US20040236307A1 - Infiltration cannula - Google Patents

Abstract

An infiltration cannula and method of using the infiltration cannula during an infiltration procedure are disclosed herein. The infiltration cannula includes: a tubular needle and a hub. The tubular needle has a proximal end and a distal end. The tubular needle also has a plurality of apertures disposed in a pattern about the distal end. The apertures are configured to infiltrate fluid into the subcutaneous tissue of a patient. The hub is configured to be held by a person performing the infiltration procedure. The hub has a first end and an opposing second end. The first end is attached to the proximal end of the tubular needle and the second end includes a connector configured to connect to an input source for receiving the fluid to be infiltrated into the subcutaneous tissue of the patient. The fluid flows from the connector, through the hub and into the tubular needle.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• Not Applicable[0001]
STATEMENT RE: FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH/DEVELOPMENT
• Not Applicable[0002]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates in general to cannulas and in particular to an infiltration cannula that allows for intermittent infiltration of fluids, such as a local anesthetic.[0003]
• Many medical procedures require infiltration of fluids, such as a local anesthetic. One method of infiltration of local anesthetic is via an infiltration cannula. Infiltrators currently on the market are known as sprinkler-tip or Klein (the present applicant) needle infiltrators. These cannulas are constructed out of a rigid stainless steel and have one or more apertures, which are typically round or oval, and are distributed about the distal end of the cannula. The apertures are distributed over about 15% to 25% or less than 5.0 cm. of the distal end of the cannula needle. These traditional infiltration cannulas are intended to be inserted through a small incision in the patient's skin and then moved in and out through the subcutaneous tissue while a dilute solution of local anesthetic (or other pharmaceutical solution) is ejected through the distal apertures. Such infiltrators typically have a blunt tip and require the placement of a small hole (made by a one mm skin-biopsy punch or a small surgical blade) through which the blunt tipped cannula can be passed. The piston-like in and out motion of the cannula causes the patient discomfort.[0004]
• Another method of fluid insertion is via a peripherally inserted central catheter, also called a PICC line comprising an elongate plastic tube that is placed inside a vein of the patient. PICC lines are typically used for procedures requiring delivery of fluids over a prolonged period of time. For example, a PICC line may be used when a patient needs to receive intravenous (IV) fluids, such as medication or nutrients over a prolonged period of time, such as a week or more.[0005]
• The On-Q® Pain Management System marketed by I-Flow® Corporation employs a PICC line type system for continuously providing local anesthetic. This system provides prolonged local anesthesia by means of an elastomer (elastic container) device that continuously infiltrates a solution of local anesthesia over many hours. The On-Q® device is a long soft flexible tube with many small holes arranged along a significant portion of the tube. The On-Q® device is designed to be positioned within a surgical wound at the time of surgery; after the surgical wound is closed the On-Q® device permits slow steady infiltration of a local anesthetic solution into the wound, thereby attenuating post-operative pain. The On-Q® device cannot be inserted through a tiny hole in the skin into subcutaneous tissue. Thus there is a need for a simple device that can permit the direct percutaneous insertion of a multi-holed infiltration cannula into subcutaneous tissue for the localized delivery of medications such as local anesthetics, chemotherapeutic agents, or crystalloids for parenteral hydration.[0006]
• Traditional techniques for subcutaneous injection of local anesthetic solutions use a high-concentration/low-volume of local anesthetic. This is associated with a rapid systemic absorption of the local anesthetic. In order to achieve a prolonged local anesthetic effect, the traditional techniques for using local anesthetics necessitate either frequent repeated injections or slow continuous subcutaneous infusion of the local anesthetic. As described above, repeated injections or piston-like movement of the cannula causes patient discomfort. Slow continuous infiltration may not be desirable in certain situations. Furthermore, continuous infiltrations restrict patient movement for extended periods of time which also cause the patient discomfort. Thus, there is a need for a system for infiltration of a local anesthetic into subcutaneous tissue which decreases patient discomfort, and allows prolonged local anesthesia.[0007]
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• An infiltration cannula and method of using the infiltration cannula during an infiltration procedure are disclosed herein. The infiltration cannula includes: a tubular needle and a hub. The tubular needle has a proximal end and a distal end. The tubular needle also has a plurality of apertures disposed in a pattern about the distal end. The apertures are configured to infiltrate fluid into the subcutaneous tissue of a patient. The hub is configured to be held by a person performing the infiltration procedure. The hub has a first end and an opposing second end. The first end is attached to the proximal end of the tubular needle and the second end includes a connector configured to connect to an input source for receiving the fluid to be infiltrated into the subcutaneous tissue of the patient. The fluid flows from the connector, through the hub and into the tubular needle.[0008]
• The tubular needle may be manufactured of stainless steel or plastic.[0009]
• The apertures may be arranged in a helical pattern or in a spiral pattern.[0010]
• The apertures may be distributed over about 33% to about 90% of the distal end of the tubular needle.[0011]
• The apertures may be round or oval.[0012]
• The fluid may be a local anesthetic.[0013]
• The infiltration procedure may be performed in conjunction with a liposuction procedure.[0014]
• A method of infiltrating fluid into subcutaneous tissue of a patient using an infiltration cannula, such as the one described above may include the following steps: (1) inserting an infiltration cannula through a patient's skin and into the subcutaneous tissue of the patient at a desired site; (2) receiving fluid from the fluid source via the connector; (3) transporting the fluid from the connector through the hub and into the tubular needle; and (4) ejecting the fluid from the tubular needle into the subcutaneous tissue of the patient via the apertures. The infiltration cannula used in performing the method includes: a connector for receiving the fluid from a fluid source, a hub in communication with the connector and a tubular needle in communication with the hub. The tubular needle has a plurality of apertures disposed in a pattern about a distal end. The apertures are configured to infiltrate the fluid into the subcutaneous the tissue of the patient.[0015]
• Steps (1)-(4) may be repeated intermittently. The steps may be repeated at intervals between about eight hours and twelve hours.[0016]
• After the desired amount of fluid has been infiltrated at a given site, the infiltration cannula is removed.[0017]
• The infiltration cannula may be inserted at a new site.[0018]
• Multiple infiltration cannulas (e.g., two) may be used simultaneously. Use of multiple infiltration cannulas prevents disruption of the method infiltration process when one infiltration cannula is removed.[0019]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• These as well as other features of the present invention will become more apparent upon reference to the drawings wherein:[0020]
• FIG. 1 is a side elevation view of a stainless steel infiltration cannula shown inserted in subcutaneous tissue shown in partial cross section;[0021]
• FIG. 2 is a section view of the infiltration cannula shown in FIG. 1;[0022]
• FIG. 3 is a side elevation view of a plastic infiltration cannula shown inserted in subcutaneous tissue shown in partial cross section;[0023]
• FIG. 4 is an exploded view of the infiltration cannula shown in FIG. 3; and[0024]
• FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary procedure for using an infiltration cannula such as the one shown in FIG. 1 or the one shown in FIG. 3.[0025]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• As described in further detail below, the present invention takes advantage of the tumescent technique in order to provide intermittent infiltration of local anesthetic. The present invention results in a significant decrease in patient discomfort due to the elimination of the piston-like in and out motion of the cannula. Once the cannula is in place, there is no need to push the cannula through the tissue in order to deliver the fluid to a wide area. Using the tumescent technique, the time needed in order to complete the infiltration of a targeted anatomic area is reduced to nearly half of the time required when using traditional prior art cannulas. The device and method described herein can use multiple (e.g., two) infiltration cannulas simultaneously. While one cannula is actively dispersing tumescent fluid into the subcutaneous tissue, the surgeon can reposition a second infiltration cannula. This allows the infiltration process to proceed without interruption, whereas prior art techniques of infiltration must be ceased each time the cannula is withdrawn from the skin and re-inserted into another direction.[0026]
• The tumescent technique was discovered by Jeffrey Alan Klein, M.D. (the applicant) in 1985. Dr. Klein first published a description of the tumescent technique in 1987 when he described the use of dilute lidocaine and epinephrine to permit liposuction totally by local anesthesia. A detailed description of the tumescent technique has not been published in anesthesiology literature, and therefore, the unique benefits of the tumescent technique are not well recognized by anesthesiologists.[0027]
• The tumescent technique is a drug delivery system that takes advantage of a recently discovered reservoir effect of injecting a relatively large volume of relatively dilute solution of a drug into the subcutaneous tissue.[0028]
• The present invention takes advantage of the tumescent reservoir phenomenon. It has many novel applications, an example of which is pain management. This technique eliminates the need for a continuous infiltration of local anesthetic and allows for intermittent injections. In exemplary embodiments, the intermittent injections are administered every eight to twelve hours.[0029]
• With the tumescent technique, a large volume of dilute solution of local anesthesia and epinephrine is injected into the subcutaneous space resulting in a large bolus (or reservoir) of solution. The profound vasoconstrictive effect (shrinking of the capillaries) of the dilute epinephrine produces a dramatic delay in the systemic absorption of the local anesthetic, which prolongs the anesthetic effects of tumescent anesthesia for eight to sixteen times longer than traditional techniques.[0030]
• Referring now to the drawings wherein the showings are for purposes of illustrating preferred embodiments of the present invention only, and not for purposes of limiting the same, FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a stainless steel (reusable)[0031]infiltration cannula10 and FIGS. 3-4 illustrate a (single use)plastic infiltration cannula30. Thecannula10,30 can be inserted under theskin52 and into thesubcutaneous tissue50 and tumescent local anesthesia can be infiltrated once every eight to twelve hours.
• Stainless steel infiltration cannulas[0032]10, such as the one shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, are precision high quality and reusable. These cannulas can be used to provide tumescent local anesthesia for surgical procedures, such as liposuction, which require tumescent local anesthesia over a relatively large area.
• The[0033]cannula10 includes atubular needle portion12 which has aproximal end14 and adistal end16. Theproximal end14 of thetubular needle12 is attached to ahub20 that is used by the anesthesiologist or surgeon to hold thecannula10 during the infiltration procedure. Thehub20 is connected to thetubular needle12 at afirst end22 and has aconnector24, such as a luer lock, at an opposing second end. Theconnector24 is connected to a fluid source, such as tubing connected to an IV bag. Fluid enters thecannula10 via theconnector24.
• In exemplary embodiments, the tip at the[0034]distal end16 is closed. The local anesthetic is infiltrated into the patient viaapertures18 located proximate thedistal end16 of thetubular needle12 of thecannula10. In exemplary embodiments, theapertures18 are disposed along thedistal end16 of thecannula10 in a spiral or helical pattern and are distributed over the distal 33% to 90% of thetubular needle12 of thecannula10. For example, if the length of the tubular needle D is 15 cm and theapertures18 at thedistal end16 cover a length d1 of 5 cm, the pattern of apertures of thecannula10 are distributed over 33% of thetubular needle12 of thecannula10.
• The[0035]proximal portion14 of thecannula10 is devoid of apertures in order to prevent fluid from leaking out of the cannula insertion site in the skin.
• Plastic infiltration cannulas[0036]30, such as the one shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, are single use cannulas and can be used in one of several unique ways. First, an anesthesiologist or surgeon can insert aninfiltration cannula30 withstylet46 into thesubcutaneous tissue50, remove thestylet46, then attach an IV tubing to the infiltrator and inject tumescent local anesthesia into the targeted area without subsequent repositioning of theinfiltration cannula30. The plastic flexible nature of thetubular needle32 of the disposableplastic cannula30 allows the patient to move or change position of the body without risk of injury that might result if a patient moves while a rigid steel cannula is inserted.
• Preferably, the[0037]stylet46 is metal, e.g., stainless steel. Theplastic cannula30 can be blunt-tipped with themetal stylet tip48 covered by the roundedtip39 of theplastic cannula30. Alternatively, theplastic cannula30 can be open-ended with thestylet46 extending a short distance past theend39 of the plastic cannula.30. In the case of an open-ended cannula, themetal stylet46 can be either blunt-tipped (requiring a skin incision to permit insertion into the subcutaneous space), or sharp-tipped (permitting the cannula to be inserted directly through the skin and into the subcutaneous space without requiring a preparatory skin incision.
• The plastic cannula shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 is similar to an IV catheter except the sharp hollow stylet used for the insertion of an IV catheter is replaced by a solid obturator/[0038]stylet46 that can be either sharp or blunt tipped. Except for theremovable stylet46, theplastic cannula30 is similar to thestainless steel cannula10 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and described above. Theplastic cannula30 includes a flexibletubular needle32 having aproximal end34 and adistal end36. The distal end hasapertures38 and theproximal end34 is devoid of apertures. As stated above, in exemplary embodiments, the pattern ofapertures38 in thecannula30 are distributed over the distal 33% to 90% of thetubular needle32 of thecannula30. For example, if thetubular needle32 ofcannula30 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 has a length D of 15 cm and the pattern of apertures are distributed over a length d1 of 13.5 cm, then theapertures38 are distributed over 90% of the cannula.
• A[0039]typical infiltration cannula10,30 might be20,18,16 or14 gauge (i.e., 20, 18, 16 or 14 cm in length) withsmall apertures18,38 placed every 5 mm d2 along the cannula in a spiral or helical pattern. It will be appreciated that the dimensions used herein are exemplary and that the cannula dimensions, range of gauge, relative size shape and pattern of apertures can vary greatly depending upon clinical preference.
• The[0040]proximal end34 of thetubular needle32 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 is attached to ahub40 that is used by the anesthesiologist or surgeon to hold thecannula30 during the infiltration procedure. Thehub40 is connected to thetubular needle32 at afirst end42 and has aconnector44 at an opposing second end. Theconnector44 is connected to a fluid source. As described above and shown in FIG. 4, thestylet46 can be inserted and removed from thecannula30.
• Infiltration using a[0041]plastic infiltration cannula30, such as the one shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, can be accomplished using an infiltration pump. Alternatively, the force of gravity could be used to push the tumescent fluid into the tissues by hanging a reservoir plastic bag of tumescent local anesthesia (or other dilute drug, such as a chemotherapeutic agent or antibiotics) on an IV pole and connecting bag to the infiltration cannula by an IV line.
• Another application is the injection of tumescent local anesthesia into a localized area through which a surgeon plans to make a surgical incision. The effects of vasoconstriction within the tumesced tissue minimizes surgical bleeding. The effects of tumescent local anesthesia produce prolonged post operative analgesia and also reduce the risk of surgical wound infections.[0042]
• Yet another application is to provide an easily accessible route for systemic administration of crystalloid fluids/electrolytes for systemic hydration or for other types of drug therapy. Potential clinical applications include emergency resuscitation with systemic fluids in situations where insertion of an IV catheter into a vein cannot be readily achieved. Examples of situations where emergency access for intravenous delivery of fluids might not be possible include acute trauma or burn wound in civilian or military situations. Another application might be the emergency treatment of dehydration associated with prolonged vomiting or diarrhea (e.g., epidemic cholera) such as among pediatric patients in rural (e.g., third world) settings. A subcutaneous infiltration catheter can easily be placed by a layman, whereas inserting an IV catheter into a patient that is severely dehydrated can be difficult even for a skilled physician. Delivery of systemic fluids by subcutaneous infiltration is safer in a zero gravity situation (for example, the Space Station). The addition of a small amount of capillary vasodilator (e.g., methylnicotinamide) to the subcutaneous fluid can be used to accelerate the systemic absorption of the fluid or drug into the intravascular space.[0043]
• The[0044]cannula10,30 is intended to be inserted far enough through theskin52 so that all of theapertures18,38 are within thefat50 of the patient. Once thecannula10,30 is properly positioned, it can remain stationary while the local anesthetic (or other pharmaceutical) solution is injected.
• After one portion of the targeted area has been tumesced, the infiltration is briefly terminated (either by turning off the pump or by clamping the IV tubing) while the[0045]cannula10,30 is repositioned into another area of the subcutaneous tissue. The infiltration is then restarted with the cannula stationary in its new position.
• The[0046]infiltrator10,30 can also be used in the traditional mode whereby thecannula10,30 is moved through the targeted tissue while the fluid is simultaneously pumped through thecannula10,30 and into thesubcutaneous tissue50.
• Another unique aspect of the tumescent technique's reservoir effect is that one can conveniently achieve a long slow steady absorption of a drug delivered to the[0047]subcutaneous space50 using periodic injections of a tumescent solution. In certain situations, using a slow IV infusion, the alternative technique, can achieve a slow systemic absorption of a drug but may be difficult, require greater clinical expertise, be more expensive, and therefore, less practical than the technique described herein.
• FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating steps performed in an exemplary infiltration procedure using a[0048]cannula10,30 such as the one shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 or the one shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, respectively. The procedure begins by inserting thetubular needle12,32 of theinfiltration cannula10,30 into a desiredsubcutaneous tissue site50, e.g., via an incision in the patient's skin52 (block100). Fluid is then transported from the fluid source (e.g., an IV bag) into thecannula10,30 via theconnector24,44 that is connected to the fluid source. The fluid is transported from theconnector24,44 through thehub20,40 and into thetubular needle12,32 (block102). The fluid is then ejected from thecannula10,30 into thesubcutaneous tissue50 of the patient via theapertures18,38 at thedistal end16,36 of thetubular needle12,34 of thecannula10,30 (block104).
• The fluid is transported (block[0049]102) and ejected (block104) until infiltration at the current site is completed (yes in decision block106). The fluid can be injected into multiple sites in order to distribute the solution over a greater area.
• Infiltration at a particular site may be deemed complete upon emptying of the fluid source or based on the anesthesiologist or surgeon's decision to stop the infiltration at the current site. After one portion of the targeted area has been tumesced, the infiltration can be briefly terminated (either by turning off the pump or by clamping the IV tubing) while the[0050]cannula10,30 is repositioned into another area of the subcutaneous tissue. The infiltration is then restarted with the cannula stationary in its new position. If the infiltration at a site is complete (yes in decision block106), the cannula is removed from the current site (block108). If the infiltration at the current site is not complete (no in decision block106), fluid is transported from the fluid source (block102) and ejected into the subcutaneous tissue (block104) until infiltration at the site is complete (yes in decision block106).
• If infiltration is complete at the current site (yes in decision block[0051]106) but infiltration is not complete (no in decision block110), thetubular needle12,32 of theinfiltration cannula10,30 is inserted into a new area ofsubcutaneous tissue50. The process described above is performed until the infiltration process is complete (yes in decision block110). This process can be repeated intermittently, for example every eight to twelve hours as described above.
• As described above, multiple infiltration cannulas (e.g., can be used at once). Thus, a second cannula can be inserted (block[0052]100) at the same time as a first cannula is being removed (block108). Thus, the infiltration process need not be interrupted in order to reposition a single cannula.
• Additional modifications and improvements of the present invention may also be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Thus, the particular combination of parts described and illustrated herein is intended to represent only a certain embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to serve as a limitation of alternative devices within the spirit and scope of the invention.[0053]

Claims (18)

What is claimed is:

1. An infiltration cannula for use in an infiltration procedure, the infiltration cannula comprising:

a tubular needle comprising:

a proximal end;

a distal end; and

a plurality of apertures disposed in a pattern about the distal end, the apertures configured to infiltrate fluid into subcutaneous tissue of a patient; and

a hub configured to be held by a person performing the infiltration procedure, the hub having a first end and an opposing second end, the first end being attached to the proximal end of the tubular needle, the second end comprising a connector configured to connect to an input source for receiving the fluid to be infiltrated into the subcutaneous tissue of the patient, the fluid flowing from the connector, through the hub and into the tubular needle.

2. The infiltration cannula as recited inclaim 1, wherein the tubular needle is manufactured of stainless steel.

3. The infiltration cannula as recited inclaim 1, wherein the tubular needle is manufactured of plastic.

4. The infiltration cannula as recited inclaim 1, wherein the apertures are arranged in a helical pattern.

5. The infiltration cannula as recited inclaim 1, wherein the apertures are arranged in a spiral pattern.

6. The infiltration cannula as recited inclaim 1, wherein the apertures are distributed over about 33% to about 90% of the distal end of the tubular needle.

7. The infiltration cannula as recited inclaim 1, wherein the apertures are round.

8. The infiltration cannula as recited inclaim 1, wherein the apertures are oval.

9. The infiltration cannula as recited inclaim 1, wherein the fluid is a local anesthetic.

10. The infiltration cannula as recited inclaim 9, wherein the infiltration procedure is performed in conjunction with a liposuction procedure.

11. A method of infiltrating fluid into subcutaneous tissue of a patient, the method comprising:

(a) inserting an infiltration cannula through a patient's skin and into the subcutaneous tissue of the patient at a desired site, the infiltration cannula comprising a connector for receiving the fluid from a fluid source, a hub in communication with the connector and a tubular needle in communication with the hub, the tubular needle having a plurality of apertures disposed in a pattern about a distal end, the apertures configured to infiltrate the fluid into the subcutaneous the tissue of the patient;

(b) receiving fluid from the fluid source via the connector;

(c) transporting the fluid from the connector through the hub and into the tubular needle; and

(d) ejecting the fluid from the tubular needle into the subcutaneous tissue of the patient via the apertures.

12. The method recited inclaim 11, further comprising repeating (a)-(d) intermittently.

13. The method recited inclaim 12, wherein (a)-(d) are repeated at intervals between about eight hours and twelve hours.

14. The method recited inclaim 12, further comprising removing the infiltration cannula.

15. The method recited inclaim 14, further comprising inserting the infiltration cannula at a new site in the patient's skin.

16. The method recited inclaim 15, wherein at least two infiltration cannulas are inserted into the patient's skin to prevent disruption of the method when one infiltration cannula is removed.

17. The method recited inclaim 11, wherein the fluid is a local anesthesia.

18. The method recited inclaim 17, wherein the method is performed in conjunction with a liposuction procedure.

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