antibody conjugates can be used to target the radioisotopes, drugs or toxins to tumor sites to enhance their therapeutic efficacy and minimize side effects. Examples of these agents and methods are reviewed in Wawrzynczak and Thorpe (in Introduction to the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer, L. M. Franks and N. M. Teich, eds, Chapter 18, pp. 378410, Oxford University Press. Oxford, 1986), in Immunoconjugates. Antibody Conjugates in Radioimaging and Therapy of Cancer (C. W. Vogel, ed., 3-300, Oxford University Press, N.Y., 1987), in Dillman, R. O. (CRC Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 1:357, CRC Press, Inc., 1984), in Pastan et al. (Cell 47:641, 1986). in Vitetta et al. (Science 238:1098-1104, 1987) and in Brady et al. (Int. J. Rad. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 13:1535-1544, 1987). Other examples of the use of immunoconjugates for cancer and other forms of therapy have been disclosed, inter alia, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,331,647, 4,348,376,4,361,544, 4,468,457, 4,444,744, 4,460,459, 4,460,561 4,624,846, 4,818,709, 4,046,722, 4,671,958, 4,046,784, 5,332,567, 5,443,953, 5,541,297, 5,601,825, 5,635,603, 5,637,288, 5,677,427, 5,686,578, 5,698,178, 5,789,554, 5,922,302, 6,187,287, and 6,319,500. These methods are also applicable to the methods of the invention by the substitution of the immunoconjugated engineered antibodies and antibodies of the previous methods with the PPC of this invention.
• The PPC of the invention, for use in any of the methods of the invention, may be associated or administered with antimicrobial agents.
• The PPC of the invention, for use in any of the methods of the invention, may be associated or administered with cytokines and immune modulators (defined elsewhere in this disclosure). These cytokines and immune modulators, includes, at least, interferonss alpha, beta and gamma, and colony stimulating factors.
• The invention also provides for methods for stimulating the immune response in a patient using the PPC of the invention. In one embodiment, the PPC of the invention may comprise an ABS of an anti-idiotype antibody. The PPC may mimic an epitope of a tumor-associated antigen to enhance the body's immune response.
• The PPC of the invention may be used for many immunological procedures currently employing antibodies. These procedures include the use of anti-idiotypic antibodies and epitope conjugated antibodies to boost the immune system. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,798,100 6,090,381, 6,132,718. Anti-idiotypic antibodies are also employed as vaccines against cancers and infectious diseases U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,440,416 and 6,472,511. Further polyspecific PPC may bind multidrug transporter proteins and overcome multidrug resistant phenotype in cells and pathogens. The antibodies in these methods may be replaced by the PPC of this invention.
• The invention also provides for a method for treating a symtom of an autoimmune disorder. In the method, an PPC of the invention is administered to a patient with an autoimmune disorder. The PPC may be admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier before administration. The PPC of this method should contain at least one ABS with binding specificity to a B-cell antigen epitope. The B cell antigen may be CD22 and the epitope may be epitope A, epitope B, epitope C, epitope D and epitope E of CD22. The B cell-associated antigen may also be another cell antigen such as CD 19, CD20, HLA-DR and CD74.
• The ABS may contain a sequence of subhuman primate, murine monoclonal antibody, chimeric antibody, humanized antibody, or human origin. For example, the ABS may be of humanized LL2 (anti-CD22) or A20 (anti-CD20) monoclonal antibody origin.
• The administration may be parenteral with dosages from 20 to 2000 mg per dose. Administration may be repeated until a degree of reduction in symptom is achieved.
• The patients who may be treated by the methods of the invention include any animal including humans. Preferably, the animal is a mammal such as humans, primates, equines, canines and felines.
• The method and PPCs of the invention may be used for the treatment of diseases that are resistant or refractory towards systemic chemotherapy. These include various viral, fungal, bacterial and protozoan infections, as well as particular parasitic infections. Other viral infections include those caused by influenza virus, herpes virus, e.g., Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus, rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae) and papovavirus, all of which are difficult to treat with systemic antibiotic/cytotoxic agents. Use of PPC conjugates, provides a significantly higher therapeutic index for antiviral drugs and toxins, thus enhancing their efficacy and reducing systemic side effects. Targeted radioimmunotherapy with conjugates of PPC with therapeutic radioisotopes (including boron addends activatable with thermal neutrons) offers a new approach to antiviral therapy
• Protozoans that may be treated by the methods and PPCs include, e.g., Plasmodia (especiallyP. falciparum, the malaria parasite),Toxoplasma gondii(the toxoplasmosis infectious agent), Leishmaniae (infectious agent in leishmaniasis), andEscherichia histolytica. Detection and treatment of malaria in its various stages is significantly enhanced using the PPC of the invention. As noted above, MAbs that bind to sporozoite antigens are known. However, since sporozoite antigens are not shared by blood stage parasites, the use of MAbs against sporozoite antigens for targeting is limited to a relatively short period of time in which the sporozoites are free in the circulation, prior to and just after injection of and development in the host's hepatocytes. Thus, it is preferable to use a mixture of PPCs. Alternatively, a PPC with ABSs that target more than one parasite stage of a protozoan (such asP. falciparum) is also useful. The MAbs are conjugated to a suitable radionuclide for imaging (e.g., Tc-99m) or for therapy (e.g., astatine-211; rhenium-186), or with an antimalarial drug (e.g., pyrimethamine) for more selective therapy.
• Toxoplasmosis is also resistant to systemic chemotherapy. It is not clear whether MAbs that bind specifically toT. gondii, or natural, host antibodies, can play a role in the immune response to toxoplasmosis but, as in the case of malarial parasites, appropriately targeted PPC are effective vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic agents.
• Schistosomiasis, a widely prevalent helminth infection, is initiated by free-swimming cercariae that are carried by some freshwater snails. As in the case of malaria, there are different stages of cercariae involved in the infectious process. PPCs that bind to a plurality of stages of cercariae, optionally to a plurality of epitopes on one or more thereof, and preferably in the form of a polyspecific composite, can be conjugated to an imaging or therapy agent for effective targeting and enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
• PPCs that bind to one or more forms ofTrypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease, can be made and used for detection and treatment of this microbial infection. PPCs which reacts with a cell-surface glycoprotein, as well as PPCs reactive with other surface antigens on differentiation stages of the trypanosome, are suitable for directing imaging and therapeutic agents to sites of parasitic infiltration in the body.
• Another very difficult infectious organism to treat by available drugs is the leprosybacillus(Mycobacterium leprae). PPCs that specifically bind to a plurality of epitopes on the surface ofM. lepraecan be made and can be used, alone or in combination, to target imaging agents and/or antibiotic/cytotoxic agents to thebacillus.
• Helminthic parasitic infections, e.g., Strongyloidosis and Trichinosis, themselves relatively refractory towards chemotherapeutic agents, are suitable candidates for PPC-targeted diagnosis and therapy according to the invention, using PPCs that bind specifically to one or, preferably, to a plurality of epitopes on the parasites.
• Antibodies are available or can easily be raised that specifically bind to most of the microbes and parasites responsible for the majority of infections in humans. Many of these have been used previously for in vitro diagnostic purposes and the present invention shows their utility as components of antibody conjugates to target diagnostic and therapeutic agents to sites of infection. Microbial pathogens and invertebrate parasites of humans and mammals are organisms with complex life cycles having a diversity of antigens expressed at various stages thereof. Therefore, targeted treatment can best be effected when PPC conjugates which recognize antigen determinants on the different forms are made and used in combination, either as mixtures or as polyspecific conjugates, linked to the appropriate therapeutic modality. The production of PPC is not difficult because the antibody may be purified and its sequence determined. The same principle applies to using the reagents comprising PPCs for detecting sites of infection by attachment of imaging agents, e.g., radionuclides and/or MRI enhancing agents.
• The invention also provides a method of intraoperatively identifying diseased tissues by administering an effective amount of a PPC; and a targetable construct where the PPC comprises at least one antigen binding site that specifically binds a targeted tissue and at least one other antigen binding site that specifically binds the targetable construct; and wherein said at least one antigen binding site is capable of binding to a complementary binding moiety on the target cells, tissues or pathogen or on a molecule produced by or associated therewith.
• The invention also provides a method for the endoscopic identification of diseased tissues, in a subject, by administering an effective amount of a PPC and administering a targetable construct. The PPC comprises at least one antigen binding site that specifically binds a targeted tissue and at least one antigen binding site that specifically binds the targetable construct; and wherein said at least one antigen binding site shows specific binding to a complementary binding moiety on the target cells, tissues or pathogen or on a molecule produced by or associated therewith.
• An alternative method of detection suitable for use in the present invention is wireless capsule endoscopy, using an ingested capsule camera/detector of the type that is commercially available from, for example, Given Imaging (Norcross Ga.).
• The invention also provides a method for the endoscopic identification of diseased tissues, in a subject, by administering an effective amount of a PPC; and administering a targetable construct. In this embodiment, the PPC comprises at least one antigen binding site that specifically binds a targeted tissue and at least one antigen binding site that specifically binds the targetable construct; and wherein said at least one antigen binding site shows specific binding to a complementary binding moiety on the target cells, tissues or pathogen or on a molecule produced by or associated therewith.
• The invention also provides a method for the intravascular identification of diseased tissues, in a subject by administering an effective amount of a PPC and a targetable construct. The PPC comprise at least one antigen binding site that specifically binds a targeted tissue and at least one antigen binding site that specifically binds a targetable construct. The at least one antigen binding site is capable of binding to a complementary binding moiety on the target cells, tissues or pathogen or on a molecule produced by or associated with the cell, tissues or pathogen. The target tissue may be a tissue from normal thyroid, liver, heart, ovary, thymus, parathyroid, endometrium, bone marrow, or spleen.
• The invention also provides for a kit for practicing the methods of the invention. The kit may include a targetable construct. The targetable construct may be labeled by any of the labels described as suitable for targetable constructs above. Further, the targetable construct may be unlabeled but the kit may comprise labeling reagents to label the targetable construct. The labeling reagents, if included, may contain the label and a crosslinker. The kit may also contain an PPC of the invention comprising at least one ABS specific for the targetable construct and at least one ABS specific for a targetable tissue. The kit may optionally contain a clearing composition for clearing non-localized PPC.
• Nucleic Acid Encoding PPC
• Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule with at least one open reading frame (ORF) that encodes at least one polypeptide of any of the PPC of the invention. The open reading frame of the nucleic acids of the invention may be linked, in an operational manner, to one or more nucleic acid elements that promote the expression of the open reading frame. These elements are known to those of skill in the art and include, at least, promoters, enhancers, proximal stimulatory elements and the like. In a preferred embodiment, a nucleic acid molecule may comprise two open reading frame that together express both chains of a PPC (see, e.g.,FIG. 1A).
• The nucleic acids of the invention may be present in many forms such as, for example, an expression cassette or an episome (plasmids, cosmids, and the like). Thus, an expression cassette or an episome, such as a plasmid or cosmid) is also envisioned as an embodiment of the invention. Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a host cell comprising a nucleic acid of the invention. The host cell may be anE. Coli, a yeast, a plant cell or a mammalian cell. Mammalian cells may be, for example, a human cell or a mouse cell.
• The nucleic acids of the invention may be expressed. Where the nucleic acid is an RNA, the expression may involve a first step of reverse transcribing the RNA into DNA. The DNA sequence may then be operably linked to regulatory sequences controlling transcriptional expression in an expression vector and then, introduced into either a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell. In addition to transcriptional regulatory sequences, such as promoters and enhancers, expression vectors include translational regulatory sequences and a marker gene which is suitable for selection of cells that carry the expression vector.
• Suitable promoters for expression in a prokaryotic host can be repressible, constitutive, or inducible. Suitable promoters are well-known to those of skill in the art and include promoters capable of recognizing the T4, T3, Sp6 and T7 polymerases, the PR and PL promoters of bacteriophage lambda, the trp, recA, heat shock, and lacZ promoters ofE. coli, the α-amylase and the sigma-specific promoters ofB. subtilis, the promoters of the bacteriophages ofBacillus, Streptomycespromoters, the int promoter of bacteriophage lambda, the bla promoter of the β-lactamase gene of pBR322, and the CAT promoter of the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene. Prokaryotic promoters are reviewed by Glick, J. Ind. Microbiol. 1: 277 (1987); Watson et al., MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE GENE, 4th Ed., Benjamin Cummins (1987); Ausubel et al., supra, and Sambrook et al., supra.
• The invention also provides for a host cell carrying the nucleic acids of the invention. A preferred prokaryotic host isE. coli. Preferred strains ofE. coliinclude Y1088, Y1089, CSH18, ER1451, and ER1647 (see, for example, Brown (Ed.), MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LABFAX, Academic Press (1991)). An alternative preferred host isBacillus subtilus, including such strains as BR151, YB886, MI119, MI120, and B170 (see, for example, Hardy, “BacillusCloning Methods,” in DNA CLONING: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, Glover (Ed.), IRL Press (1985)). Other host include mammalian cells.
• Methods for expressing nucleic acids are well-known to those of skill in the art. See, for example, Ward et al., “Genetic Manipulation and Expression of Antibodies,” in MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, pages 137-185 (Wiley-Liss, Inc. 1995). Moreover, expression systems for cloning antibodies in prokaryotic cells are commercially available. For example, the IMMUNO ZAP.TM. Cloning and Expression System (Stratagene Cloning Systems; La Jolla, Calif.) provides vectors for the expression of antibody light and heavy chains inE. coli.
• The nucleic acids of the invention is preferably expressed in eukaryotic cells, and especially mammalian, insect, and yeast cells. Especially preferred eukaryotic hosts are mammalian cells. Mammalian cells provide post-translational modifications to the cloned polypeptide including proper folding and glycosylation. For example, such mammalian host cells include COS-7 cells (ATCC CRL 1651), non-secreting myeloma cells (SP2/0-AG14; ATCC CRL 1581), rat pituitary cells (GH₁; ATCC CCL 82), and rat hepatoma cells (H-4-II-E; ATCC CRL 1548).
• For a mammalian host, the transcriptional and translational regulatory signals may be derived from viral sources, such as adenovirus, bovine papilloma virus, and simian virus. In addition, promoters from mammalian expression products, such as actin, collagen, or myosin, can be employed. Alternatively, a prokaryotic promoter (such as the bacteriophage T3 RNA polymerase promoter) can be employed, wherein the prokaryotic promoter is regulated by a eukaryotic promoter (for example, see Zhou et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:4529 (1990); Kaufinan et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 19:4485 (1991)). Transcriptional initiation regulatory signals may be selected which allow for repression or activation, so that expression of the genes can be modulated. In general, eukaryotic regulatory regions will include a promoter region sufficient to direct the initiation of RNA synthesis. Such eukaryotic promoters include the promoter of the mouse metallothionein I gene (Hamer et al., J. Mol. Appl. Gen. 1:273 (1982)); the TK promoter of Herpes virus (McKnight, Cell 31:355 (1982)); the SV40 early promoter (Benoist et al., Nature (London) 290:304 (1981)); the Rous sarcoma virus promoter (Gorman et al., supra); the cytomegalovirus promoter (Foecking et al., Gene 45:101 (1980)); the yeast gal4 gene promoter (Johnston, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 79:6971 (1982); Silver et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 81:5951 (1984)); and the IgG promoter (Orlandi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3833 (1989)).
• Strong regulatory sequences are the most preferred regulatory sequences of the present invention. Examples of such preferred regulatory sequences include the SV40 promoter-enhancer (Gorman, “High Efficiency Gene Transfer into Mammalian cells,” in DNA CLONING: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, Volume II, Glover (Ed.), IRL Press pp. 143-190 (1985)), the hCMV-MIE promoter-enhancer (Bebbington et al., Bio/Technology 10:169 (1992)), and antibody heavy chain promoter (Orlandi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3833 (1989)). Also preferred are the kappa chain enhancer for the expression of the light chain and the IgH enhance (Gillies, “Design of Expression Vectors and Mammalian Cell Systems Suitable for Engineered Antibodies,” in Antibody Engineering: A Practical Guide, C. Borrebaeck (Ed.), W. H. Freeman and Company, pp. 139-157 (1992); Orlandi et al., supra).
• The PPC sequence and an operably linked promoter may be introduced into eukaryotic cells as a non-replicating DNA molecule, which may be either a linear molecule or, more preferably, a closed covalent circular molecule. Since such molecules are incapable of autonomous replication, the expression of the protein may occur through the transient expression of the introduced sequence. Preferably, permanent expression occurs through the integration of the introduced sequence into the host chromosome.
• Preferably, the introduced sequence will be incorporated into a plasmid or viral vector that is capable of autonomous replication in the recipient host. Several possible vector systems are available for this purpose. One class of vectors utilize DNA elements which provide autonomously replicating extra-chromosomal plasmids, derived from animal viruses such as bovine papilloma virus, polyoma virus, adenovirus, or SV40 virus. A second class of vectors relies upon the integration of the desired genomic or cDNA sequences into the host chromosome.
• Additional elements may also be needed for optimal synthesis of mRNA. These elements may include splice signals, as well as transcription promoters, enhancers, and termination signals. The cDNA expression vectors incorporating such elements include those described by Okayama, Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:280 (1983), Sambrook et al., supra, Ausubel et al., supra, Bebbington et al., supra, Orlandi et al., supra, and Fouser et al., Bio/Technology 10:1121 (1992); Gillies, supra. Genomic DNA expression vectors which include intron sequences are described by Orlandi et al., supra. Also, see generally, Lemer et al. (Eds.), NEWTECHNIQUESINANTIBODYGENERATION, Methods 2(2) (1991).
• Methods Involving Targetable Constructs
• The invention also provides for a method of treating or diagnosing a disorder. In the method, an PPC of the invention which has at least (A) one ABS specific for an epitope of a targeted tissue and (B) one ABS specific for a targetable construct is provided is administered to the patient. Following the administration of the PPC, the targetable construct is administered to the patient. The PPC and the targetable construct may be administered to the patient at substantially the same time.
• The targetable construct, for the purposes of this disclosure may be of two formulas.
• In the first structure, the targetable construct is a compound of the formula:
  X-Phe-Lys(HSG)-D-Tyr-Lys(HSG)-Lys(Y)-NH₂;
• • where the compound includes a hard acid cation chelator at X or Y, and a soft acid cation chelator at remaining X or Y; and wherein the compound further comprises at least one diagnostic or therapeutic cation, and/or one or more chelated or chemically bound therapeutic agent, diagnostic agent, or enzyme (described elsewhere in this disclosure). The diagnostic agent could be, for example, Gd(III), Eu(III), Dy(III), Pr(III), Pa(IV), Mn(II), Cr(III), Co(III), Fe(III), Cu(II), Ni(II), Ti(III), V(IV) ions or a radical.
• In the second formula, the targetable construct is a compound of the formula:
  X-Phe-Lys(HSG)-D-Tyr-Lys(HSG)-Lys(Y)-NH₂;
• • where the compound includes a hard acid cation chelator or a soft acid cheator at X or Y, and nothing at the remaining X or Y; and wherein the compound further comprises at least one diagnostic or therapeutic cation, and/or one or more chelated or chemically bound therapeutic agent, diagnostic agent, or enzyme (described elsewhere in this disclosure). The diagnostic agent could be, for example, Gd(III), Eu(III), Dy(III), Pr(III), Pa(IV), Mn(II), Cr(III), Co(III), Fe(III), Cu(II), Ni(II), Ti(III), V(IV) ions or a radical.
• Any method of the invention that uses a targetable construct may also use a combination of targetable constructs. In a preferred embodiment, the targetable constructs are IMP241, IMP281 (FIG. 9A), IMP284 (FIG. 9B), IMP288, or a combination thereof.
• In this method, a clearing composition may be optionally administered to the patient to clear non-localized PPC from circulation. The clearing compound is administered after the administration of the PPC but before the administration of the targetable construct. These methods are described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,624,846, WO 92/19273, and Sharkey et al., Int. J. Cancer 51: 266 (1992).
• The described method may be used for in vivo diagnosis. The method of diagnostic imaging with radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies is well-known and is applicable for the PPC of this invention. In the technique of immunoscintigraphy, for example, antibodies are labeled with a γ-emitting radioisotope and introduced into a patient. A γ camera is used to detect the location and distribution of γ-emitting radioisotopes. See, for example, Srivastava (ed.), RADIOLABELEDMONOCLONALANTIBODIESFORIMAGINGANDTHERAPY(Plenum Press 1988), Chase, “Medical Applications of Radioisotopes,” in REMINGTON'SPHARMACEUTICALSCIENCES,18th Edition, Gennaro et al. (eds.), pp. 624-652 (Mack Publishing Co., 990), Brown, “Clinical Use of Monoclonal Antibodies,” in BIOTECHNOLOGYANDPHARMACY227-49, Pezzuto et al. (eds.) (Chapman & Hall 1993), and Goldenberg, CA—A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 44: 43 (1994). The methods of the invention may be practiced, for example, by the substitution of the monoclonal antibodies of the above referenced techniques with the PPCs of the invention.
• For diagnostic imaging, radioisotopes may be bound to a PPC either directly, or indirectly by using an intermediary functional group. Useful intermediary functional groups include chelators such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,313 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,128,119.
• For purely diagnostic purposes (as opposed to therapeutic or diagnostic/therapeutic purposes) radiation dose delivered to the patient is maintained at as low a level as possible by choosing an isotope with the best combination of minimum half-life, minimum retention in the body, and minimum quantity of isotope which will permit detection and accurate measurement. Examples of radioisotopes that can be bound to the PPC and are appropriate for diagnostic imaging include γ-emitters and positron-emitters such as⁹⁹Tc,⁶⁷Ga,¹¹¹In,¹²³I,¹²⁴I,¹²⁵I,¹³¹I,⁵¹Cr,⁸⁹Zr,¹⁸F and⁶⁸Ga. Other suitable radioisotopes are known to those of skill in the art. Preferred γ-emitters have a γ radiation emission peak in the range of 50-500 Kev, primarily because the state of the art for radiation detectors currently favors such labels. Examples of such γ-emitters include⁹⁹Tc,⁶⁷Ga,¹²³I,¹²⁵I and¹³¹I.
• The PPCs also can be labeled with paramagnetic ions for purposes of in vivo diagnosis. Elements that are particularly useful for magnetic resonance imaging include Gd, Mn, Dy and Fe ions. Other methods for enhancing in vivo diagnosis may be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,096,089, 5,965,131 and 5,958,048.
• In an alternate approach, detection methods are improved by taking advantage of the binding between avidin/streptavidin and biotin. Avidin, found in egg whites, has a very high binding affinity for biotin, which is a B-complex vitamin. Streptavidin, isolated fromStreptomyces avidinii, is similar to avidin, but has lower non-specific tissue binding and therefore, streptavidin often is used in place of avidin. A basic diagnostic method comprises administering a PPC composite conjugated with avidin/streptavidin (or biotin), injecting a clearing composition comprising biotin (or avidin/streptavidin), and administering a conjugate of a diagnostic agent and biotin (or avidin/streptavidin). Preferably, the biotin (or avidin/streptavidin) component of the clearing composition is coupled with a carbohydrate moiety (such as dextran) or a polyol group (e.g., polyethylene glycol) to decrease immunogenicity and permit repeated applications.
• A modification of the basic method is performed by parenterally injecting a mammal with a PPC which has been conjugated with avidin/streptavidin (or biotin), injecting a clearing composition comprising biotin (or avidin/streptavidin), and parenterally injecting a polyspecific PPC according to the present invention, which further comprises avidin/streptavidin (or biotin). See WO 94/04702.
• In a further variation of this method, improved detection can be achieved by conjugating multiple avidin/streptavidin or biotin moieties to a polymer which, in turn, is conjugated to a PPC component. Adapted to the present invention, monospecific or polyspecific PPCs can be produced which contain multiple avidin/streptavidin or biotin moieties. Techniques for constructing and using multiavidin/multistreptavidin and/or multibiotin polymer conjugates to obtain amplification of targeting are disclosed by Griffiths, PCT application number PCT/US94/04295.
• In another variation, improved detection is achieved by injecting a targeting PPC composite conjugated to biotin (or avidin/streptavidin), injecting at least one dose of an avidin/streptavidin (or biotin) clearing agent, and injecting a diagnostic composition comprising a conjugate of biotin (or avidin/streptavidin) and a naturally occurring metal atom chelating protein which is chelated with a metal detection agent. Suitable targeting proteins according to the present invention would be ferritin, metallothioneins, ferredoxins, and the like. See, PCT/US94/05149.
• In another embodiment, the methods of the invention may be used for therapy. In the therapeutic methods, a suitable therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of radioisotope, boron addend, immunomodulator, toxin, photoactive agent or dye, cancer chemotherapeutic drug, antiviral drug, antifungal drug, antibacterial drug, antiprotozoal drug and chemosensitizing agent (See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,925,648, 4,932,412). Suitable chemotherapeutic agents are described in REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, 19th Ed. (Mack Publishing Co. 1995), and in Goodman and Gilman's THEPHARMACOLOGICALBASIS OFTHERAPEUTICS(Goodman et al., Eds. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, 1980 and 2001 editions). Moreover a suitable therapeutic radioisotope is selected from the group consisting of α-emitters, β-emitters, .γ.-emitters, Auger electron emitters, neutron capturing agents that emit α-particles and radioisotopes that decay by electron capture. Preferably, the radioisotope is selected from the group consisting of²²⁵Ac,¹⁹⁸Au,³²P,¹²⁵I,¹³¹I,⁹⁰Y,¹⁸⁶Re,¹⁸⁸Re,⁶⁷Cu,¹⁷⁷Lu,²¹³Bi,¹⁰B, and²¹¹At.
• Boron, when used as a therapeutic agent is useful in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). BNCT is based on the nuclear reaction which occurs when a stable isotope, B-10 (present in 19.8% natural abundance), is irradiated with thermal neutrons to produce an a particle and a Li-7 nucleus. These particles have a path length of about one cell diameter, resulting in high linear energy transfer. Just a few of the short-range 1.7 MeV α particles produced in this nuclear reaction are sufficient to target the cell nucleus and destroy it. Barth et al., Cancer, 70: 2995-3007 (1992). Since the¹⁰B(n,α)₇Li reaction will occur, and thereby produce significant biological effect, only when there is a sufficient number of thermal neutrons and a critical amount of B-10 localized around or within the malignant cell, the radiation produced is localized. The neutron capture cross section of B-10 far exceeds that of nitrogen and hydrogen found in tissues, which also can undergo capture reactions, (relative numbers: 1 for N-14, 5.3 for H-1, and 11560 for B-10), so that once a high concentration differential of B-10 is achieved between normal and malignant cells, only the latter will be affected upon neutron irradiation. This is the scientific basis for boron neutron capture therapy. This method is described in more detail in Barth et al., supra; Barth et al. Cancer Res., 50: 1061-70 (1990); Perks et al., Brit. J. Radiol., 61: 1115-26 (1988).
• Therapeutic preparations contemplated herein comprise PPC comprising an ABS specific for an epitope of a pathogen. This PPC is conjugated to a therapeutically effective radioisotope and/or antibiotic/cytotoxic drug, in a suitable vehicle for parenteral administration. A therapeutic preparation may likewise comprise a polyspecific anti-pathogen PPC composite conjugated to a radioisotope and/or antibiotic/cytotoxic drug.
• It is advantageous in certain cases to combine a drug with a radionuclide, especially where the pathogen “hides” or is somewhat inaccessible. The longer range action of radionuclides can reach hidden pathogen so long as some antigen is accessible to the conjugate. Also, radiation can cause lysis of an infected cell and expose intracellular pathogen to the antimicrobial drug component of the conjugate.
• The anti-microbial polyspecific imaging PPCs and monospecific or polyspecific therapeutic PPCs according to the invention also can be conveniently provided in a therapeutic or diagnostic kit for PPC targeting to a focus of infection. Typically, such a kit will comprise a vial containing the PPC conjugate of the present invention, either as a lyophilized preparation or in an injection vehicle. If the conjugate is to be used for scintigraphic imaging or for radioisotope therapy, it will generally be provided as a cold conjugate together with reagents and accessories for radiolabeling, in separate containers, while MRI agents and therapeutic drug/toxin conjugates will generally be supplied with a paramagnetic species or an antibiotic/cytotoxic agent already conjugated to the PPC. The kit may further contain a second, separately packaged, unlabeled PPC specific the therapeutic agent, a carrier therefor, or a chelating agent for the radionuclide or paramagnetic ion.
• It is well known in the art that various methods of radionuclide therapy can be used for the treatment of cancer and other pathological conditions, as described. e.g., in Harbert, “Nuclear Medicine Therapy”, New York, Thieme Medical Publishers, 1087, pp. 1-340. A clinician experienced in these procedures will readily be able to adapt the cytokine adjuvant therapy described herein to such procedures to mitigate the hematopoietic side effects thereof. Similarly, therapy with cytotoxic drugs, either administered alone or as PPC conjugates for more precisely targeted therapy. e.g., for treatment of cancer, infectious or autoimmune diseases, and for organ rejection therapy, is governed by analogous principles to radioisotope therapy with isotopes or radiolabeled antibodies. Thus, the ordinary skilled clinician will be able to adapt the description of cytokine use to mitigate marrow suppression and other such hematopoietic side effects by administration of the cytokine before, during and/or after drug therapy.
• Therapeutically useful immunoconjugates can be obtained by conjugating photoactive agents or dyes to a PPC of the invention. Fluorescent and other chromogens, or dyes, such as porphyrins sensitive to visible light, have been used to detect and to treat lesions by directing the suitable light to the lesion. In therapy, this has been termed photoradiation, phototherapy, or photodynamic therapy (Jori et al., (eds.), PHOTODYNAMICTHERAPYOFTUMORSANDOTHERDISEASES(Libreria Progetto 1985); van den Bergh, Chem. Britain 22:430 (1986)). Moreover, monoclonal antibodies have been coupled with photoactivated dyes for achieving phototherapy. Mew et al., J. Immunol. 130:1473 (1983); idem., Cancer Res. 45:4380 (1985); Oseroffet al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:8744 (1986); idem., Photochem. Photobiol. 46:83 (1987); Hasan et al, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 288:471 (1989); Tatsuta et al., Lasers Surg. Med. 9:422 (1989); Pelegrin et al., Cancer 67:2529 (1991). The present invention contemplates the therapeutic use of PPC comprising photoactive agents or dyes. Anti-CD 19 and anti-CD20 antibodies are known to those of skill in the art. See, for example, Ghetie et al, Cancer Res. 48:2610 (1988); Hekrnan et al., Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 32:364 (1991); Kaminski et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 329:459 (1993); Press et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 329:1219 (1993); Maloney et al., Blood 84:2457 (1994); Press et al., Lancet 346:336 (1995); Longo, Curr. Opin. Oncol. 8:353 (1996).
• The targetable construct may contain¹⁰B atoms. In this case, the method may comprise an additional step of effecting BNCT of a diseased tissue (including neoplastic tissue) where the targetable construct is located. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,846,741, 6,228,362 for a discussion of BNCT.
• In another embodiment of the invention, the targetable construct of the method may comprise an enzyme. The enzyme may be one that can increase the cytotoxicity of a drug. For example, the enzyme may convert a drug from a nontoxic form to a toxic form. Alternatively, the enzyme may convert a toxic drug to an even more toxic drug. Examples of such enzyme-prodrug binding partners are I-131-antibody-carboxypeptidase G2 and topoisomerase-inhibiting prodrug CPT-11; β-lactamase and cephalosporin-doxorubicin; alkaline phosphatase and etoposide phosphate; carboxypeptidase G2 and glutamic acid derivative of benzoic acid mustard; and β-glucuronidase and the glucuronide of any drug which can form a glucuronide, such as p-hydroxyaniline mustard. Other examples of targeted enzymes for prodrug activation are discussed in Bioconjuate Chem., Vol. 4, (1), 3-9 (1993).
• In the methods where the PPC is labeled or the targetable construct is labeled, the method may be used to detect a target cell, target tissue, or a pathogen (i.e., infectious agent) in a patient.
• Methods for Producing PPC
• The invention also provides for methods for producing the PPC of the invention. In one embodiment, the methods comprise providing a first polypeptide having an amino acid sequence comprising 3 or 4 v-regions (i.e., a₁, a₂, a₃, etc.) linearly arranged in the polypeptide sequence, optionally comprising amino acid linking sequences interspersed between the v-regions, and providing a second polypeptide having an amino acid sequence comprising 3 or 4 v-regions (i.e., b₁, b₂, b₃, etc.) linearly arranged in the polypeptide sequence, optionally comprising amino acid linking sequences interspersed between the v-regions; and contacting the first and second polypeptides under appropriate conditions such that the individual polypeptide chains arrange laterally to one another and bind to one another by the complemetarity binding of corresponding v-regions (i.e. a₁to b₁, a₂to b₂, a₃to b₃, etc.) to form the PPC.
• The methods of producing the PPC's may be performed, for example, by producing the polypeptides on a peptide synthesizer and combining them in solution under appropriate conditions to allow for the complementarity binding of the individual polypeptide chains. Those of ordinary skill in the art are aware of several such methods for combining the individual polypeptide chains. Forexample polypeptide 1 andpolypeptide 2 of a PPC may be synthesized on a peptide synthesizer using following the manufacturer's instruction (e.g., Applied Biosystems). Alternatively, peptides may be ordered by mail from a commercial laboratory (e.g., Sigma-Genosys, The Woodlands, Tex.). The dried peptides may be mixed and solubilized in water or water with 5% NH₄OH to produce the PPC.
• In a preferred embodiment, the two PPC polypeptides may be coexpressing in a host cell. For example, an expression plasmid (referred to herein as the coexpression plasmid) that can co-express two different genes inserted into two different cloning sites may be chosen (e.g., BS 14HP-GAP+). Nucleic acid molecules with open reading frames that encodepolypeptide 1 andpolypeptide 2 of PPC may be cloned into the two cloning sites. The nucleic acid molecules may be cloned by traditional techniques or they may be synthesized using an oligonucleotide synthesizer. The coexpression plasmid may be transfected into a eukaryotic host such as a yeast cell for expression. PPC may be produced by culturing the eukaryotic host cell culture until a desired quantity of PPC is produced.
• In any of the production methods of the invention, the produced PPC may be a tagged PPC. Tagged PPC may comprise an additional peptide sequence, such as the FLAG sequence or the polyHIS sequence. This sequence would allow any expressed PPC to be purified with the proper affinity column.
• Another example of a suitable expression system for diabodies and triabodies (which includes the PPC of this invention) is the pdHL2 vector, which has an amplifiable murine dhfr gene that allows subsequent selection and amplification by methotrexate treatment. Gillies et al., J. Immunol. Methods 125:191 (1989). The pdHL2 vector provides independent expression of two genes that are independently controlled by two metallothionine promoters and IgH enhancers. One example of using an amplifiable selectable marker to increase expression in a mammalian recombinant host cell line is shown in Example 2.
• Suitable host cells or cell lines for the expression of the PPC of the invention are known to one of skill in the art and are also listed in the definition of “host cell” above. One host cell is a human cell—which would enable any expressed molecules to be modified with human glycosylation patterns. It should be noted that there is no indication that a human host cell is essential or preferred for the methods of the invention.
• As an illustration, SP2/0 cells can be transfected by electroporation with linearized pdHL2 vector that contains coding sequences for two antibody components. Selection can be initiated 48 hours after transfection by incubating cells with medium containing 0.05-0.1 μM methotrexate. Amplification of the two antibody sequences is achieved by a stepwise increase in methotrexate concentration up to 5 μM.
• To ensure that the PPC was formed correctly, or for purification, the PPC may be purified by an antigen affinity column which is loaded with an antigen that is recognized by an ABS of the PPC. An antigen affinity purification column can purify only those PPC with properly formed ABS because PPC without the proper ABS should not bind to the affinity column matrix. The antigen affinity purification may be performed multiple times. For example, if the ABSs of a PPC recognizeantigen 1,antigen 2 andantigen 3, the PPC may be purified by three antigen affinity purification columns each loaded with one of the three antigens. Other methods of purification, such as, for example, precipitation of proteins, size exclusion chromatography, co-precipitation and co renaturation are known to those of skill in the art.
• The following examples are provided to illustrate, but not to limit, the claimed invention.
EXAMPLESExample 1BS14HP, a Bispecific Trivalent Heterodimer
• Design.
• BS14HP was designed for the constitutive expression of foreign genes inPichia pastorisusing the GAP promoter system. Transfection ofP. pastoriscells with a linearized DNA plasmid (BS14HP-GAP+) results in the stable and site-specific integration of the two DNA segments (FIG. 1A) into the GAP locus of the host's chromosome. These two DNA segments contain open reading frames, SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2, which codes for polypeptide 1 (SEQ ID NO:9) and polypeptide 2 (SEQ ID NO:10) respectively. As each of the two DNA segments also contains nucleotide sequences for the GAP promoter, two mRNA species that encode the amino acid sequences ofpolypeptide 1 andpolypeptide 2 are synthesized in the same host cell.
• Polypeptide 1.
• α-Factor-h679V_H-GGGGS-hMN-14V_K-LEGGGS-hMN-14V_H-6His (SEQ ID NO:1)
• Polypeptide 2.
• α-Factor-hMN-14V_K-GGGQFM-hMN-14V_H-GGGGS-h679V_K-6His (SEQ ID NO:2)
• The “α-factor,” as shown in the schematic ofpolypeptide 1 and 2 above, represents is a signal peptide that is removed during synthesis and protein transport, which resulting in secretion of the protein (without the signal peptide) into the media. The carboxyl terminal hexa-histadine (6His) sequence allows for rapid and efficient purification of the secreted protein with commercially available immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) material. hMN-14 V_Hrepresents the amino acid sequence of the variable region of the heavy chain of (V_Hregion) a humanized monoclonal antibody (Mab) that binds specifically to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA; Shevitz et al, J. Nucl. Med., suppl., 34, 217P, 1993). h679VK represents the humanized murine monoclonal antibody designated 679 (an antibody of the IgG1, kappa class) binds with high affinity to molecules containing the tri-peptide moiety histamine-succinyl-glycyl (referred to herein as “HSG”; Morel et al, Molecular immunology, 27, 995-1000, 1990). The nucleotide sequence pertaining to the variable domains (V_Hand V_K) of 679 has been determined (Qu et al, unpublished results). Humanized versions of the 679 variable domains (Rossi. et al, unpublished results) were used in the design of this construct.
• The short peptide linkers, GGGGS, LEGGGS, GGGQFM, and GGGGS, between the variable domains in the constructs are designed to discourage intra-polypeptide domain pairing. It is anticipated that the two different polypeptides (FIG. 1B) would associate with each other noncovalently by pairing the cognate V_Hand V_Kdomains and thereby forming two functional binding sites for CEA and one functional binding site for HSG as shown inFIG. 1C.
• PGAPZα+ Modified Vector
• The novel construct pGAPZα+, depicted inFIG. 2, was engineered to make bispecific constructs through the synthesis of two heterologous polypeptides from a singlePichiahost cell. Two overlapping oligonucleotides, which constitute the SS1 linker, were synthesized, phosphorylated with T4 polynucleotide kinase and annealed by heating to 95° C. and then slowly cooling to room temperature over 30 minutes.

  SS1 Linker Top
  5′- gatcccctgc agggagctca ctagta -3′	(SEQ ID NO:3)
  SS1 Linker bottom
  5′- gatctactag tgagctccct gcaggg -3′	(SEQ ID NO:4)

• The oligonucleotide duplex was ligated into the BamHI site of the pGAPZαA vector (Invitrogen) and transformants were screened for the presence of the linker in the proper orientation
• Construction of thePichiaExpression Plasmid BS14HP-GAP+
• Cloning of BS14-Orf-1-pGAPzα+
• Using the plasmid construct hMN-14V_H-L5-h679VK-GAP+(Rossi et al, unpublished results) as a template, a PCR reaction was performed to generate the amplimer XhoI-L6-hMN-14V_H-SalI using the following oligonucleotide primers:

  L6-hMN14VH Xho Left
  5′-catactcgagggcggaggtagcgaggtccaactggtggagagc-3′	(SEQ ID NO:5)
  hMN14VHSalI Right
  5′- cttagtcgacggagacggtgaccggggtc -3′	(SEQ ID NO:6)

• The PCR amplimer was cloned into pGemT vector (Promega) and screened for clones inserted in the 5′-T7 orientation. This construct, L6-hMN-14-pGemT(T7), was digested with NcoI and XhoI restriction enzymes and ligated with a DNA fragment containing h679V_H-L5-hMN14V_Kthat was excised from the h679V_H-L5-hMN-14VK-GAP+ plasmid construct (Rossi et al, unpublished results) with NcoI and XhoI restriction enzymes to generate the construct to generate the staging plasmid construct BS14HPorf1-pGemT. This staging construct was first digested with NcoI restriction endonuclease and the ends were made blunt by filling with the Klenow fragment of the DNA polymerase. Following the Klenow fragment treatment, the DNA molecule was digested with SalI restriction endonuclease to generate a fragment named BS14HP-orf1. The pGAPzα+ vector (FIG. 2) was first digested with EcORI restriction endonuclease and the ends were made blunt by filling with Klenow enzyme, and then it was digested with SalI. The digested vector was ligated with the insert fragment to generate BS14orf1-pGAPZα+.
• Cloning of BS14-orf2-PGAPZα+AVRX
• A PCR reaction was performed to generate the amplimer EcoRI-L5-hMN-14V_K-L5-MfeI using the plasmid construct h679VH-L5-hMN-14VK-GAP+ (Rossi et al, unpublished results) as a template and the following primers:

  HMN-14VK EcoRI Left
  5′-ctaggaattc gacatccagc tgacccagag-3′	(SEQ ID NO:7)
  hMN14VK-L5 MfeI Right
  5′-cgtacaattg gccacctcca cgtttgattt ccaccttgg-3′	(SEQ ID NO:8)

• The amplimer was digested with EcoRI and MfeI restriction enzymes and ligated with the plasmid construct hMN-14VH-L5-h679VK-AvrX (Rossi et al, unpublished results) that was digested with EcoRI to generate the construct BS14HP-orf2-pGAPZα+AVRX.
• Final Assembly of BS14HP-GAP+
• The construct BS14HP-orf2-pGAPZα+AVRX was digested with NsiI and SpeI and separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. A 2260 bp DNA fragment containing the BS14-orf2 coding sequence was isolated from the agarose gel. This isolated nucleic acid molecule was digested with SbfI and SpeI restriction endonuclease and ligated with the NsiI/SpeI BS14-orf2 fragment (discussed above) to generate the final construct BS14HP-GAP+
• Constitutive Expression of BS14HP inPichia Pastoris
• The BS14HP-GAP+ construct was prepared for transfection by digestion with AvrII restriction endonuclease. This linearized construct was used to transfect the X-33 strain ofPichia pastorisby electroporation using standard methods. Stable transfectants were isolated on YPD-agar plates containing 100g/ml of zeocin. Nine zeocin-resistant colonies were re-streaked on YPD-zeocin plates and the isolated clones were used to inoculate baffled shake flasks containing modified YPD media (1% yeast extract, 2% tryptone, 2% dextrose, 0.4 μg/ml biotin, 1.34% yeast nitrogen base, 100 mM K₂HPO₄, pH 6.0). The flask cultures were shook at 250 RPM and 30° C. for 48-72 hours to stationary phase where the optical density at 600 nm was between 18 and 25. The media, which should contain the excreted recombinant protein, was clarified by centrifugation and assayed for active protein using a BIAcore sensorchip.
• The analysis step is as follows. Samples of the culture media were diluted 1:5 in EB buffer (150 mM NaCl; 50 μM EDTA; 0.005% surfactant P20; 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) and injected (50 μl) over a high-density, HSG-coupled sensorchip in a BIAcoreX system. Following injection of the diluted media, EB containing 20 μg/ml of WI2 IgG, an anti idiotypic antibody to hMN-14, was injected (100111) over the sensorchip to confirm bispecific binding. The initial binding slopes were used to quantitate yields. Seven of the nine zeocin resistant clones tested produced bispecific protein with a yield of up to 3 mg per liter of culture media.
• To purify a larger amount of recombinant protein, the culture media from the highest expressing clone was buffer exchanged by diafiltration into Ni Binding buffer (300 mM NaCl; 10 mM imidazole; 50 mM NaH₂PO₄, pH 8.0). Following buffer exchange, the media protein was loaded onto Ni-NTA IMAC affinity column. The column was washed extensively with buffer containing 20 mM imidazole and eluded with a buffer containing 250 mM imidazole (250 mM imidazole; 50 mM NaCl; 25 mM Tris, pH 7.5). The eluates were analyzed by BIAcore, as described above, and all of the binding activity was retained (FIG. 3).
• Biochemical Analysis of BS14HP
• To assay the expressed and purified BS14HP, a protein sample was analyzed by reducing SDS-PAGE and visualized by Coomassie blue-stained SDS-PAGE gel. The results, as shown inFIG. 4, showed that the samples are were highly purified and lack significant protein contamination. The purified protein complex were resolved in the SDS-PAGE gel as comprising two similar sized c(i.e., closely spaced bands) polypeptide chain that migrate in the gel at a rate that is near expected molecular weights of 40,614 and 40,061 Daltons.
• To further analyze the expressed product, the expressed protein was analyzed by MALDI TOF mass spectrometry and size exclusion HPLC analysis. Both analysis of expressed BS14HP gave a single peak consistent with an 81 kDa dimeric protein structure (FIG. 5).
• The binding stoichiometry can be extrapolated from BIAcore sensorgrams such as the one shown inFIG. 3. The WI2:BS14HP molar binding ratio can be derived by comparison of the response units (RU) attained from BS14HP binding to the HSG sensorchip with the further RU increase from WI2 binding to BS14HP with normalization for the respective molecular weights. Several BS14HP preps were analyzed with the measured ratio ranging from 0.8-0.9. This ratio indicates the presence of two functional CEA binding sites per molecule, as the theoretical maximum ratio for such a protein is 1.0. As a comparison, a variety of monovalent CEA-binding bispecific (hMN-14×679) constructs all gave molar ratios between 0.4 and 0.45.
• The CEA binding of BS14HP was analyzed in a competitive ELISA and compared to BS1.5H and hMN-14 F(ab′)₂, which have one and two CEA binding groups, respectively (FIG. 6). HRP-conjugated hMN-14 IgG (1 nM) was mixed with either BS14HP, BS1.5H or hMN-14 F(ab′)₂at concentrations ranging from 1 to 250 nM, prior to incubation in CEA-coated (0.5 μg/well) wells. The IC₅₀for BS14HP was 2.7 nM which is close to 2.0 nM for hMN14 F(ab′)₂. The monovalent CEA binder, BS1.5H, had an IC₅₀of 10 nM. These results are consistent with the BIAcore analysis in demonstrating that BS14HP binds CEA divalently. Further, the binding avidity is comparable to that of the native hMN-14 F(ab′)₂.
• Confirmation that BS14HP has the ability to bind CEA bivalently was provided by SE-HPLC analysis of in vitro immunoreactivity. When increasing amounts of CEA were mixed with¹²⁵I-hBS14, two distinct peak shifts were evident by HPLC corresponding to complexes of 125I-hBS14 bound to either one or two CEAs. (FIG. 6B).
• In Vivo Analysis of BS14HP
• The utility of BS14HP for tumor pretargeting was evaluated in GW-39 tumor-bearing mice using a bivalent HSG peptide (IMP-241) labeled with¹¹¹In. IMP-241 has a structure of DOTA-Phe-Lys(HSG)-D-Tyr-Lys(HSG)-NH2, where the N-terminal amino group of Phe is linked to a DOTA and the epsilon amino group of each lysine is derivatived with an HSG group. The tetrapeptide backbone (Phe-Lys-(D-Tyr)-Lys) contains a d-amino acid (D-Tyr) and the carboxyl group of the C-terminal lys is amidated.
• The results from this analysis were compared with those of chemically linked hMN-14×679 (Fab′×Fab′) and BS1.5H (bispecific diabody). Nude mice bearing GW-39 (CEA positive) tumors were pre-targeted with BS14HP, BS1.5H or hMN-14×679. Initially, the bio-distribution was followed with¹³¹I-labeled bispecific agent. The tumor residence and blood clearance of¹³¹I-BS14HP is depicted inFIG. 7. As determined in preliminary experiments, the time interval between administration of bispecific targeting agent and of¹¹¹In-IMP241 peptide is the amount of time required for the former to clear the blood to a concentration of 1% ID/g or less. A pre-targeting clearance time of 24 hours was used for BS14HP and hMN-14×679. A 15-hour clearance time was used for the smaller BS1.5H, which clears the blood more rapidly. IMP-241 (Immunomedics, Inc), a peptide containing two HSG groups and a DOTA moiety, was loaded with¹¹¹Indium and injected in pre-targeted mice. The bio-distribution of the¹¹¹In-IMP-241 was examined at 3 hours after injection (FIG. 8A) and the tumor/non-tumor ratios are shown inFIG. 8B.
• The results indicate that approximately three-fold more¹¹¹In-IMP241 peptide was specifically bound to the tumor in mice pretargeted with BS14HP, as compared to mice pretargeted with either BS1.5H or hMN14×679. The radioactivity in all non-tumor organs was low and comparable amongst the three pretargeting agents.
• These experiments were performed again using polypeptide IMP281 (FIG. 9A), IMP284 (FIG. 9B), and IMP288 (FIG. 9C) with the same results.
Example 2hBS14, a Bispecific Trivalent Heterodimer Expressed in Myeloma Cells
• To demonstrate that similar PPCs could be made from other types of host cell systems we developed a scheme for production of a fusion protein named hBS14 in mammalian cell culture. The hBS14 PPC produced in mammalian cell culture was designed to be structurally and functionally similar to BS14HP, which was produced in the yeastP. pastoris(example 1). A DNA plasmid vector was engineered for hBS14 expression and used to generate transgenic cell lines in SP2/0-Ag14 mouse myeloma cells, NS0 mouse myeloma, and YB2/0 rat myeloma cells. While these particular cell lines were used, it is understood that the vectors of the invention may be used in any mammalian cell lines, such as, for example, a human cell line.
• Generation of an hBS14 DNA Expression Vector
• The nucleic acid encoding the hBS14 polypeptides were recombinantly inserted into the mammalian expression vector pdHL2, which permits the amplification of antibody production. The pdHL2 vector contains the genes for IgG constant regions (CH an CK) and was originally designed to accept variable domain cassettes and direct the synthesis of whole IgG. Since we are interested in expressing novel single chain-based constructs devoid of constant region sequences, it was necessary to create a new shuttle vector to facilitate the assembly and transfer of the hBS14 genes into the pdHL2 vector. SeeFIG. 10A.
• Overlapping synthetic oligonucleotides (85mers) were annealed to form duplex DNA possessing the features shown inFIG. 10A. This duplex was ligated into the HindIII and EcoRI restriction endonuclease sites of the pGEM3z cloning vector (Promega) to generate the SV3 shuttle vector. The variable domain genes were amplified by PCR from BS14HP-GAP+(example 1) and assembled into open reading frames (ORFs) in the SV3 shuttle vector via the NcoI and SalI restriction endonuclease sites. SV3 constructs were generated for bothORF 1 andORF 2, which encodepolypeptides 1 and 2 (SeeFIG. 10B).
• Each ORF includes the IgG light chain leader peptide, which directs secretion of the nascent polypeptides, preceding the variable domain genes, which are in turn followed by the codons for six histidines and two stop codons. The variable domains are separated by linker peptides consisting of 5 or 6 amino acid residues. ORF1 and ORF2 were sub-cloned into a single pdHL2 expression vector. ORF1 was excised from its shuttle vector with Xba I and Bgl II restriction endonucleases and cloned into the XbaI and BamHlI sites of pdHL2 to generate the intermediate construct hBS14ORF1-pdHL2. ORF2 was then excised from its shuttle vector with XhoI and EagI restriction enzymes and cloned into those same sites of the intermediate hBS14ORF1-pdHL2 construct to generate the final di-cistronic expression vector hBS14-pdHL2 (FIG. 11).
Stable Transfection and Amplification of hBS14 Genes in SP2/0 Myeloma Cells
• SP2/0-Ag14 mouse myeloma cells have been used previously in conjunction with the pdHL2 expression vector for high-level expression of recombinant IgG. NS0 mouse myeloma and YB2/0 rat myeloma cells have been used for high-level expression of recombinant IgG with other expression vectors. The hBS14-pdHL2 DNA vector was linearized by digestion with EcoRI restriction endonuclease and successfully transfected into each of the three cell lines (4×10⁶cells) by electroporation (450 volts, 25 μF). The pdHL2 vector contains the gene for dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) allowing clonal selection as well as gene amplification with methotrexate (MTX).
• Transfectants were cloned by plating in 96-well plates in the presence of 0.05 μM MTX and the primary screening for hBS14-expressing clones was accomplished by ELISA. The ELISA screening format was as follows: A conjugate consisting of an HSG-containing peptide (IMP239) and bovine serum albumin was first adsorbed to micro-plate wells and then conditioned media from the putative clones were transferred to the micro-plate wells to allow hBS14 binding to the HSG groups of the conjugate. Bound hBS14 was detected with WI2, a rat anti-idiotype IgG to hMN-14, and HRP-conjugated goat anti-rat IgG. Several positive clones were identified and expanded. Expression of hBS14 was confirmed by BIAcore using an HSG (IMP239) sensorchip. An increase in response units (RU) following injection of culture media signified expression of hBS14. A further increase in RU with subsequent injection of WI2 demonstrated that the hBS14 was bispecific and fully functional. With this method, standard concentration curves were generated using purified 679-proteins allowing for accurate real time measurements of productivity. The initial productivity of the highest terminal culture hBS14 producer in SP2/0, YB2/0 and NS0 was 0.8 mg/L, 3.7 mg/L, and 4.4 mg/L, respectively.
• Gene amplification and the resulting increase in productivity were accomplished by stepwise increase in MTX concentration in the culture media over several months. An example of the increase in productivity is shown for SP2/0 clone 1H6 inFIG. 12. The MTX concentration has been increased from 0.05 μM to 1 μM and the productivity has increased to 8 mg/L, 16 mg/L and 9.3 mg/L for representative clones of SP2/0, YB2/0 and NS0, respectively without adverse effects. We expect these yields can be further improved with further MTX treatment and selection. Typically, MTX concentrations can be increased up to 5 μM with significant additional increase in productivity.
• Production and Purification of hBS14
• Nearly 100 mg of hBS14 has been purified to near homogeneity. Starting material was generated in terminal roller bottle cultures of each representative cell line grown with 1 μM MTX. The purification process was greatly facilitated by the generation of an HSG-based affinity purification resin. Initial attempts using affigel-IMP239, the same peptide that was used in both ELISA and BIAcore experiments, were less successful because the strong binding affinity made elution without protein denaturation. None of the myriad elution buffers tested eluted the hBS14 effectively. A new peptide (IMP291), which was designed to have {fraction (1/10)} to {fraction (1/100)} lower affinity for 679, was synthesized and conjugated to Affigel (BIO-RAD) by standard methods. The high binding capacity (>20 mg/ml) Affigel-IMP291 proved to be ideal for affinity purification of hBS14 by providing high yield, high purification and high retention of activity.
• Briefly, culture media from roller bottles was clarified by cross-flow microfiltration (0.2 μM) and then pH adjusted to 4.5 with citric acid. The hBS14 in the clarified and pH adjusted media was partly purified about 25 fold by loading the media onto a S-sepharose cation exchange column. The S-sepharose column was eluted with 2×PBS (0.3 M NaCl; 80 mM NaH₂PO₄, pH 7.4) and the eluate was loaded onto an Affigel-IMP291 column. The column was eluted with 50 ml of 1M imidazole; 150 mM sucrose; 0.02% Tween-20; 50 mM Citrate, pH 4.5. The eluded product was dialyzed into formulation buffer (150 mM Sucrose; 0.02% Tween-20; 10 mM NaAc, pH 4.5). This procedure allows elution of nearly 100% of the hBS14 bound to the affinity column.
• Biochemical Analysis of hBS14
• Basic biochemical analysis demonstrated that the purification process resulted in highly purified hBS14. The native quaternary structure of the hBS14 was designed to be a 79.4 kDa heterodimer of polypeptide 1 (39.94 kDa) and polypeptide 2 (39.5 kDa). The size exclusion HPLC profile of purified hBS14 (Fig C) shows a major sharp peak with a retention time of 9.23 minutes, consistent with the profile of an 80 kDa protein. BS1.5H diabody (54 kDa), hMN-14 triabody (78 kDa), and hMN-14 F(ab′)₂(100 kDa) were run in the same column as molecular weight and size standards. These proteins had retention times of 9.60, 9.35, and 8.77 minutes, respectively. The HPLC profiles are very similar among batches purified from each cell line (Fig C.). The peak at ˜11.4 minutes is a non-protein buffer peak. The small peak at 8.30 minutes constitutes 3% of the total protein and is likely dimerized/aggregated hBS14. SDS-PAGE analysis was used to evaluate the purity and quality of the polypeptide constituents of hBS14. The Coomassie blue-stained reducing SDS-PAGE gel shown inFIG. 14 demonstrates the high degree of purity achieved from this two-step purification process. Only trace amounts of contaminating protein were detected even when a lane was overloaded with 4 μg of protein. This SDS-PAGE analysis indicates that the minor HPLC peak (8.30 min) is indeed hBS14 aggregate and not contaminating protein. The molecular weights (MW) given forpolypeptides 1 and 2 were calculated from the deduced amino acid sequences of the polypeptides. The Mrs of the two bands are consistent with the calculated MW of the hBS14 polypeptides. As predicted, the two bands appear to be of equal intensity as they should be in equimolar concentration based on the molecular design. There is no evidence of appreciable protein degradation. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) of the purified hBS14 shows a major band near the isoelectric point (pI) of hBS14 (pI=7.73) as calculated from the deduced amino acid sequence (FIG. 15). There are trace bands at lower pI that are likely product related and may be the result of negligible deamidation of some basic amino acid residues. Taken together, this combination of standard biochemical analyses suggests that the transgenic myeloma cells correctly synthesize and secrete hBS14 as designed and that we have developed a robust purification process capable of generating highly purified material. The biochemical properties of hBS14 were indistinguishable among batches prepared from the different cell lines.
• Functional characterization was provided by BIAcore experiments to demonstrate bispecific binding properties (FIG. 16). hBS14 bound tightly to HSG that was immobilized on a sensorchip. The HSG-bound proteins were able to capture subsequently added CEA or WI2, demonstrating that they can simultaneously bind both antigens. If the WI2 binding is allowed to approach saturation, the stoichiometry of the binding can be determined. The additional increase in RU resulting from WI2 binding was compared to the initial RU increase of the hBS14 upon binding to the HSG-sensorchip. As each increase in RU level is directly proportional to the mass bound, the WI2:bsAb molar binding ratio can be calculated using the formula (RU_WI2/RU_hBS14)×(MW_hBS14/MW_WI2). hBS14 was designed to be bivalent for CEA (and monovalent for HSG) and as such should bind WI2 (also bivalent) with a 1:1 molar ratio. Indeed, the experimentally determined molar binding ratio of WI2 to hBS14 was found to be between 0.7 and 0.8, approaching the theoretical maximum of 1.0. When equal concentrations of hBS14 were bound to an HSG-sensorchip, BIAcore sensorgrams are indistinguishable between lots derived from either SP2/0 or YB2/0 cells (FIG. 17).
• The data demonstrate that the primary amino acid sequence is solely responsible for the structure and function of the PPC, independent of the host cell from which it is produced. The PPC hBS14 was not only equivalent among batches produced in three different mammalian cell lines, it was also very similar with respect to structure and function to BS14HP, which has similar primary amino acid sequences but is produced in yeast.
• Biopolymer Sequences:
• The nucleic acid and amino acid sequence of the biopolymers used in Example 2 are as follows:

  hBS14 polypeptide 1 deduced amino acid sequence:

  MEVQLVESGGDLVKPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFSIYTMSWLRQTPGKGLEWVATLSGDGDDIYYPDSVKGR	(SEQ ID NO:11)
  FTISRDNAKNSLYLQMNSLRAEDTALYYCARVRLGDWDFDVWGQGTTVSVSSGGGGSDIQLTQSPSSL
  SASVGDRVTITCKASQDVGTSVAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYWTSTRHTGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTFTISSLQ
  PEDIATYYCQQYSLYRSFGQGTKVEIKRLEGGGSEVQLVESGGGVVQPGRSLRLSCSASGFDFTTYWM
  SWVRQAPGKGLEWIGEIHPDSSTINYAPSLKDRFTISRDNAKNTLFLQMDSLRPEDTGVYFCASLYFG
  FPWFAYWGQGTPVTVSVDHHHHHH
  or
  MetGluValGlnLeuValGluSerGlyGlyAspLeuValLysProGlyGlySerLeuLysLeuSerCy	(SEQ ID NO:11)
  sAlaAlaSerGlyPheThrPheSerIleTyrThrMetSerTrpLeuArgGlnThrProGlyLysGlyL
  euGluTrpValAlaThrLeuSerGlyAspGlyAspAspIleTyrTyrProAspSerValLysGlyArg
  PheThrIleSerArgAspAsnAlaLysAsnSerLeuTyrLeuGlnMetAsnSerLeuArgAlaGluAs
  pThrAlaLeuTyrTyrCysAlaArgValArgLeuGlyAspTrpAspPheAspValTrpGlyGlnGlyT
  hrThrValSerValSerSerGlyGlyGlyGlySerAspIleGlnLeuThrGlnSerProSerSerLeu
  SerAlaSerValGlyAspArgValThrIleThrCysLysAlaSerGlnAspValGlyThrSerValAl
  aTrpTyrGlnGlnLysProGlyLysAlaProLysLeuLeuIleTyrTrpThrSerThrArgHisThrG
  lyValProSerArgPheSerGlySerGlySerGlyThrAspPheThrPheThrIleSerSerLeuGln
  ProGluAspIleAlaThrTyrTyrCysGlnGlnTyrSerLeuTyrArgSerPheGlyGlnGlyThrLy
  sValGluIleLysArgLeuGluGlyGlyGlySerGluValGlnLeuValGluSerGlyGlyGlyValV
  alGlnProGlyArgSerLeuArgLeuSerCysSerAlaSerGlyPheAspPheThrThrTyrTrpMet
  SerTrpValArgGlnAlaProGlyLysGlyLeuGluTrpIleGlyGluIleHisProAspSerSerTh
  rIleAsnTyrAlaProSerLeuLysAspArgPheThrIleSerArgAspAsnAlaLysAsnThrLeuP
  heLeuGlnMetAspSerLeuArgProGluAspThrGlyValTyrPheCysAlaSerLeuTyrPheGly
  PheProTrpPheAlaTyrTrpGlyGlnGlyThrProValThrValSerValAspHisHisHisHisHi
  sHis

  hBS14 polypeptide

  2 deduced amino acid sequence:

  MDIQLTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCKASQDVGTSVAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYWTSTRHTGVPSRFSGSGS	(SEQ ID NO:12)
  GTDFTFTISSLQPEDIATYYCQQYSLYRSFGQGTKVEIKRGGGQFMEVQLVESGGGVVQPGRSLRLSC
  SASGFDFTTYWMSWVRQAPGKGLEWIGEIHPDSSTINYAPSLKDRFTISRDNAKNTLFLQMDSLRPED
  TGVYFCASLYFGFPWFAYWGQGTPVTVSGGGGSDIVMTQSPSSLAVSPGERVTLTCKSSQSLFNSRTR
  KNYLGWYQQKPGQSPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTINSLQAEDVAVYYCTQVYYLCTF
  GAGTKLELKRLDHHHHHH.
  or
  MetAspIleGlnLeuThrGlnSerProSerSerLeuSerAlaSerValGlyAspArgValThrIleTh	(SEQ ID NO:12)
  rCysLysAlaSerGlnAspValGlyThrSerValAlaTrpTyrGlnGlnLysProGlyLysAlaProL
  ysLeuLeuIleTyrTrpThrSerThrArgHisThrGlyValProSerArgPheSerGlySerGlySer
  GlyThrAspPheThrPheThrIleSerSerLeuGlnProGluAspIleAlaThrTyrTyrCysGlnGl
  nTyrSerLeuTyrArgSerPheGlyGlnGlyThrLysValGluIleLysArgGlyGlyGlyGlnPheM
  etGluValGlnLeuValGluSerGlyGlyGlyValValGlnProGlyArgSerLeuArgLeuSerCys
  SerAlaSerGlyPheAspPheThrThrTyrTrpMetSerTrpValArgGlnAlaProGlyLysGlyLe
  uGluTrpIleGlyGluIleHisProAspSerSerThrIleAsnTyrAlaProSerLeuLysAspArgP
  heThrIleSerArgAspAsnAlaLysAsnThrLeuPheLeuGlnMetAspSerLeuArgProGluAsp
  ThrGlyValTyrPheCysAlaSerLeuTyrPheGlyPheProTrpPheAlaTyrTrpGlyGlnGlyTh
  rProValThrValSerGlyGlyGlyGlySerAspIleValMetThrGlnSerProSerSerLeuAlaV
  alSerProGlyGluArgValThrLeuThrCysLysSerSerGlnSerLeuPheAsnSerArgThrArg
  LysAsnTyrLeuGlyTrpTyrGlnGlnLysProGlyGlnSerProLysLeuLeuIleTyrTrpAlaSe
  rThrArgGluSerGlyValProAspArgPheSerGlySerGlySerGlyThrAspPheThrLeuThrI
  leAsnSerLeuGlnAlaGluAspValAlaValTyrTyrCysThrGlnValTyrTyrLeuCysThrPhe
  GlyAlaGlyThrLysLeuGluLeuLysArgLeuAspHisHisHisHisHisHis.

  hBS14 Open reading frame 1 (including coding sequence for the leader peptide)
  nucleic acid sequence:

  atgggatggagctgtatcatcctcttcttggtagcaacagctacaggtgtccactccatggaagtgca	(SEQ ID NO:13)
  gctggtggagtcagggggagacttagtgaagcctggagggtccctgaaactctcctgtgcagcctctg
  gattcactttcagtatttacaccatgtcttggcttcgccagactccgggaaaggggctggagtgggtc
  gcaaccctgagtggtgatggtgatgacatctactatccagacagtgtgaagggtcgattcaccatctc
  cagagacaatgccaagaacagcctatatctgcagatgaacagtctaagggctgaggacacggccttgt
  attactgtgcaagggtgcgacttggggactgggacttcgatgtctggggccaagggaccacggtctcc
  gtctcctcaggaggtggcggatccgacatccagctgacccagagcccaagcagcctgagcgccagcgt
  gggtgacagagtgaccatcacctgtaaggccagtcaggatgtgggtacttctgtagcttggtaccagc
  agaagccaggtaaggctccaaagctgctgatctactggacatccacccggcacactggtgtgccaagc
  agattcagcggtagcggtagcggtaccgacttcaccttcaccatcagcagcctccagccagaggacat
  cgccacctactactgccagcaatatagcctctatcggtcgttcggccaagggaccaaggtggaaatca
  aacgtctcgagggcggaggtagcgaggtccaactggtggagagcggtggaggtgttgtgcaacctggc
  cggtccctgcgcctgtcctgctccgcatctggcttcgatttcaccacatattggatgagttgggtgag
  acaggcacctggaaaaggtcttgagtggattggagaaattcatccagatagcagtacgattaactatg
  cgccgtctctaaaggatagatttacaatatcgcgagacaacgccaagaacacattgttcctgcaaatg
  gacagcctgagacccgaagacaccggggtctatttttgtgcaagcctttacttcggcttcccctggtt
  tgcttattggggccaagggaccccggtcaccgtctcagtcgaccatcatcatcatcatcattga.

  HBS14 Open reading frame 2 (including coding sequence for the leader peptide)
  nucleic acid sequence:

  atgggatggagctgtatcatcctcttcttggtagcaacagctacaggtgtccactccatggacatcca	(SEQ ID NO:14)
  gctgacccagagcccaagcagcctgagcgccagcgtgggtgacagagtgaccatcacctgtaaggcca
  gtcaggatgtgggtacttctgtagcctggtaccagcagaagccaggtaaggctccaaagctgctgatc
  tactggacatccacccggcacactggtgtgccaagcagattcagcggtagcggtagcggtaccgactt
  caccttcaccatcagcagcctccagccagaggacatcgccacctactactgccagcaatatagcctct
  atcggtcgttcggccaagggaccaaggtggaaatcaaacgtggaggtggccaattcatggaggtccaa
  ctggtggagagcggtggaggtgttgtgcaacctggccggtccctgcgcctgtcctgctccgcatctgg
  cttcgatttcaccacatattggatgagttgggtgagacaggcacctggaaaaggtcttgagtggattg
  gagaaattcatccagatagcagtacgattaactatgcgccgtcgctaaaagatagatttacaatatcg
  cgagacaacgccaagaacacattgttcctgcaaatggacagcctgagacccgaagacaccggggtcta
  tttttgtgcaagcctttacttcggcttcccctggtttgcttattggggccaagggaccccggtcaccg
  tctccggaggcggtggatccgacattgtgatgacacaatctccatcctccctggctgtgtcacccggg
  gagagggtcactctgacctgcaaatccagtcagagtctgttcaacagtagaacccgaaagaactactt
  gggttggtaccagcagaaaccagggcagtctcctaaacttctgatctactgggcatctactcgggaat
  ctggggtccctgatcgcttctcaggcagtggatccggaacagatttcactctcaccatcaacagtctg
  caggctgaagacgtggcagtttattactgcactcaagtttattatctgtgcacgttcggtgctgggac
  caagctggagctgaaacggctcgaccatcatcatcatcatcattga.

  Nucleic acid sequence of hBS14-pDHL2 plasmid construct:

  ttccataggctccgcccccctgacgagcatcacaaaaatcgacgctcaagtcagaggtggcgaaaccc	(SEQ ID NO:15)
  gacaggactataaagataccaggcgtttccccctggaagctccctcgtgcgctctcctgttccgaccc
  tgccgcttaccggatacctgtccgcctttctcccttcgggaagcgtggcgctttctcatagctcacgc
  tgtaggtatctcagttcggtgtaggtcgttcgctccaagctgggctgtgtgcacgaaccccccgttca
  gcccgaccgctgcgccttatccggtaactatcgtcttgagtccaacccggtaagacacgacttatcgc
  cactggcagcagccactggtaacaggattagcagagcgaggtatgtaggcggtgctacagagttcttg
  aagtggtggcctaactacggctacactagaaggacagtatttggtatctgcgctctgctgaagccagt
  taccttcggaaaaagagttggtagctcttgatccggcaaacaaaccaccgctggtagcggtggttttt
  ttgtttgcaagcagcagattacgcgcagaaaaaaaggatctcaagaagatcctttgatcttttctacg
  gggtctgacgctcagtggaacgaaaactcacgttaagggattttggtcatgagattatcaaaaaggat
  cttcacctagatccttttaaattaaaaatgaagttttaaatcaatctaaagtatatatgagtaaactt
  ggtctgacagttaccaatgcttaatcagtgaggcacctatctcagcgatctgtctatttcgttcatcc
  atagttgcctgactccccgtcgtgtagataactacgatacgggagggcttaccatctggccccagtgc
  tgcaatgataccgcgagacccacgctcaccggctccagatttatcagcaataaaccagccagccggaa
  gggccgagcgcagaagtggtcctgcaactttatccgcctccatccagtctattaattgttgccgggaa
  gctagagtaagtagttcgccagttaatagtttgcgcaacgttgttgccattgctgcaggcatcgtggt
  gtcacgctcgtcgtttggtatggcttcattcagctccggttcccaacgatcaaggcgagttacatgat
  cccccatgttgtgcaaaaaagcggttagctccttcggtcctccgatcgttgtcagaagtaagttggcc
  gcagtgttatcactcatggttatggcagcactgcataattctcttactgtcatgccatccgtaagatg
  cttttctgtgactggtgagtactcaaccaagtcattctgagaatagtgtatgcggcgaccgagttgct
  cttgcccggcgtcaacacgggataataccgcgccacatagcagaactttaaaagtgctcatcattgga
  aaacgttcttcggggcgaaaactctcaaggatcttaccgctgttgagatccagttcgatgtaacccac
  tcgtgcacccaactgatcttcagcatcttttactttcaccagcgtttctgggtgagcaaaaacaggaa
  ggcaaaatgccgcaaaaaagggaataagggcgacacggaaatgttgaatactcatactcttccttttt
  caatattattgaagcatttatcagggttattgtctcatgagcggatacatatttgaatgtatttagaa
  aaataaacaaataggggttccgcgcacatttccccgaaaaggccacctgacgtctaagaaaccattat
  tatcatgacattaacctataaaaataggcgtatcacgaggccctttcgtcttcaagaattccgatcca
  gacatgataagatacattgatgagtttggacaaaccacaactagaatgcagtgaaaaaaatgctttat
  ttgtgaaatttgtgatgctattgctttatttgtaaccattataagctgcaataaacaagttaacaaca
  acaattgcattcattttatgtttcaggttcagggggaggtgtgggaggttttttaaagcaagtaaaac
  ctctacaaatgtggtatggctgattatgatctaaagccagcaaaagtcccatggtcttataaaaatgc
  atagctttaggaggggagcagagaacttgaaagcatcttcctgttagtctttcttctcgtagacttca
  aacttatacttgatgcctttttcctcctggacctcagagaggacgcctgggtattctgggagaagttt
  atatttccccaaatcaatttctgggaaaaacgtgtcactttcaaattcctgcatgatccttgtcacaa
  agagtctgaggtggcctggttgattcatggcttcctggtaaacagaactgcctccgactatccaaacc
  atgtctactttacttgccaattccggttgttcaataagtcttaaggcatcatccaaacttttggcaag
  aaaatgagctcctcgtggtggttctttgagttctctactgagaactatattaattctgtcctttaaag
  gtcgattcttctcaggaatggagaaccaggttttcctacccataatcaccagattctgtttaccttcc
  actgaagaggttgtggtcattctttggaagtacttgaactcgttcctgagcggaggccagggtcggtc
  tccgttcttgccaatccccatattttgggacacggcgacgatgcagttcaatggtcgaaccatgaggg
  caccaagctagctttttgcaaaagcctaggcctccaaaaaagcctcctcactacttctggaatagctc
  agaggccgaggcggcctcggcctctgcataaataaaaaaaattagtcagccatggggcggagaatggg
  cggaactgggcggagttaggggcgggatgggcggagttaggggcgggactatggttgctgactaattg
  agatgcatgctttgcatacttctgcctgctggggagcctggggactttccacacctggttgctgacta
  attgagatgcatgctttgcatacttctgcctgctggggagcctggggactttccacaccctaactgac
  acacattccacagtcgactagaatatggatagtgggtgtttatgactctggataagcctgaacaattg
  atgattaatgcccctgagctctgttcttagtaacatgtgaacatttacttgtgtcagtgtagtagatt
  tcacatgacatcttataataaacctgtaaatgaaagtaatttgcattactagcccagcccagcccata
  ctaagagttatattatgtctgtctcacagcctgctgctgaccaatattgaaaagaatagaccttcgac
  tggcaggaagcaggtcatgtggcaaggctatttggggaagggaaaataaaaccactaggtaaacttgt
  agctgtggtttgaagaagtggttttgaaacactctgtccagccccaccaaaccgaaagtccaggctga
  gcaaaacaccacctgggtaatttgcatttctaaaataagttgaggattcagccgaaactggagaggtc
  ctcttttaacttattgagttcaaccttttaattttagcttgagtagttctagtttccccaaacttaag
  tttatcgacttctaaaatgtatttagaatttcgaccaattctcatgtttgacagcttatcatcgctgc
  actccgcccgaaaagtgcgctcggctctgccaaggacgcggggcgcgtgactatgcgtgggctggagc
  aaccgcctgctgggtgcaaaccctttgcgcccggactcgtccaacgactataaagagggcaggctgtc
  ctctaagcgtcaccacgacttcaacgtcctgagtaccttctcctcacttactccgtagctccagcttc
  accagatccctcgactctagacacaggccgccaccatgggatggagctgtatcatcctcttcttggta
  gcaacagctacaggtgtccactccatggaagtgcagctggtggagtcagggggagacttagtgaagcc
  tggagggtccctgaaactctcctgtgcagcctctggattcactttcagtatttacaccatgtcttggc
  ttcgccagactccgggaaaggggctggagtgggtcgcaaccctgagtggtgatggtgatgacatctac
  tatccagacagtgtgaagggtcgattcaccatctccagagacaatgccaagaacagcctatatctgca
  gatgaacagtctaagggctgaggacacggccttgtattactgtgcaagggtgcgacttggggactggg
  acttcgatgtctggggccaagggaccacggtctccgtctcctcaggaggtggcggatccgacatccag
  ctgacccagagcccaagcagcctgagcgccagcgtgggtgacagagtgaccatcacctgtaaggccag
  tcaggatgtgggtacttctgtagcttggtaccagcagaagccaggtaaggctccaaagctgctgatct
  actggacatccacccggcacactggtgtgccaagcagattcagcggtagcggtagcggtaccgacttc
  accttcaccatcagcagcctccagccagaggacatcgccacctactactgccagcaatatagcctcta
  tcggtcgttcggccaagggaccaaggtggaaatcaaacgtctcgagggcggaggtagcgaggtccaac
  tggtggagagcggtggaggtgttgtgcaacctggccggtccctgcgcctgtcctgctccgcatctggc
  ttcgatttcaccacatattggatgagttgggtgagacaggcacctggaaaaggtcttgagtggattgg
  agaaattcatccagatagcagtacgattaactatgcgccgtctctaaaggatagatttacaatatcgc
  gagacaacgccaagaacacattgttcctgcaaatggacagcctgagacccgaagacaccggggtctat
  ttttgtgcaagcctttacttcggcttcccctggtttgcttattggggccaagggaccccggtcaccgt
  ctcagtcgaccatcatcatcatcatcattgataagatcccgcaattctaaactctgagggggtcggat
  gacgtggccattctttgcctaaagcattgagtttactgcaaggtcagaaaagcatgcaaagccctcag
  aatggctgcaaagagctccaacaaaacaatttagaactttattaaggaatagggggaagctaggaaga
  aactcaaaacatcaagattttaaatacgcttcttggtctccttgctataattatctgggataagcatg
  ctgttttctgtctgtccctaacatgccctgtgattatccgcaaacaacacacccaagggcagaacttt
  gttacttaaacaccatcctgtttgcttctttcctcaggaactgtggctgcaccatctgtcttcatctt
  cccgccatctgatgagcagttgaaatctggaactgcctctgttgtgtgcctgctgaataacttctatc
  ccagagaggccaaagtacagtggaaggtggataacgccctccaatcgggtaactcccaggagagtgtc
  acagagcaggacagcaaggacagcacctacagcctcagcagcaccctgacgctgagcaaagcagacta
  cgagaaacacaaagtctacgcctgcgaagtcacccatcagggcctgagctcgcccgtcacaaagagct
  tcaacaggggagagtgttagagggagaagtgcccccacctgctcctcagttccagcctgaccccctcc
  catcctttggcctctgaccctttttccacaggggacctacccctattgcggtcctccagctcatcttt
  cacctcacccccctcctcctccttggctttaattatgctaatgttggaggagaatgaataaataaagt
  gaatctttgcacctgtggtttctctctttcctcatttaataattattatctgttgttttaccaactac
  tcaatttctcttataagggactaaatatgtagtcatcctaaggcgcataaccatttataaaaatcatc
  cttcattctattttaccctatcatcctctgcaagacagtcctccctcaaacccacaagccttctgtcc
  tcacagtcccctgggccatggtaggagagacttgcttccttgttttcccctcctcagcaagccctcat
  agtcctttttaagggtgacaggtcttacagtcatatatcctttgattcaattccctgagaatcaacca
  aagcaaatttttcaaaagaagaaacctgctataaagagaatcattcattgcaacatgatataaaataa
  caacacaataaaagcaattaaataaacaaacaatagggaaatgtttaagttcatcatggtacttagac
  ttaatggaatgtcatgccttatttacatttttaaacaggtactgagggactcctgtctgccaagggcc
  gtattgagtactttccacaacctaatttaatccacactatactgtgagattaaaaacattcattaaaa
  tgttgcaaaggttctataaagctgagagacaaatatattctataactcagcaattcccacttctaggg
  gttcgactggcaggaagcaggtcatgtggcaaggctatttggggaagggaaaataaaaccactaggta
  aacttgtagctgtggtttgaagaagtggttttgaaacactctgtccagccccaccaaaccgaaagtcc
  aggctgagcaaaacaccacctgggtaatttgcatttctaaaataagttgaggattcagccgaaactgg
  agaggtcctcttttaacttattgagttcaaccttttaattttagcttgagtagttctagtttccccaa
  acttaagtttatcgacttctaaaatgtatttagaatttcgaccaattctcatgtttgacagcttatca
  tcgctgcactccgcccgaaaagtgcgctcggctctgccaaggacgcggggcgcgtgactatgcgtggg
  ctggagcaaccgcctgctgggtgcaaaccctttgcgcccggactcgtccaacgactataaagagggca
  ggctgtcctctaagcgtcaccacgacttcaacgtcctgagtaccttctcctcacttactccgtagctc
  cagcttcaccagatccctcgagtctagacacaggccgccaccatgggatggagctgtatcatcctctt
  cttggtagcaacagctacaggtgtccactccatggacatccagctgacccagagcccaagcagcctga
  gcgccagcgtgggtgacagagtgaccatcacctgtaaggccagtcaggatgtgggtacttctgtagct
  tggtaccagcagaagccaggtaaggctccaaagctgctgatctactggacatccacccggcacactgg
  tgtgccaagcagattcagcggtagcggtagcggtaccgacttcaccttcaccatcagcagcctccagc
  cagaggacatcgccacctactactgccagcaatatagcctctatcggtcgttcggccaagggaccaag
  gtggaaatcaaacgtggaggtggccaattcatggaggtccaactggtggagagcggtggaggtgttgt
  gcaacctggccggtccctgcgcctgtcctgctccgcatctggcttcgatttcaccacatattggatga
  gttgggtgagacaggcacctggaaaaggtcttgagtggattggagaaattcatccagatagcagtacg
  attaactatgcgccgtctctaaaggatagatttacaatatcgcgagacaacgccaagaacacattgtt
  cctgcaaatggacagcctgagacccgaagacaccggggtctatttttgtgcaagcctttacttcggct
  tcccctggtttgcttattggggccaagggaccccggtcaccgtctccggaggcggtggatccgacatt
  gtgatgacacaatctccatcctccctggctgtgtcacccggggagagggtcactctgacctgcaaatc
  cagtcagagtctgttcaacagtagaacccgaaagaactacttgggttggtaccagcagaaaccagggc
  agtctcctaaacttctgatctactgggcatctactcgggaatctggggtccctgatcgcttctcaggc
  agtggatccggaacagatttcactctcaccatcaacagtctgcaggctgaagacgtggcagtttatta
  ctgcactcaagtttattatctgtgcacgttcggtgctgggaccaagctggagctgaaacggctcgacc
  atcatcatcatcatcattgataagatctcggccggcaagcccccgctccccgggctctcgcggtcgca
  cgaggatgcttggcacgtaccccgtctacatacttcccaggcacccagcatggaaataaagcacccac
  cactgccctgggcccctgcgagactgtgatggttctttccacgggtcaggccgagtctgaggcctgag
  tggcatgagggaggcagagcgggtcccactgtccccacactggcccaggctgtgcaggtgtgcctggg
  ccgcctagggtggggctcagccaggggctgccctcggcagggtgggggatttgccagcgtggccctcc
  ctccagcagcagctgcctcgcgcgtttcggtgatgacggtgaaaacctctgacacatgcagctcccgg
  agacggtcacagcttgtctgtaagcggatgccgggagcagacaagcccgtcagggcgcgtcagcgggt
  gttggcgggtgtcggggcgcagccatgacccagtcacgtagcgatagcggagtgtatactggcttaac
  tatgcggcatcagagcagattgtactgagagtgcaccatatgcggtgtgaaataccgcacagatgcgt
  aaggagaaaataccgcatcaggcgctcttccgcttcctcgctcactgactcgctgcgctcggtcgttc
  ggctgcggcgagcggtatcagctcactcaaaggcggtaatacggttatccacagaatcaggggataac
  gcaggaaagaacatgtgagcaaaaggccagcaaaaggccaggaaccgtaaaaaggccgcgttgctggc
  gttt

Example 3Affinity Purification of hBS14
• hBS14 was purified to homogeneity using a novel affinity resin that was prepared and used as described below.
• Activation and Coupling of IMP291-affigel
• IMP291 peptide (see structure inFIG. 18) was coupled to Affigel 102 (BIO-RAD Laboratories, Hercules Calif.) using chloroacetic anhydride (CAA). CCA (1.5 g, 8.8 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile and added to 30 ml of Affigel 102 slurry. The pH was adjusted to 9.0 with triethylamine and reacted for 1 hour at room temperature to allow coupling of CAA to amine groups on the Affigel. The CAA-Affigel was washed and exchanged into 0.2M NaBorate, pH 8.0. A total of 166 mg of IMP291 was dissolved in 10 ml of 0.2M NaBorate, pH 8.0 and then added to the slurry, which was then rocked overnight at room temperature to allow coupling of the peptide to the CAA-Affigel via thioether bond formation. The resin was quenched by adding cysteine in 0.2M NaBorate, pH 8.0 to a final concentration of 20 mM and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature.
• Qualification of the Affinity Resin
• The IMP291-affigel resin was qualified as follows: A column was packed with 0.5 ml of the resin and equilibrated with PBS. A total of 23.5 mg of BS1.5HP in 10 ml of PBS was passed over the column. A total of 14 mg of BS1.5HP was detected in the unbound fraction indicating 9.5 mg had bound. A total of 9.2 mg was recovered in 7 ml of elution with 1M Imidazole, 150 mM sucrose, 10 mM NaAc, pH 4.5. The binding capacity of the resin was determined to be 330 pmol/ml. For hBS14, this is equivalent to a capacity of 26.7 mg/ml.
• Single-Step Purification of hBS14 with IMP291-Affigel
• A total of 22 liters of hBS14 YB2/0clone #8 roller bottle culture containing 144 mg of hBS14 (as estimated by BIAcore) was centrifuged and brought to 2 mM EDTA, 0.02% Triton-X-100; and 10 mM Na₂HPO₄The supernatant fluid was sterile-filtered through a 0.2 μM Millipak-200 filter unit into an autoclaved 10-L bottle closed system. The filtered media was loaded over a 10 ml IMP291-affigel column (2.5 cm diameter) at flow rates ranging from 2 to 4 ml/min. The column was washed to baseline with PBS and then eluted with 107 ml of elution buffer (1 M imidazole, 150 mM sucrose, 50 mM citrate, pH 4.5). A total of 93 mg of hBS14 was eluted. Size exclusion HPLC, SDS-PAGE, IEF, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry all indicated a highly purified homogeneous product from the single step IMP291-affigel affinity chromatography. BLAcore and in vivo analysis demonstrated that the product was fully active.
Example 4Use of hBS14 for Pre-Targeting of Human Colorectal Tumor Xenografts in Nude Mice
• This example demonstrates the ability of the trivalent, bispecific hBS14 molecule (hMN-14×hMN-14×679) to pre-target IMP-245, a^99mTc-labeled peptide, to a human colonic tumor (GW-39) xenograft. The structure ofIMP 245 is shown inFIG. 19. IMP-245 was prepared and labeled using standard techniques known in the art. See, for example, published application US20030198595, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• The experiment used 3 groups of 15 mice, each of which was necropsied, and 1 group of 5 mice that was imaged. Three groups of mice were administered 6 μCi¹²⁵I-hBS14 (40 μg, 5.0×10⁻¹⁰moles). In the last group (imaging group), 3 mice received unlabeled hBS14. The amount of^99mTc-IMP-245 administered to all the mice was ˜40 μCi (92 ng, 5.0×10⁻¹¹moles) for a bispecific:peptide ratio of 10:1. Mice were necropsied at 1, 4, and 24 hours post-peptide administration, and were divided into the following groups:
• • Group I:¹²⁵I-hBS14 with 4-hr clearance followed by^99mTc-IMP-245 [15 mice;sac 5/time-point at 1-, 4-, and 24-hrs post-DCS injection]
  • Group II:¹²⁵I-hBS14 with 24-hr clearance followed by^99mTc-IMP-245 [15 mice;sac 5/time-point at 1-, 4-, and 24-hrs post-DCS injection]
  • Group III:¹²⁵I-hBS14 with 48-hr clearance followed by^99mTc-IMP-245 [15 mice;sac 5/time-point at 1-, 4-, and 24-hrs post-DCS injection]
  • Group IV: hBS14 with 48-hr clearance (3 mice) followed by^99mTc-IMP-245 (all 5 mice) [5 mice; image mice at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 24-hrs post-DCS injection]
• Due to differences in tumor growth rates, only 20 mice were initially available for administration of hBS14. Fifteen mice were used to fill out Group II while 5 mice were used for Group I. The remaining mice (including the imaged mice) were injected one week later. Not all the mice implanted with GW-39 tumors developed usable tumors and, therefore, Group I only had 10 mice and were sacrificed at 1 hr post-peptide injection and 24 hrs post-injection.
• The graph inFIG. 20 (top panel) shows the tumor uptake of the¹²⁵I-hBS14 and^99mTc-IMP-245 in mice when the hBS14 was given 4 hrs to clear prior to administration of peptide (Group I). At 1 hr post-peptide administration there was 13.5±5.94% ID/g hBS14 in the tumor versus 2.9±0.46% ID/g of IMP-245 (4.7-fold less peptide than hBS14). After 24 hrs this ratio reversed with 2.4-fold more IMP-245 in the tumor versus the hBS14 (9.08±4.94% ID/g vs. 3.79±4.15% ID/g, respectively). Blood levels for the hBS14 and peptide were high at 1 hr post-injection (16.85±2.95% ID/g and 36.87+6.42% ID/g for hBS114 and IMP-245, respectively).
• Data for the mice in Group II are shown inFIG. 20 (bottom panel) Approximately 2-fold more IMP-245 than hBS14 was observed in the tumors. The greatest amount of variation occurred in the 4 hr post-IMP245 administration group (15.9±16.3% ID/g IMP-245 in the tumor). These differences do not appear to be due to hBS14 uptake since one mouse had 4.6% ID/g hBS14 in its tumor and only 3.6% ID/g IMP-245 while another mouse in this group also had 4.4% ID/g hBS14 but 18.1% ID/g IMP-245. There appears, however, to be a correlation between tumor size. These data suggest that larger tumors have better targeting in mice.
• The graph inFIG. 21 (top panel) shows the tumor uptake of¹²⁵I-hBS14 and^99mTc-IMP-245 in mice given 48 hrs to clear the hBS14 prior the administration of the peptide (Group III). Like the Group II mice (24 hr hBS14 clearance), consistent targeting of the hBS14 to the tumor at all three time-points was observed. At 1 hr post-peptide injection (49 hrs post-hBS14 administration) there was 3.50±0.86% ID/g hBS14 in the tumor. This level was maintained throughout two later time-points (52 hrs and 72 hrs post-hBS14 administration) at 3.62±1.59% ID/g and 6.97±3.10% ID/g, respectively. These data suggest that the bivalent hMN-14 portion of the hBS14 molecule increased its ability to stay on the tumor without being shed or otherwise lost. This stabilized binding of hBS14 to the tumor also resulted in a relatively constant^99mTc-IMP-245 signal at the tumor. At 1 hr post-peptide injection there was 21.03±2.47% ID/g at the tumor. After 4 hrs there was 14.53±4.90% ID/g and 15.47±9.31% ID/g at 24 hrs post-injection. The differences between any of these three time-points are not significany but, since^99mTc has such a short half-life (6.02 hrs) the relative amount of actual signal in the tumors at 24 hrs was 13-fold less.
• The table shown inFIG. 22 summarizes the % ID/g of the^99mTc-IMP-245 and the tumor to non-tumor ratios (T:NT) in the various tissues at 1 hr post-peptide administration for all three groups of mice (4, 24, and 48 hr hBS14 clearance). One hour post-peptide injection was used since early time-points for imaging are clinically desirable.
• The data from the imaged mice are shown inFIG. 23. The first pair of images shows the location of the tumors in the mice. hBS14 (5×10⁻¹⁰moles) was administered, followed after 48 hours by^99mTc-IMP-245 (40 μCi; 5×10⁻¹¹moles).Animals 1 & 2 were given peptide only, whileanimals 3, 4, & 5 were administered hBS14 followed by peptide. The animals had the following tumor sizes:
• • Animal 1: 1.68 cm³tumor
  • Animal 2: 0.62 cm³tumor
  • Animal 3: 1.22 cm³tumor
  • Animal 4: 0.62 cm³tumor
  • Animal 5: 0.56 cm³tumor
• The second pair of images shows the image at 1 hr post-peptide administration. After only 1 hour the tumors in the mice pre-targeted with the hBS14 were clearly visible. The majority of the signal was located in the bladder at this early time-point, as expected, and the kidneys also were evident in the images. External radioactivity was found on the foot of Animal 4 (circled) and was removed by washing the foot.
• The third pair of images show imaging data at 3 hrs post-peptide administration. At the 3 hr time-point,Animal 3 was removed. This mouse had very high tumor uptake and adjusting the image for this mouse decreased the sensitivity in the remaining four mice. The outline of the tumors was visible in the mice that received only peptide, but this was due to the blood pool and not direct targeting as can be seen withAnimals 4 & 5. The mice were still under the effects of the anesthesia from the first time-point and were unable to void their bladders, resulting in the high signal observed in the bladded.
• The final pair of images shows the image at 24 hrs post-peptide administration. Little signal remained in the mice at this time-point, which therefore were imaged for 20 minutes rather than the 10 minutes used at earlier time-points. The only signal detected was located in the tumors of the mice pre-targeted with hBS14 prior to the administration of the^99mTc-IMP-245.
• All three pre-targeted mice and both mice that received peptide alone were necropsied after the 24-hr imaging and the results are shown inFIG. 21 (bottom panel). Tumor and kidney uptake was the highest in the pre-targeted mice (19.01±2.80% ID/g and 3.81±0.80% ID/g, respectively). There was very little peptide in the tumor of the control mice (0.30±0.08% ID/g), but the same amount in the kidney as the pre-targeted mice (3.71±0.43% ID/g).

Claims (116)

1. A polyvalent protein complex (PPC) comprising a first and a second polypeptide chain,

wherein said first polypeptide chain comprises a polypeptide sequence represented, by the formula a₁-1₁-a₂-1₂-a₃,

wherein a₁, a₂, and a₃are immunoglobulin variable domains and 1₁and 1₂are peptide linkers, and a₁is N-terminal of a₂, which in turn is N-terminal of a₃,

wherein said second polypeptide chain comprises a polypeptide sequence represented by the formula b₁-1₃-b₂-1₄-b₃,

wherein b₁, b₂, and b₃are immunoglobulin variable domains and 1₃and 1₄are peptide linkers, and b₃is N-terminal of b₂, which in turn is N-terminal of b₁,

wherein said first and second polypeptide chain together form a complex comprising at least three antigen binding sites,

wherein each of said antigen binding sites comprises a variable domain from said first polypeptide chain and a variable domain from said second polypeptide chain, and

wherein each binding site comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable domain and an immunoglobulin light chain variable domain.

2. The complex according toclaim 1 wherein each polypeptide chain further comprises 1-3 additional immunoglobulin variable domains, wherein each domain is linked via a peptide linker,

wherein said first and second polypeptide chain together form a complex comprising 4-6 antigen binding sites, and

wherein each of said antigen binding sites comprises a variable domain from said first polypeptide chain and a variable domain from said second polypeptide chain.

3. The complex according toclaim 1, wherein at least one polypeptide chain further comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a toxin, a cytokine, a lymphokine, a enzyme, a growth factor, and an affinity purification tag.

4. The complex according toclaim 1, wherein at least two of said antigen binding sites have the same binding specificity.

5. The complex according toclaim 1, wherein each of said antigen binding sites has a different binding specificity.

6. The complex according toclaim 4, wherein said antigen binding sites have the same binding specificity.

7. The complex according toclaim 2 wherein said antigen binding sites have at least two different binding specificities.

8. The complex according toclaim 7 wherein at least 3 of said antigen binding sites have different binding specificities.

9. The polyvalent protein complex ofclaim 7 wherein at least 4 of said antigen binding sites have different binding specificities.

10. The complex according toclaim 7 comprising at least 5 antigen binding sites wherein at least 5 of said binding sites have different binding specificities.

11. The complex according toclaim 7 comprising 6 antigen binding sites each having a different binding specificity.

12. The complex according toclaim 7 comprising at least 5 antigen binding sites wherein at least 5 of said binding sites have different binding specificities.

13. The complex according toclaim 1, wherein two of said antigen binding sites are specific for epitopes of tumor associated antigens, and wherein said third antigen binding sites is reactive with a targetable construct.

14. The polyvalent protein complex ofclaim 13, wherein two antigen binding sites are specific for epitopes of tumor associated antigens, and wherein the third antigen binding sites is reactive with a targetable construct, and wherein the epitope on the targetable construct is a hapten.

15. A complex comprising at least one complex according toclaim 1 bound to a targetable construct, wherein said complex is bound to a first hapten on said construct and wherein said construct further comprises a second hapten capable of binding simultaneously to a second polyvalent protein complex.

16. The polyvalent protein complex ofclaim 14, wherein the tumor associated antigen, or antigens are selected from the group consisting of antigens associated with carcinomas, melanomas, sarcomas, gliomas, leukemias and lymphomas.

17. The polyvalent protein complex ofclaim 14, wherein the tumor associated antigen is selected from the group consisting of α-fetoprotein, A3, CA125, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD30, CD33, CD45, CD74, CD80, colon-specific antigen-p (CSAp), EGFR, EGP-1, EGP-2, folate receptor, HER2/neu, HLA-DR, human chorionic gonadrotropin, Ia, IL-2, IL-6, insulin-like growth factor, KS-1, Le(y), MAGE, MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, NCA66, necrosis antigens, PAM-4, placental growth factor, prostatic acid phosphatase PSA, PSMA, S100, T101, TAC, TAG-72, tenascin and VEGF.

18. The polyvalent protein complex ofclaim 16, comprising at least two tumor antigen binding sites, wherein both tumor antigen binding sites are specific for CEA and wherein the third binding site is specific for the hapten, histamine-succinyl-glycine (HSG).

19. The polyvalent protein complex ofclaim 16, wherein the polyvalent protein is BS14HP, or hBS14.

20. A complex comprising a polyvalent protein complex according toclaim 19, bound to IMP 241, or IMP 245

21. A pretargeting method of treating or diagnosing or treating and diagnosing a neoplastic condition comprising

(a) administering to said subject the polyvalent protein complex ofclaim 1, wherein two antigen binding sites are directed to a tumor associated antigen, and one antigen binding sites is directed to a targetable construct comprising a bivalent hapten;

(b) optionally, administering to said subject a clearing composition, and allowing said composition to clear the polyvalent complex from circulation; and

(c) administering to said subject said targetable construct comprising a bivalent hapten, wherein said targetable construct further comprises one or more chelated or chemically bound therapeutic or diagnostic agents.

22. The method ofclaim 21, wherein the diagnostic agent is a radionuclide selected from the group consisting of¹⁸F,⁵²Fe,⁶²Cu,⁶⁴Cu,⁶⁷Cu,⁶⁷Ga,⁶⁸Ga,⁸⁶Y,⁸⁹Zr,^94mTc,⁹⁴Tc,^99mTc,¹¹¹In,¹²³I,¹²⁴I,¹²⁵I,¹³¹I,^154-158Gd,¹⁷⁷Lu,³²P,¹⁸⁸Re, and⁹⁰Y or a combination thereof.

23. The method ofclaim 22, wherein said radioactive labels are imaged using computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), or positron emission tomography (PET).

24. The method ofclaim 22, wherein the application is for intraoperative diagnosis to identify occult neoplastic tumors.

25. The method ofclaim 21, wherein said targetable construct comprises one or more image enhancing agents for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

26. The method ofclaim 25, wherein said image enhancing agent is a metal selected from the group consisting of chromium (III), manganese (II), iron (III), iron (II), cobalt (II), nickel (II), copper (III), neodymium (III), samarium (III), ytterbium (III), gadolinium (III), vanadium (II), terbium (III), dysprosium (III), holmium (III) and erbium (III).

27. The method ofclaim 21, wherein said targetable construct comprises one or more image enhancing agents for use in ultrasound imaging.

28. The method ofclaim 21, wherein said targetable construct is a liposome with a bivalent HSG-peptide covalently attached to the outside surface of the liposome lipid membrane.

29. The method ofclaim 28, wherein said liposome is gas filled.

30. The method ofclaim 21, wherein said targetable construct comprises one or more radioactive isotopes useful for killing neoplastic cells.

31. The method ofclaim 30, wherein said radioactive isotope is selected from the group consisting of³²P,³³P,⁴⁷Sc,⁶⁴Cu,⁶⁷Cu,⁶⁷Ga,⁹⁰Y,¹¹¹Ag,₁₁₁In,¹²⁵I,¹³¹I,¹⁴²Pr,¹⁵³Sm,¹⁶¹Tb,¹⁶⁶Dy,¹⁶⁶Ho,¹⁷⁷Lu,¹⁸⁶Re,¹⁸⁸Re,¹⁸⁹Re,²¹²Pb,²¹²Bi,²¹³Bi,²¹¹At,²²³Ra and²²⁵Ac or a combination thereof.

32. The method ofclaim 30, wherein the pretargeted therapy is administered prior to, with or after one or more therapeutic agents.

33. The method ofclaim 32, wherein said therapeutic agent is a cytokine or a chemotherapeutic agent, or a colony-stimulating growth factor.

34. The method ofclaim 33, wherein said therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of taxanes, nitrogen mustards, ethylenimine derivatives, alkyl sulfonates, nitrosoureas, triazenes; folic acid analogs, pyrimidine analogs, purine analogs, vinca alkaloids, antibiotics, enzymes, platinum coordination complexes, substituted urea, methyl hydrazine derivatives, adrenocortical suppressants, and antagonists.

35. The method ofclaim 33, wherein said therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of steroids, progestins, estrogens, antiestrogens, and androgens.

36. The method ofclaim 33, wherein said therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of azaribine, bleomycin, bryostatin-1, busulfan, carmustine, chlorambucil, cisplatin, CPT-11, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, dexamethasone, diethylstilbestrol, doxorubicin, ethinyl estradiol, etoposide, fluorouracil, fluoxymesterone, gemcitabine, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, hydroxyurea, L-asparaginase, leucovorin, lomustine, mechlorethamine, medroprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, melphalan, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, methotrexate, mithramycin, mitomycin, mitotane, phenyl butyrate, prednisone, procarbazine, semustine streptozocin, tamoxifen, taxanes, taxol, testosterone propionate, thalidomide, thioguanine, thiotepa, uracil mustard, vinblastine, and vincristine.

37. The method ofclaim 33, wherein said therapeutic agent is a cytokine selected from the group consisting of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, and interferon-gamma.

38. The method ofclaim 33, wherein said therapeutic agent is a colony-stimulating growth factor selected from the group consisting of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), erthropoietin and thrombopoietin.

39. A method of treating a neoplastic disorder in a subject, comprising administering to said subject a “naked” polyvalent protein complex according toclaim 1, wherein at least one of said antigen binding sites binds to an antigen selected from the group consisting of alpha fetoprotein, A3, CA125, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD30, CD33, CD45, CD74, CD80, colon-specific antigen-p (CSAp), EGFR, EGP-1, EGP-2, folate receptor, HER2/neu, HLA-DR, human chorionic gonadrotropin, Ia, IL-2, IL-6, insulin-like growth factor, KS-1, Le(y), MAGE, MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, NCA66, necrosis antigens, PAM-4, placental growth factor, prostatic acid phosphatase PSA, PSMA, S100, T101, TAC, TAG-72, tenascin and VEGF.

40. The method ofclaim 39, wherein the neoplastic disorder is selected from the group consisting of carcinomas, sarcomas, gliomas, lymphomas, leukemias, and melanomas.

41. A method for treating a B-cell malignancy, or B-cell immune or autoimmune disorder in a subject, comprising administering to said subject one or more dosages of a therapeutic composition comprising a polyvalent protein complex ofclaim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

42. A method for treating a B-cell malignancy, or B-cell immune or autoimmune disorder in a subject, comprising administering to said subject one or more dosages of a therapeutic composition comprising a polyvalent protein complex ofclaim 2 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein each antigen binding site binds a distinct epitope of CD19, CD20 or CD22.

43. The method ofclaim 42, wherein said polyvalent protein complex is parenterally administered in a dosage of 20 to 1500 milligrams protein per dose.

44. The method ofclaim 42, wherein said polyvalent protein complex is parenterally administered in a dosage of 20 to 500 milligrams protein per dose.

45. The method ofclaim 42, wherein said polyvalent protein complex is parenterally administered in a dosage of 20 to 100 milligrams protein per dose.

46. The method ofclaim 42, wherein said subject receives the polyvalent protein complex as repeated parenteral dosages of 20 to 100 milligrams protein per dose.

47. The method ofclaim 42, wherein said subject receives the polyvalent protein complex as repeated parenteral dosages of 20 to 1500 milligrams protein per dose.

48. The method ofclaim 42, wherein a sub-fraction of the polyvalent protein complex is labeled with a radioactive isotope.

49. The method ofclaim 48, wherein said radioactive isotope is selected from the group consisting of³²P,³³P,⁴⁷Sc,⁶⁴Cu,⁶⁷Cu,⁶⁷Ga,⁹⁰Y,¹¹¹Ag,₁₁₁In,¹²⁵I,¹³¹I,¹⁴²Pr,¹⁵³Sm,¹⁶¹Tb,¹⁶⁶Dy,¹⁶⁶Ho,¹⁷⁷Lu,¹⁸⁶Re,¹⁸⁸Re,¹⁸⁹Re,²¹²Pb,²¹²Bi,²¹³Bi,²¹¹At,²²³Ra and²²⁵Ac or a combination thereof.

50. A method for detecting or diagnosing a B-cell malignancy, or B-cell immune or autoimmune disorder in a subject, comprising administering to said subject a diagnostic composition comprising a polyvalent protein complex ofclaim 2 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein each antigen binding site binds a distinct epitope of CD19, CD20 or CD22, and wherein said complex is radiolabeled with a radionuclide selected from the group consisting of¹⁸F,⁵²Fe,⁶²Cu,⁶⁴Cu,⁶⁷Cu,⁶⁷Ga,⁶⁸Ga,⁸⁶Y,⁸⁹Zr,^94mTc,⁹⁴Tc,^99mTc,¹¹¹In,¹²³I,¹²⁴I,¹²⁵I,¹³¹I,^154-158Gd,¹⁷⁷Lu,³²P, 188Re, and⁹⁰Y or a combination thereof.

51. The method ofclaim 50, wherein said radioactive labels are imaged using computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), or positron emission tomography (PET).

52. The method ofclaim 50, wherein the application is for intraoperative diagnosis to identify occult neoplastic tumors.

53. A method for detecting or diagnosing a B-cell malignancy, or B-cell immune or autoimmune disorder in a subject, comprising administering to said subject a diagnostic composition comprising a polyvalent protein complex ofclaim 2 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein each antigen binding site binds a distinct epitope of CD19, CD20 or CD22, and wherein said complex is labeled with one or more image enhancing agents for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

54. The method ofclaim 53, wherein said image enhancing agent is a paramagnetic ion selected from the group consisting of chromium (III), manganese (II), iron (II), iron (II), cobalt (II), nickel (II), copper (II), neodymium (III), samarium (III), ytterbium (III), gadolinium (III), vanadium (II), terbium (III), dysprosium (III), holmium (III) and erbium (III).

55. A method of diagnosing a non-neoplastic disease or disorder, comprising administering to a subject suffering from said disease or disorder a complex according toclaim 1, wherein a detectable label is attached to said complex, and wherein one or more of said antigen binding sites is specific for a marker substance of the disease or disorder.

56. The method ofclaim 55, wherein said disease or disorder is caused by a fungus.

57. The method ofclaim 56, wherein said fungus is selected from the group consisting ofMicrosporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Sporothrix schenckii, Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, andCandida albicans.

58. The method ofclaim 55 wherein said disease or disorder is caused by a virus.

59. The method ofclaim 58, wherein said virus is selected from the group consisting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, rabies virus, influenza virus, hepatitis B virus, Sendai virus, feline leukemia virus, Reo virus, polio virus, human serum parvo-like virus, simian virus 40, respiratory syncytial virus, mouse mammary tumor virus, Varicella-Zoster virus, Dengue virus, rubella virus, measles virus, adenovirus, human T-cell leukemia viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, murine leukemia virus, mumps virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, Sindbis virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, wart virus and blue tongue virus.

60. The method ofclaim 55 wherein said disease or disorder is caused by a bacterium.

61. The method ofclaim 60, wherein said bacterium is selected from the group consisting ofAnthrax bacillus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Legionella pneumophilia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Pneumococcus, Hemophilis influenzaeB,Treponema pallidum, Lyme diseasespirochetes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium leprae, Brucella abortus, andMycobacterium tuberculosis

62. The method ofclaim 55 wherein said disease or disorder is caused by aMycoplasma.

63. The method ofclaim 55 wherein said disease or disorder is caused by a parasite.

64. The method ofclaim 55 wherein said disease or disorder is malaria.

65. The method ofclaim 55, wherein said disease or disorder is an autoimmune disease.

66. The method ofclaim 65, wherein said autoimmune disease is selected from the group consisting of acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, dermatomyositis, Sydenham's chorea, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis, rheumatic fever, polyglandular syndromes, bullous pemphigoid, diabetes mellitus, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, post-streptococcalnephritis, erythema nodosurn, Takayasu's arteritis, Addison's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, ulcerative colitis, erythema multiforme, IgA nephropathy, polyarteritis nodosa, ankylosing spondylitis, Goodpasture's syndrome, thromboangitisubiterans, Sjogren's syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, scleroderma, chronic active hepatitis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, polychondritis, pamphigus vulgaris, Wegener's granulomatosis, membranous nephropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, tabes dorsalis, giant cell arteritis/polymyalgia, pernicious anemia, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, psoriasis, and fibrosing alveolitis.

67. The method ofclaim 55, wherein said the disease or disorder is myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, or atherosclerotic plaques.

68. The method ofclaim 55, wherein said disease or disorder is graft rejection.

69. The method ofclaim 55, wherein said disease or disorder is Alzheimer's disease.

70. The method ofclaim 55, wherein said disease or disorder is caused by atopic tissue.

71. The method ofclaim 55, wherein said disease or disorder is inflammation caused by accretion of activated granulocytes, monocytes, lymphoid cells or macrophages at the site of inflammation, and wherein the inflammation is caused by an infectious agent.

72. The method ofclaim 55, wherein said detectable label is a radionuclide selected from the group consisting of¹⁸F,⁵²Fe,⁶²Cu,⁶⁴Cu,⁶⁷Cu,⁶⁷Ga,⁶⁸Ga,⁸⁶Y,⁸⁹Zr^94mTc,⁹⁴Tc,^99mTc,¹¹¹In,¹²³I,¹²⁴I,¹²⁵I,¹³¹I,^154-158Gd,¹⁷⁷Lu,³²P,¹⁸⁸Re, and⁹⁰Y or a combination thereof.

73. The method ofclaim 72, wherein said radioactive labels are imaged using computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), or positron emission tomography (PET).

74. The method ofclaim 73, wherein the application is for intraoperative diagnosis of said disease or disorder.

75. The method ofclaim 55, wherein at least one of said antigen binding sites is specific for a targetable construct, and wherein said construct comprises one or more image enhancing agents for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

76. The method ofclaim 75, wherein said image enhancing agent is a paramagnetic ion selected from the group consisting of chromium (III), manganese (II), iron (III), iron (II), cobalt (II), nickel (II), copper (II), neodymium (III), samarium (III), ytterbium (III), gadolinium (III), vanadium (II), terbium (III), dysprosium (III), holmium (III) and erbium (III).

77. The method ofclaim 55, wherein at least one of said antigen binding sites is specific for a targetable construct, and wherein said targetable construct comprises one or more image enhancing agents for use in ultrasound imaging.

78. The method ofclaim 55, wherein at least one of said antigen binding sites is specific for a targetable construct and wherein said targetable construct comprises a liposome with a bivalent HSG-peptide covalently attached to the outside surface of the liposome lipid membrane.

79. The method ofclaim 74, wherein said liposome is gas filled.

80. A pretargeting method of treating or diagnosing a non-neoplastic disease or disorder in a subject comprising

(a) administering to said subject the polyvalent protein complex ofclaim 1, wherein two antigen binding sites are directed to a marker substance, or marker substances specific for the disorder, and one antigen binding sites is directed to a targetable construct comprising a bivalent hapten;

(b) optionally administering to said subject a clearing composition, and allowing said composition to clear the polyvalent complex from circulation; and

(c) administering to said subject said targetable construct comprising a bivalent hapten, wherein the targetable construct further comprises one or more chelated or chemically bound therapeutic or diagnostic agents.

81. The method ofclaim 80, wherein said disease or disorder is caused by a fungus.

82. The method ofclaim 81, wherein the species of fungus is selected from the group consisting ofMicrosporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Sporothrix schenckii, Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, orCandida albicans.

83. The method ofclaim 80 wherein said disease or disorder is caused by a virus.

84. The method ofclaim 83, wherein the species of virus is selected from the group consisting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, rabies virus, influenza virus, hepatitis B virus, Sendai virus, feline leukemia virus, Reo virus, polio virus, human serum parvo-like virus, simian virus 40, respiratory syncytial virus, mouse mammary tumor virus, Varicella-Zoster virus, Dengue virus, rubella virus, measles virus, adenovirus, human T-cell leukemia viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, murine leukemia virus, mumps virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, Sindbis virus, lymphocytic choriomeningifis virus, wart virus and blue tongue virus.

85. The method ofclaim 80 wherein said disease or disorder is caused by a bacterium.

86. The method ofclaim 85, wherein the bacterium is selected from the group consisting ofAnthrax bacillus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Legionella pneumophilia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Pneumococcus, Hemophilis influenzaeB,Treponema pallidum, Lyme diseasespirochetes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium leprae, Brucella abortus, andMycobacterium tuberculosis.

87. The method ofclaim 80 wherein said disease or disorder is caused by aMycoplasma.

88. The method ofclaim 80 wherein said disease or disorder is caused by a parasite.

89. The method ofclaim 80 wherein the disease or disorder is malaria.

90. The method ofclaim 80, wherein said disease or disorder is an autoimmune disease.

91. The method ofclaim 90, wherein the autoimmune disease is selected from the group consisting of acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, dermatomyositis, Sydenham's chorea, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis, rheumatic fever, polyglandular syndromes, bullous pemphigoid, diabetes mellitus, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, post-streptococcalnephritis, erythema nodosurn, Takayasu's arteritis, Addison's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, ulcerative colitis, erythema multiforme, IgA nephropathy, polyarteritis nodosa, ankylosing spondylitis, Goodpasture's syndrome, thromboangitisubiterans, Sjogren's syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, scleroderma, chronic active hepatitis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, polychondritis, pamphigus vulgaris, Wegener's granulomatosis, membranous nephropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, tabes dorsalis, giant cell arteritis/polymyalgia, pernicious anemia, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, psoriasis, and fibrosing alveolitis.

92. The method ofclaim 80, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and atherosclerotic plaques.

93. The method ofclaim 80, wherein the disease or disorder is graft rejection.

94. The method ofclaim 80, wherein the disease or disorder is Alzheimer's disease.

95. The method ofclaim 80, wherein the disease or disorder is caused by atopic tissue.

96. The method ofclaim 80, wherein the disease or disorder is inflammation caused by accretion of activated granulocytes, monocytes, lymphoid cells or macrophages at the site of inflammation, and wherein the inflammation is caused by an infectious agent.

97. The method ofclaim 80, wherein said targetable construct is labeled with a radionuclide selected from the group consisting of¹⁸F,⁵²Fe,⁶²Cu,⁶⁴Cu,⁶⁷Cu,⁶⁷Ga,⁶⁸Ga,⁸⁶Y,⁸⁹Zr,^94mTc,⁹⁴Tc,^99mTc,¹¹¹In,¹²³I,¹²⁴I,¹²⁵I,¹³¹I,^154-158Gd,¹⁷⁷LU,³²P,¹⁸⁸Re, and⁹⁰Y or a combination thereof.

98. The method ofclaim 97, wherein said radioactive labels are imaged using computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), or positron emission tomography (PET).

99. The method ofclaim 97, wherein the application is for intraoperative diagnosis of the disorder.

100. The method ofclaim 80, wherein said targetable construct comprises one or more image enhancing agents for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

101. The method ofclaim 100, wherein image enhancing agent is a paramagnetic ion selected from the group consisting of chromium (III), manganese (II), iron (III), iron (II), cobalt (II), nickel (II), copper (II), neodymium (III), samarium (III), ytterbium (III), gadolinium (III), vanadium (II), terbium (III), dysprosium (III), holmium (III) and erbium (III).

102. The method ofclaim 80, wherein said targetable construct comprises one or more image enhancing agents for use in ultrasound imaging.

103. The method ofclaim 102, wherein said targetable construct is a liposome with a bivalent HSG-peptide covalently attached to the outside surface of the liposome lipid membrane.

104. The method ofclaim 103, wherein said liposome is gas filled.

105. A method of antibody dependent enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) comprising;

(a) administering to a patient with a neoplastic disorder the polyvalent protein complex ofclaim 3, wherein said complex comprises a covalently attached enzyme capable of activating a prodrug,

(b) optionally administering to said subject a clearing composition, and allowing said composition to clear the polyvalent complex from circulation, and

(c) administering said prodrug to the patient.

106. An assay method comprising detecting a target molecule using one or more polyvalent protein complexes ofclaim 1.

107. An immunostaining method comprising staining a cell using one or more polyvalent protein complexes ofclaim 1.

108. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a first or second polypeptide according toclaim 1.

109. A nucleic acid expression cassette comprising the isolated nucleic acid ofclaim 108.

110. An episome comprising:

(a) a first promoter operationally connected to a first nucleic acid encoding a first polypeptide comprising a polypeptide chain represented by the formula a₁-1₁-a₂-1₂-a₃, wherein a₁, a₂, and a₃are immunoglobulin variable domains and 1₁and 1₂are peptide linkers,

(b) a second promoter operationally connected to a second nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide comprising a second polypeptide chain represented by the formula b₁-1₃-b₂-1₄-b₃, wherein b₁, b₂, and b₃are immunoglobulin variable domains and 1₃and 1₄are peptide linkers,

wherein said first and second polypeptide chain together form a complex comprising at least three antigen binding sites,

wherein each of said antigen binding sites comprises a variable domain from said first polypeptide chain and a variable domain from said second polypeptide chain,

wherein said first nucleic acid and said second nucleic acid are coexpressed when the episome is transformed into a host cell.

111. The episome ofclaim 110 which is a plasmid or a cosmid.

112. A host cell comprising an episome according toclaim 110.

113. The host cell ofclaim 112, wherein said host cell is selected from the group consisting ofE. coli, yeast, a plant cell and a mammalian cell.

114. A method of preparing a polyvalent protein complex, comprising culturing a host cell according toclaim 112.

115. The host cell ofclaim 112, wherein said cell is a murine myeloma cell line.

116. The episome ofclaim 111, wherein the plasmid is pdHL2.

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