US20040210498A1 - Method and system for performing purchase and other transactions using tokens with multiple chips - Google Patents

Abstract

An embodiment of the present invention is directed to devices with multiple chips for facilitating small purchase transactions through a stored value account while also permitting other transactions through a network as directed by the user. According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method and system for performing at least one transaction may involve identifying a token used to perform a transaction wherein the token is read at a reader associated with a service provider, the token comprising at least two chips, a first chip associated with a first protocol accessing a local system and a second chip associated with a second protocol accessing a central controller via a network; identifying an appropriate protocol for the transaction; routing the transaction to the appropriate protocol; identifying at least one account for funding the transaction; authenticating the transaction; and funding the transaction through the at least one account.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• The present application claims priority as a continuation-in-part to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/401,749, filed on Mar. 31, 2003, which in turn claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/368,155, filed on Mar. 29, 2002, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.[0001]
• The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/490,530, filed Jul. 29, 2003, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.[0002]
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention relates generally to performing purchase transactions and other functionality, and more specifically to a token with multiple radio frequency identification (RFID) and/or other types of chips associated with multiple protocols for performing purchase transactions funded by one or more accounts.[0003]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The current domestic, legal, reported cash market is reported to include 300 billion transactions totaling $1 trillion per annum. According to some estimates, seventy-five percent (75%) of those transactions involve payments of less than $20. Many financial institutions, credit card companies, merchants and consumers would prefer that these payments be made electronically. However, other than for transit applications, electronic payments for small value transactions have achieved minimal consumer penetration.[0004]
• Current credit/debit processes were optimized for larger value payments. The level of service for larger value payments cannot be supported by small value transactions. Since small value payments cannot support the service levels normal for typical credit/debit cards, there must be a means to communicate lower service level expectations to consumers. It would be very hard to educate consumers that the same card they have used for decades has two different service levels. Therefore, use of a different token may help consumers identify the difference.[0005]
• Technologically new payments mechanisms have often been frustrated by the ‘chicken or the egg’ conundrum. Until there are lots of consumers with the new devices, merchants are reluctant to pay the cost of installing new readers for the technology. Similarly, consumers are reluctant to carry new devices until there are enough merchants to accept them. Despite increasing fraud associated with criminals ‘stripping’ the information from magnetic-stripe cards, the card associations have failed to deploy more secure alternatives. Smartcards are just one example of the devices that have failed to gain traction.[0006]
• RFID technology is very broadly used today. RFID are currently used to identify cattle, packages, and owners of vehicles and for some payments (e.g., the 5 MM active Exxon Mobil SpeedPass™). The technology is available in at least two forms, active and passive RFID devices.[0007]
• E-Z Pass™ is an example of an active RFID device. In order to permit cars to be recognized at speeds up to 200 MPH, such active RFID devices have a battery and in response to a signal from readers, transmit a signal that can be recognized from a distance (e.g., 40 meters) from the reader. At such distances, it is important that only the intended vehicle is charged for the toll. As a consequence, technology is focused on tracking a particular vehicle within a specific lane of traffic.[0008]
• Another implementation of RFID technology involves passive devices. Passive RFID devices have no battery. These devices contain chips and an antenna. When the passive RFID device is in proximity of a reader, usually within inches but can be feet away, the chip is activated by an RF signal sent by the reader. The reader's broadcast RF signal is captured by the passive device's antenna and generates sufficient electrical energy to activate the chip. The passive RFID chip is hardwired to respond in a particular way, to be recognized by the reader. Certain mass-transit cards are an example of a passive RFID device.[0009]
• Payments using RFID devices are beginning to emerge, though there are several impediments. Merchants have balked at the $5,000-15,000 cost of installing RFID readers, because there are few RFID enabled consumers, and issuers are reluctant to distribute tokens (at a cost of upwards of $8 each) unless there are enough merchants to generate sizeable payments.[0010]
• Other drawbacks may also be present.[0011]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• Accordingly, one aspect of the invention is to address one or more of the drawbacks set forth above.[0012]
• According to an embodiment of the present invention, devices (e.g., tokens) may include multiple chips associated with one or more accounts. For example, a token may include a first chip associated with a stored value account to facilitate small purchase transactions and a second chip for permitting network based transactions as directed by the user. For example, the first chip having a stored value account may be associated with a mass-transit system and/or other service providers (e.g., merchants, etc.) while the second chip may be connected to multiple accounts via a network. When the device interacts with a reader for a purchase transaction, one or more of the plurality of accounts may be accessed. Selection of an account may be based on the amount of the purchase, the identity of the merchant, type of transaction, predetermined rules, user selection as well as other criteria and/or action.[0013]
• According to one exemplary embodiment, method for performing at least one transaction comprises the steps of identifying a token used to perform a transaction wherein the token is read at a reader associated with a service provider, the token comprising at least two chips, a first chip associated with a first protocol accessing a local system and a second chip associated with a second protocol accessing a central controller via a network; identifying an appropriate protocol for the transaction; routing the transaction to the appropriate protocol; identifying at least one account for funding the transaction; authenticating the transaction; and funding the transaction through the at least one account.[0014]
• In accordance with other aspects of this exemplary embodiment, the first protocol supports a stored value account located on the first chip; the first protocol is associated with a mass transit system; the second protocol supports general purpose transactions through the network; the at least one account associated with the second protocol comprises a plurality of funding accounts for funding the transaction; the at least one account comprises one or more of a stored value account, a debit account and a credit card account; the method comprises the steps of collecting transaction data associated with the transaction and storing the transaction data in at least one database; the method comprises the step of applying one or more credits in association with one or more loyalty programs associated with a user of the token; the method comprises the steps of collecting preference data associated with a user and storing the preference data in at least one database; the steps of collecting and storing transaction data are performed at the central controller and transmitted to the local system for use in transactions associated with the first chip; the step of applying one or more credits is performed at the central controller and transmitted to the local system for use in transactions associated with the first chip; the step of collecting and storing preference data is performed at the central controller and transmitted to the local system for use in transactions associated with the first chip; wherein identifying at least one account for funding the transaction is based on at least one predetermined account condition; wherein the at least one predetermined account condition comprises at least one of purchase amount limit, merchant identity, type of merchant and type of purchase; and wherein the token further comprises an audit chip for tracking activity of the first chip and the second chip.[0015]
• According to one exemplary embodiment, a system for performing at least one transaction comprises a token for performing a transaction wherein the token is read at a reader associated with a service provider, the token comprising at least two chips, a first chip associated with a first protocol accessing a local system and a second chip associated with a second protocol accessing a central controller via a network; where an appropriate protocol is identified for the transaction and the transaction is routed to the appropriate protocol and the central controller for identifying at least one account for funding the transaction, authenticating the transaction and funding the transaction through the at least one account.[0016]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 illustrates a system for performing purchase transactions with a token with multiple chips according to an embodiment of the present invention.[0017]
• FIG. 2 illustrates a network system for performing purchase transactions with a token according to an embodiment of the present invention.[0018]
• FIG. 3 is an exemplary flowchart for registering a token according to an embodiment of the present invention.[0019]
• FIG. 4 is an exemplary flowchart for enabling a user to make a purchase transaction with a token according to an embodiment of the present invention.[0020]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• A system and method for using a token with multiple chips for performing purchase transactions are described. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the system and method may make use of existing tokens distributed for other purposes or for purposes of payment, as well as newly distributed tokens, with radio frequency identification chips and/or other types of chips, to perform various purchase transactions. One technical effect of the invention is to provide a system and method for performing purchase transactions using a device (e.g., a token) with multiple chips, as set forth in the Summary of the Invention, above and as more fully described here in the Detailed Description of the Invention. Various aspects and components of this system and process are described below. While the present invention is described in terms of tokens and radio frequency identification chips in particular, it is recognized that other types of tokens and chips may also be used.[0021]
• According to an embodiment of the present invention, a system and method for small value payments solutions may be faster than cash and more cost efficient. For example, a token associated with a mass transit system (or other system) may be used to facilitate small value transactions and still permit larger transactions as directed by a user. As current credit/debit payments are often too slow and/or costly to be successful in many small payment situations, an embodiment of the present invention may be used for such transactions while offering payment to a mass transit system (or other system) with which users are already familiar. Such a token or device may enable merchants to accumulate consumer transaction information, and be able to offer coupons and/or other customer loyalty rewards. By using a token associated with a system familiar to customers (e.g., a mass transit system, etc.), an embodiment of the present invention may avoid aspects of the classic ‘chicken or the egg’ conundrum that often plagues new payment systems. As mass transit systems have already installed readers for their systems, an educated customer base has already been established and merchants may avoid installing readers for new payments with concern about whether there are enough consumers with new payment tokens.[0022]
• According to an embodiment of the present invention, transit applications may employ a chip stored value purse (also referred to as a “chip stored value account”), obviating use of a network to authenticate payments. While such payments may be faster and cheaper than network payments, they may also be less secure. A transit authority's RFID (or other) implementation is likely to be unique. According to an embodiment of the present invention, to penetrate the transit business, one path may call for issuers of general-purpose tokens to adopt wholesale the existing protocols of the local transit authorities, thereby obviating any change in transit readers or process. By way of example, tokens distributed in Chicago may incorporate a chip purse with identical (or substantially similar) logic and communication protocols as tokens issued by Chicago Transit. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the token may use exactly the same (or substantially similar) chip as used by Chicago Transit Authority.[0023]
• An embodiment of the present invention relates to a system and method by which an existing and large network of devices, as well as newly distributed devices, may be used by consumers to authenticate themselves and permits consumers to apply various payments mechanisms. According to an exemplary implementation, an existing broadly distributed network may involve active and/or passive RFID devices as well as other devices or chip types held by consumers.[0024]
• While RFID chips are discussed in various exemplary embodiments and applications, it is recognized that other types of chips may also be used in accordance with the various embodiments and applications of the present inventions. For example, the chips may include various types of Central Processing Unit (CPU) chips. CPU chips may include a memory function and an ability to communicate with another device, such as a reader. Other chips that communicate using different spectrums of frequencies may also be used. Other types of chips using various communication media, such as light, sound, vibration, tones, other frequencies and other forms of communication may be implemented. Passive as well as active chips may also be included. According to an embodiment of the present invention, a single token may include multiple types of chips. For example, a token may include a RFID chip, a CPU chip, a passive chip (e.g., bar code, magnetic stripe, etc.) and/or other types of chips. In another example, a token may include a smart card chip, multiple RFID chips, and chips communicating on a different spectrum. Various other combinations may be implemented. Essentially any type of chip having a memory capability and ability to communicate with another device (e.g., reader) may be used.[0025]
• In addition, a token may include a variety of portable or mobile devices, such as cards (e.g., transit card, ID card, driver's license, etc.), wireless devices (e.g., cell phones, etc.), personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop, etc. The token may be included in any portable device, including objects, such as wallets, card holders, briefcases, watches, and/or other objects that may be carried or used by a user.[0026]
• FIG. 1 illustrates a[0027]system100 for performing purchase transactions with a token with multiple chips according to an embodiment of the present invention. User101 may use token102 to make various transactions at various points of purchase (e.g., merchants, mass transit, etc.). Token102 may include multiple chips, as shown by104 and106.Chip108 may include an audit chip for tracking the activity ofchips104 and106. Each token and/or each chip may have an associated unique identifier. Token102 may be used to make stored value account payments (e.g., chip purse payments), network payments and/or other payments according to various protocols. For example, a single token may support multiple protocols, including a protocol (e.g., transit protocol, etc.) for supporting chip purse transactions including stored value account transactions, network protocols for supporting general purpose transactions and a protocol for tracking payments. When placed in the range of each different type of reader, the appropriate chip of the token may respond and communicate appropriately. In another example, the user may select a protocol, if more than one protocol is available. General purpose payments may involve network access where token102 may be used to authenticate the user to a network, such asNetwork120. While one of each item is described for the convenience of explanation, it is understood that multiple devices and elements may be used withinsystem100 of FIG. 1. For example,multiple Systems114 and multiple associatedReaders110 may be realized.
• A merchant or other service provider may provide a reader for reading[0028]token102. In this exemplary embodiment,Reader110 may be linked tochip104 andReader112 may be linked tochip106.Readers110 and112 may be located at various merchant locations, service provider locations and/or other locations that may require some form of purchasing action. For example,Reader110 may be located at mass transit locations, toll way locations, gasoline pump locations, merchant locations, service provider locations, etc.Reader110 may be connected toSystem114 to support system transactions.Reader112 may be located at merchant locations, service provider locations, etc.Reader112 may be connected toNetwork120 to support network transactions. In addition, system transactions may receive data fromCentral Controller130 throughNetwork120 via144 and146, or directly via142.
• [0029]Reader110 may support system transactions throughSystem114. For example,Reader110 may be linked toSystem114 which may fundchip104 through a storedvalue account105—which may function as a vault on the chip itself.System114 may manage a plurality oftransaction records116,118 associated with one or more chips. In this example,transaction record116 may be associated withchip104. For example, a user may use multiple forms of transportation during a commute. The user may drive to a mass transit station via a toll road. This user may use a token with a first chip associated with the toll road and a second chip associated with a mass transit system (e.g., a subway). According to another example, theReader110 may be located at a merchant, such as a coffee shop, quick service restaurant or other establishment. System transactions may be more common in establishments where high throughput and quick turn-around time are important. For quick service restaurants, each second delay results in approximately 1% change in profit. Such merchants experience highest volume during peak hours (e.g., breakfast, lunch, dinner). As stored value accounts take very little time, system transactions may be locally executed at merchants and service providers where the speed of the transaction is a priority.
• According to another embodiment, information may be collected for system transactions. Such information can be stored in and accessed from[0030]System114,Transaction Record116,118,Central Controller130 or any combination thereof. For example, information regarding the token may be collected, stored and used to extract demographic, other information and/or for other purpose. Information may include usage (e.g., twice a day, five times a week, etc.). How much each chip spends or how often a chip is used during a time period may also be determined (e.g., over $100 spent each month, number of times a chip is read by the reader, etc.). Other information may also be gathered.
• [0031]Reader110 may interact directly withchip104, by simply debiting the stored value account located on the chip directly, if the available balance covers the transaction value.Reader110 may respond to chip104 (and/or other chips) ontoken102 in various ways. For example,Reader110 may simply approve most or all transactions. In another example,Reader110 may communicate withSystem114 whereSystem114 may approve the transaction if certain conditions are met or not met. For example, if the token (or chip) has not been reported lost or stolen, the transaction will be approved. In another example,Central Controller130 may update System114 (which may includeTransaction Records116,118, etc.) with data, which may be used to approve the transaction. Data may include stored value balances, fraud alerts, predetermined conditions and/or other information (e.g., promotions, loyalty points, etc.). Updates fromCentral Controller130 toSystem114 may occur at predetermined intervals (e.g., each day, every other day, every 4 hours, etc.), when predetermined conditions are met (e.g., if balance reaches a certain level, etc.) or whenever there is data to be updated.
• [0032]Reader112 may be linked toNetwork120. A network transaction may involve receiving authorization to make the transaction. For example, the chip may be identified and authorized. If the chip has been terminated, the transaction will be denied. Fraud detection software may be activated to verify that the chip is authentic and authorized for the transaction. In addition, the transaction itself may be authorized based on amount, type of transaction, merchant, etc. Suspicious patterns and/or other indicia of fraud may be identified to prevent and/or stop fraudulent activity.Network120 may represent the Internet or other type of network.Network120 may be linked to aCentral Controller130 for performing various network related functions.Central Controller130 may be funded via various accounts, including network stored value accounts, an account at a financial institution, debit account, credit card transaction and/or other types of accounts or other means of funding a transaction. In addition, user101 may accessNetwork120 to gain data and/or perform actions concerning thechip106 as well as other chips ontoken102, as shown by140.
• The different systems may further communicate as well as transmit and/or exchange data, as represented by[0033]142 and viaNetwork120, as shown by144 and146.Central Controller130 may communicate with multiple local systems, an exemplary system is illustrated by114. For example,Central Controller130 may distribute information to local merchants through systems. Common (or general) information may be applicable to most or all entities associated with a system, such asSystem114. For example, each merchant may have acorresponding system114, which may receive common data fromCentral Controller130.Central Controller130 may inform local systems of a loyalty program promotion, coupon alert, fraud alert and/or other information. In another example,Central Controller130 may send specific targeted information to a single system or multiple systems. Further,system114 may also post a transaction (and/or other information, action, etc.) toCentral Controller130.
• Other information may be shared between a network chip (e.g., chip[0034]106) and a system chip (e.g., chip104).Central Controller130 may authorize an action to be performed atSystem114. For example, a system chip may be funded (e.g., top-up, etc.) through an account associated with a network chip. Preference data may be accessed byCentral Controller130 to perform the action atSystem114. For example,Reader110 may recognize thatchip104 is below a threshold of funds, or even out of funds. The user may perform functions, such as adding funds (e.g., top up), throughReader110 or other device.System114 may communicate withCentral Controller130 to retrieve predefined top-up preferences specific to the user, chip and/or token. In this example,Central Controller130 may recognize that a top-up of $20 is authorized when funds are low. This information may be transmitted toSystem114.System114 may then automatically add $20 to chip104's storedvalue account105. The user may confirm the action, without having to enter specific instructions for the transaction. While dollar amounts may be specified, other events, such as trips, may be added to a token. For example, five trips may be added to mass transit stored value account.
• One or more chips of a token of an embodiment of the invention may be associated with a number of different accounts having different properties, thus enabling the combination of a system payment (e.g., chip purse) and network payment solutions on a single token. Additional payment solutions may be provided as well. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the token may be associated with an existing mass transit system to ensure a certain level of deployment of token readers. A single token may support multiple protocols (e.g., chip purse, network stored value account, track payments, etc.). When placed in the range of each different type of reader, the chip will respond and communicate appropriately.[0035]
• Various types of chip uses may be realized by various embodiments of the present invention. RFID chips may include proximity, vicinity and other chip types. Proximity chips may involve bringing the RFID chip within a distance (e.g., 4 cm or other range of distance) to perform an action, such as a transaction, payment, etc. A number of vicinity chips may be identified by a reader (or other device) for identifying quantity, presence or other state of the chip. For example, vicinity chips on items may identify the number of items within a single closed container, without having to open the container. In store shelves, vicinity chips may be placed on items for taking inventory and warning of depleted supplies.[0036]
• In another example, a vicinity chip may be used to identify an individual within a distance of sensitive information, device or other data. For example, a computer may automatically lock up (shut off, fade to black, or perform other action to obscure or hide the information) if an authorized person (e.g., senior executive) leaves a workstation with sensitive information. The vicinity chip may recognize that within a radius the intended person is or is not physically present. The authorized person may wear a token with an embedded chip, carry the token, etc.[0037]
• According to another example, an employer may issue a token to employees where the token may be unique to each employee. The token may provide access to an office. The token may include additional chips for various functions. For example, the token may include a chip for making payments at a cafeteria (or other establishment), a chip for making corporate payments (the payments may be credit card, debit, stored value or other type of payment), a chip for making payments through a flex benefit account (or other employer sponsored account), a chip for using mass transit (which may be subsidized by the employer), a chip for making parking garage payments (another chip may be used to gain access to the garage) and/or other chips for various other functions. Such tokens may be personalized for each employer's needs and/or preferences.[0038]
• Other information may be embedded into each chip as well. For example, an appropriate security protocol may be associated with a chip, granting a level of security to the user for certain functions. For example, a senior executive may have access to information that a lower ranking employee will not. Certain actions may be available to some users based on the security protocol. In addition, a token may support multiple levels and/or types of security by using different chips. For example, each level of security may be associated with a different chip. Multiple applications requiring similar security may be supported by one chip with the appropriate level of security.[0039]
• FIG. 2 illustrates a[0040]network system200 for performing purchase transactions with a token according to an embodiment of the present invention.Central Controller130 may provide various functions and/or modules associated with transactions via a network.Central Controller130 may includeAccount Module210,Profile Module212,Track Module214,Loyalty Module216,Authenticate Module218 and/orother Module220. The modules ofCentral Controller130 may be further combined, duplicated and/or separated. The modules ofCentral Controller130 may also be provided across multiple central controllers. Other implementations may be realized.
• [0041]Central Controller130 may interact with data via various sources, including various databases. For example, one or more modules ofCentral Controller130 may accessAccount Database230, Profile Database232,History Database234,Loyalty Database236,Authentication List238, and/orother database240. The databases may be further combined, duplicated and/or separated.
• [0042]Account Module210 may debit and/or credit one or more accounts identified by the user. The user may also identify a default account for making purchases. For general purpose purchases, the user may apply certain conditions for triggering one or more accounts for payment. For example, for certain transactions above a certain dollar limit (e.g., $20), a first account may be used. For other transactions below a dollar limit, a second account may be triggered. Account identification information, such as account number, routing information, financial institution, credit card number, debit card number, expiration dates, and/or other data may be obtained for proper funds transfer. In addition, other preference data may be associated with each account. For example, a user may specify a frequency at which funds may be transferred to an account (e.g., a predetermined amount each month, a predetermined amount when a balance reaches a predetermined level (e.g., below $10.00, etc.), and/or other account management preferences). The accounts may be pre-funded or post-funded via various forms of payment. A request for funding may be transmitted to one or more sources of funds, after a predetermined time (e.g., each week, month, etc.), after transaction amounts reach a predetermined level (e.g., $50, $100, etc.) or other event or condition. In addition, certain transactions may be funded from two or more identified accounts, if so desired. Data associated with account management may be stored inAccount Database230.
• Various types of accounts may be implemented. For example, a network-based stored[0043]value account250 may be used to fund transactions. Storedvalue account250 may be funded by cash, check or other types of payment by the user, an authorized agent or representative. In another example, afinancial institution252 may fund transactions.Financial institution252 may include one or more banks, credit unions and/or other similar establishments. Transactions may be funded by a direct deposit from an account atfinancial institution252. In addition, transactions may be funded by a debit through an account atfinancial institution252.
• According to yet another example, transactions may be funded by a credit card or other similar mechanism.[0044]Merchant acquirer254 may fund the transaction and receive funds from acredit card association256 associated withIssuer258. This transaction may involve a standard interchange fee associated with credit card transactions, which is paid by a merchant that accepts credit cards. In addition, a card association may receive an assessment fee and an issuer may receive a merchant bank fee. In this example,Merchant Acquirer254 may electronically collect information related to the transaction (e.g., card number, purchase amount, etc.) and pass this data toCard Association256 to obtain permission to authorize the transaction. OnceCard Association256 receives a purchase authorization request,Card Association256 sends this data toIssuer258, which may include a bank that issued the credit card.Issuer258 verifies that the transaction is within the limits of the cardholder's account and sends a response back toCard Association256.Merchant Acquirer254 may then receive authorization.
• According to an embodiment of the present invention, payment may be made directly by a transfer of funds from the user of the token to the merchant operating the reader, such as by a transfer of funds from a financial account of the user to the financial account of the merchant. Thus, a direct payment may be made with relatively little time delay. Other accounts may be used to fund transactions, including lines of credit, etc.[0045]
• [0046]Profile Module212 may access profile information of the user (or other associated entity) identified by the corresponding chip. Profile information may include user identification data (e.g., name, address, contact information, etc.), account conditions, loyalty programs and/or other preference data. For example, a user may prefer to use one account for certain purchases from a specific merchant, type of merchant (e.g., quick service restaurants), purchases of a certain dollar amount (e.g., below $20, above $20, etc.), and/or other conditions. The user may also identify one or more loyalty programs for participation (e.g., frequent flyer, coupons, etc.). Other preference data may be stored and accessed byProfile Module212. Profile data may be stored in Profile Database232.Profile Module212 may also include preference data, including how to add funds when an account is below a threshold.
• [0047]Track Module214 may obtain and store historical data associated with the appropriate chip.Track Module214 may also obtain valuable consumer-related data. For example, data that may be tracked may include purchase amounts, dates (and/or time) of purchase, merchants, types (or categories) of merchants, etc. This information may be stored and/or compiled inHistory Database234. The user may access historical data in various formats. For example, historical data may be manipulated and presented in a report form in various formats. This information may be available to the user, merchant and/or other entity. In addition,Audit Chip108 may track activity associated with one or more chips located onToken102. For example, audit chip data may be tracked byTrack Module214. The activity tracked byAudit Chip108 may include frequency of user, type of user and/or other activity data.
• [0048]Loyalty Module216 may contain information concerning one or more loyalty programs associated with the appropriate chip. Loyalty programs may provide incentives to the user associated with the appropriate chip for certain transactions. Exemplary loyalty programs may include frequent flyer miles, coupons, bonus points, credits, discounts and/or other incentives. Different loyalty programs may be associated with certain transactions. For example, a particular merchant may provide 5% credit towards a gift certificate for every dollar spent at the merchant by a merchant card. Purchases from the merchant and other participants may be funded with the appropriate merchant card. Those purchases may be credited to that specific loyalty program, regardless of the amount of purchase. All other purchases may be funded by another designated account, which may be associated with a different loyalty program or other program. Data associated with loyalty programs may be stored inLoyalty Database236.
• [0049]Authenticate Module218 may authenticate the token, chip and/or transaction. For example, a network transaction may involve authenticating the user and/or authorizing the transaction. For example, the chip may be identified and authorized. If the chip has been terminated, the transaction will be denied. Fraud detection functions may verify that the chip is authentic and authorized to make the desired transaction. In addition, the transaction itself may be authorized, based on amount, type of transaction, merchant, etc. Suspicious patterns and/or other indications of potential or on-going fraud may be identified to prevent and/or stop fraudulent activity.Authenticate Module218 may access information to approve, deny and/or hold chip use. External information (e.g., police reports, bankruptcy checks, fraud alerts, etc.) may be accessed. In addition,Authenticate Module218 may accessAuthentication List238.
• [0050]Authentication List238 may determine ifReader112 and/orToken102 is authentic and permitted to perform transactions. Authentication list may be used as security to reduce the chances of fraud. According to an embodiment of the present invention,Token102 may include information about the address (e.g., internet address) ofCentral Controller130.Reader112 may then accessCentral Controller130 to perform the purchase transaction.Authentication List238 may be accessed to ensure thatToken102 is allowed or authorized to perform a transaction. For example,Authentication List238 may contain a list of tokens that are in good standing, delinquent or other condition. Other data may include spending limits, warnings, unauthorized types of purchases (e.g., inappropriate material, etc.) and/or other information. While FIG. 2 illustratesAuthentication List238 in communication withCentral Controller130, it is understood thatAuthentication List238 may be in communication with or resident onReader112 and/or other device.Authentication List238 may also ensure thatReader112 is allowed to accessCentral Controller130. According to an embodiment of the present invention,Authentication List238 may also include a list of authorized readers and register/readers that are permitted to accessCentral Controller130. Other types and forms of authentication data may be maintained atAuthentication List238.
• A number of Quick Service Restaurants (“QSRs”) (e.g., McDonalds™, Wendy's™, Taco Bell™, other fast food restaurants, etc.) have indicated a willingness to use a new payments solution that is quicker, as QSRs are generally throughput constrained and their gross margin is about 80%, with each second saved increasing profits as much as approximately 1%. Market research shows consumers on average will buy 30% more when using a token than when using cash. An embodiment of the present invention provides a token with multiple chips for making quick transactions that cost less per transaction and provides consumer data and a conduit for loyalty rewards and coupons.[0051]
• A purchase transaction token of an embodiment of the present invention may reduce or eliminate chargebacks. Chargebacks are generally known as transactions that are challenged by a card holder or other entity (e.g., a card issuing bank) and is sent back through interchange to the merchant bank for resolution. This often results in the merchant's account being debited for the purchase amount and funds being returned to the customer. Chargebacks usually occur as a result of fraud, cardholder disputes over merchant returns, processing or documentation errors and/or other reasons. The costs of chargebacks can be significant to the merchants. Typically, when a merchant receives a chargeback, it is responsible for bank processing fees, cost of lost inventory and interchange fees from the original transaction that cannot be recovered. According to an embodiment of the present invention, by using a token, small purchases may be treated as cash with a corresponding responsibility left only between the merchant and the customer. As a result, chargebacks associated with credit cards and the costs incurred with processing these chargebacks may be substantially reduced or eliminated.[0052]
• According to an embodiment of the present invention, a purchase transaction token may provide transaction level detail to a user (e.g., customer) via an online connection, thereby reducing or avoiding printed statements and the costs associated therewith. The transaction level detail may be provided via a website. The user may access the secure website via a password/PIN and login or other authenticating mechanism. Transaction level detail may also be provided by an electronic transmission (e.g., email, etc.) via various devices (e.g., computer, PDA, mobile phone, wireless device, etc.) or other communication to the user.[0053]
• The purchase transaction token of an embodiment of the present invention may be treated as cash, where the consumer bears the risk if the token is lost. Thus, funds in a stored value account, where a consumer has designated no access code, personal identification number or other type of security, may be accessed by unauthorized users if the token is lost or stolen. According to an embodiment of the present invention, credit cards, financial accounts and/or other accounts associated with a token may be protected from unauthorized users through various security mechanisms, such as consumer credit protections, personal identification numbers, biometric information, etc.[0054]
• The purchase transaction token of an embodiment of the present invention may streamline transaction communications, thereby adding speed, reducing costs and/or achieving other efficiencies. The stored value account associated with the token may simplify the necessary transaction communications where readers interacting with the token do not need to process complex transactions over a transaction network. As discussed above, chips with stored value accounts provide for quick immediate transactions. Complex transactions may be performed by a network controller (e.g., central controller) and in some instances, relevant information may be transmitted to a system by the network controller.[0055]
• Currently, many transportation fares are paid using physical tokens, such as cash or magnetic stripe cards. However, for transit authorities, tokens and cash are more expensive than magnetic stripe cards. Newer transit tokens include RFID tokens, such as ISO 14443 RFID. RFID tokens are generally more secure and marginally more costly than magnetic stripe cards. However, the cost to maintain RFID readers may be substantially less (e.g., an average annual cost to maintain a transit magnetic stripe reader is approximately $360 versus an average annual maintenance cost of approximately $75 l for RFID readers) as RFID readers are generally contactless and may be completely sealed. As RFID technology is growing rapidly, units costs are rapidly declining.[0056]
• As recognized by an embodiment of the present invention, the payment needs for transportation are different from those for QSRs and/or other merchants and service providers. Speed is even more critical for transit systems, as transactions need to be processed almost instantaneously to allow commuters to access the transit system (e.g., buses, subways, trains, etc.) in a timely manner. Transit transaction costs are small because the transaction size is smaller and margins lower than for QSRs. Further, many QSRs (and/or other service providers) highly value consumer information and consumer loyalty, rewards and coupon programs that may be of little or no interest to some transit authorities. However, it is understood that for tokens to be useful for higher value payments, more security is required than for transit. Retailers that do not require instantaneous response may prefer to maintain customer loyalty and/or other data through a network. If time is of the essence, a local system, such as[0057]System114, can maintain customer loyalty and/or other data, updated from a central controller, via a network.
• According to an embodiment of the present invention, a simple stored value account may provide quick, cheap payments, based on a purse held in the memory of the token. Read/write capability permits the account to be credited and debited very fast. In addition, each transit authority has special codes related to more complex logic (e.g., unlimited use within a time window; transfer capability; etc.). It is expected that large numbers of commuters will be carrying transit tokens and that the tokens will be easily accessible, and used, on average, at least twice a day.[0058]
• According to an embodiment of the present invention, for more general purchases, a network stored value account may be used, as discussed above in connection with FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. The token may be used to authenticate a user to the network, such as[0059]Network120. A network application may then access funds available from various accounts, including stored value accounts associated with the token, financial institution accounts, credit card accounts, etc. Because of the network connection, transactions may be slower than those transactions made using a chip purse (e.g., mass transit transactions, etc.). However, network transactions may enable collection of data connected with specific devices. Transaction histories may be tracked and stored where consumer behavior may be assessed. Further, coupons, loyalty rewards and/or other incentives may be specifically targeted based upon the information collected. Thus, as set forth in an embodiment of the present invention, different payment scenarios (e.g., transit, general purpose, etc.) may be funded using a single token. Additional chips, including RFID and other chips, may be provided on the single token.
• According to an embodiment of the present invention, a token may be associated with a number of different accounts having different properties, thus enabling the combination of a chip purse and network payment solutions on a single token. Additional payment solutions may be provided as well. Rapid and broad deployment of a new payments solution in certain aspects may require that merchants and consumers believe the new solution will become popular and succeed. According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the token may be associated with an existing mass transit system to ensure a certain level of deployment of token readers. Card association support assists greatly in providing the necessary clarity. A single token may support multiple protocols (e.g., chip purse, network stored value account, track payments, etc.). When placed in the range of each different type of reader, the chip will respond and communicate appropriately.[0060]
• According to an embodiment of the present invention, general-purpose payments using a token may prefer network access. For general-purpose payments, the token of an embodiment of the present invention may be used as a means to authenticate the token to a network. A personal preference profile may be established, customized, and changed dynamically. Network tokens may be used for many purposes, including, but not limited, to accessing stored value accounts, transferring funds, aggregating points (e.g., loyalty points, etc.), instructing whether to opt-in or out of loyalty rewards, coupons and/or other incentives, gathering store (or other) transaction histories, enabling remote access of accounts associated with the token, and single-sign-on and/or other features. According to an embodiment of the present invention, for general-purpose small payments, a network based stored value system may be desired.[0061]
• Current methods for funding a chip purse token involve clumsy, multi-step processes for cash, credit or debit payments at an electronic kiosk or with a person. In both cases, lines are frequent. Naturally, tokens capable of a plurality of payments (e.g., both chip purse and network payments), may be able to use an ordinary transit authority funding means. However, funding a token of an embodiment of the present invention may be easier, faster and more convenient. According to an embodiment of the present invention, consumers may establish a default payment method (e.g., a specific credit or debit account, etc.), avoiding the repetitive swiping and personal identification number (“PIN”) entries. Automatic top-up may also be an option. The automatic top-up transaction may be performed invisibly whenever the token is used for a network payment, or it may be executed simply by touching the token to a reader that is network connected.[0062]
• Transit authorities may find it important to assure that there are appropriate protections against counterfeit money. According to an embodiment of the present invention, coordination between the card association and the transit authority may be useful to assist in preventing counterfeit tokens and/or counterfeit funds within an account associated with the token. According to an embodiment of the present invention, if transit authorities are comfortable that issuers will transfer funds to their account with each top-up, the transaction may be accomplished directly by issuers. According to an alternative embodiment of the present invention, a slight modification of the current credit/debit funding mechanism may be used. A token holder may request additional funds be added to the chip purse, either directly, or by prior arrangement. The issuer may provide the transit authority a payment authorization, exactly as would be received at one of the electronic kiosks. After receiving payment assurance from the issuer, the transit authority may deliver a message to the token crediting the chip purse with additional funds. This technique may be preferred by transit authorities, as it would generally map to current protocols.[0063]
• According to an embodiment of the present invention, by enabling consumers to use a single token for transit, or other chip purse applications, providers of network payments tokens may increase the use and top-of-wallet presence for their own applications. The expense of token fulfillment and customer service may be reduced and commuters will be more satisfied. Broad scale deployment of multi-purpose tokens may also reduce various staffing needs.[0064]
• According to an embodiment of the present invention, one mechanism for small value payments is a stored value account (e.g., pre-pay or post-pay) that aggregates payments against infrequent funding transactions. The issuers' funding transaction fees may be reduced, and yet can support full interchange charges. It assists in alleviating the transaction fees and acquirer charges that make ordinary small value transactions uneconomical for merchants.[0065]
• Further, the token of an embodiment of the present invention may combine stored value transactions with conventional credit card or debit card transactions. By way of an example, a chip, reader, or other downstream switch or process, may route transactions based on dollar amount, e.g., stored value for transactions of less than $20, and normal credit/debit card process for transactions greater than $20. The small value payments token may support both credit, debit and/or other types of payments. For purchases larger than $20, the checkout clerk or Point of Sale (POS) device may query the customer as to which method to use or a method may be selected based on predetermined rules. Consumers may be entitled to full service for larger transactions. Alternatively, consumers may designate which transactions will use the stored value account based on the merchant, type of merchant and/or other predefined criteria. Other systems and processes may also be implemented.[0066]
• According to an embodiment of the present invention, though the cash replacement market should be profitable, additional benefits may accrue to issuers of tokens that can support the full spectrum of payment sizes. Transportation tokens, which are also broadly useful to make general small value payments, may be readily accessible to consumers. According to an embodiment of the present invention, those tokens may also support credit, debit and/or other transactions, thereby providing issuers with added benefits. Consumers who use tokens for multiple daily small value payments, may also be likely to use the token for larger purchases out of convenience and habit, providing issuers with a tremendous lift in share-of-wallet.[0067]
• In addition, tokens may be made more secure than magnetic stripe cards, and in some embodiments, as secure as smart cards. However, readers may be less costly to purchase and maintain than smart card readers. By fielding tokens capable of large payments, card associations and issuers may build protection against the time when magnetic stripe cards are no longer secure from fraud.[0068]
• Tokens having both small and large value tokens may increase issuer protection against fraud. According to an embodiment of the present invention, because consumers will take the risk of loss for stored value, consumers will have strong inducement quickly to report lost tokens, permitting issuers more quickly to limit their liability. Further, there may be a tax incentive for employers to provide employees with mass transit vouchers. A token of an embodiment of the present invention may be an addition to a pay-roll card offering, and/or for unbankables.[0069]
• FIG. 3 is an exemplary flowchart for registering a token according to an embodiment of the present invention. At[0070]step310, a user may initiate registration of a token. Atstep312, one or more protocols may be identified for one or more chips for supporting various transactions made with the token. Atstep314, one or more protocol conditions may be identified. Atstep316, one or more funding accounts associated with the protocols may be identified. Atstep318, one or more funding conditions may be identified for the funding account. Atstep320, loyalty programs may be activated and/or tracked. A user profile may be established for identifying specific conditions, loyalty program details and/or other preference data. Atstep322, historical data may be tracked. While the process illustrated in FIG. 3 discloses certain steps performed in a particular order, it should be understood that the present invention may be practiced by adding one or more steps to the process, omitting steps within the process and/or altering the order in which one or more steps are performed.
• At[0071]step310, a token may be registered or otherwise activated. Activation of the token with multiple chips may include transmitting a signal to a passive device, communicating with a server, or activating the appropriate power source in an active device. According to an embodiment of the present invention, activation of the token, such as a RFID device, may occur when a server recognizes the RFID device, thereby enabling purchase transactions and other transactions to be performed. The token and/or each individual chip may be associated with a unique identifier.
• At[0072]step312, one or more protocols may be identified for one or more chips. For example, a first protocol may involve a stored value account associated with a mass transit entity. A second protocol may involve a network based protocol for making general-purpose purchases at various merchants or other designated entities. Additional other protocols may be identified. Atstep314, protocol conditions may be identified. Protocol conditions may identify which transactions are routed to which protocols. For example, mass transit purchases will be routed to the stored value account. Merchant purchases may be routed to the network based protocol. Other merchants or types of purchases may be routed to a second network based protocol or other protocol.
• At[0073]step316, one or more funding accounts may be identified. For the network protocol, a plurality of different funding accounts may be established. For example, a stored value account, a financial institution account, debit account, credit card account and/or other types of accounts may be associated with the appropriate chip or chips. The one or more funding accounts may be associated with the chip or chips and the unique identifier. By associating an account with the device and the unique identifier, the account may be used to perform a purchase transaction.
• At[0074]step318, the terms/conditions of the funding accounts may be established. Terms may include permissions to use the account, the amount of the purchase transaction authorization for the account, the priority of the account if more than one financial account is associated with the chip, and/or other terms for performing the purchase transaction. By way of illustrative example, terms for a particular account may include authorizing purchase transactions under a particular amount without requiring a validation or confirmation. By way of another illustrative example, certain accounts may not be valid at certain times of the day or for certain merchants or types of merchants. By way of a further illustrative example, one account may be set as a default, such that unless otherwise selected by the user of the token, the default financial account will be used to perform the purchase transaction. Other terms may also be applied. By way of another example, certain transaction types may be performed using a specific account (e.g., under $50) or those made at specific merchants or types of merchants (e.g., purchases at gas stations). In addition, the account may be a chip purse stored value account which may be used for small purchase transactions.
• The information may be stored in a database, such as an Account Database. Other optional information may be associated with the chip or chips. For example, at[0075]step320, one or more loyalty programs may be activated and/or tracked. Atstep322, historical data may be tracked. For example, an audit chip resident on the token may obtain activity information for the other chips.
• FIG. 4 is an exemplary flowchart for enabling a user to make a purchase transaction with a token according to an embodiment of the present invention. At[0076]step410, a transaction may be initiated with a token. Atstep412, the token may be read by a reader or other device at the merchant location. Atstep414, an appropriate protocol may be identified based on predetermined conditions associated with the transaction, user selection or other event. The user may be authenticated. Depending on the transaction and/or predetermined conditions, the transaction may be routed to an appropriate protocol. For example, atstep416, the transaction may be routed to a stored value account associated with a local system when the transaction is performed atstep417. Atstep418, the transaction may be routed to a network. In addition, transactions may be routed to other protocols, as illustrated bystep420. If the transaction is routed to a network, an appropriate account may be identified, atstep422. Atstep424, a funding condition may be identified. This information may be provided by a user profile. Atstep426, the transaction may be authenticated. Atstep428, the transaction may be funded by the appropriate account. Atstep430, various data may be collected. This data may be tracked for historical data collection, consumer behavior, loyalty programs and/or other purposes. Atstep432, appropriate loyalty awards and/or other incentives may be applied. While the process illustrated in FIG. 4 discloses certain steps performed in a particular order, it should be understood that the present invention may be practiced by adding one or more steps to the process, omitting steps within the process and/or altering the order in which one or more steps are performed.
• At[0077]step410, a user may make a transaction with a token at a merchant location, or other point of sale, including telephone order, mail order, internet order, etc. Atstep412, the token may be scanned or otherwise read by a reader. Activation of an device may include transmitting a signal to a passive device, activating at a server or activating the appropriate power source in an active device. In another example, a unique identifier associated with the token may be conveyed or transmitted.
• At[0078]step414, the token may identify and/or authenticate the user and determine an appropriate protocol for the transaction. According to an embodiment of the invention, different readers may operate on the same frequency, but use different protocols. Each chip located on a token may be programmed in a specific protocol, and the reader may be programmed to determine what protocol is being used and process the information accordingly. The conditions for routing a transaction to a specific protocol may be predetermined or selected by the user at the point of purchase. For example, the transaction may be routed to a stored value account (e.g., mass transit, etc.), atstep416. Atstep417, an appropriate transaction may be performed, such as debiting a purchase amount from the stored value account. Another transaction may be routed to a network protocol, atstep418. Other protocols may also process transactions, as shown bystep420.
• For a network protocol transaction, one or more accounts for funding the transaction may be identified, at[0079]step422. The one or more accounts may be associated with one or more chips located on the token. Various types of accounts may be implemented, including stored value accounts, financial institution accounts, debit accounts, credit card accounts, lines of credit, etc. Atstep424, funding conditions may be applied. This information may be located on a user profile associated with the appropriate chip. In addition, the user may select an appropriate account at the point of purchase. Other conditions and/or events may determine an appropriate account. For certain transactions, an appropriate funding account may be applied. Various conditions and/or terms may be applied. For example, for transactions below a predetermined purchase amount, a first account may be appropriate. In another example, transactions from a particular merchant, group of merchants, and/or merchant type may be funded from an identified account. In another example, the transaction may be funded by multiple accounts—where the first $20 is applied to a first account and the remaining amount is applied to a second account. Various other implementations may be realized.
• At[0080]step426, the purchase transaction may be authorized and/or authenticated. The token of an embodiment of the present invention may be used with or without authentication, such as PIN, bio-metric, password or other confirmations. For lower value transactions, a user may choose the convenience of not requiring authentication. For larger transactions, the user may choose to require some form of authentication. Other conditions may also be defined for applying or not applying various forms of authentication. Authentication may include inputting a PIN, providing bio-metric information, inputting a password, or other manner of authentication. Once authenticated, authorization may include confirming that a purchase transaction has been approved. According to an embodiment of the present invention, authorization may be completed when the token is authorized at the server, such asCentral Controller130. As described previously in reference to FIG. 2,Authentication List238 may determine ifReader112 and/orToken102 is authentic and permitted to perform transactions. An authentication list may be accessed to ensure that the token is allowed to perform a transaction. The authentication list may also ensure that the reader is allowed to access the central controller. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the authentication list may also include a list of authorized readers and register/readers that are permitted to access the central controller.
• In the process of seeking authorization for a particular transaction, the account specified to be debited may not have adequate resources to cover the transaction. In that event, whether the account was funded on a pre-pay or post-pay basis, the[0081]Central Controller130 may by prior arrangement, automatically top-up the account with additional resources by seeking additional credit/funds from a specified account, seek funds from any other default funding/credit accounts, or reject the transaction. Other processes may also be used.
• At[0082]step428, the transaction may be funded by the appropriate account. Accounts associated with the chip may include a financial account, a stored value account, a chip purse stored value account, a credit card account or other type of account. If only one account is associated with the device, the account is charged for the purchase transaction. The account may be charged using any conventional process, such as that used for credit card and debit card transactions. Other manners for charging an account may also be used.
• At[0083]step430, various data related to the transaction may be collected. For example, historical transaction data may be stored and compiled. Consumer behavior may be assessed through the collection of data. Atstep432, if the chip is associated with a loyalty program or other incentive program, points or other credit may be accumulated. Other options and personalized services may be implemented.
• At[0084]step434, the purchase transaction is then finalized. Finalizing the purchase transaction may include printing a receipt, confirming that the transaction has been made, or other steps used to finalize a transaction.
• Various applications and implementations may be supported by the various embodiments of the present invention. As discussed above, a plurality of chips may be resident on a single token. For example, two or more chips resident on a single token may operate autonomously and independently. In this exemplary embodiment, any deleterious interference between the two more chips may be eliminated.[0085]
• According to another exemplary embodiment, two or more chips resident on a token may communicate and/or interact via a reader or other similar device. For example, a token may have an associated universal, network stored value account as well as proprietary loyalty accounts. The reader may debit the stored value account and further recognize the presence of the proprietary loyalty chip where points or other credits may be applied.[0086]
• According to another exemplary embodiment, two or more chips resident on a token may communicate and/or interact over a network connection, e.g. via a server link from a reader. In this example, a transit reader may recognize that a transit chip purse is empty (or at a predetermined low level or other condition). The transit reader may address the network payment chip (or other account) and further identify a top-up capability. The transit reader may then launch a payment request to the appropriate network account. When authorization is received, the reader may communicate with the transit chip and refill the associated transit purse. Other actions may be performed in a similar manner.[0087]
• According to another exemplary embodiment, two (or more) chips may be activated by a reader's transmissions, but communicate directly, without involvement even with the reader. For example, there are likely to be many untrustworthy readers that seek to connect with tokens for transactions, tracking and/or other activity. A token may include an audit chip that monitors activity of the other chips on the token. For example, if activated by an untrusted reader, the audit chip may record some or all transactions between readers and chips on the token where such transactions may be simply an unauthorized identification query. In addition, the audit chip's record may be downloaded via a trusted reader, transmitted to a network or other mechanism for communicating information.[0088]
• There may be circumstances that a user may use a generic reader's transmissions to provide electrical power to permit a passive chip to perform actions unrelated to the specific reader. One example may include using a generic reader to permit a chip to complete extensive computing required by public key infrastructure (PKI). Other forms of computing or other actions may also be performed.[0089]
• A token will be accepted at any merchant that takes any type of payments. In the simplest case, a consumer will simply bring the token close to the reader at checkout. The reader will automatically debit the payment account specified by the consumer. Consumers may specify more than one payment mechanism for a merchant. In that case, a merchant's payment wizard will select the payment mechanism with the lowest merchant discount. If the consumer has not specified a particular payment mechanism for a merchant, the default payment method will be charged.[0090]
• Online purchases may be possible when a computer is equipped with a reader (e.g., RFID reader). The incremental cost of adding that functionality to a personal computer (“PC”) may be minimal. With a widely deployed base of tokens, RFID enabled PCs can offer very substantial benefits in addition to secure payments. PCs equipped with readers (e.g., RFID readers) could be used to secure data on the PC, to access secure networks, for VPNs, for remote access, etc.[0091]
• According to an embodiment of the invention, consumers may be able selectively to impose additional security protections. A PIN may be required for purchases at specific stores, or for amounts larger than a specified ceiling. Consumers may also choose to impose a daily or weekly maximum aggregate spending limit. Subordinate tokens may be restricted to purchases from specific stores, or for age appropriate materials (especially useful for online purchases).[0092]
• One aspect of the RFID functionality is their use for personalization, as well as for heavier payments and authorizations. Readers are not bound by the same constraints as the passive RFID devices (size, cost, etc.). Typical RFID readers will have some source of power and be connected to some device, network, or system that takes advantage of the RFID validation, e.g., POS, Electronic Point of Sale (EPoS), Electronic Cash Register (ECR), fire wall, engine controller, physical lock to premises, etc. The RFID reader may be equipped with an antenna tuned to listen for faint signals at a specific frequency, e.g., 134 kHz. More complex RF communications could simply be enabled with software. The two-way, secure communication could use RF (with the same frequency as the passive RFID device or a different one), or other protocols such as Bluetooth or 802.11.[0093]
• One manner for expanding the functionality of the passive RFID device is to link its powers to an active device. Such devices might include a wire line or cellular phone, computer, Blackberry, PDA or other similar device (hereinafter also referred to as “Active Communications Device”). Such Active Communications Devices typically have power, or access to power, one or more communications channels, a CPU that is much more powerful than the passive RFID, memory that can be dynamically accessed, data entry capability and a visual display. The passive RFID token that is validated might be electrically connected to the Active Communications Device; physically attached, but not electrically connected, e.g. RFID chip embedded in the faceplate of a cell phone; or, separate from the Active Communications Device. For example, when an Active Communications Device is a mobile telephone, an RFID device may be located in face plate of the telephone. The RFID device may be a passive device, and the mobile telephone may have an RFID reader. The mobile telephone then communicates the necessary information. Alternatively, the RFID device may be physically connected to the mobile telephone, such as by electrical leads. The link between the RFID and the Active Communications Device may be established at the manufacturer, or later, by direct or indirect contact with registration authority, or over a network. Other embodiments may also be used.[0094]
• Once an authenticated passive RFID is recognized and accepted by an RFID reader, the holder of the RFID device could take advantage of that trusted authentication, to engage an active device capable of more complex, secure communications. A key step to achieve this result will be to transfer the passive RFID's trusted validation, to a more capable communications device. There are many different ways for that trust to be transferred, three different examples are disclosed here.[0095]
• While two examples for linking (e.g., by prior arrangement, an authenticated passive RFID device to an Active Communications Device) are disclosed below, it is understood that other examples are also within the scope of an embodiment of the present invention.[0096]
• Just as a passive RFID device can be registered to enable multiple payments modes (e.g., credit cards, debit and stored value accounts, etc.), and other non-payment authorizations; RFID devices can be securely linked to other devices, including Active Communications Devices. By registering a passive RFID device with an Active Communications Device's unique identifier, that Active Communications Device can inherit all the authentication and authorization capabilities of the passive RFID device. Thereafter, the holder of a passive RFID device could use it wherever it is convenient (e.g., where a merchant's POS is capable only of recognizing a passive RFID device) and would also use the same set of capabilities using his Active Communications Device to take advantage of less limited reader capabilities where available.[0097]
• To establish a link between a passive RFID device and an Active Communications Device that can be trusted by RFID readers may be somewhat more complex. The Active Communications Device may securely share its secret with the passive RFID device in a manner similar to the way automobile engine controllers instantiate tokens and in a carefully controlled circumstance. The passive RFID device subsequently may communicate to a reader both the RFID device's unique identifier number and the secret shared with the Active Communications Device. The RFID reader may then trust communications with the Active Communications Device that identified itself with the same RFID secret. Alternatively, the Active Communications Device could be certified by a payment authority entrusted to pass RFID information for payment authorization.[0098]
• The RFID reader validates and then trusts the authenticated passive RFID device. The authenticated passive RFID device separately communicates to the RFID reader a secret. The RFID reader then can trust the Active Communications Device and knows that the authenticated passive RFID device's secret. For example, a controller may be activated only for ‘friendly’ tokens that know its secret. For example, controller A (the controller) shares its secret with token B (the token). Because controller A controls distribution of its secret, controller A will trust all token Bs that know its secret. Based on the security model, the trust can be time limited (e.g. where the RFID reader will recognize the Active Communications Device only when the authenticated passive RFID device and C are used contemporaneously), or not. In addition, the reverse mechanism can also work, where the authenticated Active Communications Device is linked to a passive RFID device. In a manner similar to the engine controller, an Active Communications Device might share its secret with the passive RFID device.[0099]
• Linkage of a passive RFID device to an Active Communications Device by prior arrangement may be useful when that linkage is intended to be persistent. There are circumstances where such persistence is not desirable. For example, suppose in the future a driver rents a car and wishes to use his passive RFID token to pay tolls. Rental cars are used by many different people, persistent linkage of RFID devices personal to drivers present problems for such temporary connections. One means to provide for payment of tolls would be to take advantage of the driver's payment capability, by simply using a car's transmitter to broadcast that capability to the toll collectors. The system would work so long as the car validates the drivers ability to pay and is trusted as a payment agent or the transmitter can directly pass the driver's credentials.[0100]
• According to an embodiment of the invention, the systems and processes described in this invention may be implemented on any general or special purpose computational device, either as a standalone application or applications, or even across several general or special purpose computational devices connected over a network and as a group operating in a client-server mode. According to another embodiment of the invention, a computer-usable and writeable medium having a plurality of computer readable program code stored therein may be provided for practicing the process of the present invention. The process and system of the present invention may be implemented within a variety of operating systems, such as a Windows® operating system, various versions of a Unix-based operating system (e.g., a Hewlett Packard, a Red Hat, or a Linux version of a Unix-based operating system), or various versions of an AS/400-based operating system. For example, the computer-usable and writeable medium may be comprised of a CD ROM, a floppy disk, a hard disk, or any other computer-usable medium. One or more of the components of the system or systems embodying the present invention may comprise computer readable program code in the form of functional instructions stored in the computer-usable medium such that when the computer-usable medium is installed on the system or systems, those components cause the system to perform the functions described. The computer readable program code for the present invention may also be bundled with other computer readable program software. Also, only some of the components may be provided in computer-readable code.[0101]
• Additionally, various entities and combinations of entities may employ a computer to implement the components performing the above-described functions. According to an embodiment of the invention, the computer may be a standard computer comprising an input device, an output device, a processor device, and a data storage device. According to other embodiments of the invention, various components may be computers in different departments within the same corporation or entity. Other computer configurations may also be used. According to another embodiment of the invention, various components may be separate entities such as corporations or limited liability companies. Other embodiments, in compliance with applicable laws and regulations, may also be used.[0102]
• According to one specific embodiment of the present invention, the system may comprise components of a software system. The system may operate on a network and may be connected to other systems sharing a common database. Other hardware arrangements may also be provided.[0103]
• Other embodiments, uses and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. The specification and examples should be considered exemplary only. The intended scope of the invention is only limited by the claims appended hereto.[0104]
• While the invention has been particularly shown and described within the framework of performing purchase transactions using a token from an automobile, it will be appreciated that variations and modifications can be effected by a person of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that various types of tokens may be used to perform purchase transactions and that other types of transactions may also be performed using a token. Furthermore, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that such processes and systems do not need to be restricted to the specific embodiments described herein.[0105]

Claims (33)

1. A method for performing at least one transaction, the method comprising the steps of:

identifying a token used to perform a transaction wherein the token is read at a reader associated with a service provider, the token comprising at least two chips, a first chip associated with a first protocol accessing a local system and a second chip associated with a second protocol accessing a central controller via a network;

identifying an appropriate protocol for the transaction;

routing the transaction to the appropriate protocol;

identifying at least one account for funding the transaction;

authenticating the transaction; and

funding the transaction through the at least one account.

2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the first protocol supports a stored value account located on the first chip.

3. The method ofclaim 2, wherein the first protocol is associated with a mass transit system.

4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the second protocol supports general purpose transactions through the network.

5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the at least one account associated with the second protocol comprises a plurality of funding accounts for funding the transaction.

6. The method ofclaim 5, wherein the at least one account comprises one or more of a stored value account, a debit account and a credit card account.

7. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising the steps of:

collecting transaction data associated with the transaction; and

storing the transaction data in at least one database.

8. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising the step of:

applying one or more credits in association with one or more loyalty programs associated with a user of the token.

9. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising the steps of:

collecting preference data associated with a user; and

storing the preference data in at least one database.

10. The method ofclaim 7, wherein the steps of collecting and storing transaction data are performed at the central controller and transmitted to the local system for use in transactions associated with the first chip.

11. The method ofclaim 8, wherein the step of applying one or more credits is performed at the central controller and transmitted to the local system for use in transactions associated with the first chip.

12. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the step of collecting and storing preference data is performed at the central controller and transmitted to the local system for use in transactions associated with the first chip.

13. The method ofclaim 1, wherein identifying at least one account for funding the transaction is based on at least one predetermined account condition.

14. The method ofclaim 13, wherein the at least one predetermined account condition comprises at least one of purchase amount limit, merchant identity, type of merchant and type of purchase.

15. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the token further comprises an audit chip for tracking activity of the first chip and the second chip.

16. A system for performing at least one transaction, the system comprising:

a token for performing a transaction wherein the token is read at a reader associated with a service provider, the token comprising at least two chips, a first chip associated with a first protocol accessing a local system and a second chip associated with a second protocol accessing a central controller via a network; where an appropriate protocol is identified for the transaction and the transaction is routed to the appropriate protocol; and

the central controller for identifying at least one account for funding the transaction, authenticating the transaction and funding the transaction through the at least one account.

17. The system ofclaim 16, wherein the first protocol supports a stored value account located on the first chip.

18. The system ofclaim 17, wherein the first protocol is associated with a mass transit system.

19. The system ofclaim 16, wherein the second protocol is used to make general purpose transactions through the network.

20. The system ofclaim 16, wherein the at least one account associated with the second protocol comprises a plurality of funding accounts for funding the transaction.

21. The system ofclaim 20, wherein the at least one account comprises one or more of a stored value account, a debit account and a credit card account.

22. The system ofclaim 16, further comprising:

a track module for collecting transaction data associated with the transaction; and

a database for storing the transaction data.

23. The system ofclaim 16, further comprising:

a loyalty module for applying one or more credits in association with one or more loyalty programs associated with a user of the token.

24. The system ofclaim 15, further comprising:

a profile module for collecting preference data associated with a user; and

a database for storing the preference data.

25. The system ofclaim 22, wherein the tracking module is at the central controller and the transaction data is transmitted to the local system for use in transactions associated with the first chip.

26. The system ofclaim 23, wherein the loyalty module is at the central controller and loyalty data is transmitted to the local system for use in transactions associated with the first chip.

27. The system ofclaim 24, wherein the profile module is at the central controller and preference data is transmitted to the local system for use in transactions associated with the first chip.

28. The system ofclaim 16, wherein identifying at least one account for funding the transaction is based on at least one predetermined account condition.

29. The system ofclaim 28, wherein the at least one predetermined account condition comprises at least one of purchase amount limit, merchant identity, type of merchant and type of purchase.

30. The system ofclaim 15, wherein the token further comprises an audit chip for tracking activity of the first chip and the second chip.

31. At least one processor readable carrier for storing a computer program of instructions configured to be readable by at least one processor for instructing the at least one processor to execute a computer process for performing the method as recited inclaim 1.

32. At least one signal embodied in at least one carrier wave for transmitting a computer program of instructions configured to be readable by at least one processor for performing at least one transaction, the computer process comprising:

token identifying means for identifying a token used to perform a transaction wherein the token is read at a reader associated with a service provider, the token comprising at least two chips, a first chip associated with a first protocol accessing a local system and a second chip associated with a second protocol accessing a central controller via a network;

protocol identifying means for identifying an appropriate protocol for the transaction;

routing means for routing the transaction to the appropriate protocol;

account identifying means for identifying at least one account for funding the transaction;

authenticating means for authenticating the transaction; and

funding means for funding the transaction through the at least one account.

33. A method for performing at least one transaction, the method comprising the steps of:

identifying a token used to perform a transaction wherein the token is read at a reader associated with a service provider, the token comprising at least two chips, a first chip associated with a first protocol and a second chip associated with a second protocol;

identifying an appropriate protocol for the transaction; wherein the first protocol accesses a local system stored value account associated with a mass transit system and the second protocol accesses a central controller via a network for general purpose transactions;

routing the transaction to the appropriate protocol;

identifying at least one account for funding the transaction based on at least one predetermined account condition comprising at least one of purchase amount limit, merchant identity, type of merchant and type of purchase;

authenticating the transaction; and

funding the transaction through the at least one account;

wherein the at least one account associated with the second protocol comprises a plurality of funding accounts for funding the transaction, the at least one account comprising one or more of a stored value account, a debit account and a credit card account; and

wherein the token further comprises an audit chip for tracking activity of the first chip and the second chip.

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